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Corn Production Guide (English) Corn

Written by Written by: OPAPA Team at USM Tuesday, 11 September 2007

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Corn is second to rice as the most important crops in the Philippines. In spite of the fact that almost 3 million hectares are devoted to the cultivation of this crop annually, current production is not enough to meet the local needs due to low yield. In fact, since five years ago, corn importation of the Philippines has been on the increasing trend. Among the major factors responsible for low yield are the use of low yielding varieties and inadequate cultural management particularly in the area of fertilization, planting density, insect, diseases and weed control, etc. This production guide presents the consolidated technologies designed to overcome the above mentioned problems which were based on the results of various trials conducted under the corn high impact project funded by the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Agricultural Research (DA-BAR). It provides a simple but practical guide on adequate cultural management practices of corn for the Arakan Valley and in areas with similar growing conditions. It is hope that agricultural extension workers and farmers will find this guide useful and hopefully, the utilization of this technology would considerably increase the current average yield of corn. Following are the basic steps to successful corn production: Cultural Management Practices Land Preparation Prepare the land thoroughly by plowing twice, each plowing followed by one harrowing. Thorough land preparation minimizes growth of weeds, enhances water retention and ensures good germination of seeds and growth of seedlings. Other Land Preparation Technology Options Minimum Tillage Practices - Slash tall grasses and corn Stover or harrow using animal-drawn harrow - Make furrow at recommended distance (65-70cm) using animal-drawn plow - Apply 50% of N requirement plus all P and K requirement depending on soil analysis - Plant seeds at a distance of 20-25 cm at the rate of 1 seed/hill - Spray power herbicide at the rate of 6-8 li/ha after planting

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- Side dress the remaining N fertilizer (urea) by target method 25-30 DAP

Zero Tillage Practice - Slash tall grasses and corn stover or harrow using animal-drawn harrow - Plant seeds using dibble method (todak or tagad). - Apply basal fertilizer by todak or tagad method also (todak for fertilizer to be made side by side with the todak for seed) - Spray round-up at the rate of 4-6 li/ha mixed with herbadox at the rate 2 li/ha and atrazine at 1 kg/ha (CP) after planting. - Side dress the remaining N fertilizer (urea) by target method 25-30 DAP Furrowing After the last harrowing and when there is adequate moisture, lay-out furrows at 65 cm apart at a depth of approximately 8 cm. Basal Fertilizer Application - Right after furrowing, apply the fertilizers along the furrows: For yellow hybrids: 375 kg 16-20-0/ha + 50 kg 46-0-0/ha For white hybrids and OPVs: 300 kg 16-20-0/ha - Cover the fertilizer with thin layer of soil before sowing the seeds. Other Fertilizer Options Bio-N fertilizer Bio-N can substitute approximately 50% of the N requirement of corn plants. However, it was shown that it did not improved yield of corn in acid soils Apply 50% of the N requirement (300 kg 16-20-0 per hectare) and all of P and K requirements (amount depends on soil analysis) along the furrows and cover with thin layer of soil. Moisten seeds with water. Thoroughly mix Bio-N with moistened corn seeds at the rate of 200 g Bio-N per 3 kg of seeds. Sow the seeds while still moist. Bio-N may be rendered unviable by prolong drying. Mycovam Fertilizer - Mycovam is capable of substituting more or less 50% of the P requirement of corn plants - Apply 50% of P and N requirement (150 kg 16-20-0 per hectare and 1 bag 45-0-0) of the crop and cover with a thin layer of soil. - Spread mykovam in the furrows at the rate of 20 g (1 pack) per linear meter. Sow the seeds and cover with thin layer of soil.

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Use of Organic Fertilizer Apply SCDC fertilizer and 16-20-0 at the rate of 12 bags and 2 bags; respectively per hectare. Cover the fertilizer with soil. Sow the seeds and cover with soil.

Integration of 50% Inorganic Fertilizer and 50% Organic Fertilizer - Apply 50% of the recommended rate of organic fertilizer (6 bags SCDC fertilizer) and 4 bags of 16-20-0/ha along the furrows - Cover fertilizer with soil before sowing the seeds PLANTING - Sow 1 seed per hill using the following distances: For yellow hybrids: 20-25 cm between hills For white hybrids and OPV: 25-30 cm between hills Weed Control - Do inter-row cultivation 15 days after planting (DAP) or off-barring to control weeds between the rows - Hill-up at 30 DAP to control weeds within the rows. - Control subsequent weed growth by hand - weeding or with the use of post-emergence herbicide such as 2, 4-D. Side-dressing Apply the remaining amount nitrogen fertilizer (urea or ammonium sulfate) in narrow band 4-6 cm from the base of the plant at 25-30 DAP. For yellow hybrids: 150 kg (3 bags) 46-0-0/ha For white and OPV: 100 kg (2 bags) 46-0-0/ha Other Fertilizer Options - If Bio-N is used: No second application - If Mycovam is used: No second application - Integration of 50% inorganic fertilizer and 50% organic fertilizer50 kg (1 bag) 45-0-0/ha Pest Control Insects - Monitor/check the presence of whorl maggots, cutworms, etc. 2-6 DAE. - Spray any recommended insecticides if necessary. - Monitor/inspect the presence of corn borer egg masses 20-30 DAP. - If necessary apply furadan 3g directly at the whorl.

- Practice integrated pest management like the release of 100 trichocards (trichograma egg parasite) against corn borer and ear worm at 25-40 DAP - At 45-53 DAP monitor and spray any recommended insecticide if necessary to control corn borer (2x if needed) 1st spraying 10-20% flowering then follow-up 80-100% flowering. - Detasseling 75% of the corn plants may be done to reduce incidence of corn borer. Disease Control - A day before planting treat the seeds with Apron 35 SD at the rate of 0.70g-1.0 gram/kg of seeds or Ridomil at 5 g/kg of seeds. This will provide a season control against downy mildew.

- Use resistant varieties to bacterial stalk rot, diplodia ear rot, stalk rot and leaf blight. - Practice crop rotation to avoid Diplodia ear rot damage. Harvesting Corn is ready for harvesting when black layer developed at the grains point of attachment to cob; kernels are glazed, leaves and husks are dry.

- Shell corn ears manually or with the use of mechanical sheller.

- Dry grain to 14% moisture content

Storage - Store in clean and dry area free from insects, rodents, and other storage pests.

References: Labios, RV., HC. Nicor, WB. Malacad, JA. Lumbao, R. Alera, E. Arana, M. bao, C. bangoy, N. Butardo, FP. Nicor, C. Pomares, C. Pasion. 2002. Enhancing adaptation and utilization of location specifi corn-based technolofies in Arakan, Cotabato. UPLB, USM, DA-CEMIARC, DA-BR, DAPGU, and DA-LGU. Oliva, LP. 1997. On-farm research and outreach program in major corn growing areas of Southern Philippines. Vols. I & II. Terminal Report. USM, DA-BAR and PCARRD. CARRDEC Techno-Series, May 2005 Pamplona, PP and M.E. Garcia. (Undated) Techno guide to Durian Production. 78p.PCARRD. 2001. The Philippines Recommends for Durian. PCARRD, Los Baos, Laguna.

For more Information: Please Contact: Leonila M. Tolentino Team Leader, Content Build-up USM-OPAPA
Last Updated ( Wednesday, 15 October 2008 )

Other Sources

Young Corn Production Guide PCARRD Corn and Other Feed Grains Information Network Guide in Producing Baby Corn Guide to Planting Hybrid Corn Species Corn - Bureau of Agricultural Research, Philippines

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