ADVERBAL SUBORDINATIORS SUBORDINATIORS Time when whenever while as soon as after since as before until where anywhere wherever

everywhere As + adverb + as as as if as though because as since so + adjective + that so + adverb + that such a(n) + noun phrase + that so much/many/little/few + noun phrase + that so that in order that although even though though while whereas MEANING a point in time / short duration at any time at the same time/ longer duration immediately at or instantly after the time that following the time that from that time/ moment while/when earlier than the time when up to the time of a definite place anyplace anyplace everyplace comparison in the way or manner that /like

Place

Distance/frequency Manner

Reason

for the reason that with the result that

Result

Purpose Concession (Unexpected result) Contrast (direct opposition)

for the purpose of unexpected result

direct opposition

ADVERBAL SUBORDINATIORS Time when, whenever, while, as soon as after, since, as, before, until where, anywhere, wherever, everywhere as as + adverb + as as if/as though because, as, since Whenever I had to speak in front of people, I was paralyzed by fear. I saw unfriendly, critical faces everywhere I looked.

Place

Manner Distance frequency Reason

I tried as hard as I could to clam myself. I tried to act as if I were not afraid.

Since I need to make speeches for career advancement, I enrolled in a speech class.

Result

so + adjective /adverb+ that such a(n) + noun + that so much/little + noun + that so many/few + noun + that so that, in order that

At first, making a speech made me so nervous that I got a stomachache before every class. During the semester, I made so many speeches that I lost some of my fear. I took a speech class so that I could overcome my fear of public speaking. Even though I am a politician, I still don t enjoy speaking in public.

Purpose

Concession (Unexpected result) Contrast (direct opposition)

although, even though, though

while, whereas

As a child, I never tried out for school plays, whereas my best friend usually got a starring role.

Who

refers to humans

Whom

refers to humans

Whose refers to humans, nonhumans, and things, shows possession Which refers to nonhumans and things refers to nonhumans and things; informally, refer to humans

that

When

refer to a time

where

refer to a place

RELATIVE PRONOUNS subject in restrictive or The professor who teachers my biology its own nonrestrictive class won a Nobel Prize two years ago. clause Professor Jones, who teachers my biology class, won a Noble Prize two years ago. object in restrictive or She loaned her car to someone whom its own nonrestrictive she didn t know. clause Professor Jones, whom I have for biology, won a Noble Prize two years ago. subjective restrictive or I studied algebra from a professor whose or object nonrestrictive name I have forgotten. in its own Apple Computer, whose Macintosh clause computer changed computing, was started by two men working in a garage. subjective nonrestrictive She teaches biology, which is my or object only favorite subject. in its own Her husband teaches algebra, which I clause enjoy the least. subjective restrictive only The class that meets in the next room is or object very noisy. The subject that enjoy the least is in its own algebra. clause; if The subject I enjoy the least is algebra. that is an The salesman that sold me my car was object, it fired. (informal) many be omitted RELATIVE ADVERBS restrictive or I work full time on days when I don t nonrestrictive have classes. I don t work last week, when I had my final exams. restrictive or She has never returned to the city where nonrestrictive she was born. First City Bank, where I have a checking account, was robbed last week.

Chart of Translation Signals

MEANING/ FUNCTION To introduce a similar additional idea SENTENCE CONNECTORS also beside furthermore in addition moreover too also likewise similarly too however in contrast instead in/by comparison nevertheless nonetheless on the other hand on the contrary still for example for instance in fact indeed that is otherwise first, second, etc. first of all then, next now, then, soon last, finally meanwhile gradually after that since then above all first and foremost more/ most importantly/ significantly primarily for CLAUSE CONNECTORS COORDINATORS and nor ( and not ) SUBORDINATORS OTHERS (ADJECTIVES, VERBS, AND PREPOSITIONS) another an additional

To compare things

To introduce an opposite idea, and to contrast things

and both and not only . but also neither . nor but yet

as just as

although even though though whereas while

as as like/ alike just like similar to be alike be similar despite in spite of compared to/with be different (from) be dissimilar be unlike differ (from)

To introduce An example To emphasize To explain and restate To introduce an alternative To signal Chronological order

such as like an example of

or

if unless after as as soon as before since until when while

To indicate Order of importance

To introduce a cause or reason

because since as

result from be the result of due to because of the effect of the consequence of as a result of as a consequence of

Chart of Translation Signals

MEANING/ FUNCTION To introduce an effect or result SENTENCE CONNECTORS accordingly as a result as a consequence consequently hence, thus therefore all in all in brief in conclusion in short in summary indeed CLAUSE CONNECTORS COORDINATORS SUBORDINATORS OTHERS (ADJECTIVES, VERBS, AND PREPOSITIONS) result in cause have an effect on affect the cause of the reason for it is clear that . we can see that . the evidence suggests that .. these examples show that .

so

To conclude