Page 1 of 5

Username: Nathan Rose Book: C How to Program, Fifth Edition. No part of any chapter or book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the prior written permission for reprints and excerpts from the publisher of the book or chapter. Redistribution or other use that violates the fair use privilege under U.S. copyright laws (see 17 USC107) or that otherwise violates these Terms of Service is strictly prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of U.S. Federal and Massachusetts laws.

1. Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the Web

Things are always at their best in their beginning. Blaise Pascal The chief merit of language is clearness. Galen Our life is frittered away by detail. ... Simplify, simplify. Henry David Thoreau He had a wonderful talent for packing thought close, and rendering it portable. Thomas B. Macaulay Man is still the most extraordinary computer of all. John F. Kennedy

Objectives

In this chapter, you will learn:

Basic computer concepts. The different types of programming languages. The history of the C programming language. The purpose of the C Standard Library.

http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/print?xmlid=97801...

10/12/2011

Page 2 of 5

The elements of a typical C program development environment. Why it is appropriate to learn C in a first programming course. How C provides a foundation for further study of programming languages in general and of C++, Java and C# in particular. The history of the Internet and the World Wide Web.

Outline

1.1 Introduction 1.2 What Is a Computer? 1.3 Computer Organization 1.4 Early Operating Systems 1.5 Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing 1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 1.7 Fortran, COBOL, Pascal and Ada 1.8 History of C 1.9 C Standard Library 1.10 C++ 1.11 Java 1.12 BASIC, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C# and .NET 1.13 Key Software Trend: Object Technology 1.14 Typical C Program Development Environment 1.15 Hardware Trends 1.16 History of the Internet

http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/print?xmlid=97801...

10/12/2011

Page 3 of 5

1.17 History of the World Wide Web 1.18 Notes About C and This Book 1.19 Web Resources Summary Terminology Self-Review Exercises Answers to Self-Review Exercises Exercises

1.1. Introduction
Welcome to C and C++! We have worked hard to create what we hope will be an informative and entertaining learning experience for you. This book is unique among C textbooks in that:
It is appropriate for technically oriented people with little or no programming experience. It is appropriate for experienced programmers who want a deep and rigorous treatment of the language.

How can one book appeal to both groups? The answer is that the common core of the book emphasizes achieving program clarity through the proven techniques of structured programming. Nonprogrammers learn programming the right way from the beginning. We have attempted to write in a clear and straightforward manner. The book is abundantly illustrated. Perhaps most important, the book presents hundreds of complete working programs and shows the outputs produced when those programs are run on a computer. We call this the live-code approach. All of these example programs may be downloaded from our website www.deitel.com/books/chtp5. The first four chapters introduce the fundamentals of computing, computer programming and the C computer programming language. Novices who have taken our courses tell us that the material in these chapters presents a solid foundation for the deeper treatment of C in Chapters 514. Experienced programmers typically read the first four chapters quickly and then discover

http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/print?xmlid=97801...

10/12/2011

Page 4 of 5

that the treatment of C in Chapters 514 is both rigorous and challenging. They particularly appreciate the detailed treatments of pointers, strings, files and data structures in the later chapters. Many experienced programmers appreciate the treatment of structured programming. Often they have been programming in another structured language, but because they were never formally introduced to structured programming, they are not writing the best possible code. As they learn C with this book, they are able to improve their programming style. So, whether you are a novice or an experienced programmer, there is much here to inform, entertain and challenge you. Most people are familiar with the exciting tasks computers perform. Using this textbook, youll learn how to command computers to perform those tasks. It is software (i.e., the instructions you write to command computers to perform actions and make decisions) that controls computers (often referred to as hardware). This text introduces programming in C, which was standardized in 1989 in the United States through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), then worldwide through the efforts of the International Standards Organization (ISO). We call this Standard C. We also introduce C99the latest version of the C standard. C99 has not yet been widely adopted, so we chose to discuss it in (optional) Chapter 17. Chapters 116 discuss Standard (ANSI/ISO) C. Optional Chapter 15 presents the Allegro game programming C library. The chapter shows how to use Allegro to create a simple game. We show how to display graphics and smoothly animate objects, and we explain additional features such as sound, keyboard input and text output. The chapter includes web links and resources that point you to over 1000 Allegro games and to tutorials on advanced Allegro techniques. Computer use is increasing in almost every field of endeavor. In an era of steadily rising costs, computing costs have been decreasing dramatically due to rapid developments in hardware and software technologies. Computers that might have filled large rooms and cost millions of dollars a few decades ago can now be inscribed on the surfaces of silicon chips smaller than a fingernail, costing perhaps a few dollars each. Ironically, silicon is one of the most abundant materials on earthit is an ingredient in common sand. Silicon-chip technology has made computing so economical that about a billion general-purpose computers are in use worldwide, helping people in business, industry and government and in their personal lives. That number could easily double in the next few years. C++, an object-oriented programming language based on C, is of such interest today that we have included a detailed introduction to C++ and

http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/print?xmlid=97801...

10/12/2011

Page 5 of 5

object-oriented programming in Chapters 1827. In the programming languages marketplace, many key vendors market a combined C/C++ product rather than offering separate products. This enables users to continue programming in C if they wish, then gradually migrate to C++ when it is appropriate. The CD that accompanies this book contains Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 Express edition, which can be used to develop and run both C and C++ programs. This software is also available for download at msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/express/visualc. Many other C/C++ compilers are available free for download. We list several in Section 1.19. Be sure to visit our C Resource Center at www.deitel.com/C frequently for an updated list of free C compilers and related software. You are about to start on a challenging and rewarding path. As you proceed, if you would like to communicate with us, please send us e-mail at deitel@deitel.com. We will respond promptly. For more information on C and other programming-related topics, browse our Resource Centers at www.deitel.com. To be notified of updates to the book, subscribe to the free Deitel Buzz Online e-mail newsletter at www.deitel.com. We hope you enjoy learning C and C++ with C How to Program: Fifth Edition.

http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/print?xmlid=97801...

10/12/2011