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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

Kidney and urine formation


Renal structure & function Urine formation Urinary concentration and dilution y Regulation of urine formation
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Kidney and urine formation


1.Renal structure & function 1)General functions

Excretion Regulation of the internal environment


Water balance Na+,K+ balance Acid-base balance

Production of renin, erythropoietin, etc.


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2009, Yingyu Sun


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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

Kidney and urine formation


1.Renal structure & function 2)Renal structure
Cortical nephron: 80 90% 80-90% Juxtamedullary nephron Nephron Renal corpuscle: filtration Renal tubule: reabsorption, secretion

Collecting duct Juxaglomerular J x l m l apparatus t s

Juxaglomerualr cell Renin Macula densa Receptor : Na+


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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

2009, Yingyu Sun


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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

2009, Yingyu Sun


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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

Macula densa cells

Granular cells

Kidney and urine formation


1.Renal structure & function

3)Renal circulation
Constant Myogenic

(22%)

Autoregulation of RBF

80~180mmHg AP AA constriction AP AA dilation

Neuro-humoral Neuro humoral regulation of RBF


Sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve NE, E

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2009, Yingyu Sun


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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

Kidney and urine formation


2.Urine Formation 1)Glomerular Filtration
GFR: 125ml/min(180L/day) (Ultrafiltration)

Filtration membrane Kf Effective filtration pressure


=glomerular capillary ~ (plasma colloid osmotic ~ + capsular pressure) Afferent end=55-(30+15)=10mmHg

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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

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2009, Yingyu Sun


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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

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Kidney and urine formation


2.Urine formation

2)Tubular reabsorption and secretion

i.Proximal tubule

Primary Active transportation Secondary active transportation passive T i Transportation i

180L/day

1.5L/day

ii.Loop ii Loop henle

Reabsorption: 67% Na+,Cl-,K+,H2O; 85% HCO3-; all glucose, aa Secretion: H+ H+ -Na+ exchange Descending thin limb Ascending limb
H2O passive reabsorption through tight junction Impermeable to H2O ; Na+-2Cl--K+symporter

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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

Kidney and urine formation

2.Urine formation (2)Tubular reabsorption and secretion

iii.Distal tubule &collecting duct


Early part of the distal tubule
H+

Ionic balance & water balance

Later part ~ & collecting ducts

Impermeable to H2O; Active reabsorption NaCl

secretion (Intercalated cells)


( Na+,K+ balance) (Water balance)

Na+ reabsorption

(Acid-base balance)

(8% )& K+ secretion

H2O

reabsorption(10%-15%)

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100 300 100 300

600

400

400 600

1000 800 1000 1200 1200


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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

The reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule:

Secondary active transportation

Normal: 125mg/min (100mg/100ml); Tm=375mg/min

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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

Bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule:

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The processes responsible for the uptake of Na+ and Cl- in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle tubule:

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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

Secretion of H+ by the intercalated cells of distal tubule and collecting ducts:

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The tubule secretion of K+ in the distal tubule and collecting duct:

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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

Na+ Renin secrection Angiotension II, III production Aldosterone release Na+ channel(P cells) Na+reabsorption Na+,K+-ATPase ATPase K+secrection
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Na+ ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide) Na+ excretion

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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

The control of H2O uptake by ADH in the distal tubule and collecting duct:

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Plasma crystal osmotic pressure

Blood volume Barorecptor Vagus nerve V Center Symp. nerve + Vagus nerve _ Blood pressure
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_ _

+ Osmoreceptor
ADH secretion Urine volume Blood volume Osmotic pressure

2009, Yingyu Sun


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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

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Water diuresis

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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

3.Urinary Concentration and Dilution


100 300 100 300

600

400

400 600

Out medulla: NaCl

1000 800 1000 1200 1200

Inner medulla: Urea,31NaCl

High ADH Many Water Channels

Low ADH Few Water Channels

Cortex

Collecting Duct

Medulla
Small Volume Concentrated Urine Large Volume Dilute Urine
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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

Mechanism of countercurrent multiplication:


Descending limb: 1. Highly permeable to H2O 2. 2 Not reabsorb Na+ Ascending limb: 1. actively transports NaCl 2. always Impermeable to H2O

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Role of vasa recta for maintaining the high solute concentration of renal medulla Countercurrent exchange

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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

Kidney and urine formation

4.Regulation 4 Regulation of Urine formation


1)ADH (Antidiuretic hormone ) 2)Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 3)Renal sympathetic nerves 4)ANP(Atrial natriuretic peptide)
(Atrial myocarial cells) Na+-losing system
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(negative feedback)

Na+-conserving system

Volume contraction Sympathetic activity Renin

ANP
Angiotensin
II

ADH

Na+,H2O excretion

Aldosterone
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Human and Animal Physiology; Renal Physiology

May, 2009

Volume expansion Sympathetic activity Renin

ANP
Angiotensin
II

ADH

Na+,H2O excretion

Aldosterone
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