Lecture 6 Composite Shapes

A composite beam is one that is made up of two or more different materials. The following are several common examples of composite shapes:

Concrete beam reinforced with round reinforcing bars

Wood beam with steel plates or rods added = Flitch beam

Composite steel beam/concrete slab construction

Lecture 6 - Page 1 of 7

Section properties analysis of the beams cross-sectional shape must take into consideration the relative strengths of all the dissimilar materials. The modular ratio is calculated to join the dissimilar materials into one equivalent material, and is:
n= E2 E1

where: E1 and E2 are modulus of elasticity of the different materials, where E2 is typically the larger (usually steel). After the modular ratio is determined, it is multiplied by the area of the contributing steel and then a transformed moment of inertia is established (see Lecture 5).

A1

A1

A2 Original section

nA2 Transformed section

Lecture 6 - Page 2 of 7

Example 1 GIVEN: A nominal 6x10 wood beam (actual dims 5 x 9) is reinforced with a 5 x plate at the bottom to form a composite flitch beam. Use 1,500,000 psi for the modulus of elasticity of the wood and 29,000,000 psi for the steel. REQUIRED: Determine the transformed moment of inertia about the strong axis. First, determine the modular ratio of the steel to wood:
n= E2 E1

n=

E steel E wood

n=

29,000,000 psi 1,500,000 psi n = 19.33

A1 9 Wood (piece 2) y2 y n(5) = 106.3

Steel (piece 1) 5 Original section y1

Transformed section

Lecture 6 - Page 3 of 7

Next, determine the depth to the neutral axis and complete the table as follows: Piece 1 2 Area
(.5)(106.3) = 53.15

(Area)y (1/2) 13.29 y

=
+ (9) = 5.25

I d = y-ypiece 3 2.73 = (106.3)(0.5) = 1.11 -2.48 12

5.25 2.73 = (5.5)(9.5) 3 = 392.96 2.52 12

Ad2
(53.15)(-2.48)2 = 326.89

(9.5)(5.5) = 52.25

274.3

(52.25)(2.52)2 = 331.81

Totals:

105.4 in2

287.59

394.07 in4

658.7 in4

y=

( A piece y piece ) A piece

287.59in 3 y= 105.4in 2 y = 2.73

Finally, the transformed moment of inertia can be determined as follows:

I x = ( I + Ad 2 ) piece
= 394.07 in4 + 658.7 in4 = 1052.77 in4 Notice that the Ad2 contribution is almost DOUBLE the total moment of inertia of the sum of the I of the individual pieces!!! This is the reason why steel bar joists and I beams get the vast majority of their total strength from the distance squared of Ad2 term.

Lecture 6 - Page 4 of 7

Example 2 GIVEN: A T shaped concrete beam is reinforced with 4 diameter steel rebars. Use 3,600,000 psi for the modulus of elasticity of the concrete and 29,000,000 psi for the steel. REQUIRED: Determine the transformed moment of inertia about the strong axis. (HINT: Break the beam into 3 pieces the top concrete flange, the concrete stem and the rebars) 30

16

2 to center of rebars

30

3 2

16 Y2 4 bars = Piece 1 8 Y1 = 2 to center of rebars Y

Y3

Lecture 6 - Page 5 of 7

First, determine the modular ratio of the steel to concrete:

n= E2 E1

n=

E steel E concrete

n=

29,000,000 psi 3,600,000 psi n = 8.06

The transformed area of bars for Piece 1 is:

Abars = (# _ of _ bars )(n)

(Dbar )2
4

= (4 _ bars )(8.06) Abars = 14.24 in2

(0.75")2
4

Next, make a Table to calculate the location of centroid and Moment of Inertia using the Transformed Moment of Inertia method (see Lecture 5).
Piece

Area
14.24 in
2

y
2

(Area)y 28.48

I
D 4 4(8.06) 64

d = y-ypiece
13.1 2 = = 0.5in 4 11.1

Ad2
(14.24)(11.1)2 = 1754.5 in4

(8)(16) = 2 128 in

(16) = 8

1024

13.1 8 = 5.1 (8" )(16" ) 3 = 2731in 4 12 13.1 18.5 = (30" )(5" ) 3 = 312.5in 4 -5.4 12

(128)(2.03)2 = 3329.3 in4 (150)(-5.4)2 = 4374 in4

(30)(5) = 2 150 in

16+(5/2) = 18.5

2775
3827.4 in3

Totals:

292.24

3044 in4

9457.8 in4

Lecture 6 - Page 6 of 7

Determine the distance y to the neutral axis:

y=

( A piece y piece ) A piece 3827.4in 3 292.24in 2

y=

y = 13.1 Finally, the transformed moment of inertia can be determined as follows:

I x = ( I + Ad 2 ) piece
= 3044 in4 + 9457.8 in4 Ix = 12,501.8 in4

Lecture 6 - Page 7 of 7