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Electronics Engineering

What are Flip flops and explain their working?


Flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store state information. The circuit can be made to change state by signals applied to one or more control inputs and will have one or two outputs. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. There are different types of flip-flops and its truth table in the below link. Check out if uve time: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics) Race around condition occurs whwn both the input are high And the output thus undergoes a transition state.for example Consider the input values in a jk flip flop;ie;j=k=1 ,the Output q0=0 in normal case will change to 1 and vice versa. The remedy for race around problem can be eliminated by Using a master slave j-k flip flop's.

Differentiate between flip-flops and latches.


Flip-flops are two types : 1. 2. Simple- Latch Clocked- Flip-flops

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)

What is totem pole?


A pushpull output is a type of electronic circuit that can drive either a positive or a negative current into a load. Pushpull outputs are present in TTL and CMOS digital logic circuits and in some types of amplifier, and are usually realized as a complementary pair of transistors, one dissipating or sinking current from the load to ground or a negative power supply, and the other supplying or sourcing current to the load from a positive power supply. Because of the way these circuits are drawn schematically, with two transistors stacked vertically, they are sometimes called "totem pole" outputs( or circuits) The main advantage of TTL with a "totem-pole" output stage is the low output resistance at output logical "1"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic#TTL_with_a_.22 totem-pole.22_output_stage

What is the mode of transmission of TV signals? Dont know if this is it. Ku-Band??
http://ufumes.blogspot.in/

Draw the internal circuit of 8085 microprocessor.

Expand..... Check the other doc

What is a bit? What is CMOS?


Bit is the acronym for Binary Digit. 4 bits make a nibble and 8 of them make a byte. It is the amount of information stored by a digital device or other physical system that exists in one of two possible distinct states. Complementary metaloxidesemiconductor (CMOS) is a technology for constructing integrated circuits. Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are high noise immunity and low static power consumption. Consist of PMOS and NMOS.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS

What is the bandwidth of FM?


Frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over acarrier wave by varying its instantaneous frequency. A satellite telemetry link operating in S-band uses frequency modulation to transmit the value of an analog voltage on the satellite to a receiving earth station. The voltage has a range from -1.0 volts to +1.0 volts, and a maximum frequency of 1000Hz.The FM modulator on the satellite has a constant of 10,000 Hz per volt. At the receiving earth station the C/N ratio of the signal is 10 dB measured in the Carsons rule bandwidth, and is 3 dB above the FM threshold of the FM demodulator. What is the Carsons rule bandwidth for the FM signal?

Carsons rule states that the bandwidth required to transmit an FM signal is given by B = 2(fpk+ fmax) Hz Where, fpk = the peak frequency deviation fmax = the highest frequency present in the modulating signal 1. The frequency deviation of the carrier is directly proportional to the modulating signal voltage. 2. The bandwidth required to transmit an FM signal is found from Carsons rule. From here dont know how to calculate the fpk ,the peak frequency deviation.

As an electronics engineer, how would you distinguish between paper money and digital money?
Digital money is a form of electronic money that can be used to pay for goods and services, most often on the internet or another electronic medium. Upon receiving the buyer's authorization of the payment, the vendor contacts the issuing bank and receives a transfer of funds. Electronic money (also known as e-currency, e-money, electronic cash, electronic currency, digital money, digital cash, digital currency, cyber currency) is money or scrip that is only exchanged electronically. Typically, this involves the use of computer networks, the internet and digital stored value systems. Electronic funds transfer (EFT), direct deposit, digital gold currency and virtual currency are all examples of electronic money. Also, it is a collective term for financial cryptography and technologies enabling it. Soft and hard electronic money: Reversal of payments possible and not possible repectively.

What is modem? Draw its internal diagram.


A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. 2 bits = 1 symbol symbols per second or baud is the unit in which data transfer rates are measures in MODEM.

Obtain a square wave from a sine wave form Zener diodes. What is difference between oscillator and multivibrator?
Check the other doc

What is blue tooth and WAP?

Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400-2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. WAP is a standard created by wireless and Internet companies to enable Internet access from a cellular phone

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and Bluetooth are two completely different technologies with different purposes and applications. In most cases, WAP and Bluetooth are implemented together only in a cell phone. 1. o Function WAP is a specification that allows wireless devices to access information across a number of network standards, including the two most common cellular standards: Code Division Multiplexing Architecture (CDMA) and Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM). Bluetooth is a short-range secure wireless radio standard designed to allow wireless accessories like mice, keyboards and headsets to work with digital devices like computers and cell phones. Devices o Wireless devices like cellular phones, pagers and two-way radios can use WAP to display data and information from the Internet. These and other devices can use Bluetooth to create a 30- to 40-foot secure connection between various Bluetooth-enabled devices. Status of Standard o Bluetooth is a mature standard that is well documented. Bluetooth-compliant devices are very likely to work well together. WAP, however, is still a draft standard, yet it is commonly implemented.

What are trappatt arid impatt diodes?

What is emitter follower? Give the electromagnetic equations in the order of discovery. Find the transfer function of a given RLC circuit. What happens when you type user-name and password while logging on to a Unix system? Draw the circuit for an adder using NAND gates. Explain internal organization of memory chips. What are the different types of control systems? Explain open loop with block diagram examples. What are the advantages of closed loop? How can you design a stable system?

Explain different stability criteria. Explain Ruthz-Hervitz rule in one sentence. What are poles and their significance? Is there any control system in this room (interview hall)? What is Karnaugh map? What are the 4 methods to reduce a Boolean expression? Draw 8086 internal architecture. What are the different types of buses? What are the different registers in CPU? What is the use of segment register? Which is the 1st 32-bit microprocessor? What are the different UPS? Compare 8086 and 80286. Explain the internal architecture of 8086. What do you know about antennas? Define control system. Why are control systems so important? Draw the block diagram of a control system and write its transfer function. What is ROC? Transformation between S and Z plane. What is wave studio? What is bit rate? What is the difference between mp3 and wave formats? What is sampling? How do you damp noises and jerks in recording? What is Winamp? What are plugins? Explain the functioning of an OP-AMP. What is the difference between input and output plugins? What do you know about CD writing? How do you mix BGM? What is its procedure? What is bus? What do you mean by 20-bit address bus? What is the ideal gain of an opamp? What is a database? What is the database software that is proprietary of IBM? What is the difference between half adder and full adder? Implement a half adder and a full adder. What is packet switching and circuit switching? What is VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)? What types of communications do you know? Explain various types of digital communication. Explain the structure of MOSFET - where and why they are preferred. How is amplification possible in a transistor? Classify power amplifiers (A, B, AB).

What is doping? Describe DMA controllers. What is the protocol used in telephone network? Explain different types of switching. How many pins are there in 8086? What is the most important advantage of blue tooth? Which is the universal flip-flop? What are interrupts? How will you set an interrupt? What is Dynamic Memory Access? What is SRAM, DRAM? Compare the two, relative cost of the two. What will happen in case of a power failure for the above? What is modulation? What are the different modulation techniques? What is FM, PM and AM? Compare the three and what happens in them? Which waves will travel longer distance - FM or AM? What is a thyristor? Differentiate between thyristor and diode. Explain the witching action of SCR and triggering. Draw the diagram of thyristor. Advantage of CMOS and TTL. What technology is used in cmos logic? What are VLSI and ULSI? What is the number of components in both? How many components are there in the Pentium processor that we use? Which is the latest Pentium processor? What is its speed? Explain the technology used in the manufacture of Pentium processor. Design a decade counter. Explain asynchronous and synchronous counter. Minimize function using Quine McCluskey: f = xy + xy + yz + x y z. What is a prime implicant? How does a diode look (internally)? Explain working using internal diagram. Explain processes taking place in the depletion junction of a forward biased diode. What is an op amp? What is a buffer? what is the gain of a buffer? What is an oscillator? How do you forward bias a transistor? What are the practical applications of transistors? What is reverse recovery time and how does it affect a diode? What is a compiler? How can you test a compiler with certain boundary conditions? What is VHDL? What is FSF? What do you know about it? Any current relevance? Differentiate between open loop and closed loop control systems? Draw and explain the working of a monostable vibrator using op-amp. State Thevenins theorem and Nortons theorem. What is their application?

What is the mathematics used in DSP and from which domain to which domain is signal converted? Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor. Draw an internal block diagram of a normal voltage stabilizer. What is a reference variable? Volume control in TV is logarithmic. Why? Does MATLAB have an interpreter or a compiler? What do you know about segmentation of memory in 8086? What is virtual memory? Differentiate between macros and functions in C. Explain the significance of electromagnetic interference in PCBs and computer boards. What are the various pin connections to peripherals, memory and interrupts? Draw a rough diagram of a mother board using 8086 with relevant connections. What is the tri-state or high impedance state? What are the differences between open collector output and totem pole output? Find the highest clocking frequency of a digital circuit given the rise time, fall time and propagation delay? Implement Boolean expression using MUX (2 to 4, 3 to 8 etc). Draw the state graphs of a given problem like sequence generator, flip flops etc. Why is the accumulator called so? How can we implement a stack? Construct a D flip flop from a T flip flop. What is virtual ground in an opamp? Why is uplinking frequency higher than down linking frequency? Explain the booting procedure of a computer? What is metastable state in flip-flops? What is round robin technique of interrupt arbitration? What is avalanche breakdown? When does it occur? Explain the operation of a zener diode.

Important topics in Electronics Engineering Digital Electronic: Karnaugh maps,state machine, sequences generator, flip flop conversions, different logic families, different types of memory, designing of circuits for a given problem using state machines, flip flops etc. Communications Systems: PAM, PCM, ADPCM, DM Quantization, errors in each type of system and basic principles involved. Microprocessors: Architecture, registers, comparison between 8086 and higher processors, assembly language programming, segmentation of memory, peripherals devices (8255, 8259 etc) control words. Electro-magnetic theory: Transmission line (delays, impedance matching). Linear integrated circuits: Basics of op amps, comparators, transducers

(different types and their principles and applications). Electronic devices and circuits.

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