Bible Walk Through

Bible Walk Through
Old Testament
Tod M. Kennedy
Bible Walk Through
Page 2 of 211
Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 3 of 211
Bible Walk Through

Old Testament By Tod M. Kennedy June 2003 through September 2009 Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 Samuel 2 Samuel 1 Kings 2 Kings 1 Chronicles 2 Chronicles Ezra Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Solomon Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi
Bible Walk Through Genesis Briefing Tod Kennedy June 2003
Page 4 of 211
HistoryAngelic Conflict 1. Satan, in the great the Angelic Rebellion and Conflict, attempted to take Gods authority and position. 2. God judged Satan and those angels who joined him put his redemption plan into action. He restored the earth and created mankind. 3. When man sinned, he worked his redemption plan through the seed of Eve to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. 4. He will demonstrate his perfect character mankind. HistoryTitle 1. Hebrew Title is tyvarb beresit, in the beginning. 2. English title, Genesis, is from the LXX of Genesis 2.4, geneseo~, geneseos, which means accounts, generations, histories. 3. The Hebrew word behind this is twdlwt toledot. HistoryDates 1. Undated past to 1805 BC. 2. Abraham born 2166 BC (lived 175 years). 3. Isaac born 2066 BC (lived 180 years). 4. Jacob born 2006 BC (lived 147 years). 5. Joseph sold in 1898 BC; released from prison in 1885 BC; Jacob and family move to Egypt in 1876 BC; Joseph died 1805 BC (lived 110 years). HistoryThe Law or Torah 1. The Pentateuch 2. Genesis 3. Exodus 4. Leviticus 5. Numbers 6. Deuteronomy Theme: Beginnings Genesis records the foundations for all of history: creation, fall, promise of redemption, flood judgment, formation of nations, and then narrows the redemptive theocratic line with his covenant to Abraham and his progeny, Israel. Genesis then traces this redemptive line through Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. Key Verses Genesis 1:1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Genesis 3:15 And I will put enmity between you and the woman, And between your seed and her seed; He shall bruise you on the head, And you shall bruise him on the heel. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 5 of 211
Genesis 12:3 And I will bless those who bless you, And the one who curses you I will curse. And in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed. Genesis Overview 1. Adam to Babel, Genesis 1-11 2. Abraham, Genesis 12-20 3. Abraham and Isaac, Genesis 21-24 4. Isaac, Jacob, and Esau, Genesis 25-27 5. Jacob and Esau, Genesis 28-36 6. Joseph, Genesis 37-50 Trace the Theme of Genesis 1. As a result of the prehistoric fall of Satan and the angels who chose to fall with him, God judged the earth. This is assumed, but not recorded in Genesis, by Moses, the author. Genesis begins with the re-creation or restoration of earth so that man may inhabit it (Genesis 1-2). Satan in the form of a serpent tempted Eve and then Adam. Both chose to disobey God and became sinful (fall) (Genesis 3.1-7). LORD God then made his redemption plan known to Satan and to Adam and Eve. 2. God was going to solve the sin problem through a man born in the line of Adam and Eve true humanity (Genesis 3.14-16). Chapters 4-11 trace the growth and spread of mans line. During this period mankind became so degenerate that the line of true humanity might be corrupted, so God destroyed all but Noah and his family through the universal flood. 3. God called Abram who lived in Ur, a prestigious commercial and political city of about 350, 000 situated north of Persian Gulf. He sent Abram to Canaan. The promised redeemer was to be through Abrams line (Israel). Genesis traces this line through Isaac, Jacob, and the twelve sons. 4. Joseph (Genesis 37), a son of Jacob, was sold by his brothers to be a slave. Joseph, by Gods design, ended up in Egypt, where he became a high official in the Egyptian government. Eventually, Jacob brought his family to Egypt (Genesis 46). Joseph took care of them and from this family of 70 the nation of Israel grew into the Exodus generation. 5. Genesis ends with Joseph confirming that God will return the Israelites to Canaan; he received a promise that they will take his bones back with them. He then dies (Genesis 50). Genesis Chapter Titles Adam to Babel, Genesis 1-11 1. Chapter 1. Creation Six Days 2. Chapter 2. Creation of Adam and Eve 3. Chapter 3. Fall of Mankind 4. Chapter 4. Cain and Abel 5. Chapter 5. Adam to Noah 6. Chapter 6. Noah Build the Ark 7. Chapter 7. Flood Over the Earth 8. Chapter 8. Flood Recedes 9. Chapter 9. Noah Covenant 10. Chapter 10. Table of Nations 11. Chapter 11. Tower of Babel
Bible Walk Through Abraham, Genesis 12-20 12. Chapter 12. Land, Nation, and Blessing Promise 13. Chapter 13. Lot Chooses Land 14. Chapter 14. Abraham Rescues Lot 15. Chapter 15. Lords Covenant with Abram 16. Chapter 16. Ishmael Born 17. Chapter 17. Covenant through Isaac 18. Chapter 18. If Ten Righteous in Sodom? 19. Chapter 19. Lord Destroys Sodom and Gomorrah 20. Chapter 20. Abraham and Abimelech Abraham and Isaac, Genesis 21-24 21. Chapter 21. Isaac Born 22. Chapter 22. Isaac Offered As Sacrifice 23. Chapter 23. Sarah Dies 24. Chapter 24. Isaac Marries Rebekah Isaac, Jacob, and Esau, Genesis 25-27 25. Chapter 25. Abraham Dies Jacob and Esau Birthright 26. Chapter 26. Lords Covenant with Isaac 27. Chapter 27. Isaac Blessed Jacob Jacob and Esau, Genesis 28-36 28. Chapter 28. Jacobs Ladder Dream 29. Chapter 29. Jacob Marries Leah and Rachel 30. Chapter 30. Jacobs Spotted and Speckled Lambs 31. Chapter 31. Jacob Returns to Canaan 32. Chapter 32. Jacob Wrestles with the Angel of the Lord 33. Chapter 33. Jacob Reunited with Esau 34. Chapter 34. Jacobs Son Revenge Dinah 35. Chapter 35. Jacob Named Israel; Isaac and Rachel Die 36. Chapter 36. Esaus Descendants Joseph, Genesis 37-50 37. Chapter 37. Joseph Sold to Ishmaelites Going to Egypt 38. Chapter 38. Judah and Tamar 39. Chapter 39. Potiphars Wife Accuses Joseph 40. Chapter 40. Pharaoh's Cupbearer and Baker in Jail 41. Chapter 41. Seven Productive Years and Seven Famine Years 42. Chapter 42. Josephs Brothers First Visit; Leave Simeon 43. Chapter 43. Josephs brothers Second Visit; All Eat Together 44. Chapter 44. Josephs Silver Cup in Benjamins Pack 45. Chapter 45. Joseph Reveals Himself 46. Chapter 46. Josephs Family Goes to Egypt 47. Chapter 47. Josephs Famine Policy in Action 48. Chapter 48. Jacob Blesses Ephraim and Manasseh 49. Chapter 49. Jacob Blesses His Sons, then Dies 50. Chapter 50. Josephs Final Days Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Page 6 of 211
Bible Walk Through Key People 1. God (Elohim), Genesis 1.1 and many others 2. LORD (Yahweh), Genesis 2.4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and many others 3. Serpent (Satan), Genesis 3.1 4. Adam, Genesis 1.20; 5.1 5. Eve, Genesis 3.20 and 4.1 6. Cain and Abel, Genesis 4.1-2 7. Noah, Genesis 5.29 8. Ham, Shem, and Japheth, Genesis 6.10 9. Abram or Abraham, Genesis 11.26; 12.1; 15.1 10. Sarai (Genesis 11.29), Sarah (Genesis 18.10) 11. Ishmael, Genesis 16.3 12. Isaac, Genesis 17.19; 21.3 13. Jacob and Esau, Genesis 25.25-26 14. Jacobs sons, Genesis 49 15. Joseph, Genesis 37.2 Key Words 1. Created, Genesis 1.1 2. Formed, Genesis 2.7 3. Man, Genesis 1.26 and 2.7 4. Woman, Genesis 2.22, 23 5. Image and likeness, Genesis 1.26 6. Bless, Genesis 12.2, 3 7. Covenant, Genesis 17.2 Key Doctrines 1. God 2. Angelic Conflict 3. Creation 4. Fall 5. Sin 6. Redemption 7. Theocratic Program 8. Divine Institutions 9. Grace before Judgment 10. Divine Discipline 11. Salvation through Faith 12. Abrahamic Covenant 13. Israel 14. God brings blessing from bad things
Page 7 of 211
Lessons for Us Today 1. God is the creator of all things and all life. 2. God defeated Satan and paid the penalty for sin through his redemptive plan. 3. The biblical worldview centers on creation, fall, redemption, resurrection, and judgment. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Page 8 of 211
God established certain divine institutions for mankind and supported them with his moral laws of civilization. Gods redemptive plan centers on Israel, the line of the Messiah Savior. God always keeps his Word. Salvation is through faith alone. God turns bad things into blessings for those who believe him.
Bible Walk Through Exodus Briefing Tod Kennedy Sunday, June 22, 2003
Page 9 of 211
Exodus: English Title The English title, Exodus, means a going out [from Egypt], and is from the LXX title, exodo~, Exodos. The Hebrew title is twmv hlaw and means And these are the names. Exodus Key Verses: Exodus 13:18 Hence God led the people around by the way of the wilderness to the Red Sea; and the sons of Israel went up in martial array from the land of Egypt. Exodus 19:5 Now then, if you will indeed obey My voice and keep My covenant, then you shall be My own possession among all the peoples, for all the earth is Mine; 6 and you shall be to Me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. These are the words that you shall speak to the sons of Israel. The Law Torah The Pentateuch Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Theme 1. God formed the Hebrews from the sons of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in Egypt; under the leadership of Moses, he delivered them from Egypt; he made them his priest nation and revealed his instructions, the Mosaic Law, at Sinai. Expanded Theme 1. God created Israelhis priest nationfrom Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. He used Joseph to protect the nation during the beginning years in Egypt. Years later, God raised up Moses to lead the new nation out of Egypt and back into Canaan their homeland. A short time out of Egypt, God gave Israel the Law. The Mosaic Law was the constitution for the theocracy. The first half of Exodus (1-19) finds them in Egypt and then takes them to Sinai. The second half is the record of Gods laws and instructions (20-40). Moses records Gods successes alongside Israels unbelief and failures. Background to Events 1. The Angelic Conflict in which Satan attempts to take Gods authority. 2. Gods Redemption Plan through the seed of Eve to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. 3. God made his unconditional covenant with Abraham to make him into a great nation and to bless the world through Abrahams seedspecifically Jesus Christ. 4. God formed the Hebrews into a nation in Egypt and later at Sinai God made them his priest nation. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 10 of 211
5. Gods redemption plan, through Israel, was on schedule, even though Satan repeatedly tried to stop Gods plan. Exodus: When did all this happen? 1. Genesis ended with the death of Joseph in Egypt in 1805 BC the age of 110 years. 2. Moses was born in Egypt from parents of the tribe of Levi around 1520 BC (Exodus 2.110). 3. Most of the events took place in the Sinai area around 1445 BC. Exodus: Key Words 1. Pharaoh 2. Hardened 3. Law 4. Ordinances 5. Plague Exodus: Key People 1. Moses 2. Aaron 3. Egyptians 4. Pharaoh 5. Israelites Exodus: Narrative 1. God prepared Moses for the leadership, formed the sons of Israel into a community, and Moses led them out of Egypt (Exodus 1-12). The people repeatedly complain against God and Moses because they refuse to believe Gods word. 2. At Sinai, God made them his kingdom of priest and his holy nation (Exodus 19). 3. God gave the Israeli people his law, called the Mosaic Law (Exodus 20-34). 4. While Moses was on Mount Sinai, Aaron failed as a leader and the people made the golden calf idol (Exodus 32). 5. Moses interceded for the people based upon Gods covenant to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; and God kept his word to bless Israel (Exodus 32-34).The Israelites complete the tabernacle and Gods glory filled the tabernacle (Exodus 35-40). 6. Palace Fort 18th Dynasty. Ruins of a large fortification were discovered in the 1990s at Ramesses on the south bank of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile River. It was active during the 18th Dynasty, ca. 1550-1300 BC. Exodus Route Exodus Overview Exodus 1-6, Moses Preparation Exodus 7-18, Plagues and Exodus Exodus 19-24, Priest Nation and the Law Exodus 25-40, Tabernacle Chapter Titles: Moses Preparation, Exodus 1-6 Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Chapter 1 New Pharaoh and Midwives Chapter 2 Moses Born, Taught, Midian Chapter 3 Burning Bush Revelation Chapter 4 Staff, Hand, Blood, Egypt Chapter 5 Make More Bricks Chapter 6 Moses, Tell Pharaoh
Page 11 of 211
Plagues and Exodus, Exodus 7-18 7. Chapter 7 Staff, Serpents, Nile Blood 8. Chapter 8 Frogs, Lice, Flies 9. Chapter 9 Disease, Boils, Hail 10. Chapter 10 Locust, Darkness 11. Chapter 11 Predicts Death 12. Chapter 12 Passover, Death, Exodus Plagues and Exodus, Exodus 7-18 13. Chapter 13 Sanctify Firstborn 14. Chapter 14 Red Sea Deliverance 15. Chapter 15 Moses Song, Bitter Water 16. Chapter 16 Manna and Quail 17. Chapter 17 Rephidum, No Water, Amelek 18. Chapter 18 Jethro Advises Moses Priest Nation and the Law, Exodus 19-24 19. Chapter 19 Mt. Sinai, Holy Priest Nation 20. Chapter 20 Ten Commandments 21. Chapter 21 Slaves, Personal Injury 22. Chapter 22 Laws, Restitution, Loans 23. Chapter 23 Justice, Sabbaths, Conquest 24. Chapter 24 Book of the Covenant, Stone Tablets Tabernacle, Exodus 25-40 25. Chapter 25 Tabernacle 26. Chapter 26 Tabernacle 27. Chapter 27 Tabernacle 28. Chapter 28 Priest Uniform 29. Chapter 29 Consecrate Tabernacle and Priests 30. Chapter 30 Altar, Money, Laver, Oil, Incense 31. Chapter 31 Builders, Sabbath, Tablets 32. Chapter 32 Golden Calf 33. Chapter 33 Moses Face to Face with the Lord 34. Chapter 34 Ten Commandments and Shining Face 35. Chapter 35 Freewill Offerings for Tabernacle 36. Chapter 36 Excess Offerings, Curtains, Boards, Veil 37. Chapter 37 Mercy Seat, Table, Lampstand, Altar 38. Chapter 38 Brass Altar, Laver, Court 39. Chapter 39 Priests Clothes, Inspection Passed 40. Chapter 40 Set Up and Anoint Tabernacle. Lords Glory Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through Key Doctrines 1. Obey God, not man. Exodus 1 2. Preparation for Service. Exodus 2-4 3. Gods Glory and Character. Exodus 3, 33-34 4. Importance of Gods Word. Exodus 3, 4, 20 5. Authority. Exodus 4, 19 6. Hard Heart. Exodus 4, 7-10, 14 7. Faith Application of Gods Word. Exodus 3-5 8. Lord will fight. Exodus 14 9. Fear of the Lord. Exodus 14 10. Unbelief. Exodus 4, 14, 15, 16, 17 11. Leadership. Exodus 14, 18, 33 12. Priest Nation. Exodus 19 13. Sin. Exodus 4, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20 14. Passover. Exodus 12-13 15. Redemption. Exodus 12 16. Divine Guidance. Exodus 13 17. Heritage. Exodus 13 18. Faith-Rest Principle. Exodus 14 19. Mosaic Law. Exodus 20-40 20. Levitical Priesthood. Exodus 28-29 21. Golden Calf Idolatry. Exodus 32 22. Grace. Exodus 32 23. Freewill offerings. Exodus 35 24. Tabernacle. Exodus 40
Page 12 of 211
Exodus: Lesson for Us Today 1. God is sovereign and holy, yet gracious and compassionate. 2. Redemption is always through sacrifice. 3. God does have His Plan for His people and guides His people. 4. God reveals His word, inspires His word, illumines His word, and communicates His word. 5. Unbelief or negative volition reaps consequences. 6. God always keeps His word to His people. 7. God appointed leadership is necessary for His people.
Bible Walk Through Leviticus Briefing twmv hlaw And these are the names Tod Kennedy Sunday, June 29, 2003 The Law Torah The Pentateuch Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy
Page 13 of 211
Theme God is holy; man is sinful; and God graciously forgives mans sin because a blameless animal which illustrated Christ dying for the sins of the worlddied in mans place. Key Verse Leviticus 20:26 Thus you are to be holy to Me, for I the LORD am holy; and I have set you apart from the peoples to be Mine Background to Events 1. The Angelic Conflict in which Satan attempts to take Gods authority. 2. Gods Redemption Plan through the seed of Eve to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. 3. God made his unconditional covenant with Abraham to make him into a great nation and to bless the world through Abrahams seedspecifically Jesus Christ. 4. God formed the Hebrews into a nation in Egypt and later at Sinai God made them his priest nation. 5. Gods redemption plan, through Israel, was on schedule, even though Satan repeatedly tried to stop Gods plan. When Did all this Happen 1. God gave Moses the Leviticus revelation after the Israelites had left Egypt in 1445 BC, and while they were in the Sinai area. 2. The Israelites left Sinai in Nisan (April), 1445 BC, after receiving the law. Key Words Used 1. Atonement, 55 times 2. Holy, 90 times 3. Priest, 178; Priests, 13; total 191 times 4. Offering, 273; Offerings 58; total 331 times 5. Sacrifice, 36; Sacrifices 8; 44 times 6. Sin, 82 times
Bible Walk Through Leviticus: Main People 1. Moses 2. Aaron 3. Sons of Levi
Page 14 of 211
Narrative 1. God revealed his instructions for the priestly ministry to Moses. God instructed about the offerings and sacrifices, the dedication and service of the priests, and regulations and warnings about how Israel was to live. 2. Nadab and Abihu, sons of Aaron ignored Gods instructions for their priestly service and instead did it their way. They suffered ultimate discipline, the sin unto death. 3. The regulations included the laws for clean and unclean, holy living, annual festivals, national blessing or discipline, and free will dedications. Overview 1. Five Sacrifices (Leviticus 1-7) 2. Priestly Mediators (Leviticus 8-10) 3. Clean and Unclean (Leviticus 11-15) 4. Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16) 5. Holy Living (Leviticus 17-25) 6. Blessing or Cycles of Discipline (Leviticus 26) 7. Free Will Offerings of Dedication (Leviticus 27) Chapter Titles: Five Sacrifices, Leviticus 1-7 1. Chapter 1: Burnt Offering 2. Chapter 2: Grain Offering 3. Chapter 3: Peace Offering 4. Chapter 4: Sin Offering 5. Chapter 5: Sin and Trespass Offerings 6. Chapter 6: More on Sin and Trespass Offerings 7. Chapter 7: More on Sin and Trespass Offerings Priestly Mediators, Leviticus 8-10 8. Chapter 8: Dedication of the Priests 9. Chapter 9: First Priestly Service 10. Chapter 10: Nadab and Abihu Clean and Unclean, Leviticus 11-15 11. Chapter 11: Clean and Unclean 12. Chapter 12: Clean and Unclean 13. Chapter 13: Clean and Unclean 14. Chapter 14: Clean and Unclean 15. Chapter 15: Clean and Unclean Day of Atonement, Leviticus 16 16. Chapter 16: Day of Atonement Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through Holy Living, Leviticus 17-25 17. Chapter 17: Blood, Life, Death 18. Chapter 18: Sexual Sin and Perversion 19. Chapter 19: Regulations for Life Be Holy 20. Chapter 20: Death Penalty Sins for Gods Separated People 21. Chapter 21: Regulations for Priests Defilement 22. Chapter 22: Regulations for Priests Offerings 23. Chapter 23: Annual Feasts 24. Chapter 24: The Holy Place, Blasphemy, and Justice 25. Chapter 25: Sabbath and Jubilee Years Chapter Titles: Blessings or Cycles of Discipline, Leviticus 26 26. Chapter 26: Blessings or Cycles of Discipline Chapter Titles: Free Will Offerings of Dedication, Leviticus 27 27. Chapter 27: Free Will Offerings of Dedication Key Doctrines 1. Gods Attributes, especially holiness, (See Leviticus 11.45; 19.2) 2. Substitution, Leviticus 1 3. Sin Barrier, Leviticus 1 4. Hebrew calendar, 5. Five Levitical sacrifices and offerings, Leviticus 1-7 6. Aaronic priesthood, Leviticus 8-9 7. Levites, Leviticus 10 8. Nadab and Abihu rebellion, Leviticus 10 9. Divine Discipline, Leviticus 10 10. Sin Unto Death, Leviticus 10 11. Human Good, Leviticus 10 12. Clean and unclean, Leviticus 11-15 13. Day of Atonement, Leviticus 16 14. Holy peoplenational values, Leviticus 18-20 15. Capital punishment, Leviticus 20 16. Sabbath and Five Annual feasts of Israel, Leviticus 23 17. Sabbath, Leviticus 25 18. Jubilee years, Leviticus 25 19. Cycles of discipline, Leviticus 26 20. Mosaic Law, Leviticus 26 21. Abrahamic Covenant, Leviticus 26 22. Free Will Vows, Leviticus 27 Leviticus 1-7: Offerings 1. Burnt (Voluntary)Reconciliation 2. Grain (Voluntary)Positional Relationship with God 3. Peace (Voluntary)Fellowship with God 4. Sin (Required)Confession of Sin 5. Guilt (Required)Confession of Sin Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Page 15 of 211
Bible Walk Through
Page 16 of 211
Leviticus: Clean and Unclean, Leviticus 11 1. Why the regulations? The priests were to teach the people to distinguish between holy and profane, clean and unclean (Leviticus 10.10-11; 11.47). To do this God revealed divine viewpoint about diet (Leviticus 11), disease (Leviticus 13-14), and other physical uncleanness (Leviticus 12, 15). Leviticus: Clean and Unclean, Leviticus 12-15 1. The laws for uncleanness and purification served to highlight 1) Gods holiness, 2) mans sin, 3) the distinction between relationship with Yahweh (LORD) their God and religion around them, and 4) to point out Israels priest nation status. An unclean person was prohibited from participating in the tabernacle services. Leviticus 23: Feasts 1. PassoverRedemption 2. Unleavened BreadSeparation from past to new life with God 3. FirstfruitsThanksgiving and God provides 4. PentecostThanksgiving and God Provides over and above 5. TrumpetsCalled the Lords attention to Israels need of his blessing 6. Day of AtonementGod graciously forgives sin 7. BoothsGod gives fatherly care and protection Leviticus 26: Cycles of National Discipline 1. Firstmental and physical illness, economic downturns, military losses (Leviticus 26.14-17) 2. Secondloss of influence, drought, famine, economic failure (Leviticus 26.18-20) 3. Thirddomestic terror, culture and society breakdown, (Leviticus 26.21-22) 4. Fourthdisease, military invasion, national vassalage, famine (Leviticus 26.23-26) 5. Fifthculture and social disintegration, religious anarchy, national destruction and exile (Leviticus 26.27-39) Lessons for Us Today 1. Attributes of God 2. Sin Barrier 3. Fellowship with God 4. Priesthood of every church age believer 5. Divine good vs. Human good 6. Divine Discipline 7. Separation from wrong crowd and religion 8. Importance of the ministry 9. Ritual with reality is valuablecommunion 10. Cultural and societal breakdown
Bible Walk Through Numbers Briefing myrbdh hla these are the words Numbers is from the two censuses Tod Kennedy Sunday, July 6 and 13, 2003
Page 17 of 211
Theme God has a plan for his people. The LORDS people must live each day by faith in Him and His word if they are to please Him and enjoy His plan of blessings in time. Unbelief and disobedience bring painful consequences, but the LORD, in grace, always keeps His Word to His people. Key Verses: Numbers 14:22 Surely all the men who have seen My glory and My signs, which I performed in Egypt and in the wilderness, yet have put Me to the test these ten times and have not listened to My voice, Numbers 14:23 shall by no means see the land which I swore to their fathers, nor shall any of those who spurned Me see it. Background to Events 1. The Hebrew people left Egypt one year ago. They are still at Sinai. 2. God has already given Moses the Law for the people. 3. The tabernacle has been completed. 4. It is now time to move into Canaan. When Did all this Happen 1. The first census was on second day of the second month of the second year dated from the time they left EgyptApril 1445 BC (Numbers 1.1-4). 2. The Israelites left Sinai 20 days later (Numbers 10.11). 3. Thirty-nine years later, God told Moses to take another census of the new generation while they were in the Plains of Moab by the Jordan across from Jericho. This generation would enter Canaan (Numbers 26.1-4). 4. They remained in the Plains of Moab about 5 months. 5. The events in Numbers cover 39 years. Key Words Used 1. Moses, 236 2. Congregation, 73 times 3. Lord spoke, 49 times 4. Wilderness, 48 5. Set out, 37 times 6. Law, 15 7. Grumble, 2 times, Complain, 1 time
Bible Walk Through Key People 1. Moses 2. Aaron 3. Caleb 4. Joshua 5. Korah, Dathan, and Abiram 6. Balak 7. Balaam
Page 18 of 211
Narrative Preview 1. The Lord generously organized, prepared, and provided everything for his people and their short trip to the promised Canaan land. Yet Israel disbelieved, disobeyed, and complained against the Lord. As a result the Lord disciplined the people, yet kept his covenant of blessing to them, and the next generation entered the land under Joshua. Narrative 1. Numbers begins with Moses counting the people in preparation for the march to Canaan. The first census was on second day of the second month of the second year dated from the time they left EgyptApril 1445 BC It is only 13 months after leaving Egypt (Numbers 1.1-4). 2. Twenty days later the Israelites begin the trip to Canaan (10.11). Along the way they repeatedly disbelieve and disobey God: complain about no meat; Aaron and Miriam jealous; unbelief of the spies; military defeats; Korah rebellion; Moses hits the rock; complain against Moses followed by the fiery serpents; Balak and Balaam and idolatry; As a result, God disciplines them in order to prepare them to enter Canaan. 3. After 39 years of wandering, God tells Moses to take a new census (26.2). They are in the Plains of Moab, near the Jordan River across from Jericho, where they would stay for about five months. The old generation had died; the new generation was ready to take their land. 4. Moses inaugurated Joshua as the new leader (27.18). Moses then gave instructions for dividing the land and for living in Canaan. 5. The events in Numbers cover 39 years. Outline 1. Preparation at Sinai for the journey (Numbers 1-9) 2. Failures, Wanderings, and Kadesh-Barnea (Numbers 10-20) 3. Plains of Moab, Balaam, and Idolatry (Numbers 21-25) 4. Plains of Moab, instructions before crossing the Jordan, and Joshua (Numbers 26-36) Chapter Titles: Preparation at Sinai, Numbers 1-9 1. Chapter 1: Census at Sinai. 2. Chapter 2: Camp arrangement. 3. Chapter 3: Levites Camp and Duties. 4. Chapter 4: Levites Census and Duties. 5. Chapter 5: Unclean, Sin, Law of Jealousy. 6. Chapter 6: Nazirite vow. 7. Chapter 7: Offerings at tabernacle dedication. 8. Chapter 8: Levites in place of firstborn. 9. Chapter 9: Passover. Cloud and Fire. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 19 of 211
Chapter Titles: Failures, Wanderings, and Kadesh-Barnea, Numbers 10-20 10. Chapter 10: Two trumpets. Leave Sinai. 11. Chapter 11: Grace in spite of complainingquail. 12. Chapter 12: Miriam and Aaron jealous of Moses. 13. Chapter 13: Spies to Canaan. 14. Chapter 14: Will not enter Canaan. 15. Chapter 15: Offerings and punishment when in Canaan. 16. Chapter 16: Korah, Dathan, and Abiram. God judges. 17. Chapter 17: Aarons rod budded. 18. Chapter 18: Priests and Levites: Duties and support. 19. Chapter 19: The red heifer and cleansing. 20. Chapter 20: Moses hits the rock. Edom. Aaron dies. Plains of Moab, Balaam, and Idolatry, Numbers 21-24 21. Chapter 21: The bronze serpent. Amorites and others. 22. Chapter 22: Balaam, the Angel, and the donkey. 23. Chapter 23: Balaam blesses Israel Prophetic proverbs 1-2. 24. Chapter 24: Balaam blesses Israel Prophetic proverbs 3-7. Plains of Moab, instructions before crossing the Jordan, and Joshua, Numbers 25-36 25. Chapter 25: Idolatry with Moabites and Midianites, and judgment. 26. Chapter 26: Census of the new generation. 27. Chapter 27: Passing the Mantel to Joshua. 28. Chapter 28 Offerings, sacrifices, feasts. 29. Chapter 29: Offerings, sacrifices, feasts. 30. Chapter 30: Vows. 31. Chapter 31: Midians defeat and the spoil. 32. Chapter 32 : Gad, Reuben, and Manassehs land. 33. Chapter 33: Egypt to the Jordana review. 34. Chapter 34: Borders, leaders, and lands. 35. Chapter 35: Levite cities. Murder. 36. Chapter 36: No inter-tribe land transfer. Key Doctrines 1. Decently and in Order, Numbers 1-4 2. Nazirite vow, Numbers 6 3. Levites, Numbers 8 4. Divine Guidance, Numbers 9 5. Grumbling, Numbers 11 6. God Provides, Numbers 11 7. Spiritual Cowards and Spiritual Heroes, Numbers 13-14 8. Divine Attributes, Numbers 14 9. Divine Discipline, Numbers 12, 13, 20, 21 10. Authority, Service, Pride, Rebellion, Numbers 16 11. Moses and Failure, Numbers 20 12. Bronze Serpent and Faith Salvation, Numbers 21 13. Balaam, Numbers 22-24 Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 14. Passing the Mantle, Numbers 27 15. Tribes and Land, Numbers 34 16. Cities of Refuge, Numbers 35
Page 20 of 211
Lessons for Us Today: 1 Corinthians 10.6 1. God is a God of order (Numbers 1-4; 1 Corinthians 14:40) 2. Live and obey by faithFaith application and Faith-Rest (Numbers 11, 13, 14; Hebrews 3-4) 3. Spiritual Cowards (grumble and unbelief) and Spiritual Heroes (Numbers 11, 21, 13-14; 2 Timothy 4) 4. Authority, humility, and rebellion, in ministry (Numbers 12, 16; 1 Corinthians 4; 3 John 9-10) 5. Divine Discipline (Numbers 11, 14, 16, 20, 21; Hebrews 12.5-13; 1 Corinthians 11.3-31; Acts 1-11) 6. Failure does not stop service (Numbers 20; Luke 22:4-62; Acts 1:15; 2:14; 10:5) 7. Salvation by faith (Numbers 21; John 3:14-16) 8. Passing the mantel: transition of authority and leadership (Numbers 27; Titus 1:5; Philippians 2:19-30) 9. Importance of spiritual heritage (Numbers 8, 16, 34-36; Philippians 1:27-30)
Bible Walk Through Deuteronomy Briefing Tod Kennedy Sunday, July 20 and 27, 2003 The Law Torah The Pentateuch 1. Genesis 2. Exodus 3. Leviticus 4. Numbers 5. Deuteronomy
Page 21 of 211
Theme The revealed, taught, remembered, and applied Word of God is the life of Gods people as they enter the land, take possession of the land, and live as Gods people in the land. Gods word instructs, prepares, warns, protects, and blesses Gods people (Deuteronomy 30.19-20; 32.4547). Key Verses Deuteronomy 30.19 I call heaven and earth to witness against you today, that I have set before you life and death, the blessing and the curse. So choose life in order that you may live, you and your descendants, Deuteronomy 30.20 by loving the Lord your God, by obeying His voice, and by holding fast to Him; for this is your life and the length of your days, that you may live in the land which the Lord swore to your fathers, to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give them. Background to Events 1. The Lord has brought his people from Canaan to Egypt, and now to the Plains of Moab. 2. Israel is the theocratic nation, the priest nation. 3. The Exodus generation, who refused to believe that the Lord would make them victorious over the Canaanites and give them the Promised Land, has died off. When Did All This Happen? 1. The events of Deuteronomy happened in 1445 BC, just prior to Joshua taking the Israelites across the Jordan and into Canaan. Key Words Used 1. Wrote, 5 times 2. Law, 24 times; 16 times in 27-33 3. Commandment, 9 times 4. Commandments, 37 times 5. Statutes, 29 times 6. Remember, 15 times 7. Obey, 14 times 8. Bless, 21 times; Blessing, 12 times; Blesses, 2 times 9. Not obey, 6 times 10. Curse, 11 times; curses, 6 times Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 11. Life, 20 times Main People 1. Moses 2. Joshua 3. Aaron 4. Miriam
Page 22 of 211
Narrative 1. The second generation Israelites are on the Plains of Moab, north of the Dead Sea and east of the Jordan River. Moses prepares them for the conquest by delivering three messages. First, he reviews Gods blessings to them during the wilderness wanderings. Then, Moses reviews the Law that God gave at Sinai so that they know Gods will and what God expects of them. Finally, Moses challenges this generation to learn and follow the Sinai Law. That done, Moses dies and Joshua leads. Overview 1. Moses reviews Gods wilderness blessings, Deuteronomy 1-4 2. Moses reviews Gods statues and ordinances, Deuteronomy 5-26 3. Moses charges Israel to keep Gods commandments, Deuteronomy 27-30 4. Moses Final Words and Death, Deuteronomy 31-34 Moses reviews Gods wilderness blessings, Deuteronomy 1-4 Chapter 1: RecapSinai to Kadesh Chapter 2: RecapEdom to Moab to Sihon of Heshbon Chapter 3: RecapOg of Bashon, and Gilead Chapter 4: Israel, Watch yourselvesblessing or cursing Moses reviews Gods statues and ordinances, Deuteronomy 5-26 Chapter 5: Moses recalls the Horeb Covenant Chapter 6: Listen, fear, obey, love the Lord Chapter 7: Remove the Canaanites Chapter 8: Remember the Lord your God Chapter 9: Gods grace, not Israels righteousness Chapter 10: Fear, walk, love, serve, keep Chapter 11: Blessing or cursing in the land Chapter 12: The central sanctuary Chapter 13: Capital punishment for idolatry Chapter 14: Clean and unclean. Tithe Chapter 15: Seven year loans. Poor. Servants. Firstborn Chapter 16: Annual feasts. Judges Chapter 17: Idolaters, trials. King Chapter 18: Levites, omens, a prophet Chapter 19: Cities of refuge. Witnesses Chapter 20: Warfare Chapter 21: War bride. Double portion. Incorrigible son Chapter 22: Good neighbors. Boundaries on sex Chapter 23: Regulations on people, foreign slaves, loans Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through Chapter 24: Chapter 25: Chapter 26: Divorce, Loans, Poor Court case, brothers wife, weights and measures First of produce. Tithe to Levites. His people
Page 23 of 211
Moses charges Israel to keep Gods commandments, Deuteronomy 27-30 Chapter 27: The Law, Mt Ebal, and Mt Gerizim Chapter 28: Blessings and cursings Chapter 29: Lords covenant with Israel Chapter 30: Choose life and live Moses Final Words & Death, Deuteronomy 31-34 Chapter 31: Joshua, the song, the law Chapter 32: Moses song is Israels life Chapter 33: Moses blesses Israel Chapter 34: Moses dies, Joshua leads Key Doctrines 1. Divine Revelation. Deuteronomy 1.6 2. Delegated authority and leadership. Deuteronomy 1.13 3. Uniqueness of Israel. Deuteronomy 4.7-8 4. Spiritual alertness. Deuteronomy 4.9 5. God provides for his people. Deuteronomy 4.14 6. Divine Discipline. Deuteronomy 4.24 7. Ten Commandments. Deuteronomy 5.6 8. Teaching children. Deuteronomy 6.7 9. Testing. Deuteronomy 8.2 10. Importance of the Word of God. Deuteronomy 8.3 11. Self-righteousness. Deuteronomy 9.4 12. Abrahamic Covenant and Theocratic line. Deuteronomy 9.5 13. Mosaic Law. Deuteronomy 9.9 14. Blessing and cursing. Deuteronomy 11.26 15. Divine Attributes. Deuteronomy 13.17 16. Faith-ApplicationLearn, Consider, Apply. Deuteronomy 11.13 17. Central sanctuary. Deuteronomy 12.11 18. False Prophets. Deuteronomy 13.1 19. Capital Punishment. Deuteronomy 13.9 20. Tithing. Deuteronomy 14.22 21. Poor people. Deuteronomy 15.11 22. Canaanite religion. Deuteronomy 18.9 23. Future Prophet. Deuteronomy 18.15 24. Judicial witness. Deuteronomy 20.15 25. Deterrence of crime. Deuteronomy 19.20 26. Holy War. Deuteronomy 20.3 27. Rebellious son. Deuteronomy 21.18 28. Blessing before cursing. Deuteronomy 28.1, 15 29. Repentance and blessing. Deuteronomy 30.1 30. Life and death, blessing and the curse. Deuteronomy 30.19 31. Spiritual Courage. Deuteronomy 31.6 Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 32. Fear of the Lord. Deuteronomy 31.13 33. Passing the leadership mantle. Deuteronomy 34.1 34. Land Covenant. Deuteronomy 34.1 35. Abrahamic Covenant. Deuteronomy 34.4
Page 24 of 211
Lessons For Us Today 1. Gods Word is our life (Deuteronomy 8.3; Matthew 4.4; Luke 4.4; James 1.21-25; 1 Peter 2.2; 2 Timothy 3.16-17). 2. Communication of the Word (Deuteronomy 31.9-13; 1 Timothy 1.3; 6.17; 2 Timothy 2.2, 11, 15; 4.2-5). 3. Faith-Application, choose blessing or cursing (Deuteronomy 1.30-8; 4.10, 14, 15, 23; 6.1 11.26-32; 28.1-2, 15; 30.19-20; Acts 17.27; Romans 6.6, 11, 12-13; Philippians 4.8-9; Colossians 3.23-25; Hebrews 4.1-16;James 1.21-25). 4. Spiritual courage (Deuteronomy 1.30-38; 31.6; John 16.33; Acts 23.11; 2 Corinthians 4.16). 5. Divine discipline (Deuteronomy 4.24; 1 Corinthians 11.29-30; Hebrews 12.5-13). 6. Punishment deters crime (Deuteronomy 19.20; Romans 13.3-4; 1 Thessalonians 4.6). 7. Faith focusing on Christ (Occupation with Christ) is like fear of the Lord (Deuteronomy 31.13; Galatians 2.20; Colossians 3.1-3; Hebrews 12.2).
Bible Walk Through Joshua Bible Briefing Tod Kennedy Sunday, August 3, October 12, and 19, 2003
Page 25 of 211
Joshua Theme: Holy War The Lord, using Joshua as his leader, is fulfilling his land promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob by settling Israel in her promised land through Holy War. But, Israel would only gain complete possession, blessing, and rest in the land through believing God and obeying God (Joshua 1.1-4, 13; 2.9; 7.1-12; 23.1; 21.44; 24.11-14; Hebrews 4.8). Joshua Key Verses Joshua 1:9 Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous! Do not tremble or be dismayed, for the Lord your God is with you wherever you go. Joshua 24:15 And if it is disagreeable in your sight to serve the Lord, choose for yourselves today whom you will serve: whether the gods which your fathers served which were beyond the River, or the gods of the Amorites in whose land you are living; but as for me and my house, we will serve the Lord. Joshua: Background to events? 1. The Angelic Conflict in which Satan rebelled against God and attempted to take Gods authority and position. 2. Creation, fall of man, and Gods Redemption Plan through the seed of Eve to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. 3. God made his unconditional covenant with Abraham to make him into a great nation and to bless the world through Abrahams seedspecifically Jesus Christ. 4. God formed the Hebrews into a nation in Egypt and later at Sinai God made them his priest nation. 5. Gods redemption plan, through Israel, was on schedule, even though Satan repeatedly tried to stop Gods plan. When Did All This Happen? 1. The events begin in 1405 BC. Moses has died and Joshua has become the Lords new leader of Israel. 2. The Israelis are camped just east of the Jordan River and are about to cross into Canaan. 3. Caleb (Joshua 14.7-10) stated that 45 years had passed since the Kadesh reconnaissance (Numbers 14). Israel had wandered 38 years (Deuteronomy 2.14) after the reconnaissance before they entered the land. The battles of Joshua (1-14) took 7 years. Key Words Used 1. Rest, Joshua 1.13, 15; 4.15; 21.44; 22.4; 23.1 2. Obey, Joshua 1.17, 18; 24.24. 3. Obeyed, Joshua 1.17 4. Observe, Joshua 22.5 5. Careful to do, Joshua 1.7, 8 6. Be strong and courageous, Joshua 1.6, 7, 9, 18; 10.25 7. Law (of Moses or God), 1.7, 8; 8.31, 32, 34; 22.5; 23.6; 24.26 Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 26 of 211
8. Commanded 36 times (of Lord, Moses, Joshua) Joshua 1.7, 9, 10, 13, 16; 4.8, 10; 6.10, and others. 9. Inheritance (of land) 57 times Joshua 11.23; 13.7, and others Main People 1. Joshua took Moses place of authority and leadership; he lived 110 years (Joshua 24.29). Joshua wrote at least portions of the book (Joshua 24.26). 2. Caleb, along with Joshua, had wanted to conquer the land after the Kadesh reconnaissance. God rewarded Caleb for his faith and spiritual courage by giving him Hebron (Joshua 14.715). 3. Achan, disobeyed Gods ban on taking spoil from Jericho. As a result, Ai defeated Israel (Joshua 7). Narrative 1. Joshua is the record of the Lords holy wars and the division of this conquered land to the tribes. The Lord gave his orders to Joshua and Joshua ordered his commanders (Joshua 1). Jericho and Ai were defeated and burned (Joshua 2-8). At this point Joshua built an altar at Mount Ebal; there he sacrificed, copied the law, read it, and challeged the nation. Then the Gibeonites deceived Israel into a peace treaty (Joshua 9). Next, the Amorite kings were defeated (Joshua 10), followed by the defeat and burning of Hazor (Joshua 11). 2. After these initial victories, which took 7 years, Joshua divided the newly conquered land among the tribes (Joshua 13-24). Before Joshua died, he called a meeting at Shechem and challenged the nation to choose whom they will serve. They chose to serve the Lord, so there at Shechem Joshua made a covenant with the people to serve the Lord (Joshua 24). Joshua Overview 1. Israel Crosses into Canaan, Joshua 1-5 2. Military Conquest in the Central, South, and North, Joshua 6-12 3. Joshua distributes the land, Joshua 12-22 4. Joshua challenges Israel, Joshua 23-24 Joshua Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1: Prepare to cross the Jordan 2. Chapter 2: Two spies and Rahab 3. Chapter 3: The ark, priests, and Jordan 4. Chapter 4: Crossing and two 12-stone memorials 5. Chapter 5: Circumcision, manna stops, captain of Lords host 6. Chapter 6: Jericho falls 7. Chapter 7: Failure at Ai 8. Chapter 8: Victory at Ai 9. Chapter 9: Gibeonites plot for survival 10. Chapter 10: Sun stood still and victory over 5 kings 11. Chapter 11: Victory over Hazor and the rest 12. Chapter 12: Victory recap 13. Chapter 13: East of JordanReuben, Gad, and Manasseh East 14. Chapter 14: West of JordanHebron for Caleb 15. Chapter 15: WestJudah and Caleb 16. Chapter 16: WestEphraim Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 27 of 211
17. Chapter 17: WestManasseh West 18. Chapter 18: WestBenjamin 19. Chapter 19: WestSimeon, Zebulum, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, Dan; Timnath Serah for Joshua 20. Chapter 20: Cities of Refuge 21. Chapter 21: Levites cities and lands 22. Chapter 22: East tribes altara witness 23. Chapter 23: Joshua challenges and warns Israel 24. Chapter 24: Choose to serve the LordShechem Covenant Key Doctrines 1. Holy War (Joshua 2.10-12; 3.9-10; 10) 2. National faith-rest (Joshua 1.13; 21.44-45; 22.4-5) 3. Leadership (Joshua 1.5-9; 4.1-7; 10.22-27; 23-24) 4. Miracles (Joshua 3.14-17, Jordan River; 6.1-23, Jericho; 10.10-14, the long day) 5. Faith Obedience-Application of Gods Word (Joshua 22.4-5; 23) 6. Volition or free will (Joshua 1.16-17; 24.15) Leadership Overview 1. Leadership requires authority orientation, humility, knowledge, faith, moral courage, spiritual courage, organization, sacrifice, and loyalty to God (Joshua 1, Philippians 2.17-30; 2 Timothy 2.1-10). 2. Examples of leaders: Moses, Joshua, Jesus, Paul. Leadership Joshua 1. Joshua led the Israelites into Canaan, in the conquest of the land, and in the organization of the land (Joshua 1; 4; 23-24). a. Joshua lived under Gods authority and leadership. b. Joshua lived under the direction of Gods word. c. Joshua was spiritually courageous; he trusted God in order to carry out his duties, even though he had to take human risks. d. He disciplined wrong doers when necessary. e. He communicated Gods will to the people. f. He challenged those under his leadership to think and do Gods will. Leadership Paul in Philippians 2.17-30 1. He sacrificed and served in order to strengthen the faith of the people (Joshua 17-18). 2. He kept informed about the spiritual health of the people (Joshua 19, 27-28). 3. He delegated authority to trusted helpers (Joshua 20-23, 25). 4. He planned ahead (Joshua 24). 5. He did Christs work (Joshua 17, 21, 30). Leadership Paul in 2 Timothy 2.1-10 1. Strong in grace (Joshua 1). 2. Teaches others (Joshua 2). 3. Soldier: undergoes hardship, focuses on his job, please his commander (Joshua 3-4, 10). 4. Athlete: prepares the right way and according to the rulesGods word (Joshua 5). 5. Farmer: works hard, shares in the rewards of his service (Joshua 6). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 6. Teachable (Joshua 7). 7. Follows Christ (Joshua 8). Leadership Leaders must have right relationship to 1. God 2. Bible 3. Authority 4. Purpose 5. Others 6. Self
Page 28 of 211
Miracles, Henry Morris 1. Henry M. Morris said that a miracle is "an event outside the scope of either the fundamental laws of nature [thermodynamics 1, mass-energy must be conserved; thermodynamics 2, all things tend to decay] or of the normal operation of natural processes [the processes on space, time, energy that are ruled by the two fundamental laws]." (Biblical Naturalism and Modern Science, Part III, Issue 449 of Bibliothecasacra). 2. Creative miracles are those in which God sets aside the two fundamental laws of nature, restoration of life to one who had died, the provision of manna for Israel, changing water into wine, giving sight to the one born blind, Jesus walking on water, and others. 3. Providential miracles are those in which God changes the time, space, or the energy of natural processes: the drought and rain during Elijah's time (James 5.17-18), the earthquake at Philippi (Acts 16.26), Daniel protected from the lions (Daniel 6.22), Peter being delivered from prison, and others. Miracles, C. S. Lewis 1. C.S. Lewis wrote "I use the word Miracle to mean an interference with Nature by supernatural power" (Miracles, C.S. Lewis, page 5). Miracles 1. God performs miracles to authenticate and demonstrate His word, His authority, His nature, and His plan so that man will believe Him, obey Him, and honor Him (Exodus 4.1-5; Joshua 2.10-11; Luke 4.14-44). 2. Exodus 4, staff, hand, Nile water; Joshua 10, Joshuas long day; John 11, Lazarus; Acts 12, Peter freed from prison. Miracles Stopped the Jordan during high water, Joshua 3:14-17 1. God Stopped the Jordan River at high water season and demonstrated that he can interrupt the natural processes of space, energy, and timeand do it with ease. 2. This miracle provided a visual and lasting memorial to Gods power and blessing. Miracles Jericho, Joshua 6 1. God demonstrated that Israels conquest of Canaan was completely by his power. Israel could not conquer the land and the cities; God had to give them victory. God was complete master over Israels enemies.
Bible Walk Through
Page 29 of 211
Miracles Joshuas long day, Joshua 10.12-14 1. God demonstrated that he can interrupt the natural processes of space and timeand do it with ease. 2. More noteworthy than the miracle is the fact that God answered a mans prayer request (Joshua 10.14). Lessons for Us Today 1. Faith in God and his Word produces spiritual rest (Hebrews 4.1-11; Philippians 4.6-7). 2. Spiritual courage is thinking and acting Gods way because of what we believefaith in action (John 16.33; Acts 23.11; 2 Corinthians 5.8). 3. Leadership requires authority orientation, humility, knowledge, faith, moral courage, spiritual courage, organization, sacrifice, and loyalty to God (Joshua 1, Philippians 2.17-30; 2 Timothy 2.1-10). 4. Military service is honorable, and Holy War (War and God) is sometimes needed to gain or protect what is right (Acts 23.11-35; Romans 13.3-4; 1 Corinthians 9.7 2 Timothy 2.4). 5. Mankind and especially believers are privileged and responsible to make right freewill choices (Genesis 2.16-17; Joshua 24.15; Isaiah 1.16-20; Acts 17.30; Romans 14.5-6). 6. Jesus Christ ought, in practice, to be each believers Lord or captainLordship Christian Life (1 Peter 3.15).
Bible Walk Through Judges Briefing Tod Kennedy Sunday, October 26, and November 2, 2003 Themes of Old Testament BooksLaw or Torah 1. Genesis: Beginnings 2. Exodus: Redemption 3. Leviticus: Reconciliation 4. Numbers: Divine Discipline 5. Deuteronomy: Choose Life Themes of Old Testament BooksProphets or Nebiim 1. Judges: Syncretism, Oppression, and Grace Hebrew Bible, The Prophets Nebiim Former Prophets 1. Joshua 2. Judges 3. Samuel 4. Kings English Bible (Old Testament), History 1. Joshua 2. Judges 3. Ruth 4. Samuel 5. Kings
Page 30 of 211
Narrative 1. Israel refused to obey Gods word about foreign gods, about taking complete possession of the land, and about following Moses Law. As a result they took on the spiritual life of the people of the landMesopotamians, Moabites, Philistines, Canaanites, Midianites, Ammonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jubusites. 2. Chapters 1-2 and 17-21 present the death of Joshua followed by Israels unbelief, confusion, disobedience, bloodshed, and suffering. 3. Chapters 3-17 describe the various cycles of spiritual failure, the oppression, and Gods deliverance through a leader (judge). Background to Events 1. Joshua led the Israelites into Canaan in 1405 BC. Israel conquered major cities, but left many strongholds in Canaanite hands. These pagan areas became a source of spiritual and national testing. 2. After the initial victories, which took 7 years, Joshua divided the newly conquered land among the tribes (Joshua 13-24). 3. Before Joshua died, he called a meeting at Shechem and challenged the nation to choose whom they will serve. They chose to serve the Lord, so there at Shechem Joshua made a covenant with the people to serve the Lord (Joshua 24). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 31 of 211
4. Joshua died in 1380 BC. Canaanites remained in the land and continued to be a distraction and bad influence on Israel. When Did All This Happen? 1. The events in the book of Judges run from about 1380 until 1050 BCthe death of Joshua until the reign of King Saul. 2. Prophet Samuel lived during the final years of the judges and into the reign of Saul. 3. Judges was probably was written after the start of Sauls reign but before the divided kingdom. a. In those days there was no king in Israel (Judges 17.6; 18.1; 21.25; with 19.1) indicates that Judges was probably written after Saul became king. b. So the Jebusites have lived with the sons of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this day (1.21) indicates that it was written before David removed the Jebusites in 1004 BC (2 Samuel 5.5-9). 4. Samuel may have written the book. Key Verses Judges 2:20 So the anger of the Lord burned against Israel, and He said, Because this nation has transgressed My covenant which I commanded their fathers and has not listened to My voice, 21 I also will no longer drive out before them any of the nations which Joshua left when he died, Judges 21:25 In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own eyes. Theme Syncretism, Oppression, and Grace Disobedience to Gods word brings chaos. This chaos begins with spiritual syncretism (combine teachings, beliefs, and practices) and then outright idolatry which results in personal and national testing, failure, disaster, and oppression. Even under such conditions, if Gods people ask for him to deliver them, he will graciously do so through Spirit-guided and Spirit-empowered leaders. Overview Outline 1. Canaanites are left in the land, Judges 1-2 2. Cycles (pagan influence religious syncretism oppression God delivers) and Judges, Judges 3-16 3. Flashback: Apostasy and fratricide, Judges 17-21 Chapter Titles: Canaanites are left in the land, Judges 1-2 1. Chapter 1: Only Judah, Simeon, and Joseph destroyed the Canaanites 2. Chapter 2: Thorns and snares and judges Chapter Titles: Cycles (pagan influence apostasy oppression God delivers) and Judges, Judges 3-16 3. Chapter 3: Othniel, Ehud and Eglon, and Shagmar 4. Chapter 4: Deborah, Barak, Sisera, and Jael 5. Chapter 5: Deborah and Baraks song of praise 6. Chapter 6: Gideon, Baal, and the fleece Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 32 of 211
7. Chapter 7: Gideons victorious 300 8. Chapter 8: Gideons victory and the ephod 9. Chapter 9: Bloody Abimelech 10. Chapter 10: Philistines, Ammonites, other gods 11. Chapter 11: Jephthah, his daughter, and the Ammonite defeat 12. Chapter 12: Ephraims anger and defeat by Gilead 13. Chapter 13: Angel of the Lord and Samsons parents 14. Chapter 14: Samson marries a Philistine, and the riddle 15. Chapter 15: Samsons 300 foxes, the jawbone, and 1000 dead Philistines 16. Chapter 16: Samson, Delilah, and Samsons final battle Chapter Titles: Flashback, Apostasy and Fratricide, Judges 17-21 17. Chapter 17: Micah mixes religious beliefs, and the Levite 18. Chapter 18: Danites idolatry and war on Laish 19. Chapter 19: Rape at Gibeah by Benjamites and 12 pieces of her body 20. Chapter 20: Israel takes vengeance on Benjamites 21. Chapter 21: 600 wives for Benjamites Key Words Used 1. gods, god, 25 times. Judges 2.3,12,17,19; 3.6; 5.8; 6.10,31; 8.33; 9.27; 10.6,13,14,16; 11.24; 16.24; 18.24. 2. Idols, 7 times. Judges 3.19,26; 17.5; 18.14,17,18,20. 3. Israel did what was evil, 2 times. Judges 3.7; 6.1 4. Did evil, 2.11; again did evil, 4 times. Judges 3.12; 4.1; 10.6; 13.1. 5. No king, 4 times. Judges 17.6; 18.1; 19.1; 21.25. 6. Did what was right in his own eyes, 2 times. Judges 17.6; 21.25. 7. Cried to the Lord, 6 times. Judges 3.9,15; 4.3; 6.6,7; 10.10; to me, 10.12. 8. Spirit of the Lord came upon, 6 times. Judges 3.10; 6.34; 11.29; 14.6,19; 15.14. 9. Spirit of the Lord began to stir, 13.25. 10. Judged Israel, judging Israel, 13 times. Judges 3.10; 4.4; 10.2,3; 12.7,8,9,11,13,14; 15.20; 16.31. Main People: The Judges 1. Othniel, delivered Israel from the king of Mesopotamia, giving 40 years of peace. Judges 3.711 2. Ehud, Killed Eglon, king of Moab, giving Israel 80 years of peace. Judges 3.12-30 3. Shamgar, killed 600 Philistines. Judges 3.31 4. Deborah and Barak, defeated Jabin, king of Canaan, giving 40 years of peace. Judges 4.15.31 5. Gideon, Defeated Midian, giving 40 years of peace. Judges 6.1-8.32 6. Tola, lived in Ephraim and judged 23 years. Judges 10.1-3 7. Jair, lived in Gilead and judged 22 years. Judges 10.4-5 8. Jephthah, defeated the Ammonites and rebellious Ephraimites, giving 6 years of peace. Judges 10.6-12.7 9. Ibzan of Bethlehem judged 7 years. Judges 12.8-10 10. Elon of Zebulun judged 10 years. Judges 12.11-12 11. Abdon of Ephraim judged 8 years. Judges 12.8-15 Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 33 of 211
12. Samson delivered Israel from Philistine oppression and judged for 20 years. Judges 13.1-16.31 Other Main People in Judges 1. Eglon, king of Moab, was killed by Ehud. Judges 3.12 2. Sisera, chief military commander for Jabin, King of Canaan. Judges 4.2 3. Jael, killed Sisera with a tent peg. Judges 4.21 4. Joash, father of Gideon. Judges 6.29 5. Abimelech, son of Gideon, rebel and terrorist against Gods people; made king of Shechem. Judges 9.1 6. Manoah, father of Samson. Judges 13.2 7. Timnah, a Philistine, Samsons wife, was blackmailed by Philistines. Judges 14.2 8. Delilah, a Philistine woman, was bribed by the Philistines and got Samson to tell the secret of his strength. Judges 16.6 9. Micah, lived in Ephraim and mixed the worship of the Lord with idols. Judges 17.1 10. Young Levite from Bethlehem hired himself to be Micahs personal priest. Judges 17.7 11. The concubine of a Levite was raped and killed by Benjamites at Gibeah. The Levite then cut her in twelve pieces and mailed one piece to each tribe. Judges 19.1 Lets see Judges Theme 1. Ehud and Eglon illustrate the cycles: disobedience, spiritual syncretism, oppression, cry to God for help, and Gods gracious deliverance (Judges 3.12-30). 2. Ammonite oppression and the prelude to Jephthah illustrates rejection of God, the gods uselessness, and Gods grace (Judges 10.6-11.1). 3. Gideon and his terrorist son, Abimelech, demonstrate bad spiritual leadership, reversion to apostasy, and individual rebellion (Judges 8.22-9.15). 4. The Micah and the Levite priest promote spiritual syncretism (Judges 17). Key Doctrines 1. Religious syncretism results from a failure to learn and be convinced of, and to obey or apply Gods word. 2. Lack of good spiritual leadership promotes spiritual apostasy, divine discipline, and suffering. 3. Spiritual tailspin=Rejection of Gods word + acceptance of pagan beliefsspiritual syncretismdisaster and Divine discipline. 4. Spiritual recovery=Repentance (a change of thinking toward God and his word)confession of sincall for helpGod graciously delivers. 5. Spiritual stabilization=Did not occur in Judges and so the cycles repeated many times. Lessons for Us Today 1. Learn the word of God, and become convinced of the word of God, and obey or apply the word of God (Romans 6.6, 11, 13; James 1.21-27). 2. Spiritual syncretism will damage ones faith and life (Hebrews 6; Ephesians 4.17-20; Galatians 4.9-31; 1 Corinthians 10.14-22). a. It begins with a nave acceptance that maybe a non-biblical belief system may be good. b. Or, it begins by outright rejection of Gods word. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 34 of 211
3. Good spiritual leadership is necessary for spiritual health, growth, and service (Acts 20.2832; 1 Thessalonians 2.1-12; 2 Timothy 2). 4. Restoration to fellowship with God begins with confession of know sin (1 John 1.9).
Bible Walk Through Ruth Briefing Tod Kennedy Sunday, November 9 and 16, 2002 Themes of Old Testament BooksLaw or Torah 1. Genesis: Beginnings 2. Exodus: Redemption 3. Leviticus: Reconciliation 4. Numbers: Divine Discipline 5. Deuteronomy: Choose Life Themes of Old Testament BooksHistory 1. Joshua: Holy War 2. Judges: Syncretism, Oppression, and Grace 3. Ruth: Grace Kinsman-Redeemer Place in the Hebrew Bible 1. The Law 2. The Prophets 3. The Writings include Ruth
Page 35 of 211
Background to Events 1. The Israelites were living in the land after the conquest under Joshua. 2. The Israelites failed to root out the Canaanites and took on their pagan beliefs and practices. 3. There was no strong and righteous leadership in Israel except for the occasional judgeadministrators-military leader. 4. But there were pockets of godly believers in IsraelBoaz was one. 5. In the ancient Middle East widows had a very difficult time living. 6. God commanded His people to care for widows and orphans (Deuteronomy 24.19-22). 7. God commanded His people to leave some of their fields unharvested so that the poor and strangers could gather grain for their food (Leviticus 19.9, 10; 23.22). When Did All This Happen? 1. The events of Ruth took place during the period of the Judges (Ruth 1.1). 2. Ruth and Boaz lived sometime around 1125 BC (Ruth 4.21-22). 3. The book was likely written during the reign of David or Solomon (Ruth 4.22, David is in the tribe of Judah, the king tribe). Story 1. Because of a famine in the Bethlehem area, Elimelech took his wife, Naomi, and their two sons, Mahlon and Chilion, and emigrated to Moab, about 50 miles away. The sons married Moabite wives, Ruth and Orphah. All three men died in Moab, so once Naomi heard that the famine was over she went back to Bethlehem. 2. Ruth, out of loyalty to Naomi and the Lord, returned to Bethlehem with her. 3. Elimelech had left land in Bethlehem, but someone in the family had to redeem it for the family. 4. God used Ruths need for a protector to bless her and to continue the Messiahs genealogy. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 36 of 211
5. Naomi sent Ruth out to gather grain at Boaz farm. He was a relative of Elimelech who was wealthy enough to redeem the property and keep it in the family. 6. Boaz also could redeem Ruth by marrying her. So, Naomi instructed Ruth on the proper protocol for asking Boaz to redeem her. Boaz held back because there was a closer relative who would have first choice. This unnamed relative gave up his right to redeem Ruth. 7. Boaz redeemed Ruth by marriage. God blessed Ruth and Boaz with a son, Obed, who became the grandfather of David. Key Verses Ruth 2:12 May the Lord reward your work, and your wages be full from the Lord, the God of Israel, under whose wings you have come to seek refuge. Ruth 3:11 Now, my daughter, do not fear. I will do for you whatever you ask, for all my people in the city know that you are a woman of excellence. Theme: Grace Kinsman-Redeemer Ruth trusted God during undeserved suffering to provide His best for her. God blessed Ruths faithfulness to Him and to Naomi by guiding her to Boaz field where she gathered grain and met Boaz, who soon redeemed her by marriage. God further blessed Ruth by placing her in the lineage of the Messiah. Overview Outline 1. Bethlehem to Moab and Back, 1 2. Boaz and Ruth, 2-4 Chapter Titles 1. Chapter One: 2. Chapter Two: 3. Chapter Three: 4. Chapter Four: Famine, death, and loyalty Ruth gathers grain Ruth at Boaz feet Boaz redeems Ruth
Main People 1. Elimelech, of the tribe of Judah, was Naomis husband who took his wife and two sons to Moab during a famine in Bethlehem, is found 6 times (Ruth 1.2, 3; 2.1, 3; 4.3, 9). 2. Naomi, a widow and mother-in-law of Ruth, is mentioned 22 times (Ruth 1.2, 3, 8, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22; 2.1, 2, 6, 18, 20, 22; 3.1; 4.3, 5, 9, 14, 16, 17). 3. Ruth, a Moabite widow, is mentioned 12 times (Ruth 1.4, 14, 16, 22; 2.2, 8, 21, 22; 3.9; 4.5.10.13). 4. Boaz, a relative of Elimelech, of Judahs tribe, is mentioned 20 times. He redeems Ruth (Ruth 2.1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 14, 15, 19, 23; 3.2, 7; 4.1, 5, 8, 9, 13, 21). Key Words Used 1. Bethlehem (Ruth 1.1, 2, 19, 22; 2.4; 4.11). 2. EphrathahEphrathite was another name for the region of Bethlehem (Genesis 48.7 and Micah 5.2; Ruth 1.2). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 37 of 211
3. Moab was the area north and east of the Dead Sea. The people descended from Lot and his older daughter who had fled Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19.30-38). Her son was Moab. The Moabites fought Israel throughout their history. Moabites were forbidden to become part of the Israelite covenant community and worship life (Deuteronomy 23.3-6). Same held true for the Ammonites. 4. Redeem, 12 times (Ruth 3.13; 4.4, 6, 14). Strong #1350. gaal to redeem, act as kinsmanredeemer, avenge, revenge, ransom, do the part of a kinsman who acts as protector or guarantor of family rights. Also Job 5.20; 19.25; Psalm 44.26; and Isaiah 43.14). a. To buy back property that the family had sold. b. To provide an heir for a deceased brother by marrying that brothers wife and producing a child with her. 5. Redeem, 12 times (Ruth 3.13; 4.4, 6, 14). a. To buy back a family member who had been sold into slavery due to poverty. b. To avenge a relative who had been murdered by killing the murderer. c. The Scripture calls God the Redeemer or the close relative of Israel (Isaiah 60:16), and Jesus the Redeemer of all believers (1 Peter 1:18, 19). Lets see Ruths Theme 1. Ruth remains loyal to Naomi and Israels God (Ruth 1.16-18; 2.11-12). 2. Ruth trusts God, during undeserved suffering, to provide His best for her (Ruth 1.16-17; 2.1-3, 7, 10, 14; 3.9-10, 14, 18). 3. God graciously provides Ruth a kinsman-redeemer husband, Boaz, who redeems Ruth and the family property (Ruth 2.3, 8-17; 3.9-13; 4.8-13). 4. God puts Ruth in the lineage of the Messiah (Ruth 4.13-22). Key Doctrines 1. The LORD, Israels God, honored Ruths faith in Himself. She believed that God would provide for her care and Gods choice for a redeemer-husband (Ruth 1.16-17; 2.3, 10-13; 3.18). 2. Grace takes precedence over law. Ruth, a Moabite widow, becomes the great-grandmother of King David and is listed in Christs genealogy (Ruth 1.4; 2.6-8, 12, 21; 3.10-14; 4.8-22). 3. Grace can remove bitterness. Naomi saw God work in Ruths life and it changed her attitude (Ruth 1.12-13, 20; 2.18-20; 4.13-17). 4. Kinsman-Redeemer (Ruth2.19-20; 3.12-14; 4). Lessons for Us Today 1. Gods grace overcomes our past and our heritage to bless faithful believers (Philippians 3). 2. Christs redemption of mankind is illustrated by Boaz redemption of Ruth (Galatians 3.13; Ephesians 1.7; 1 Timothy 2.4-6; Titus 2.14; 1 Peter 1.18). 3. God will provide His best for the believer trusting Him when facing undeserved suffering (Romans 8.28-32; 1 Peter 5.6-11; Philippians 4.19). How do we face undeserved suffering? a. Elimelech: by escaping or running to details of life? b. Naomi: by existing or resentfully putting up with it? c. Ruth: by enlisting the suffering for blessing and applying our spiritual resources to gain Gods good?
Bible Walk Through
Page 38 of 211
Lessons for Us Today, 1 Peter 5.6-11 1. Mental attitude humility (Humble yourselves, authority and grace orientation). 2. Faith in the Fathers person and work (casting). 3. Faith application of word of God (sober and alert) Undeserved suffering and testing (adversarys attacks (resist him). 4. The Father builds us into mature believers able to enjoy His blessings (perfect, confirm, strengthen, establish). Four Questions to Ask 1. Am I believing in Jesus Christ to give me eternal life (John 3.16-18; 20.31; Romans 6.23)? 2. Am I walking in fellowship with God (1 John 1) and living by faith, by the Holy Spirit, in the Word of God, and in love (Galatians 2.20; 5.5; 2 John 4-6)? 3. Do I accept the fact that what I believe is more important that how I feel (Psalm 13)? 4. Am I watching for the good (the blessing) that God is working out in my life and testing (Romans 8.28)?
Bible Walk Through
Page 39 of 211
1 Samuel Briefing Gods King Tod Kennedy Sunday, November 30, December 7, and December 14, 2003 HistorySetting 1. The events took place from the final days of the Judges (1120 BC) to the death of King Saul (1010 BC). 2. God had selected Judah to be the tribe of kings (Genesis 49.8-12). Saul was from the tribe of Benjamin (1 Samuel 9.1-2); David was from Judah (1 Samuel 16.1-13; Matthew 1.3-6). 3. The empires of the ancient Middle East had lost their overwhelming power and influence. a. Hittites lost their significance. b. Assyria was declining. c. Egypt, through internal fighting, had lost its power d. The Philistines became Israels greatest enemy. HistoryAuthor 1. Samuel, though not said to be the author, likely wrote much of the book or supplied the notes for the book. The book took its final form soon after the division into the northern and southern kingdoms (1 Samuel 27.6 and 18.16). 2. Jewish tradition says that Samuel wrote 1-24, and that Nathan and Gad finished 1 Samuel and added 2 Samuel. 3. Possibly, a later editor finalized the book under Gods inspiration. HistoryThe Book 1. Originally, 1 and 2 Samuel were one book. When the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek around 150 BC, the editors combined Samuel and Kings and it became the complete history of the Israelite monarchy1, 2, 3, 4 Kingdoms. 2. Sometime later, editors followed the Greek pattern and separated Samuel and Kings into 1 and 2 Samuel and 1 and 2 Kings. Trace the Theme in 1 Samuel 1. First Samuel records the transition from the Judges period of history to the beginning of the monarchy and highlights the failures of the king and the nation because they reject Gods word to them. 2. The prophet, Samuel, is born to Hannah and Elkanah during the time of the judges (1.20). In Samuels old age the people of Israel demanded a king so they might be like other nations (8.4-9). Samuel told Saul (10.1) and the people (12.12-16) that Saul was to be the Lords king. But Saul soon acted foolishly before the Lord, so the Lord rejected him (13.13-14; 16.14) and chose David, a man after his own heart, to be the king in waiting (13.14; 16.1114). 3. Saul became jealous of David (18.7-9). He spent the rest of his life, hyphenated with brief periods of remorse (24.16-20; 26.21-25), trying to kill David. David, though given opportunities, refused to strike the Lords anointed (24.1-7; 26.7-12). He spent this time trying to elude capture and death by Saul. Eventually, at Mt Gilboa, the Philistines killed Saul and his sonsthey wounded Saul, so he killed himself (31.1-4).
Bible Walk Through
Page 40 of 211
Key Verse 1 Samuel 13:14 But now your kingdom shall not endure. The Lord has sought out for Himself a man after His own heart, and the Lord has appointed him as ruler over His people, because you have not kept what the Lord commanded you. 1 Samuel Theme: Gods King Despite the fact that God allows Israel, by her free will and rejection of Him and his prophets, to prematurely choose a king, He, in His grace, accomplishes his plan to seat His chosen king over Israel. 1 Samuel Overview Outline 1. Samuels ministry, 1 Samuel 1-8 2. Saul, Israels first king, 1 Samuel 9-15 3. David, Gods king in waiting, 1 Samuel 16-20 4. Saul pursues David, 1 Samuel 21-31 1 Samuel Chapter Titles Samuels Ministry, 1 Samuel 1-8 1. Chapter 1: Hannah dedicates Samuel 2. Chapter 2: God will judge Elis family 3. Chapter 3: Lord established Samuel a prophet 4. Chapter 4: Philistines capture Gods ark 5. Chapter 5: God judges Ashdod, Gath, Ekron 6. Chapter 6: Philistines send the ark back 7. Chapter 7: Lord routs and subdues Philistines 8. Chapter 8: Appoint a king for us Saul, Israels First King, 1 Samuel 9-15 9. Chapter 9: Donkey chase leads Saul to Samuel 10. Chapter 10: Samuel anoints Saul at Mizpah 11. Chapter 11: Sauls victory over Jabesh and Coronation 12. Chapter 12: Samuel introduces Saul and challenges Israel 13. Chapter 13: Saul acted foolishly 14. Chapter 14: Sauls foolish oath; Jonathans honey 15. Chapter 15: Lord rejects Saul. To obey is better than sacrifice. III. David, Gods King in Waiting, 1 Samuel 16-20 16. Chapter 16: Lord chooses David 17. Chapter 17: David kills Goliath 18. Chapter 18: Jealous Saul fears David 19. Chapter 19: Jonathan, Michal, and Samuel protect David 20. Chapter 20: Jonathan warns David by arrows IV. Saul Pursues David, 1 Samuel 21-31 21. Chapter 21: David to Priest Ahimelech, then to King Achish of Gath 22. Chapter 22: Saul kills priests of Nob. Abiathar escapes 23. Chapter 23: Saul chases David at Keilah, Ziph, Maon 24. Chapter 24: Sauls robe in the Engedi cave Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 25. Chapter 25: Samuel dies. Nabal, Abigail, and David 26. Chapter 26: Mt Hachilah, Sauls spear and bottle IV. Saul Pursues David, 1 Samuel 21-31 27. Chapter 27: David at Philistine Ziklag 28. Chapter 28: The Medium at Endor 29. Chapter 29: Philistine commanders reject David 30. Chapter 30: Ziklag, David, and Amalekites 31. Chapter 31: Philistines victory. Saul dies
Page 41 of 211
Main People Hanna 1. Hannah was the mother of Samuel. God graciously answered her prayer for a son, and in response to Gods blessing she presented her son to the Lord so that he might serve Him (1 Samuel 1-2). 2. Principle: Mothers faithfulness to the Lord, prayer for her children, and willingness for them to be in Christian service. Eli 1. Eli was the priest at Shiloh (1 Samuel 1.3, 7, 9) at the time of Samuels birth (1 Samuel 1.17, 24-28) and a judge (1 Samuel 4.18). He was to serve as priest for Israel and to care for the ark (1 Samuel 4.3). He was instrumental in the early training of Samuel (1 Samuel 2.11, 18-21; 3). His sons, priests under him (1 Samuel 1.3) were worthless rebels whom he failed to discipline and train (1 Samuel 2.12; 3.11-14). The Lord, through the Philistines, struck his sons down (1 Samuel 4.10-11). The news that the Philistines had captured Gods Ark caused Eli to collapse. He broke his neck in the fall and died (1 Samuel 4.15-18). 2. Principle: Failure to protect the priesthood by not disciplining and training his priest sons. 3. Principle: God graciously uses His people to bless others even though they have areas of failure. Samuel 1. Samuel was the son of Hannah and Elkanah (1 Samuel 1). He was a Levite (1 Samuel 6.33-38), a prophet (1 Samuel 3.20; 19.20; Acts 3.24), a priest (1 Samuel 7.8-10), and the last judge (1 Samuel 7.15-17; Acts 13.20). He was called to his ministry while a young boy and he served Eli well during a time of national apostasy (1 Samuel 2.11, 18-21). He anointed Saul (1 Samuel 9.16; 10.1; 15.1) and David to be kings (1 Samuel 16.3, 12-13). He was classed with Moses as a great believer and spiritual leader of Israel (1 Samuel 7.3-6; Jeremiah 15.1). 2. Principle: Faithful ministry during a time of national apathy, rebellion, and apostasy. 3. Principle: Strong spiritual leadership in the face of powerful opposition. Saul 1. Saul was a Benjamite (1 Samuel 9.1, 21), who because of the rebellious demands of Israel (1 Samuel 8.4-8), was chosen by God to become king of Israel (1 Samuel 10.1). He had few successes (1 Samuel 11.6-15; 14.47-48), and in negative volition he rejected Gods word and will (1 Samuel 13.8-14; 14.24, 43-46; 15.16-26; 28.320). Due to his rejection of Gods word and desire for power and fame combined with great Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 42 of 211
jealousy of David, he tried to kill David (1 Samuel 20.33) eventually destroyed himself (1 Samuel 15.27-28, 35; 18.5-12; 19.1; 31.1-5). 2. Principle: Great opportunity for service to Lord and Israel, but because he was preoccupied with himself and details of life, and because he would not humble himself before the Lord, the Lord removed him from service and potential blessing. 3. Principle: Emotional repentance and spiritual inconsistency do not please the Lord. He wants consistent spiritual living. Goliath 1. Goliath, a nine and one-half foot champion fighter for the Philistines, challenged Sauls army to send someone to fight him in personal combat. The outcome of this challenge would determine the winner of the battle (1 Samuel 17). David believed that God would defeat Goliath through him. David knew that the battle was the Lords. David killed Goliath. Israel then chased the fleeing Philistines, killing them and plundering the camps. 2. Principle: No enemy can withstand the Lord and the believer trusting the Lord and doing Gods will. Jonathan 1. Jonathan was Sauls son and heir to the throne (1 Samuel 13.16). He unknowingly disobeyed Sauls vow by eating some honey, after which the Israelites would not allow Saul to execute Jonathan (1 Samuel 14.24-45). He and David were very good friends (1 Samuel 18.1). He recognized Gods decision to make David king when he turned his robe, armor, sword, bow, and belt (1 Samuel 18.4; 23.16-17). Jonathan fell in battle against the Philistines at Mt Gilboa along with his brothers and his father, Saul (1 Samuel 31.1-2). 2. Though Jonathan was Sauls son and a soldier in Sauls army, but did the right thing by protecting David from Saul (1 Samuel 19.1-10; 20). Jonathan fell with Saul fell in battle with the Philistines (1 Samuel 31.2-3). 3. Principle: First loyalty is to Lord. 4. Principle: Loyal friendship. David 1. David was the son of Jesse, a distant son of Judah. He was a shepherd whom God trained to be king over Israel. Samuel anointed him king of Israel. See discussion in the 2 Samuel study. Key Words Used 1. King 92x. 1 Samuel 2.10; 8.5, 6; 8.20; 10.19; 16.1. 2. Anoint. (verb and noun) 1 Samuel 2.10, 35; 9.16; 10.1; 12.3, 5; 15.1, 17; 16.3, 6, 12, 13; 24.6, 10; 26.9, 11, 16, 23. a. Cleansing, blessing, coronation, endowment, or the title of the one selected. Psalm 2.2 b. Noun jyvm mashiyach. Strong #4899, Anointed, Messiah. 39x in OT. c. Verb jvm mashach. Strong #4886, To smear, anoint, spread a liquid. 69x in OT. 3. War, 1 Samuel 8.12; 14.52; 17.20; 18.5; 19.8; 23.8; 28.1, 15. Strong # 4421 milchamah. War was necessary because Israels enemies sought to destroy her. 4. Rejected, 1 Samuel 8.7; 10.19; 15.23, 26; 16.1, 7. Israel rejected the Lord as king; the Lord rejected Saul from continuing as king.
Bible Walk Through
Page 43 of 211
5. Ichabod (no glory) 1 Samuel 4.21. The glory left Israel because the Philistines took the Ark of God from Israel. Key Doctrines 1. King of Israel. The monarchy became the political form for rule in Gods theocratic kingdom program (1 Samuel 2.10; 16.1; Psalm 78.70-72; Psalm 2). Jesus is the final and ultimate King of Israel and King of Gods entire creation (Matthew 2.2; Revelation 17.14; 19.16; Zechariah 14.9; 1 Corinthians 15.24-28). 2. God rules over all creation. The fall of Satan and man did not reduce Gods sovereign rule, nor did the unbelief and rebellion of Saul or any other Israeli king limit his authority. He will reestablish His rightful rule over creation and thereby demonstrate His unsurpassed authority, glory, and honor (Exodus 16.7; 24.16; Numbers 14.21; Psalm 19.1; Psalm 29; Ezekiel 3.12; Luke 2.9; Romans 9.23; 11.36; Ephesians 1.6, 12, 14; Revelation 4.11; and others). 3. Gods Plan to reestablish final rule. God pronounced judgment upon Satan after his rebellion (Matthew 25.41) and announced the means to defeat Satan and demonstrate his authority and honor through His redemptive program (Genesis 3.15). He worked through Abraham and his progeny (Genesis 12.1-3). The monarch form began with Saul (1 Samuel 10.1) and especially David (1 Samuel 16). This will find its ultimate form in King Messiah Jesus, the savior, priest, and ruling king in the Millennium (Zechariah 14.9; Matthew 1; Revelation 19.16; 1 Corinthians 15.24-28). 4. The battle is the Lords. The Lord fought for David and Israel against Goliath and the Philistines (1 Samuel 17, especially verses 26, 37, 45-47). 5. Holy Spirit in the Old Testament. God sent His Holy Spirit only to certain people in the time before the church age. The Holy Spirits job was to guide and give ability to the individual so that he could know and do Gods will (Saul, 1 Samuel 10.6, 10; 11.6; 16.14; 19.23-24; David, 16.13; Sauls messengers, 19.20). 6. Obedience to God is more important than going through right religious activities (1 Samuel 15.22-23). Put another way, substance is more important than symbolism in ones relationship with God. Reality is more important ritual. Lessons for Us Today 1. Gods plan for Israel will be accomplished. Israel has a promised wonderful future. 2. The church does not replace Israel. The church has its own unique position and purpose in Gods plan. We in the church are part of Gods universal kingdom. He is our king by right of creation and union with Christ. 3. The day to day Christian life battle is the Lords battle. He works in us and through us. 4. In distinction from OT Israel, the Holy Spirit lives in every church age believer. Furthermore, God commands us to be filled with and to walk by means of the Holy Spirit. 5. God wants consistent Christian living based upon His word, His Spirit, and faith, not emotional highs and lows. He desires reality over ritual, substance over symbolism.
Bible Walk Through 2 Samuel Briefing Tod Kennedy Sunday, December 28, 2003, and January 4, 2004
Page 44 of 211
History2 Samuel Setting 1. The empires of the ancient middle east had lost their overwhelming power and influence. a. Hittites lost their significance. b. Assyria was declining. c. Egypt, through internal fighting, had lost its power d. The Philistines became Israels greatest enemy. 2 God had selected Judah to be the tribe of kings (Genesis 49.8-12). Saul was from the tribe of Benjamin (1 Samuel 9.1-2); David was from Judah (1 Samuel 16.1-13; Matthew 1.3-6). 3 David brought together the tribes and formed them into a strong monarchy. He captured Jerusalem, the Jebusite fortress, and made it his capital. 4 Second Samuel covers the major events in Davids life. 5 He developed Israel into a military power that was able to throw off the yoke of the Philistines and Canaanites. Israel under David became the dominate power in the area. 6 He, through military victory and alliances, extended his control to Egypt in the southwest and to the Euphrates in the northeast. 7 The events took place from soon after the death of King Saul (2 Samuel 1.1) to Davids purchase of the threshing floor from Araunah the Jebusite (about 1010 BC to 970 BC) so that he might build an altar to the Lord and sacrifice that the plague may be held back from the people (2 Samuel 23.21). The plague was Gods discipline because David numbered the people. History2 Samuel Author 1 Jewish tradition says that Samuel wrote 1 Samuel 1-24, and that Nathan and Gad finished 1 Samuel and added 2 Samuel. Possibly, a later editor finalized the book under Gods inspiration. 2 It is very likely that most of the Samuels were written during the time of David and Solomon (1010-930 BC). History2 Samuel The Book 1 Originally, 1 and 2 Samuel were one book. When the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek around 150 BC, the editors combined Samuel and Kings and it became the complete history of the Israelite monarchy1, 2, 3, 4 Kingdoms. 2 Sometime later, editors followed the Greek pattern and separated Samuel and Kings into 1 and 2 Samuel and 1 and 2 Kings. 3 The Samuels took their final form soon after the division into the northern and southern kingdoms (1 Samuel 18.16 and 27.6; 2 Samuel 5.5; 19.43).
Bible Walk Through
Page 45 of 211
Story in 2 Samuel 1 The story begins with Davids grief over Sauls death (2 Samuel 1). David was then formally installed as king (2 Samuel 2). He consolidated his rule by friendship and alliances with neighboring powers. Though there was a challenge to Davids rule by Sauls house (2 Samuel 2-4), David was recognized by Judah and Israel, and ruled from Hebron for seven and one-half years, then took Jerusalem for his capital (2 Samuel 5). David then moved the ark to Jerusalem (2 Samuel 6). God made a covenant with David, promising to build and perpetuate Davids dynasty (2 Samuel 7). 2 At this point David began to subdue his enemies and strengthen his support (2 Samuel 9-20). During Davids wars to establish his rule, he sinned with Bathsheba against the Lord and Uriah (2 Samuel 11). Nathan the prophet rebuked David and announced the Lords discipline. David confessed his sin and God forgave him (Psalm 51), yet consequences of his sin followed him throughout his life (2 Samuel 12). 3 Amnon, Davids son, was killed by Absalom, another son (2 Samuel 13). Absalom also led a revolution against David which ended with Absaloms death (2 Samuel 15-18). David now began to regain his kingdom and authority (2 Samuel 19-21). 4 He then composed a psalm of praise to the Lord for delivering him from his enemies (Psalm 18 and Psalm 22). After all of this David again publicly sins by taking a census of his military. David confessed this sin to God and was forgiven. He purchased a threshing floor from Araunah, who live in Jerusalem, to build an altar for the Lord. There he sacrificed to the Lord and interceded for the nation that the Lord might stop the plague, which He did (2 Samuel 24). Key Verses: 2 Samuel 7:12 When your days are complete and you lie down with your fathers, I will raise up your descendant after you, who will come forth from you, and I will establish his kingdom. 2 Samuel 7:13 He shall build a house for My name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever. 2 Samuel Theme: Kingdom of Israel Despite the fact that Israel had always been a rebellious and complaining people, God kept the Abrahamic Covenant and established His theocracy through the sons of Abraham, Isaac, and JacobThe Kingdom of Israelthrough His chosen King, David, with its spiritual center in Jerusalem. In keeping with His grace and promises, and knowing that David would publicly sin many times, God promised David that his dynasty would last forever. 2 Samuel Overview Outline 1. David gains political, spiritual, and military victories, 2 Samuel 1-10. 2. David sins, confesses, is forgiven and disciplined, 2 Samuel 11-12. 3. David experiences revolution, bloodshed, sorrow, and return, 2 Samuel 13-20. 4. David reestablishes his authority, 2 Samuel 21-24.
Bible Walk Through 2 Samuel Chapter Titles David gains political, spiritual, and military victories, 2 Samuel 1-10 Chapter 1: The Amalekites Announcement Chapter 2: Abner for Saul vs Joab for David Chapter 3: Joab murders Abner Chapter 4: Rechab and Baanah murder Ishbosheth Chapter 5: Elders anoint David king over Israel Chapter 6: The Ark to Jerusalem Chapter 7: Davidic Covenant Chapter 8: David defeats Philistia, Moab, Zobah, Aramea, Edom Chapter 9: David restores Mephibosheth Chapter 10: David defeats Ammonites and Arameans David sins, confesses, is forgiven and disciplined, 2 Samuel 11-12 Chapter 11: David, Uriah, and Bathsheba Chapter 12: Davids discipline and confession
Page 46 of 211
David experiences revolution, bloodshed, sorrow, and return, 2 Samuel 13-20 Chapter 13: Amnon, Tamar, and Absalom Chapter 14: Joab brings Abalom Chapter 15: Absalom Conspiracy Chapter 16: Absalom takes Jerusalem Chapter 17: Absalom plans war Chapter 18: Joab kills Absalom Chapter 19: David crosses the Jordan Chapter 20: Sheba the Benjamite rebels David reestablishes his authority, 2 Samuel 21-24 Chapter 21: Hanging, bones; Philistines Chapter 22: Davids hymn of praise Chapter 23: Davids Military Hall of Fame Chapter 24: Davids military census Main PeopleDavid 1. David was of the tribe of Judah, Son of Jesse, King of Israel, Psalmist (2 Samuel 23.1). He was the second king in Israel and ruled after Saul, though he was the first king from the ruling tribe, Judah. He began as a shepherd, was Sauls armor bearer, was anointed by Nathan to be Gods king of Israel (1 Samuel 16). 2. He killed Goliath, was pursued by Saul (2 Samuel 17), and at Sauls death was inaugurated King of Israel (2 Samuel 5). God promised him (Davidic Covenant, 2 Samuel 7:4-17) that his descendents, and especially his greatest descendant, Jesus the Christ (Matthew 1:1; Romans 1:3) would rule forever over Israel 3. His most noted sons were Absalom (3:3, mother was Maacah), Nathan (1 Chronicles 3:3, Bathsheba), and Solomon (2 Samuel 12:24, Bathsheba). 4. He was noted for his faith and loyalty to the Lord (Psalm 22 and 23), and though he publicly sinned numerous times he always returned to fellowship with the Lord by confessing his sin to Him (Psalm 32, 2 Samuel 12.1-15; Psalm 51; 1 Kings 15.3-5). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 47 of 211
5. God said that David was a man after His own heart (1 Samuel 13.14; Acts 13.22, 36); that is, one who, in spite of his sin, always returned to fellowship with God and desired to do Gods will. 6. David was a great military leader and author of many at least 73 Psalms. 7. Principle: Davids greatness was his consistent desire to do Gods will, his faith in the Lord, his loyalty to the Lord, his willingness to honestly confess sin and failure to the Lord, and his spiritual and national leadership. Main PeopleNathan the Prophet 1. Nathan was Gods prophet during the reigns of David and Solomon. Nathan delivered God message to David that he would not build the temple, but through his son [Solomon] Davids descendants would reign forever over Israel (Davidic Covenant) (2 Samuel 7:1-17; 1 Chronicles 17:1-15). 2. God, through Nathan, reproved David for his sin with Bathsheba and against Uriah (2 Samuel 12:1-15). 3. Nathan helped to ensure that Solomon would follow David as king when Adonijah conspired to take the throne (1 Kings 1:11-34). He also advised David (2 Chronicles 29:25). 4. Nathan wrote Acts of David (1 Chronicles 29.29) and Acts of Solomon (2 Chronicles 9:29) and left them as records. 5. Principle: Prophets faithful service is crucial to the spiritual and national life of the nation. Main PeopleUriah and Bathsheba 1. Uriah was a Hittite soldier who courageously and loyally served David in his army (2 Samuel 23:39). He apparently accepted the Hebrew faith (2 Samuel 11:11). Bathsheba was his wife. During a battle at Rabbah, David and Bathsheba committed adultery. In order to cover this up David had Uriah sent to the battle front where he was killed (2 Samuel 11:621). Bathsheba was Solomons mother (1 Chronicles 3:5). 2. Principles: Uriahs Loyalty to commanders. Grace to Bathsheba. Main PeopleMephibosheth 1. Mephibosheth was the son of Jonathon (2 Samuel 9:6), grandson of Saul, not Mephibosheth, the son of Saul (2 Samuel 21:8-9). At the news of Saul and Jonathons death, his nurse fled with Mephibosheth (age 5). She fell and Mephibosheth was lamed in the fall (2 Samuel 4:4). David kept his oath to Jonathon (1 Samuel 20:11-16, 42) and brought him to Jerusalem and gave him an honored place at his table (2 Samuel 9:1, 6-13). We learn of loyalty to ones friends and ones oath. Main People, Abner 1. Abner was Sauls nephew and commander in chief of Sauls army (1 Samuel 14:50). He killed Asahel, Joabs brother, after trying to dissuade Asahel from pursuing him (2 Samuel 2:18-23). Joab treacherously killed Abner at Hebron (2 Samuel 3:27). 2. Principle: Loyal commander, yet a little nave at times. Main People, Joab 1. Joab was Davids nephew (2 Samuel 2:18) and commander in chief of Davids army (2 Samuel 5.8). Joab was at different times efficient, brutal, loyal, and wise (2 Samuel 11:6-26; 12.26-31; 18.14.33; 24.2-4). He was replaced by Amasa and later Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 48 of 211
restored. Joab finally faltered by supporting a revolt against David and Solomon (1 Kings 1:5-53). Benaiah, in league with Solomon, killed Joab (1 Kings 2:28, 34). 2. Principle: Strong leadership, yet pride and bad judgment get in the way. Main PeopleAbsalom 1. Absalom was Davids third son (2 Samuel 3.3). He was handsome and had a full head of hair (2 Samuel 14.25-26). He avenged the rape of his sister, Tamar by Amnon, his brother. Afterward, he fled to Gesher where he stayed three years, followed by two more years of banishment from his father (2 Samuel 13). David welcomed him back, but Absalom soon revolted against David, entered Jerusalem and was anointed king (2 Samuel 19.10). 2. Davids army defeated Absalom and his army in the forests of Ephraim. While Absalom fled on his mule, his head caught in tree branches. Joab and 10 soldiers killed Absalom while he hung there. 3. Principle: A sons pride, power lust, and rebellion can destroy families, people, and nations. Key Words Used 1. David, 286 times 2. Kingdom, 8 times (2 Samuel 3.10, 28; 5.12; 7.12, 13, 16; 16.3, 8) 3. House, 102 times (2 Samuel 1.2; 2.4, 7, 10, 11; etc.) 4. Anointed, 15 times (2 Samuel 1.14, 16, 21; 2.4, 7; 3.39; 5.3, 17; 12.7, 20; 14.2; 19.10, 21; 22.51; 23.1) Key Doctrines 1. Davidic Covenant 2. Sin has consequences 3. Divine discipline 4. God graciously forgives and continues to work through the sinner who has confessed his sin 5. Spiritual and national leadership Lessons for Us Today 1. My heart attitude is most important. Do I want to do Gods will? Am I sensitive to His word and his leading? Do I continue to focus my life on the Lord and His will. To do otherwise, makes me vulnerable to sin, failure, discipline, heartache, and ridicule. 2. When I sin, I need to confess that sin and continue to live the Christian life. Even if the sin has consequences, God will use that to work his will and blessing. 3. Sin does not stop God from using me. When I sin, even what people call big sins, am I willing to accept Gods grace and continue to serve him in the job he has given me. Guilt over past sins is a rejection of Gods grace and a distraction to living the Christian life. Nourished guilt is actually a form of pride. 4. Take responsibility for whatever leadership God has given me. Do the best job I can do.
Bible Walk Through 1 Kings Briefing Tod Kennedy Sunday, January 25 and February 1 and 8, 2004
Page 49 of 211
History of Solomons Time 1. David left an enlarged and strong kingdom to his son, Solomon. But pride, hostility, and the seeds of rebellion were simmering. David had conquered Edom, Moab, Ammon, and Zobah. Jerusalem was the capital. 2. First Kings opens in 970 BC with David in old age (1 Kings 1.1). He soon died (1 Kings 2.10). 3. When Solomon was chosen as king, the major problems he faced were trouble makers from Davids time. He quickly removed those who might prove a threat to him: Adonijah (1 Kings 2.13-25), Abiathar the priest was banished (1 Kings 2.26-27), Joab was executed by Benaiah (1 Kings 2.29-34), and Shimei was confined the city and when he left, he was executed (1 Kings 2.36-46). He faced no other serious threat from external enemies. 4. His job was clear: to consolidate his rule, build the temple for the Lord, and lead Israel under Gods word (1 Kings 2.2-9) 5. Solomons kingdom and influence extended from the Euphrates River in the North to Egypt in the South (1 Kings 4.21). 6. Primarily because of Solomons later spiritual failure, his kingdom had civil war and divided into Judah and Israel (1 Kings 11.9-13). 7. With a few exceptions, the kings that followed Solomon were characterized by revolution, bloodshed, and idolatry. HistoryAuthor of 1-2 Kings 1. Many evangelicals consider Jeremiah the most likely author of most of 1 and 2 Kings, though there are differences in style between Jeremiahs known writings and Kings. 2. Jeremiah did have the qualifications to write these particular books: priestly origin, prophetic ministry, access to kings and others in authority, and he was closely involved in the activities of Judah until the Babylonians destroyed her. 3. Whoever the author, he was one who had access to the historical records and history of Israel and Judah, and he wrote during the last days Judah. a. The Book of the Acts of Solomon (1 Kings 11.41). b. The Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel (1 Kings 14.19-15.31, 17 times). c. The Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah (1 Kings 14.29-2 Kings 24.5, 15 times). d. Biographies of David, Elijah, Elisha. Theme of 1 Kings: Civil War Gods people, Israel led by their kings and prophets, followed either the path of faith and obedience to the Lord or unbelief and rebellion against Him. The period of the kings beginning with Solomon played out, through apostasy and civil war, what God said through Moses: I have set before you today life and prosperity, and death and adversity.So choose life. With the exception of a few kings and prophets, Israel chose death and adversity.
Bible Walk Through Key Verses
Page 50 of 211
1 Kings 9:4, As for you, if you will walk before Me as your father David walked, in integrity of heart and uprightness, doing according to all that I have commanded you and will keep My statutes and My ordinances, 1 Kings 9:5, then I will establish the throne of your kingdom over Israel forever, just as I promised to your father David, saying, You shall not lack a man on the throne of Israel. 1 Kings 11.11, So the Lord said to Solomon, Because you have done this, and you have not kept My covenant and My statutes, which I have commanded you, I will surely tear the kingdom from you, and will give it to your servant. 1 Kings Overview Outline 1. Solomon and his great kingdom, 1-11 2. The divided Kingdomidolatry, chaos, bloodshed, 12-22 Trace the Theme of 1 Kings 1. Just before David died, he had to stop Adonijahs attempt to supplant Solomon (1 Kings 1), and then he charged Solomon to keep Gods word (1 Kings 2.1-9). As soon as Solomon took the throne he removed internal threats to his rule: Adonijah (1 Kings 2.13-25), Abiathar the priest was banished (1 Kings 2.26-27), Joab was executed by Benaiah (1 Kings 2.29-34), and Shimei was confined the city and when he left he was executed (1 Kings 2.3646). 2. Next, Solomon began what was to doom his kingdomhe began making alliances with other nations through marriage (1 Kings 3.1 with 11.1-8). It was at this time that the Lord appeared to Solomon in a dream, and told Solomon to ask what he wished. Solomon requested understanding and wisdom (1 Kings 3.9). God was pleased; not only did He give Solomon wisdom, he also gave riches and honor (1 Kings 3.11-13). So, Solomon had the chance to please God, rule righteously, and at his death, leave a strong and godly nation. 3. Solomon gained wealth, fame, and a strong kingdom (1 Kings 4). About this time he hired Hiram, King of Tyre, to supply the materials to build the temple in Jerusalem (1 Kings 5). The temple was built between 966 and 959 BC (1 Kings 6-7) and dedicated (1 Kings 8). At the same time Solomon had other building projects going. The LORD now appeared again to Solomon with a promise of blessing or adversity (1 Kings 9). 4. Solomon increased his bureaucracy, his building project, his wealth, his harem, his taxes, and his fame (1 Kings 9-10). Details of life controlled him. His wives turned him to idolatry; the adversities came (1 Kings 11). Solomon appointed Jeroboam, one of his valiant men, to be secretary of labor (1 Kings 11.23). He rebelled against Solomon and then fled to Egypt. At Solomons death, his son Rehoboam became king. Jeroboam returned; he asked Rehoboam to lighten the tax load that Solomon has imposed. If that were done Jeroboam and his followers would serve Rehoboam. 5. The adversity continues. Rehoboam rejected the elders advice to right some policies. Instead, he listened to the young rebels in Judah. At this point civil war broke out. The northern tribes followed Jeroboam, while Judah stayed with Rehoboam (1 Kings 12).
Bible Walk Through
Page 51 of 211
6. From this time on Gods nation was divided. The two kingdoms were ruled by mostly evil kings interspersed with a few good kings (1 Kings 13-22). Elijah served as Gods prophet during the reign of evil Ahab (874-853); Elijahs ministry highlighted the battle between false prophets and Gods true prophets during the history of the divided kingdoms. Chapter Titles: Solomon and his great kingdom, 1 Kings 1-11 Chapter 1: David makes Solomon king Chapter 2: David commissions; Solomon established Chapter 3: Solomon requests wisdom Chapter 4: Solomons peace, prosperity, wisdom Chapter 5: Temple building materials Chapter 6: Temple built, 966-959 BC Chapter 7: Temple furnishings Chapter 8: Ark, prayer, challenge, sacrifice Chapter 9: LORD charges Solomon. Building projects Chapter 10: Queen of Sheba Chapter 11: Wives, idolatry, Ahijah, death Divided kingdomidolatry, chaos, and bloodshed, 1 Kings 12-22 Chapter 12: Rehoboam vs Jeroboam Chapter 13: The man of God Chapter 14: Abijah, Jeroboam, and Rehoboam die Chapter 15: Abijam and Asa of Judah; Nadab and Basha of Israel Chapter 16: Baasha, Elah, Zimri, Omri, Ahab of Israel Chapter 17: Elijah at Cherith and Zarephath Chapter 18: Elijah and Baals prophets; rain Chapter 19: Elijah, the juniper, Horebs cave; Elisha Chapter 20: Ahab of Israel, Ben-hadad of Aramaea Chapter 21: Naboth and his vineyard Chapter 22: Ahab dies in his chariot Key People in 1 Kings 1. Adonijah was Davids fourth son. He attempted to take the throne when David was old. Nathan the prophet, Zadok the priest, and Benaiah the commander of the kings bodyguard stopped the attempt. When David authorized Solomon to follow him as king, Solomon allowed Adonijah to live as long as he was loyal. Soon after David died Adonijah revived his ambitions, so Solomon executed him (1 Kings 1-2). 2. Nathan the prophet served both David and Solomon. He advised David that not he, but Solomon would build the temple (2 Samuel 7). Nathan also confronted David about his sin with Bathsheba and against Uriah (2 Samuel 12). Nathan was instrumental in having Solomon made king in the face of Adonijahs takeover attempt (1 Kings 1). 3. Abiathar, son of Ahimelech (chief priest at Nob who helped David) escaped Sauls revenge against the priests of Nob (1 Samuel 22). He was descended from Eli. He served as high priest for David (1 Samuel 30.7) and with Zadok brought the ark to Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 15.11-15). Abiathar supported Adonijahs rebellion against Solomon, so was removed as priest (1 Kings 2.26-27). Solomon spared his life because of faithfulness to David when Absalom rebelled (1 Kings 2.26). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 52 of 211
4. Zadok served as priest in Davids court along with Abiathar. He and Nathan anointed Solomon King (1 Kings 1.45). Solomon appointed Zadok as court priest at the time he removed Abiathar (1 Kings 2.27, 35). The family of Zadok served as priests until the destruction of the temple in 586 BC, and then in the second temple until 171 BC, when Antiochus transferred the priesthood to Menelaus. Ezekiel has the sons of Zadok serving in the millennial temple (Ezekiel 33.15). 5. Benaiah was a member of Davids band of 30 elite soldiers (2 Samuel 23.18-23). He helped stop Adonijahs coup. Solomon appointed him commander of his army. Solomon ordered him to execute Adonijah, Joab, and Shimeiall traitorswhich he did (1 Kings 2.23-46). 6. Shimei was the son of Gera the Benjamite from Bahurim (a town just east of the Mount of Olives). When Absalom pursued David, Shimei followed David from a parallel hillside and cursed him and threw rocks at him (2 Samuel 16). For this, Solomon confined Shimei to Jerusalem. Three years later, Shimei took a trip to Gath. Because Shimei broke the agreement, Solomon had Benaiah execute him (1 Kings 2). 7. Hiram, king of Tyre (c. 970-936 BC), supplied Solomon with cedar wood, grain, wine, gold, and workers for the temple and his other building projects (1 Kings 5.1-12). As a part of their border treaties, Solomon gave Hiram 20 cities in Galilee (which Hiram did not like) for which Hiram sent Solomon 120 talents of gold. Hiram and Solomon also engaged in joint commercial shipping operations (1 Kings 10.22). 8. Queen of Sheba a. The Queen of Sheba was ruler of the Sabaeans, a kingdom in SW Arabia (1 Kings 10). She heard of Solomons wisdom and wealth and made a 1200 mile trip to meet him. She posed riddles to him, all of which he answered. She was even more impressed with Solomon than she expected: behold, the half was not told me (10.10; 2 Chronicles 9.4). They exchanged gifts and made commercial treaties. b. Jesus contrasted her to His present generation: the Queen of Sheba recognized the evidence of Gods blessing to Solomon, while Jesus generation did not recognize Gods blessings to them in HimGods Messiah (Luke 11.31). 9. Ahijah was the prophet who told Jeroboam that God would divide Israel and give him the 10 northern tribes (1 Kings 11.29-39). 10. Jeroboam a. Jeroboam (1 Kings 11.26-12.33; r. 931-910 BC) was the son of Nebat and an Ephramite from Zereda. He was apparently wealthy, and a strong and brave man whom Solomon found working at Millo (a part of the Jebusite city=Jerusalem). Solomon made him his chief of labor for the northern tribes. Due to Solomons oppressive rule and Ahijahs prophecy, Jeroboam rebelled against Solomon. Jeroboam escaped to Egypt when Solomon heard of this. When Solomon died, Jeroboam returned. b. Israel and Jeroboam then petitioned Rehoboam to stop the oppressive measure that Solomon had put in place. When Rehoboam refused, Israel made Jeroboam king over the northern tribes. Shechem (31 miles north of Jerusalem in the hills of Ephraim) was his capital. To hold Israel together, Jeroboam set up a golden calf at Bethel and at Dan. Thus, the civil war that was to last until the destruction of Israel by Assyria in 722 BC. 11. Rehoboam a. Rehoboam (1 Kings 12-14; 972-913; r. 931-913 BC) was Solomons son who took the throne of Judah upon Solomons death. Soon after his installation Jeroboam and leaders of Israel petitioned him to reduce the oppressive measures that his father Solomon had imposed. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 53 of 211
b. Rehoboams elder advisors counseled him to grant the request, but his friendsthose with whom he grew uptold him to ignore the request and impose harder measures. He followed his friends advice, and as a result, the northern kingdom, Israel, rebelled against himthus the civil war. c. Soon after Israel broke from Rehoboam, he marshaled a 180,000 man army to force Israel back under his authority. Shemaiah the man of God prevented this battle when he delivered Gods word not to fight against their brothers. But, civil war continued throughout his reign, besides wars with the Philistines and Egypt. d. Rehoboam allowed pagan religious practicesidolatry, cult prostitution, pagan high placesto invade and prosper in Judah and Jerusalem. About 926 BC, Pharaoh Shishak invaded Judah and Jerusalem. Shishak carried off the temple and palace treasures. e. He died in 913 BC. His son, Abijam became king in his place. 12. Shemaiah was the man of God who, when Rehoboam had gathered an army of 180,000 men to fight Israel and break the rebellion, told the army of Rehoboam not to go to war against their brothers, the Northern Kingdom. They obeyed him (1 Kings 12.21-24). 13. Elijah the prophet (see the Elijah study) served during Ahabs reign. He prophesied to Ahab about the coming drought, went to the brook Cherith, spent time at Zarephath, challenged the prophets of Baal, went to Beersheba and then into the wilderness where he slept under the Juniper tree, then went to a cave on Mt Sinai (Horeb) where the Lord corrected his attitude, passed his ministry to Elisha, confronted Ahab about the theft and murder of Naboth, and went to heaven in a whirlwind (1 Kings 17-19; 21; 2 Kings 1-2). 14. Ahab was the seventh king of Israel (reign 874-852 BC). He married Jezebel, the daughter of Ethbaal, king of Sidon. He promoted the worship of Baal and did more to provoke the Lord God of Israel than all the kings of Israel who were before him (1 Kings 16.33). He was king during the ministry of Elijah. He was killed in battle at Ramoth-gileadhe had rejected the prophet Micaiahs warningand was buried in Samaria. Dogs licked his blood from his chariot as Elijah had predicted (1 Kings 16.28-ff). 15. Micaiah a. Micaiah the prophet was called before Jehosphaphat King of Judah and Ahab King of Israel to give advice as to whether they should go to war to regain Ramoth-gilead. Ahabs first bunch of prophets told him what he wanted to hearjust do it. Jehoshaphat objected that the prophets just said what Ahab wanted to hear. b. He asked if there was a prophet who would tell the truth. Ahab said there was one Micaiahbut Ahab did not like his prophecies. At Jehosphaphats urging, Ahab called Micaiah. Micaiah said, dont go into battle. Ahab rejected the prophets word. They went to war: Jehoshaphat was not harmed, but Ahab was killed (c. 852 BC; 1 Kings 22). 16. Solomon a. Solomon was the son of David and Bathsheba. Solomon was established as king (1 Kings 2:12) in 970 BC. He brought Israel to her greatest fame and wealth; yet at his death the kingdom tore itself into two because he allowed details of life (his were mainly wealth and foreign wives) to control him, resulting in spiritual failure. Judah and Israel and their kings that followed Solomon were characterized by revolution, bloodshed, and paganism and idolatry. b. Solomon was not a warrior like his father, and he did not need to be. He faced no serious threat from external enemies, though he was harassed by Edom and Syria; nor did he have to enlarge his nation. His job was to consolidate and hold the nation together. Solomon concentrated on forming alliances, and he did this by marrying foreign nobility, Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 54 of 211
hence his large harem (1 Kings 11:1-3). Tyre was his most important alliance (1 Kings 5:1-12). c. Though not a warrior, he did establish military bases to protect his territory (1 Kings 9:15-22), and developed a chariot corp in his army (10.26). He developed his industry and international trade (1 Kings 10.1-15, 28). The highpoint of his construction was the temple, though he built many other sites (1 Kings 7). Solomon wrote enduring literature: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon (1 Kings 4.29-34; 11.41). d. But Solomons reign also brought extensive bureaucracy (1 Kings 9.23), high state expenditures, and repressive taxes (1 Kings 12.1-7). In his personal life, he went through a period when he chose details of life (wealth, foreign wives, and pagan religion) over the Lord and because of that the Lord tore his kingdom apart after his death (1 Kings 11.113). e. Solomon brought Israel to her greatest fame and wealth; yet at his death the kingdom tore itself into two because of evil kings, idolatry, and bloodshed. Solomon wrote Ecclesiastes at the end of his life. In it he recorded that details of life did not give him satisfaction. He finally wrote his conclusion about life: fear God and keep his commandments (Ecclesiastes 12.13). Key Words Used 1. House, 171 times. Family (1 Kings 24, 27), personal house (1 Kings 1.53; 2.36), Temple (1 Kings 5.3; 6.2). 2. Walk or walked, 27 times. The way one lived (1 Kings 2.3, 4; 6.12; 8.58; 11.33; 22.52). 3. Evil, 22 times (1 Kings 2.44; 3.9; 11.6; 13.33; 16.19; 21.25). 4. Kingdom, 19 times (1 Kings 1.46; 2.12; 2.46; 4.21; 10.20; 11.11, 34, 35). 5. King, 338 times (1 Kings 1.1; 2.23; 14.27; 16.29). Key Doctrines 1. Evil refers to the ungodly presuppositions and viewpoint, plans, actions, and goals of life that stand apart from Gods will, direction, and influence because of a rejection of Him and His Word. Evil includes human viewpoint, human good, and sin. Evil seemed to touch every part of Israels life (1 Kings 3.9; 11.6; Proverbs 15.3; Ecclesiastes 12.1). 2. Apostasy is a departure or defection from the faith and the truth. Israels kings made apostasy a habit (1 Kings 11.6 with 3.3; Jeremiah 8.5). 3. Details or things in life can be a blessing or a curse. When they control one, they become a curse. When they are used within the context of Gods will they are a blessing. Solomon became so occupied with details in his life that he brought on unhappiness and human and divine judgment (1 Kings 10.1-11.8). Lessons for Us Today 1. We need to get the biblical worldview and make it our own. Our worldview determines how we think and what we think, our purpose, and how we spend our time. Our worldview tells us what we value or what is important to us, and what we believe and what we do not believe. The biblical worldview comes from the Bible (2 Corinthians 10.3-6; Hebrews 5.11-14). 2. We need to make good decisions, one after another, to prevent self induced disasters and to prepare us for severe tests that come along. When disaster strikes due to things that we can control, we are ready for God to use us and bless us. And remember, self induced disasters usually do not happen from one bad decision, but from a series of bad attitudes and choices. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 55 of 211
Solomon and the kings of Israel and Judah teach us this (1 Kings 22.25-35; Matthew 6.24; James 4.13-17; Philippians 4.5-9). 3. Details of life include many things. Keep a proper perspective about them. Do not allow them to control your life. Solomon did and it just about destroyed him. They will not bring lasting happiness nor will they solve the big questions in life. Ecclesiastes teaches this (Ecclesiastes 8.11; 1 John 2.15-17; Matthew 6.29, 31-34; Philippians 4.11-13).
Bible Walk Through 2 Kings Bible Briefing Apostasy and Exile Tod Kennedy Sunday, February 15, 22, and 29, 2004
Page 56 of 211
History of 2 Kings Period 1. The events in 2 Kings begin where 1 Kings ended: with Ahaziah (Israel, 853-852 BC) and Jehoshaphat (Judah, 872-847 BC). The historical narrative ends with Jehoiachin released from prison by Evil-Merodach, king of Babylon, in 560 BC. 2. Solomons death (c. 931 BC) ushered in civil war in Israel. His son, Rehoboam, became king. Jeroboam, one of Solomons strong and brave men and also Solomons chief of labor for the Northern Tribes, led a rebellion against Rehoboam. The result was that Jeroboam became king of Israel or the Northern Kingdom. Rehoboam, became king of the Southern Tribes, Judah and Benjamin. 3. The history of Israel and Judah following Solomons death was dominated by evil: evil kings, evil worldview, evil religion, rejection of Gods prophets, and loss of Gods word. 4. Elijah (1 Kings 17 through 2 Kings 2) and Elisha (1 Kings 19 and 2 Kings 2 through 13) sought to stem the tide of apostasy. They served well, but were unable to prevent the decline to exile that was to follow. 5. King Hezekiah (reign 715-686 BC; 1 Kings 18-20) and King Josiah (r. 640-609 BC; 1 Kings 22-23) were the two kings out of the entire history who served the Lord and attempted to reform the life of Judah. They had temporary success. 6. The Northern Kingdom (Samaria was the capital) ended when the Assyrian army defeated Israel in 722 BC. Assyrias kings at the time were Shalmanesser V (r. 927-722 BC, and the son of Tiglath-pileser III) and Sargon II (r. 722-705 BC). 7. Assyria had a policy of uprooting conquered peoples and resettling them in various parts of her own kingdom and settling foreigners in the conquered lands: thus Israel was scattered and foreigners brought into Israels land. Israels fate was brought on because of her sin, idolatry, and worldview (2 Kings 17.1-8). 8. The Southern Kingdom ended in 586 BC when the Babylonian army finally destroyed Judah. Babylons king was Nebuchadnezzar (r. 604-562 BC). He invaded Judah three times: 605, 597, and 588-586 BC. 9. In 605 Nebuchadnezzar defeated the Jews and took captives to BabylonDaniel and his three friends are the most well-known. He placed Jehoiakim (r. 605-602 BC) as his vassal king (Daniel 1.1-7; 2 Kings 24.1-9). Jehoiakim died in 602 BC and Jehoiachin (r. 602-597 BC) replaced him (2 Kings 24.1, 6). 10. In 597 BC, Jehoiachin rebelled and Nebuchadnezzar again invaded and took more captives Jehoiachin and Ezekiel were included (2 Kings 24.10-20; Ezekiel 1.1.-3). Nebuchadnezzar made Zedekiah (r. 597-586 BC) Johoiachins uncle, governor over Judah 11. Then in 588-586 BC, after another rebellionthis time by by ZedekiahNebuchadnezzar defeated Jerusalem (July 18, 586), burned the temple and Jerusalem (August 15-18, 586). Nebuchadnezzar killed Zedekiahs sons, blinded him, and took him to Babylon. 12. Nebuchadnezzar made Gedaliah governor and exiled many Jews (2 Kings 25.1-24), but a remnant in Judah. According to Jeremiah 40-44, Jeremiah was allowed to stay in the land. He went to Mizpah to see Gedeliah. Soon the remaining Jewish forces gathered at Mizpah. Gedeliah urged the people to remain in the land and submit to Babylon. 13. Ishmael led a revolt. He assassinated Gedeliah two months later (October 9, 586 BC?). The Jews were afraid that Babylon would strike again, so fled to Egypt (2 Kings 25. 25-26). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 57 of 211
14. Jeremiah gives more details. Johanan, one of the field commanders left in Judah, led a military force that retook Ishmaels captive Judeans (Jeremiah 41.11). Against the advice of Jeremiah and out of fear of Babylon, Azariah and Johanan took Jeremiah and the people to Egypt. 15. More of this story later. 16. Many evangelicals consider Jeremiah the most likely author of most of 1 and 2 Kings, though there are differences in style between Jeremiahs known writings and Kings. 17. Jeremiah did have the qualifications to write these particular books: priestly origin, prophetic ministry, access to kings and others in authority, and he was closely involved in the activities of Judah until the Babylonians destroyed her. HistoryAuthor of 1-2 Kings 1. Whoever the author, he was one who had access to the historical records and history of Israel and Judah, and he wrote during the last days Judah. a. The Book of the Acts of Solomon (1 Kings 11:41) b. The Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel (1 Kings 14:19-15.31, 17 times) c. The Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah (1 Kings 14:29-2 Kings 24:5, 15 times) d. Biographies of David, Elijah, Elisha Theme of 2 Kings: Apostasy and Exile Israel and Judahs unbelieving and rebellious spiritual life brought on the tragic moral, political, economic, social, and further spiritual collapse of Gods people. The apostasy, idolatry, warfare, intrigue, and eventual exile of both Israel and Judah happened because the kings and people continually refused to listen to and obey Gods word through His prophets. Yet, two kings, Hezekiah and Josiah were faithful to the Lord, Who through them protected and blessed Judah. Key Verses: 2 Kings 17:22-23 The sons of Israel walked in all the sins of Jeroboam which he did; they did not depart from them 23 until the Lord removed Israel from His sight, as He spoke through all His servants the prophets. So Israel was carried away into exile from their own land to Assyria until this day. Key Verses: 2 Kings 23.27 2 Kings 23:27 The Lord said, I will remove Judah also from My sight, as I have removed Israel. And I will cast off Jerusalem, this city which I have chosen, and the temple of which I said, My name shall be there. Overview Outline of 2 Kings 1. Apostasy and wars lead to Assyria exiling the Northern Kingdom (2 Kings 1-17). 2. Apostasy and wars lead to Babylon destroying the temple, Jerusalem, and exiling the Southern Kingdom (2 Kings 18-25). Chapter Titles: Apostasy and wars lead to Assyria defeating and exiling the Northern Kingdom, 2 Kings 1-17 Chapter 1: Ahaziah (I, 853-852 BC), Elijah, and fire Chapter 2: Elijahs whirlwind. Mantle on Elisha Chapter 3: Jehoram (I, 852-841), war against Moab (Moabite Stone) Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 58 of 211
Chapter 4: Oil, Shunammite, Stew, Bread Chapter 5: Naaman, leprosy, and lessons Chapter 6: Chariots of fire Chapter 7: Flour and Barley for a shekel Chapter 8: Hazael, King of Aram; Jehoram (J, 848-841); Ahaziah (J, 841) Chapter 9: Jehu (I, 841-814) kills Joram, Ahaziah, Jezebel Chapter 10: Jehu (I, 841-814) destroys Ahabs family and Baal worship Chapter 11: Athaliah (J, 841-835). Young Joash made king of Judah Chapter 12: Joash (J, 835-796) repaired temple Chapter 13: Kings Jehoahaz (I) and Jehoash (I). Elisha dies Chapter 14: King Jehoash (I) defeats King Amaziah (J). Azariah (J). Jereboam II (I) Chapter 15: Many kings (790-731). Assyria strikes Chapter 16: Ahaz (J, 731-715) of the virgin prophecy copies the altar at Damascus Chapter 17: Assyria (722) exiles the Northern Kingdom Chapter Titles: Apostasy and wars lead to Babylon destroying the temple, Jerusalem, and exiling the Southern Kingdom, 2 Kings 18-25 Chapter 18: Sennacherib of Assyria challenges King Hezekiah (J, 715-686) Chapter 19: Hezekiah (J) asks Isaiah. Angel of the Lord slays 185,000 Assyrians. Chapter 20: Hezekiah (J) cured, treasures, dies Chapter 21: Manasseh (J, 695-642) super wicked. Amon (J, 642-640). Chapter 22: Josiah (J, 640-609) finds Law Chapter 23: Josiahs reforms. Jehoahaz (J, 609). Jehoiakim (J, 609-597). Chapter 24: Nebuchadnezzar defeats Jehoiakim in 605 and Jehoiachin in 597 Chapter 25: Nebuchadnessar destroys Jerusalem, exiles people, appoints Gedeliah Trace the Theme of 2 Kings 1. The author begins with Elijah (2 Kings 1-2) and Elishas (2 Kings 2-13) ministry and continues by alternating between the kings of Israel and Judahalmost all were evil. 2. Chapter 17 records the northern kingdom, Israel, taken into exile by Shalmaneser V (r. 727722 BC) and Sargon II (r. 722-705 BC) of Assyria. 3. Beginning with chapter 18, Sennacherib challenges Hezekiah, King of Judah. Hezekiah follows the Lord and the Lord spares Judah. 4. Josiah, of Judah, is the other good king (22). With his death in 609 BC (23), Babylon is positioned to execute Gods judgment upon the southern kingdom, Judah. Nebuchadnezzar is Babylons king (r. 605-562 BC). 5. Now both Judah and Israel experience the fifth cycle of discipline that God promised through Moses in Leviticus 26.27-33 and Jeremiah recorded in 50.17. 6. Almost every king in each kingdom rejected the Lord, Gods word, and the prophets messages. If they did listen to the prophet, it was for their own personal and human gain. 7. The two notable exceptions were Hezekiah (2 Kings 18-20) and Josiah (2 Kings 20-23). They instituted reforms and tried to give godly leadership. Key People in 2 Kings: Elijah 1. Elijah the prophet (see the Elijah study) served during Ahabs reign. He prophesied to Ahab about the coming drought, went to the brook Cherith, spent time at Zarephath, challenged the prophets of Baal, went to Beersheba and then into the wilderness where he slept under the Juniper tree, then went to a cave on Mt Sinai (Horeb) where the Lord corrected his attitude, Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 59 of 211
passed his ministry to Elisha, confronted Ahab about the theft and murder of Naboth, and went to heaven in a whirlwind (1 Kings 17-19; 21; 2 Kings 1-2). Key People in 2 Kings: Elisha 1. Elisha was a prophet to Israel (NK) from about 850-800 BC. He succeeded Elijah, and served during the reigns of Ahab, Joram, Jehu, Jehoahaz, Jehoash (Joash). His ministry involved the political, religious, military, social, and personal: kings, common folk, armies, false prophets, miracles, and challenge to idolatry. 2. He saw Elijah taken to heaven in the chariot and two horses of fire carried by the whirlwind (2 Kings 2:11-12). At that time he picked up Elijahs mantle (trda adderet, mantle, garment, cloak). The mantle was a sign that Elijahs spirit or same kind of ministry rested now on Elisha (2 Kings 2:13-14). 3. The Lord worked through Elisha for many different people and events: he fixed Jerichos bad water (2 Kings 2:19-22); sent bears after the mocking young men (2 Kings 2:23-25); provided water for the armies of Judah, Israel, and Edom (2 Kings 3:13-20); defeated Moab (2 Kings 3:21-26); secured oil for a prophets widow (2 Kings 4:1-7); predicted a son for the Shunammite woman (2 Kings 4:16-17) and then later resuscitated the Shunammite womans dead son (2 Kings 4:18-37). 4. Elisha gave an antidote for a toxic stew (2 Kings 4:38-44); healed Naamans leprosy (2 Kings 5); passed leprosy to Gehazi because Gehazi was greedy for Naamans reward (2 Kings 5:20-27); found the lost axe head (2 Kings 6:1-7); told Israels king of the king of Arams plans for attack (2 Kings 6:8-12); the Lord protected Elisha from the Aramean bands and blinded them (2 Kings 6:13-19). 5. Elisha then instructed Israels king to set a feast for the Aramean bands (2 Kings 6:20-24). supplied plunder from the Arameans during a famine (2 Kings 7); restored the Shunammite womans land (2 Kings 8:1-6); predicted Ben-hadads death and Hazaels treachery (2 Kings 8:7-15); predicted Joashs victory over the Arameans (2 Kings 13:14-19); even after his death from an illness, Elisha impressed Israel with Gods power (2 Kings 13:20-21). 6. We learn what God can accomplish through His chosen man who will believe Him. In a time of great apostasy and continued evil and sin in the nation of Israel, God showed His power and kept His word available. Key People in 2 Kings: Man of God 1. The man of God. 36 times. Refers to Elijah in 2 Kings 1:9-12 and to Elisha in 2 Kings 4:7; 5:8 and many others. Second Kings 23:16-17 refers to an anonymous prophet who lived during the reign King Jeroboam of Israel (931-910 BC). Key People in 2 Kings: Gehazi 1. Gehazi was Elishas servant. He served as a messenger (2 Kings 4:8-37), a protector (2 Kings 4:27), and helper (2 Kings 8:1-6). He became greedy after Elisha healed Naaman of leprosy when he sought a personal reward from Naaman. Elisha punished Gehazi for that by giving Gehazi leprosy (2 Kings 5:20-27). His leprosy was apparently the kind that did not require isolation. Key People in 2 Kings: Hezekiah 1. King Hezekiah (728-686 BC, 2 Kings 18-20) was Ahazs (Jehoahaz, 732-715 BC) son. He was one of the godly kings of Judah. Hezekiah cleaned and repaired the temple and destroyed the idolatrous worship centers (2 Kings 18:3-6). He threw off Assyrians yoke which he had Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 60 of 211
2.
3.
4.
5.
inherited from his father (2 Kings 18:7) and successfully fought the Philistines (2 Kings 18:8). Sennacherib twice invaded Judah. The second time (701 BC), The Lord fought for Judah and destroyed 185,000 Assyrian soldiers (2 Kings 19:35). Following this victory, Isaiah told Hezekiah that he would soon die. Hezekiah prayed to the Lord and the Lord gave him 15 more years (2 Kings 20:1-7). The Lord gave him a miraculous sign that this would be truethe shadow on the staircase went back ten steps (2 Kings 20:8-11). Soon after this, Hezekiah foolishly showed Merodach-baladan, king of Babylon, the temple treasures, for which Isaiah scolded him. Isaiah told Hezekiah that in the near future Babylon would come and take the temple treasures to Babylon (2 Kings 20:12-18). Hezekiah placidly accepted this because it would not happen until after his time. Hezekiah is also famous for the construction of the 1777 foot long underground water tunnel that carried water from the Gihon springs outside the city (which he stopped up and covered over) into Jerusalem. Along with the water tunnel he built the Siloam reservoir to hold the water (2 Kings 20:20). The Siloam Inscription in Hezekiahs Water Tunnel [...when] (the tunnel) was driven through. And this was the way in which it was cut through: While [...] (were) still [...] axe(s), each man toward his fellow, and while there were still three cubits to be cut through, [there was heard] the voice of a man calling to his fellows, for there was an overlap in the rock on the right [and on the left]. And when the tunnel was driven through, the quarrymen hewed (the rock), each man toward his fellow, axe against axe; and the water flowed from the spring toward the reservoir for 1200 cubits, and the height of the rock above the head(s) of the quarrymen was 100 cubits.
Key People in 2 Kings: Josiah 1. Josiah (2 Kings 22-23, r. 640-609 BC) was the last king prominent King of Judah before the great destruction. Pharaoh Neco of Egypt imprisoned his son Jehoahaz at Riblah in 609 BC and the Babylonians invaded and attacked the following kings. Those invasions began in 605 BC and eventuated in the destruction of Jerusalem, the temple, and the exile of the people to Babylon in 586 BC. 2. He purged Jerusalem and Judah of idols, idol high places (for worship), pagan priests, mediums, and spiritists. At the age of eight years he began his reign. In the eighteenth year of his reign be began repairing the temple. During construction Hilkiah the high priest found the book of the Law (Moses writing). Shaphan the scribe read to Law to Josiah. He was appalled at the apostasy of the people from Gods word. 3. Because of his honest acceptance of Gods word, the Lord would spare him of divine judgment, but His judgments would come upon the next generation (2 Kings 23:25-28). This was fulfilled through the Babylonians from 605 BC to 586 BC. Josiah foolishly went to fight against the Egyptians in 609 BC; Pharaoh Neco killed Josiah. Key Doctrines 1. Apostasy is the departure or regression from previously believed truth. Israel experienced national and individual apostasy by kings (pick your favorite king), priests, and common people. 2. God at times blesses individuals and groups who are associated with healthy believers, but this was only temporary. He blessed Judah in association with Hezekiah and Josiah. Hezekiahs son, Manasseh, was the worst of kings. After Josiah died, God judged Israel through Babylon. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 61 of 211
3. God uses prepared people, like Elijah, Elisha, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Hezekiah, and Josiah. The preparation comes from positive or faith responses to God and His word. 4. Spiritual solutions are more important than political solutions. The advice of Elijah, Elisha, Isaiah, and Jeremiah demonstrated this. Lessons for Us Today 1. Protection from apostasy begins with ones faith response to God and His word. The kings, priests, and people of the divided kingdom rejected God and His word. Jude addressed this under eight principles. 2. All lasting solutions to national problems (political, economic, social, security, religious) begin with the right spiritual solutions which come from God and revealed in His word. 3. Spiritual and national and leaders determine the kind of life and length of life of a People. We ought to pray for both. 4. The people and ideas that we spend our time and energy with will eventually influence and control usfor good or for bad. 5. Just as the prophets taught Gods word to the people for their blessing, so today pastors and teachers, teachers, and evangelists teach Gods word to people for blessing. Take advantage of our local churchs ministry, by listening, learning, participating, and serving. This is where we get primary spiritual preparation.
Bible Walk Through 1 Chronicles Religious or Spiritual Continuity Tod Kennedy Sunday, May 16, 23 and June 13, 2004
Page 62 of 211
1 Chronicles History Overview 1. The story of 1 Chronicles begins with Adam and ends with King Davids death (1 Chronicles 1:1 and 29:28). 2. Most of the chronicle is the story of King Davids spiritual leadership of Judah. Ezra wrote the account during the Persian period of dominance and during the Jews struggle for identity and purpose after returning from exile. 3. The Jewish tradition says that Ezra wrote or edited Chronicles, probably between 460-425 BC. The emphasis on the temple, the priesthood, and Davids spiritual leadership indicates a priestly authorshipmost likely Ezra. 4. At the time of writing the Jewish people have returned to their land after the Babylonian exile (605-536 BC, Jeremiah 25:1-14; Daniel 9:1-2. See John Whitcomb). 5. Cyrus the Great came to the Persian throne in 559 BC. He conquered Media in 549 BC, Lydia in 546, and Babylon in 539. Daniel wrote that his conquest of Babylon happened while Belshazzar was celebrating with a thousand of his nobles (Daniel 5; Isaiah 47:1-5). 6. On that night Cyrus Persian army, led by General Ugbaru, diverted the Euphrates, entered the city, and conquered it. The date was October 12, 539 BC. 7. In his first year after conquering Babylon he allowed exiles to return to their homelands. His decree to allow Jews to return was in 539/538 BC (2 Chronicles 36.22-23; Ezra 1:2-3). 8. The Jews then began to return to their land. Over the course of many years they would rebuild the temple and Jerusalem, though Persia would dominate Israel for the next 200 years. 9. Zerubbabel led the first return in 538 BC; Ezra led the second return in 458 BC; and Nehemiah led the third group back in 444 BC. 10. The record of 1 Chronicles was written during the period of the second and third returns to the land. 11. It answered their questions about identity and purpose by providing the religious or spiritual continuity or connections from Gods early promises and provision for the nation to the present generations of Jews. 12. Therefore, 1 Chronicles was written to inspire and challenge the Jews now back in their homeland to live as Gods people and to serve him through the law, the temple, and the priesthood. 13. Second Chronicles will carry the story from Solomon down to Cyrus decree of 539 BC. Theme of 1 Chronicles: Religious or Spiritual Continuity Gods people, Israel, just returned from Babylon. Though the Israelites wondered about their place in Gods plan because of all the bad things that have happened, they do have religious or spiritual continuitydivinely planned connections with Adam, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and especially with the great king David. In fact, God continues to work with them at the present timeafter the Babylonian exileand through them to bring the nation to the fullness of times and to fulfill his promises to the nation.
Bible Walk Through Key Verses:
Page 63 of 211
1 Chronicles 17:11-14 When your days are fulfilled that you must go to be with your fathers, that I will set up one of your descendants after you, who will be of your sons; and I will establish his kingdom. 12 He shall build for Me a house, and I will establish his throne forever. 13 I will be his father and he shall be My son; and I will not take My lovingkindness away from him, as I took it from him who was before you.14 But I will settle him in My house and in My kingdom forever, and his throne shall be established forever. 1 Chronicles 29.18-19 O Lord, the God of Abraham, Isaac and Israel, our fathers, preserve this forever in the intentions of the heart of Your people, and direct their heart to You; 19 and give to my son Solomon a perfect heart to keep Your commandments, Your testimonies and Your statutes, and to do them all, and to build the temple, for which I have made provision. Overview Outline 1. The spiritual and physical connections from Adam to David, 1 Chronicles 1-9. 2. Davids spiritual leadership and reign, 1 Chronicles 10-29. Trace the Theme 1. The chronicler begins by tracing Israels heritage from Adam down through the tribes of Israel. This is Israels religious heritage (1 Chronicles 1-8). 2. Chapter 9, verses 1-34, is somewhat parenthetical. It records those who came back to the Promised Land after the Babylonian captivity. The author then gives Sauls immediate genealogy in 1 Chronicles 9:35-44, and chapter 10 covers Sauls death because of his spiritual failure (1 Chronicles 10:13-14). 3. 1 Chronicles 11 begins Davids storythe story of Davids spiritual leadership over the nation, a nation which, at the time of the Ezra and Nehemiah, finds itself back in the land and preparing for a new beginning. 4. Davids spiritual leadership was marked by seven actions: 1. men gathering under his leadership (1 Chronicles 11-12), 2. by him returning the ark to Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 13-16), 3. by his plan to build the templewhich the LORD interrupted by stating that not he but his son would build the temple (1 Chronicles 17), 4. by his wars that defeated Israels oppressors (1 Chronicles 18-20), 5. by his plans for supplies to build the temple (1 Chronicles 22) and his plans for service at the temple (1 Chronicles 23-26), 6. by his military and civilian organization (1 Chronicles 27), 7. and by his challenges to Solomon (1 Chronicles 22, 28) and to the nation (1 Chronicles 28-29). 5. Davids main failure was spiritual and nationalto take a census of his military power instead of trusting God to guide and protect the nation (1 Chronicles 21). 6. 1 Chronicles ends with David giving his vision for the future and charge to the leaders and people (1 Chronicles 28-29). Chapter Titles: The Historical Connections from Adam to David, 1 Chronicles 1-9 Chapter 1: Adam through Esau (Edom) Chapter 2: Judah (Jacob [Israel] to David Chapter 3: David and Solomon Chapter 4: Judah and Simeon Chapter 5: Reuben, Gad, Manasseh Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through Chapter 6: Chapter 7: Chapter 8: Chapter 9: Levi Issachar, Benjamin, Naphtali, Manasseh, Ephraim, Asher Benjamin Workers in Jerusalem; Saul
Page 64 of 211
Davids spiritual leadership and reign, 1 Chronicles 10-29 Chapter 10: Saul fell on his sword Chapter 11: David at Hebron and Jubus; his mighty men Chapter 12: Soldiers join David Chapter 13: The Ark, Uzza, Chidon Chapter 14: Davids victories and fame Chapter 15: Levites take Ark to Jerusalem Chapter 16: The Ark, celebration, and thanks Chapter 17: Davidic Covenant Chapter 18: David defeats Philistia, Moab, Zobah, Aramaea Chapter 19: Aramaea and Ammon revolt Chapter 20: War with Philistines and giants Chapter 21: Davids sinful census Chapter 22: David charges Solomon Chapter 23: Levites assist in temple Chapter 24: Levites in 24 groups serve Chapter 25: Musicians serve in temple Chapter 26: Gatekeepers, Treasurers, Judges Chapter 27: Standing Army Chapter 28: David: Build the temple Chapter 29: Consecration, Offerings, Benediction Key PeopleSaul 1. Saul was a Benjamite (1 Samuel 9:1, 21), who because of the rebellious demands of Israel (1 Chronicles 8:4-8), was chosen by God to become king of Israel (1 Chronicles 10:1). He had few successes (1 Chronicles 11:6-15; 14:47-48), and in negative volition he rejected Gods word and will (1 Chronicles 13:8-14; 14:24, 43-46; 15:16-26; 28:3-20). Due to his rejection of Gods word and his desire for power and fame combined with great jealousy of David, he tried to kill David (1 Chronicles 20.33) and eventually destroyed himself (1 Chronicles 15:27-28, 35; 18:5-12; 19:1; 31:1-5). 2. Saul had great opportunity for service to Lord and Israel, but because he was preoccupied with himself and details of life, and because he would not humble himself before the Lord, the Lord removed him from service and potential blessing. Saul illustrates that emotional repentance and spiritual inconsistency do not please the Lord. God wants consistent spiritual living. Key PeopleDavid 1. David: Tribe of Judah, Son of Jesse, King of Israel, Psalmist (2 Samuel 23:1). He was the second king in Israel and ruled after Saul, though he was the first king from the ruling tribe, Judah. He began as a shepherd, was Sauls armor bearer, was anointed by Samuel to be Gods king of Israel (1 Samuel 16).
Bible Walk Through
Page 65 of 211
2. He killed Goliath, was pursued by Saul (1 Chronicles 17), and at Sauls death was inaugurated King of Israel (2 Samuel 5). God promised him (Davidic Covenant, 2 Samuel 7:4-17) that his descendents, and especially his greatest descendant, Jesus the Christ (Matthew 1:1; Romans 1:3) would rule forever over Israel. 3. His most noted sons were Absalom (1 Chronicles 3:3, mother was Maacah), Nathan (1 Chronicles 3:3, Bathsheba), and Solomon (1 Chronicles 12:24, Bathsheba). 4. He was noted for his faith and loyalty to the Lord (Psalm 22 and 23), and though he publicly sinned numerous times he always returned to fellowship with the Lord by confessing his sin to Him (Psalm 32, 2 Samuel 12:1-15; Psalm 51; 1 Kings 15:3-5). 5. God said that David was a man after His own heart (1 Samuel 13:14; Acts 13:22, 36); that is, one who, in spite of his sin, always returned to fellowship with God and desired to do Gods will. 6. David was a great military leader and author of many at least 73 Psalms. 7. Davids challenge and instructions to Solomon, and the nation were applications of his understanding practice of grace, humility, obedience, and faith (1 Chronicles 28-29, and especially 1 Chronicles 29:10-21). 8. Principle: Davids greatness was his consistent desire to do Gods will, his faith in the Lord, his loyalty to the Lord, his willingness to honestly confess sin and failure to the Lord, and his spiritual and national leadership. Key PeopleSolomon 1. Solomon was Davids son. His mother was Bathsheba. The Davidic Covenant went from David to Solomon. David told Solomon to build the temple; and David challenged him to know and serve God, to be strong and courageous, to be fearless, and to complete his task because God will be with him (1 Chronicles 22, 23, 28, 29). See the 2 Chronicles study. Key PeopleJoab, Military leader 1. Joab: Davids nephew (2 Samuel 2:18) and commander in chief of Davids army (2 Samuel 5:8). Joab was at different times efficient, brutal, loyal, and wise (2 Samuel 11:626; 12:26-31; 18:14.33; 24:2-4). Joab tried to dissuade David from taking a census. Joab was right, but David did it anyway (2 Samuel 24 and 1 Chronicles 21). 2. Joab was replaced by Amasa and later restored. Joab finally faltered by supporting a revolt against David and Solomon (1 Kings 1:5-53). Benaiah, in league with Solomon, killed Joab (1 Kings 2:28, 34). Principle: Strong leadership, yet pride and bad judgment get in the way. Key PeoplePriests 1. Zadok and Ahimelech served under David. Both trace their lineage to Aaron. Aaron had four sons: Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. Nadab and Abihu did not respect their priestly service and God removed them by death (Leviticus 10). 2. Zadok traced his lineage to Eleazar. Ahimelech traced his lineage to Ithamar. 3. David, Zadok, and Ahimelech organized the temple service in 24 groups. Each group served for two weeks on a rotating basis (1 Chronicles 24). Key Words and Key Ideas 1. Ark of the Covenant. 10X. 1 Chronicles 15:25, 26, 28, 29; 16:6, 37; 17:1; 22:19; 28:2, 18. 2. Covenant. 3X with the Abrahamic Covenant and the Land Covenant. 3. Establish. Used 11X with the Davidic Covenant and Kingdom. 1 Chronicles 17:11, 12, 14, 23; 22:10; 28:7. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 66 of 211
4. Courageous. 4X because God is with them and working through them. 1 Chronicles 19:13; 22:13; 28:10, 20. Key Doctrines 1. Heritage, a continuity with your past gives belonging, direction, purpose, and stability 2. Theocratic Program 3. Davidic Covenant 4. Ark of the Covenant 5. Temple or central sanctuary 6. Spiritual and national leadership 7. Disobedience to God brings divine discipline Ark of the Covenant (in Scripture) 1. Ark of the Covenant is found 43 times in the Bible: 10x in our study of 1 Chronicles (1 Chronicles 15:25, 26, 28, 29; 16:6, 37; 17:1; 22:19; 28:2, 18); 2x in 2 Chronicles; 2x in Numbers; 4x in Deuteronomy; 12x in Joshua; 1x in Judges; 3x in 1 Samuel; 1x in 2 Samuel; 4x in 1 Kings; 1x in Jeremiah; and 1x in Hebrews. Ark of the Covenant (symbolized) 1. The ark was the physical symbol of Gods presence, Gods holiness, and Gods majesty. It was a constant lesson that God was their God, that they were His people, that He was with them, that He was holy, and that they were dependent upon Him (Exodus 25:10-22;16:33-34; Joshua 20:27; Joshua 3:13; 1 Kings 8:10-11; Hebrews 9:4-5). 2. God appeared above the mercy seat on which blood from the sacrifice was placed on the Day of Atonement. He accepted the blood in place of the people and cleansed them from sin (Leviticus 16). Ark of the Covenant (Levites) 1. The tribe of Levi was responsible for its care and movement (Deuteronomy 10:8). The Levites carried it in front of the Israelites when they traveled during the exodus (Numbers 10:33; Joshua 3:3). Ark of the Covenant (contained) 1. The Ark was kept in the Holy of Holies in the tabernacle and then in the temple (1 Chronicles 22:19; 2 Chronicles 5:7). 2. The Ark contained two stone tablets of the ten commandments, a copy of the law, the golden pot of manna, and Aarons rod (Deuteronomy 10:1-5; 31:25-26; Hebrews 9:3-5). Ark of the Covenant (physical make up) 1. It was a box made of acacia wood and covered with gold: 2 cubits long, 1 cubits wide, and 1 cubits high. The lid was called the mercy seat. Mercy seat in Hebrew means covering; in the Greek LXX and New Testament it means place of propitiation (Romans 3:25) or propitiation (1 John 2:2). The blood from the Day of Atonement sacrifice was placed on the mercy seat (Leviticus 16). 2. Two gold figures (cherubim, angels) stood on the lid. They emphasized Gods holiness expressed in grace and judgment. Wings spread upward and their faces looked at each other. 3. God saw the blood on the mercy seat that was from the substitutionary sacrifice and accepted the sacrifice in place of the death of the people. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 67 of 211
Ark of the Covenant (teaches) 1. The Ark of the Covenant reveals God to man and teaches us His holiness, grace, forgiveness, judgment, continuing presence with His people, and His protective and judging care. 2. But the Ark of the Covenant specifically teaches us reconciliation to God through a sinless sacrificethe doctrines of substitution, propitiation, unlimited atonement, and justification. Lessons for Us Today 1. The expectation of David, Solomon, and the people was that they had a future in their promised land. This future would be ruled by a king in Davids line. This expectation was based upon Gods promise to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and David. Gods promise still holds. Israel has a future of blessing in their land. 2. As the central place of revelation and worship was necessary to the Jewish nation (Ark and Temple), so the Bible and the assembly of believers in the church is equally important. 3. Your Christian heritage (family, friends, other ministries, nation, and the universal church) influences us in visible and invisible ways. It is a blessing to each of us to know our heritage. 4. Spiritual leaders are gifts from God. Spiritual leadership is something that we all depend uponfamily, church, missions, body of Christ, and national leadership. God has made us dependent upon leadership.
Bible Walk Through
Page 68 of 211
2 Chronicles Briefing Religious Continuity and the House of GodIsraels Temple Tod Kennedy, June-July, 2004 2 Chronicles Overview History. See the 1 Chronicles study for that overview history. 1. First Chronicles ended with Davids death. Second Chronicles is the continuation of the history. The story begins with the start of Solomons reign in 970 BC and the construction of the house of Godthe temple. The author will carry the story from Solomon down to Cyrus decree of 539 BC. 2. Solomons temple was to be the center of Israels national life. After his death, spiritual apostasy set in: kings turned away from God, idolatry became common place, the temple fell into disrepair, Gods wordthe lawwas lost for many years (likely during Manassehs reign, 695-642 BC) until found during Josiahs reign (640-609 BC). 3. Remember that at Solomons death civil war developed. Jeroboam, one of Solomons valiant men, took the northern tribes, Israel, and Rehoboam, the rebellious son of Solomon, took Judah and Benjamin. 4. During this time of apostasy several kings, most notably Hezekiah (715-686 BC) and Josiah (640-609 BC), made a determined effort to reform the spiritual or religious life of the nation; none had lasting results. 5. In 2 Chronicles the author chronicles the reigns of the kings of Judah from Solomon through Zedekiah. There were 20 kings after Solomon; 8 were relatively good kings and 12 were evil kings. 6. Zedekiah, son of Josiah, was Judahs last king. He was the king when Nebuchadnezzars army in 586 BC destroyed Solomons temple, Jerusalem, and exiled the inhabitants of the land. 7. At the time of writing the Jewish people have returned to their land after the Babylonian exile (605-536 BC, Jeremiah 25:1-14; Daniel 9:1-2. See John Whitcomb). 8. God used Cyrus the Great to send the Jews back to their homeland. Cyrus came to the Persian throne in 559 BC. He conquered Media in 549 BC, Lydia in 546, and Babylon in 539. Daniel wrote that his conquest of Babylon happened while Belshazzar was celebrating with a thousand of his nobles (Daniel 5; Isaiah 47:1-5). 9. On that night Cyrus Persian army, led by General Ugbaru, diverted the Euphrates, entered the city, and conquered it. The date was October 12, 539 BC. 10. In his first year after conquering Babylon Cyrus allowed exiles to return to their homelands. His decree to allow Jews to return was in 539/538 BC (2 Chronicles 36:22-23; Ezra 1:2-3). 11. The Jews then began to return to their land. Over the course of many years Israel would rebuild her temple and Jerusalem, though Persia would dominate Israel for the next 200 years. 12. Zerubbabel led the first return in 538 BC; Ezra led the second return in 458 BC; and Nehemiah led the third group back in 444 BC. 13. Note that 2 Chronicles opens with Solomon building the first temple and ends with Cyrus proclamation that allowed the Jews to return to their land and rebuild their temple. While David was the central figure of 1 Chronicles, Solomon and the temple were central to 2 Chronicles. 14. The Jewish tradition says that Ezra wrote or edited Chronicles, probably between 460-425 BC. The emphasis on the temple, the priesthood, and Davids spiritual leadership indicates a Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 69 of 211
priestly authorshipmost likely Ezra. The record of 2 Chronicles was written during the period of the second and third returns to the land (458-444 BC). a. Both 1 and 2 Chronicles answered their questions about identity and purpose by providing the religious or spiritual continuity or connections from Gods early promises and provision for the nation to the present generations of Jews. 15. Both 1 and 2 Chronicles were written to inspire and challenge the Jews now back in their homeland to live as Gods people and to serve him through the law, the temple, and the priesthood. Theme of 2 Chronicles: Religious continuity and the House of God. The temple in Jerusalem was the center of Israels national life. After Solomon built the temple, the following kings were to maintain the temples centrality, and therefore relationship with God, in the life of the people. Most failed. Because some attempted reforms, God blessed and withheld judgment. He was most interested in their heart attitude toward Him. The spiritual failure of the kings eventually resulted in the complete destruction of the temple in 586 BC and the exile of the people. Once the people returned to the land, plans were made to rebuild the temple and again give it the central place in the nation for Gods word, worship, and national life. Key Verses: 2 Chronicles 7:14-16. and [then] My people who are called by My name humble themselves and pray and seek My face and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven, will forgive their sin and will heal their land. 15 Now My eyes will be open and My ears attentive to the prayer offered in this place. 16 For now I have chosen and consecrated this house that My name may be there forever, and My eyes and My heart will be there perpetually. Overview Outline 1. Solomons reign, temple, fame, and wealth (2 Chronicles 1-9). 2. The twenty kings of Judah, spiritual failure, and the resultant destruction of the temple and Jerusalem, and national exile (2 Chronicles 10-36). Chapter Titles Solomons reign, temple, fame, and wealth (2 Chronicles 1-9). Chapter 1: Wisdom and Knowledge Chapter 2: Plans and materials for temple Chapter 3: Builds the temple Chapter 4: Temple utensils and furniture Chapter 5: Ark into the temple Chapter 6: Blessing and prayer Chapter 7: Dedicating the house of God Chapter 8: Built cities, organized officers and Levites Chapter 9: Queen of Sheba. Death
Bible Walk Through
Page 70 of 211
The twenty kings of Judah, spiritual failure, and the resultant destruction of the temple and Jerusalem, and national exile (2 Chronicles 10-36). Chapter 10: Rehoboam rebels and divides the kingdom Chapter 11: Rehoboams 3 good years Chapter 12: Rehoboam forsakes the Lord Chapter 13: Abijah blamed Jeroboam Chapter 14: Asa did good and right Chapter 15: Asas partial reform Chapter 16: Asas spiritual regression Chapter 17: Jehoshaphats reforms Chapter 18: Jehoshaphat allies with Ahab Chapter 19: Jehoshaphat seeks God Chapter 20: Jehoshaphat did right and some wrong Chapter 21: Jehoram did evil Chapter 22: Ahaziah did evil. Athaliah Chapter 23: Jehoida anoints Joash king Chapter 24: Joash good and evil Chapter 25: Amaziah would not listen Chapter 26: Uzziah smitten with leprosy Chapter 27: Jotham did right Chapter 28: Ahaz unfaithful to the Lord Chapter 29: Hezekiah cleanses temple Chapter 30: Hezekiah celebrates national Passover Chapter 31: Hezekiah destroys idols and restores contributions Chapter 32: Hezekiah, Sennacherib, the water tunnel Chapter 33: Manassehs great evil, partial repentance Chapter 34: Josiah removed idols, repaired temple, found the law Chapter 35: Josiah celebrates national Passover Chapter 36: Last kings, Jerusalem destroyed, Cyrus Trace the theme of 2 Chronicles 1. The chronicler begins with the new king, Solomon. He established his rule, sacrificed at the tabernacle which was at Gibeon, and asked the Lord for wisdom and knowledge. God not only gave him wisdom and knowledge, but also riches, wealth, and honor. Solomon soon amassed a great fortune and a powerful army (2 Chronicles 1). 2. Solomon next built the temple and all the utensils and furniture (2 Chronicles 2-4). 3. When he had completed the temple he brought the Ark of the Covenant into the holy of holies and then the glory of the Lord filled the temple (2 Chronicles 5). 4. Solomon next blessed the assembled people and blessed God. He asked God to remember his covenant to David, to forgive the people when they turn back from sin to God, and to reside in the house of God, (2 Chronicles 6). When he finished the glory of the Lord filled the house (2 Chronicles 7.1). At this point Solomon dedicated the house of God, after which the Lord appeared to Solomon at night and said that He has chosen the house for Himself. He will discipline the nation if they forsake Him, but if they humble themselves and turn He will forgive their sin and heal their land (2 Chronicles 7:12-22). 5. Solomon increased his business, fame, and wealth, so that even the queen of Sheba marveled at Solomon. He became greater than all the kings of the earth in riches and wisdom (2 Chronicles 9:22). He reigned 40 years in Jerusalem and then he died (2 Chronicles 8-9). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 71 of 211
6. After Solomon died his son Rehoboam rejected the advise of his wise counselors to rule kindly over Israel. If he did the entire nation would submit to his rule. Instead, he took the advice of his young and arrogant friends who told him to rule more strictly than his father had. The result was that Israel, except for Judah and Benjamin, turned from Rehoboams rule and separated. Jeroboam became the king over the remaining tribes (2 Chronicles 10). 7. The chronicler now traces the history of Judahs 20 kings after Solomon to the exile into Babylon (Rehoboam to Zedekiah). This is a history of failure, sin, apostasy, along with spiritual reform by Asa (2 Chronicles 14-16), Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 17-20), Joash (2 Chronicles 23-24), Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 29-32), and Josiah (2 Chronicles 34-35). 8. The final chapter (2 Chronicles 36) carries the history from the death of Josiah through the last kings of Judah (Joahaz (609 BC) and Jehoiakim (609-597 BC), sons of Josiah; Jehoiachin (597 BC), son of Jehoiakim; and Zedekiah (597-586 BC), son of Josiah. All were evil kings. Pharaoh Neco of Egypt placed the first two on the throne. Nebuchadnezzar removed Jehoiakim and replaced him with Jehoiakims son, Jehoiachin, and 11 years later replaced him with Zedekiah. Not mentioned in Chronicles, but noted in 2 Kings 25.22-26, is Governor Gedaliah, whom Nebuchadnezzar appointed in 586 BC. Ishmael and his band of rebels went against Gods word and assassinated Gedaliah within the year. Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem and the temple, and took the people into exile. Jeremiah writes of this in Lamentations. 9. In 538 BC, God caused Cyrus King of Persia to decree that the Jews may return to Jerusalem and rebuilt Gods house. The record that began with building the temple now ends with the permission to rebuild the temple. Key People 1. Solomon, 2 Chronicles 1-9 2. Rehoboam, 2 Chronicles 10-12 3. Asa, 2 Chronicles 14-16 4. Jehoshaphat, 2 Chronicles 17-20 5. Joash, 2 Chronicles 23-24 6. Ahaz, 2 Chronicles 28 7. Hezekiah, 2 Chronicles 29-32. See the doctrine of Hezekiah. 8. Josiah, 2 Chronicles 34-35. See doctrine of Josiah. 9. Cyrus, 2 Chronicles 36 Key Words and Ideas 1. House of God, 23x, (2 Chronicles 3:3; 4:19; 5:14; 7:5; 24:13; 31:21; 36:18-19). 2. House of the Lord, 74x, (2 Chronicles 2:1; 3:1; 5:1; 8:16; 24:4; 24:18; 29:16; 33:15; 34:15; 36:7). 3. Evil, 16x (2 Chronicles 12:14; 21:6; 22:4; 33:9; 36:5, 12) 4. Did right, 5x, (2 Chronicles 25:2; 26:4; 27:2; 29:2; 34:2) 5. Seek, 18x (2 Chronicles 7:14; 9:23; 11:16; 12:14; 14:4; 15:2, 12, 13; 16:12; 17:3; 19:3; 20:3,4; 26:5; 30:19; 31:21; 34:2). Key Doctrines 1. Gods grace toward his people: He does not demand sinlessness. He does desire an attitude of seeking the Him (Asa, 2 Chronicles 14:2; 15:17; 16:7-14. Jehoshaphat, 2 Chronicles 17:3-4; 20:3, 32-33. Hezekiah 2 Chronicles 29-32; Josiah 2 Chronicles 34-35). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 72 of 211
2. House of God, House of the Lord, the temple (2 Chronicles 2:1; 5:14; 7:5; 24:13; 31:21; 33:15; 34:15; 36:18-19). 3. Fifth Cycle of Divine Discipline or national exile (2 Chronicles 34:14-28 with Leviticus 26:27-39). 4. National repentance (2 Chronicles 5:12-16) 5. Reliance upon the Lord (2 Chronicles 16:7-8 and others) 6. Spiritual and national strength prevents aggression (2 Chronicles 17:1-10). 7. Strength of the Davidic Covenant (2 Chronicles 21:7) 8. Evil kings and good kings Lessons for Us Today 1. God is most interested in our heart attitude toward Him. He does not demand sinlessness. He does desire an attitude of seeking the Him. 2. Gods word stresses the importance to a nation of worship of God, morality, national defense, international relations, and leadership. 3. Our Christian heritage is very important for each of us. It connects us with the great biblical heroes, with the great heroes of church history, and with our biblical doctrine heritage. We learn who we are and what our present purpose is from our past Christian heritage. 4. National leaders set the course and attitude of the nation. We in the USA are fortunate to have had founders who took the Bible seriouslysome were believers in Christ and some were simply attracted to the biblical ethic. They gave us a strong foundation like Moses and the prophets gave Israel. We should follow their lead and pray for our present leaders, and all the more since we have a Christian president who desires to follow the biblical worldview. 5. Evil leadership does great harm to a nation and its people.
Bible Walk Through Ezra Bible Walk Return and Rebuild the Temple Tod Kennedy Sunday, August, 2004
Page 73 of 211
History around the time of Ezra (I have taken most of this history introduction from notes by Dr. Harold Hoehner of Dallas Theological Seminary). 1. Six Gentile kings dominated the Israelites during Ezras lifetime. a. Cyrus, 559-530 BC (Ezra 1:1-4, 7, 8; Ezra 3:7; 4:3, 5; 5:13, 14, 17; 6:3, 14). See Cyrus below. b. Cambyses, Cyrus son, 530-522 BC. He killed his brother Bardiya (Smerdis) in 525 and then led an expedition against the Egyptians. While he was gone, Gaumata (BardiyaSmerdis imposter), in 622, took the throne. When Cambyses heard of the successful plot, he may have committed suicide. c. Gaumata or Pseudo Smerdis (who posed as Smerdis, the brother of Cambyses whom Cambyses had killed in 525), ruled 6 months in 522 BC. d. Darius I, 522-486 BC. He killed Pseudo-Smerdis and took power. After he had consolidated his power, he studied law, which was significant for what was to follow. Remember that when Tattenai of Syria interfered with the Jews rebuilding project, Darius ordered the search for Cyrus decree. After he read the decree, he ordered Tattenai to stay away from Jerusalem and leave the work on the temple alone. In fact, Darius ordered Tattenai to provide the money and supplies necessary (Ezra 4:5; 4:24; 5:5, 6, 7; 6:1, 12, 13, 14, 15). e. Xerxes, 486-465 BC, Darius son, and king during Esthers life (Ezra 4:6). f. Artaxerxes I, 465-423 BC, Xerxes son and the king under whom Ezra and Nehemiah returned to Jerusalem and did their work (Ezra 4:7, 8, 11, 23; 6:14; 7:1, 7, 11, 12, 21; 8:1 2. Cyrus, King of Persia and Babylon, decreed in 538 BC that the Jews could return to Judah from exile and rebuild the city and the temple. a. Cyrus succeeded his father as king of Anshan, a vassal kingdom of Media, in 559 BC. b. In 550 BC, Cyrus rebelled against his maternal grandfather, Astyages, the king of the Medes. He took Ecbatana, the capitol, without a fight when Harpagus, one of Astyages generals deserted with his army to Cyrus. Cyrus was now king of the Medes and Persians. c. In 539 BC, Belshazzar was regent in Babylon for his father, Nabonidus, who had gone to Tema in Arabia in 553 BC. Nabonidus returned to Babylon in April of 539 BC. d. In September-October, 539 BC, Cyrus defeated the Babylonians at Opis on the Tigris River. He then defeated Sippar, which was across the river, on October 10, 539 BC. e. On October 12, 539 BC, Ugbaru, the commander of Cyrus armies defeated Babylon without a fight. He diverted the Euphrates River, which ran through the center of the city, and the troops entered by the river bed. Belshazzar was killed (Daniel 5:30) and Nabonidus was taken prisoner. f. Cyrus appointed Darius the Mede (539-525) ruler of Babylon, Syria, and Palestine. Darius then appointed governors to rule under him (Daniel 5:30-6:3). g. Cyrus allowed the conquered people to take their gods and return to their homes. Furthermore, he decreed that the Jewish people could return home and rebuild their temple (Ezra 1; Ezra 6:3-5; 2 Chronicles 36:21-23) Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 74 of 211
3. The Jewish people returned to their land in three groups. This was similar to the three groups Babylon exiled (606 BC, 597 BC, and 586 BC). a. The first group returned to Judah in 536 BC. Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel led them. Cyrus was king of Persia. They completed the temple in 515 BC, during the reign of Darius I (Ezra 1-6). b. The second group returned in 458 BC. Ezra led them. Artaxerxes was king of Persia (Ezra 7-10). c. The third group returned in 444 BC. Nehemiah led them. Artaxerxes was king of Persia (Nehemiah 1-2). 4. Ezra is most likely the author of the book that bears his name. a. Ezra is the main person of the book that bears his name. He used official sources and wrote at times as an eyewitness (e.g. Ezra 7:27-28). b. The author wrote the narrative sections in Hebrew and copied the official documents in the original Aramaic (Ezra 4:8-6.18 and 7.12-26), the official language of government and commerce in Persia at that time. (e.g. Ezra 6:2-12). c. Ezra was written around 450 BC. 5. The prophets Haggai (520 BC), Zechariah (520-518 BC), and Malachi (450-430 BC) taught and wrote Gods word during this time period. The events of Esther also unfolded during the reign of Xerxes (485-465 BC). 6. Pagan religious founders lived at this time. a. Gautama Buddha (about 550-480 BC) in India. b. Confucius (551-479 BC) in China. c. Socrates (470-399 BC) in Greece Key Verse Ezra 9:9, For we are slaves; yet in our bondage our God has not forsaken us, but has extended lovingkindness to us in the sight of the kings of Persia, to give us reviving to raise up the house of our God, to restore its ruins and to give us a wall in Judah and Jerusalem. Theme Return and Rebuild the Temple. Gods imposed 70 year captivity and exile has finished. He stirred Cyrus, King of Media and Persia, to decree that the Jews may return to their land and rebuild their temple. The people returned in three groups. Though they faced opposition from the pagans living in their land, God moved kings and peoples to ensure their success. God sent Ezra to teach Gods word and to lead much needed spiritual, moral, and social reforms among the restored remnant. Overview Outline 1. Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel lead the first return from Babylon (now Persian) in 538 BC (Ezra 1-6). 2. Ezra lad the second return from Babylon (now Persia) in 458 BC (Ezra 7-8). 3. Ezra brought about religious reforms for the returnees (Ezra 9-10). Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1: Cyrus decree 2. Chapter 2: Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel lead first return Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 3. Chapter 3: Temple foundation laid 4. Chapter 4: Tattenai, Darius, Artaxerxes stop work 5. Chapter 5: Tattenai complains to Darius 6. Chapter 6: Darius decrees for work. Temple completed 7. Chapter 7: Artaxerxes decrees for Ezra and work 8. Chapter 8: Ezra leads second return 9. Chapter 9: Ezra prays 10. Chapter 10: Divorce pagan wives
Page 75 of 211
Trace the Theme: Return and Temple 1. Cyrus decrees and Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel lead the first return (Ezra 1-3). 2. The leaders organize and begin the work on the temple (Ezra 4). 3. Once the Jews begin to establish themselves, the Samaritans around them attempted by various means to discourage, cause compromise, intimidate, and even attempted to use law to stop the Jews from working on the temple. Darius and Ataxerxes temporarily stopped the work, but upon research of the facts they both decreed that the Jews were right; the work must continue (Ezra 4-6). 4. Ezra the scribe received authorization from Artaxerxes to return to Jerusalem. He gave much needed spiritual leadership to the Jews (Ezra 7-8). 5. When Ezra got to Jerusalem, he saw that the people of Israel had not followed Gods word. One of the problems was that many of the men had married pagan wives. This was a violation of Gods word. This mixed marriage brought paganism into the national life of the new Jewish commonwealth. Ezra prayed and confessed to the Lord, and sought Gods guidance about what he should do (Ezra 9). 6. While Ezra prayed, a group of men came with Gods answer. The men were to divorce their pagan wives for the sake of Gods honor and Israels spiritual survival and spiritual purity. Ezra organized and administered the divorce procedure (Ezra 10). Key People 1. Sheshbazzar. The leader or ruler of the Judeansprince of Judah (Ezra 1:8; 5:14). He led the first return to Judah. There is a question as to whether he is Zerubbabel under another name or a different person. Eugene Merrill (493) and John Bright (7) think that Sheshbazzar a distinct person and likely the same as Shenazzar a son of Johoiachin (1 Chronicles 3:18). Zerubbabel is then his nephew and successor. 2. Zerubbabel. He is prominent in the first return to Israel. He is the grandson of King Johoiachin and son of Shealtiel (Ezra 3:2, 8; Ezra 5:2) and the son of Pedaiah (Hebrew text of 1 Chronicles 3:19), possibly by Levirate marriage. He is likely the nephew of Sheshbazzar. Zerubbabel and Jeshua were active leaders in the putting down the temple foundation (Ezra 3:2-3). They also led the renewed building of the temple after their enemies had stopped their work (Ezra 5:2). Haggai identifies him as governor of Judah in Haggai 1:1 and 2:2. 3. Ezra. He was comparable to Secretary of State for Jewish Affairs under Artaxerxes (465-423 BC), King of Persia. King Artaxerxes favored Ezra and as a result allowed him to return to Jerusalem in July-August of 458 BC take care of problems. Ezra was a priest and a scribe; he traced his linage back to Aaron. As a scribe he studied and taught Gods word to the Israelites. Because many Jewish men, including priests and Levites, had married pagan wives, the spiritual life of the new community was threatened. Ezra sought Gods sought Gods guidance through prayer. While he was praying, Shecaniah with a contingent of Jews Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 76 of 211
came to him with the plan to divorce the pagan wives. They carried out this plan (Ezra 9-10). Later on, Ezra apparently returned to Babylon, and then in 444 BC went back to Judah at the time Jerusalems walls were completed. At that time he and Nehemiah participated in the dedication of the walls (Nehemiah 12, especially Nehemiah 12:26-37). 4. Cyrus, Darius I, Xerxes (Ahasuerus), and Artaxerxes ruled Persia during these events. Key Words Used 1. Temple, 24X (Ezra 2:43; Ezra 2:58; Ezra 2:70; Ezra 3:6; Ezra 3:9; Ezra 3:10; Ezra 3:12; Ezra 4:1; Ezra 5:3; Ezra 5:9; Ezra 5:11; Ezra 5:12; Ezra 5:14; Ezra 5:15; Ezra 6:3; Ezra 6:5; Ezra 6:15; Ezra 6:17; Ezra 7:7; Ezra 8:17; Ezra 8:20). 2. Law of God, Lord, Moses, 7X (Ezra 3:2; 7:6, 10, 12, 14, 21, 26). Key Doctrines 1. God keeps His word to his people (Ezra 1:1; Ezra 9:8-9). 2. God has the right and power to rule any and all political rulers (Cyrus, Ezra 1:1; Cyrus, Darius, and Artaxerxes, Ezra 6:14). 3. God can and does stir people or impress people to do what He wants them to do (Ezra 1:5). 4. Enemies of a nation will attempt to take over that nation by intimidating propaganda, promoting false compromises, deceitful attacks on the leadership and policies, and appeals to other nations and groups (Ezra 4:1-6; 5:3,6). 5. The spiritual leader studies, teaches, and applies Gods word to the people under his leadership (Ezra 3:1-3; 7:10; 9:10; 10:9-11). 6. Leaders also must make critical decision in times of spiritual danger to the people (Ezra 7:2124; Ezra 9-10). Lessons for Us Today 1. God moves within people to accomplish his purpose. This is divine guidance for believers. We see his overruling will, directive will, and permissive will. 2. If God kept his word to a rebellious Israel, he also keeps his word to church age believers. 3. Spiritual leaders are important for a congregation of believers. Their job is to study and teach Gods word, to provide leadership for the congregation, and make necessary decisions for the protection and welfare of people under his spiritual authority. 4. Unequal (believer-unbeliever; interested believer and disinterested believer) marriages will undermine the spiritual lives and welfare of families and nations.
Bible Walk Through Nehemiah Briefing -Rebuild the Wall; Revive the PeopleTod Kennedy Sunday, August 29, September 5, 12, and 19, 2004
Page 77 of 211
History The history is the same as for Ezra, except for 1.d. (I have taken most of this history introduction from notes by Dr. Harold Hoehner of Dallas Theological Seminary). 1. Six Gentile kings dominated the Israelites during Ezras lifetime. a. Cyrus, 559-530 BC (Ezra 1:1-4, 7, 8; Ezra 3:7; 4:3, 5; 5:13, 14, 17; 6.3, 14). See Cyrus below. b. Cambyses, Cyrus son, 530-522 BC. He killed his brother Bardiya (Smerdis) in 525 and then led an expedition against the Egyptians. While he was gone, Gaumata (BardiyaSmerdis imposter), in 622, took the throne. When Cambyses heard of the successful plot, he may have committed suicide. c. Gaumata or Pseudo Smerdis (who posed as Smerdis, the brother of Cambyses whom Cambyses had killed in 525), ruled 6 months in 522 BC. d. Darius I, 522-486 BC. He killed Pseudo-Smerdis and took power. After he had consolidated his power, he studied law, which was significant for what was to follow. Remember that when Tattenai of Syria interfered with the Jews rebuilding project, Darius ordered the search for Cyrus decree. After he read the decree, he ordered Tattenai to stay away from Jerusalem and leave the work on the temple alone. In fact, Darius ordered Tattenai to provide the money and supplies necessary (Ezra 4:5; 4:24; 5:5, 6, 7; 6:1, 12, 13, 14, 15). e. Xerxes, 486-465 BC, Darius son, and king during Esthers life (Ezra 4.6). f. Artaxerxes I, 465-423 BC, Xerxes son and the king under whom Ezra and Nehemiah returned to Jerusalem and did their work (Ezra 4:7, 8, 11, 23; 6:14; 7:1, 7, 11, 12, 21; 8:1 2. Cyrus, King of Persia and Babylon, decreed in 538 BC that the Jews could return to Judah from exile and rebuild the city and the temple. a. Cyrus succeeded his father as king of Anshan, a vassal kingdom of Media, in 559 BC. b. In 550 BC, Cyrus rebelled against his maternal grandfather, Astyages, the king of the Medes. He took Ecbatana, the capitol, without a fight when Harpagus, one of Astyages generals deserted with his army to Cyrus. Cyrus was now king of the Medes and Persians. c. In 539 BC, Belshazzar was regent in Babylon for his father, Nabonidus, who had gone to Tema in Arabia in 553 BC. Nabonidus returned to Babylon in April of 539 BC. d. In September-October, 539 BC, Cyrus defeated the Babylonians at Opis on the Tigris River. He then defeated Sippar, which was across the river, on October 10, 539 BC. e. On October 12, 539 BC, Ugbaru, the commander of Cyrus armies defeated Babylon without a fight. He diverted the Euphrates River, which ran through the center of the city, and the troops entered by the river bed. Belshazzar was killed (Daniel 5:30) and Nabonidus was taken prisoner. f. Cyrus appointed Darius the Mede (539-525) ruler of Babylon, Syria, and Palestine. Darius then appointed governors to rule under him (Daniel 5:30-6:3). g. Cyrus allowed the conquered people to take their gods and return to their homes. Furthermore, he decreed that the Jewish people could return home and rebuild their temple (Ezra 1; Ezra 6:3-5; 2 Chronicles 36:21-23) Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 78 of 211
3. The Jewish people returned to their land in three groups. This was similar to the three groups Babylon exiled (606 BC, 597 BC, and 586 BC. a. The first group returned to Judah in 536 BC. Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel led them. Cyrus was king of Persia. They completed the temple in 515 BC, during the reign of Darius I (Ezra 1-6). b. The second group returned in 458 BC. Ezra led them. Artaxerxes was king of Persia (Ezra 7-10). c. The third group returned in 444 BC. Nehemiah led them. Artaxerxes was king of Persia (Nehemiah 1-2). 4. Nehemiah is most likely the author of the book that bears his name. a. Nehemiah identifies himself as author of much of this book (e.g. Nehemiah 1:1; 2:1, 11; 4:13; 6:1, 10; 7:1). b. The book came from Nehemiahs diary or personal accounts of the time. Ezra may have written two sections of the book (Nehemiah 7:6-12:26 and 12:44-13:3). c. Certainly Nehemiah is a main character; he is mentioned 7 times (Nehemiah 1:1; 3:16; 7:7; 8:9; 10:1; 12:26; 12:47). d. Ezra is the other main character; he is mentioned 12 times in the section about spiritual repentance and renewal (Nehemiah 8:1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13; 12:1, 13, 26, 33, 36). 5. The prophets Haggai (520 BC), Zechariah (520-518 BC), and Malachi (450-430 BC) taught and wrote Gods word during this time period. The events of Esther also unfolded during the reign of Xerxes (485-465 BC). 6. Pagan religious founders lived at this time. a. Gautama Buddha (about 550-480 BC) in India. b. Confucius (551-479 BC) in China. c. Socrates (470-399 BC) in Greece Key Verses Nehemiah 6:15-16. So the wall was completed on the twenty-fifth of the month Elul, [September 21, 444 BC] in fifty-two days. 16 When all our enemies heard of it, and all the nations surrounding us saw it, they lost their confidence; for they recognized that this work had been accomplished with the help of our God. Nehemiah 8:8. They read from the book, from the law of God, translating to give the sense so that they understood the reading. Theme Rebuild the Wall; Revive the People. Nehemiah demonstrates that God-guided and empowered spiritual and political leaders can revive a nations heritage and bring about spiritual and national repair and resurgence, even in the face of enemy propaganda, intimidation, arms, and treachery. Overview Outline 1. Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem from Persia (Nehemiah 1-2). 2. Nehemiah leads the reconstruction of Jerusalems gates and wall (Nehemiah 3-7). 3. Ezra reads and explains the Law and the people agree to follow it (Nehemiah 8-13).
Bible Walk Through Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1: News and prayer 2. Chapter 2: Return and reconnaissance 3. Chapter 3: Repair 10 gates 4. Chapter 4: Prayer, leadership, weapons 5. Chapter 5: Stop economic extortion 6. Chapter 6: Wall completed: Leadership, courage, and persistence 7. Chapter 7: Zerubbabels census compared 8. Chapter 8: Ezra teaches Torah 9. Chapter 9: Repentance and praise 10. Chapter 10: Allegiance to Torah 11. Chapter 11: Live in Jerusalem 12. Chapter 12: Census and dedicate the wall 13. Chapter 13: Reform priesthood, Sabbath, marriage
Page 79 of 211
Trace the Theme: Rebuild the Wall; Revive the People. 1. Nehemiah went to Jerusalem (444 BC) in response to the report that the remnant was in great distress and reproach (Nehemiah 1.3). He worked toward the establishment of Israels homeland security and national welfare by concentrating on the completion of the Jerusalem wall and gates in the face of enemy propaganda, ridicule, threats, compromise, slander, and treachery (Nehemiah 1-7), and by bringing about spiritual revitalization of the Jewish people now in Judah (Nehemiah 8-13). 2. Nehemiah inspected the city (Nehemiah 2:11-17), planned the work and assigned work (Nehemiah 3), armed the people (Nehemiah 4), stopped economic extortion (Nehemiah 5), and rejected the enemys threats and completed the wall (Nehemiah 4-6). Once the city wall was completed (Nehemiah 6:15; it took only 52 days), Nehemiah took a census of the returnees (Nehemiah 7). 3. Then Ezra, the priest and scribe, led a spiritual revival for the Lord and for Nehemiah by reading and explaining the Old Testament to the nation (Nehemiah 8). The Levites, priests, and people responded by repentance followed by rejoicing. The nation renewed their allegiance to Gods covenant, the Old Testament (Nehemiah 9-10). Nehemiah continued to lead the social, economic, and spiritual restoration by organizing the resettlement of the Jewish population so that there were enough residents in Jerusalem and by dedicating the wall (Nehemiah 11-12). 4. Nehemiah was recalled to the Persian capital in 432 BC (Nehemiah 13:6-7). When he returned to Jerusalem he corrected the priesthood, the observation of the Sabbath, and pagan marriages (Nehemiah 11-13). Key People 1. Nehemiah. a. Nehemiah was the kings cupbearer, or we might say the personal aide, of King Artaxerxes I (465424 BC) at the royal city of Shushan (Susa). Shushan, a winter capital of the Persian kings, was about 150 miles north of the Persian Gulf in present day Iran. As cupbearer he occupied the closest position to the king and therefore had the confidence of the king and had access to the king (Nehemiah 1). b. He got the report that Jerusalem and the people were in danger of being overrun and destroyed. The city walls and gates were still destroyed; the citizens had no defense Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 80 of 211
against the enemy and their moral was low. The year was 444 BC, 13 years after Ezra had gone to Jerusalem (Nehemiah 1). c. Nehemiah prayed. King Artaxerxes granted Nehemiah a leave of absence. The king appointed him governor of Judah with authority to requisition supplies for his mission (Nehemiah 1-2). d. Nehemiah attacked the immediate Judean problem. 1. He thought about the reportwept, mourned, fasted (Nehemiah 1.4). 2. Prayed based on Gods character (Nehemiah 1:5-11. 3. Confessed of the nations sins (Nehemiah 1:6-7. 4. Interceded to God based on Gods promises to Israel (Nehemiah 1:5, 8-10. 5. Acted by seeking the kings permission to go to Judah (Nehemiah 2:1-7). 6. Planning the trip and traveling to Judah (Nehemiah 2.7-10). 7. Inspected the situation in Jerusalem (Nehemiah 2:11-16). 8. Planned for action (Nehemiah 2:17-20). 9. Chose and assigned his workers (Nehemiah 3). 10. Prayed (Nehemiah 4:4-9). 11. Set up an intelligence force and guards (Nehemiah 4:9-13). 12. Armed the citizens and workers and set up communications system (Nehemiah 4:1423). 13. Encouraged the remnant (Nehemiah 4:14). 14. Stopped economic extortion (Nehemiah 5). 15. Did not fall to the propaganda, threats, intimidation, and treachery of the enemies (Nehemiah 4-6). 16. Completed the job in such a way that honored God (Nehemiah 6:15-16). 17. Organized guards against continued threats (Nehemiah 7:1-3). 18. Organized the citizens (Nehemiah 7). 19. Gave opportunity and encouraged Bible teaching (Nehemiah 8). e. Nehemiah returned to Jerusalem in 432 BC; his leave of absence was apparently over (Nehemiah 13.6). He requested and was given another leave of absence. When he returned to Jerusalem he found spiritual regression among the priesthood and the people. f. He soon initiated reforms of the priesthood, the Sabbath, and mixed marriages (Nehemiah 13). g. Nehemiah was a patriot, leader, and man of actionall under Gods motivation and guidance. He excelled as a spiritual, political, and military leader. Nehemiah stood out as a man driven by the biblical worldview in a world driven by antagonism to God and Gods word. 2. Ezra. See the Ezra Bible Walk notes. 3. Sanballat. a. Sanballat was from Beth-horan in Samaria which is about 19 miles NW of Jerusalem. The Elephantine Papyri names him as governor of Samaria in 407 BC. The same papyri give his sons names as Delaiah and Shelemiah. These names indicate that Sanballat was probably a syncretistic worshiper of Yahweh. b. When Nehemiah returned in 445 BC, Sanballat was allied with the Samaritans and likely in Artaxerxes service. Sanballat opposed Nehemiah and his attempts to repair Jerusalem and organize the Jewish settlers (Nehemiah 2:10, 19: 4:7). c. He tried to lure Nehemiah out of the city to kill him, but Nehemiah saw through his treachery (Nehemiah 6:1-9). Nehemiah prayed that God would judge Sanballat for his evil. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 81 of 211
d. Sanballats daughter married into the Jewish priestly familyshe married the son of Joiada, the son of Eliashib the high priestfor which Nehemiah expelled the priest (Nehemiah 13:27-28). e. Sanballat was power hungry; he used carefully planned propaganda to intimidate and mislead Nehemiah and the Jews; and he was treacherous. Like most bullies, he backed down once he realized that he could not intimidate Nehemiah. 4. Tobiah. a. Tobiah was an Ammonite (Nehemiah 2:10, 19; 4:3) and probably a deputy of Sanballat. He allied with Sanballat to oppose the Jewish settlement (Nehemiah 4:7), and he was part of the plot to lure Nehemiah out Jerusalem in order to kill him (Nehemiah 6:1-9). b. His name means Yahweh is good. His sons name, Jehohanan, which means Yahweh is merciful (Nehemiah 6:18), indicates Jewish ties. He was related to Eliashib, the priest (Nehemiah 13:4). c. During the time Nehemiah was back in Persia (He left Jerusalem in 432 BC.), Eliashib, the priest in Jerusalem, gave Tobiah, who was an enemy of Nehemiah and his reforms, an apartment in the temple. d. When Nehemiah did return, he threw Tobiah and his belongings out (Nehemiah 13:4-8). e. Tobiah, like Sanballat and other political bullies and intriguers, realized that Nehemiah was not to be bullied, so he backed down. f. Besides treachery, intimidation, and propaganda, Tobiah also was able to infiltrate the Jewish political and religious organization where he would have done much damage had Nehemiah not returned. Key Words Used 1. Scribe, 7X (Nehemiah 8:1, 4, 9, 13; 12:26, 36; 13:13). 2. Covenant, 4X (Nehemiah 1:5; 9:8, 32; 13:29). 3. Law, 32X (Nehemiah 8:1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9; 9:3, 13, 29; 10:29; 13:3; and others. 4. Priest, priests, 44X (Nehemiah 2:16; 3:32; 12:30; 13:30; and others. 5. Weapon, 2X (Nehemiah 4:17, 23). 6. Wall, 33X (Nehemiah 1:3; 2:15; 4:1, 3, 6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 17, 19; 6:15; 7:1; 12:27; and others. 7. Prayer, Praying, Prayed, 7X (Nehemiah 1:4, 6, 11; 2:4; 4:9; 11:17; Key Doctrines 1. National survival, establishment, and security come through spiritual, political, and military courage, preparation, and strength. 2. An armed citizenry is vital to defense of ones family, city, and nation. 3. Leadershipspiritual, political, and military. 4. Worldviewbiblical and non-biblical. 5. The Word of God is essential for Gods people to do His will and live right. 6. Ezra and Nehemiah were different, yet God used each of them to get His job done. Lessons for Us Today 1. Does the Word of God direct my life over the long haul? Ezra taught the Word and the people accepted it. 2. Does my worldview come from the Bible or from the world system? 3. What kind of leaders do I want in the USA? Do I choose and support leaders who give spiritual, political, and military leadership based on the biblical worldview? Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 82 of 211
4. Do I agree that national survival, establishment, and security come through spiritual, political, and military courage, preparation, and strength? 5. An armed citizenry was necessary to maintain Nehemiahs and the Jews freedom. Does this say anything about stringent gun control laws? 6. How does my view of military, economic, social, political, and spiritual life harmonize with Nehemiah and Ezras view? 7. God uses people who have different abilities, personalities, and gifts to do His work, and that includes me. 8. Do I support those in the ministry so they can concentrate on Gods service?
Bible Walk Through Esther Briefing -Faith, Wisdom, and Action, vs. Anti-SemitismTod Kennedy October, 2004
Page 83 of 211
There is a tide in the affairs of men Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries. (William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, act 4, scene 3, lines 23942) Theme Faith, Wisdom, and Action, vs. Anti-Semitism. God will work through men and women who trust the living God (though their faith may appear to be weak and sometimes uninformed), and who live and make decisions and application based upon biblical wisdom (though they may not seem to know many details of Bible doctrine), and then act because of their faith and wisdom to overcome evil opposition. In this case God worked to preserve his people from destruction. There are questions that relate to the theme. 1. Were Esther and Mordecai wrong to remain in Persia? 2. If so, what about Nehemiah? Was Nehemiah wrong to stay in Persia and serve the king? 3. Did Esther and Mordecai prepare the way for Ezra and Nehemiah? 4. Did Esther and Mordecai set the stage for Persia to favor the Jews in Judea? 5. Were Esther and Mordecai missionaries? 6. Why is God not mentioned by name in the book? 7. Why is nothing said about the relationship of Esther and Mordecai to the Lord God of Israel? History Overview. Esther, Mordecai, Haman, Vashti, and Xerxes lived in the fifth century BC. Refer to the notes on Ezra and Nehemiah for the general history. Xerxes (r. 486-465 BC) was Persias king during the events of the book of Esther. 1. The events of Esther began in 483 BC, during the Persian Empire. The empire stretched into India, Egypt, and North Africa. It began with Cyrus in 559 BC, and ended with Alexanders defeat of Darius III at Gaugamela in 331 BC. 2. Among Persias famous fifth century battles are Thermopyle (victory, 490 BC), The Battle of Marathon (defeat, 490 BC), Salamis (defeat, 480 BC), Plataea (defeat, 479 BC), and the naval battle at Cape Mycale (defeat, 479 BC). Cape Mycale ended phase 1 of the second Persian War Persian and the Persian invasions of Greece. 3. The prophets Haggai (520 BC), Zechariah (520-518 BC), and Malachi (450-430 BC) taught and wrote Gods word during this time period. 4. Pagan religious founders lived at this time. a. Gautama Buddha (about 550-480 BC) in India. b. Confucius (551-479 BC) in China. c. Socrates (470-399 BC) in Greece 5. Recall that Artaxerxes I (r. 465-423 BC) followed his father on the throne. He was king of Persia after Esther and during Ezra and Nehemiahs service (Ezra 4:6-7). 6. The Jewish people returned to their land in three groups. This was similar to the three groups Babylon exiled (606 BC, 597 BC, and 586 BC. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 84 of 211
a. The first group returned to Judah in 536 BC. Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel led them. Cyrus was king of Persia. They completed the temple in 515 BC, during the reign of Darius I (Ezra 1-6). b. The second group returned in 458 BC. Ezra led them. Artaxerxes was king of Persia (Ezra 7-10). c. The third group returned in 444 BC. Nehemiah led them. Artaxerxes was king of Persia (Nehemiah 1-2). Author: We do not know who authored Esther. 1. The author was very familiar with the Persian court and with Persian culture. The author wrote as someone who had witnessed the events. He probably was a Jew. Ezra or Nehemiah could have written this book. It was probably written between 470 BC and 424 BC. Key Verses Esther 4:14-16. For if you remain silent at this time, relief and deliverance will arise for the Jews from another place and you and your fathers house will perish. And who knows whether you have not attained royalty for such a time as this?15 Then Esther told them to reply to Mordecai, 16 Go, assemble all the Jews who are found in Susa, and fast for me; do not eat or drink for three days, night or day. I and my maidens also will fast in the same way. And thus I will go in to the king, which is not according to the law; and if I perish, I perish. Esther 10:3. For Mordecai the Jew was second only to King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews and in favor with his many kinsmen, one who sought the good of his people and one who spoke for the welfare of his whole nation. Key People 1. Xerxes a. Xerxes (Ezra 4:6; Esther 1:1, 2, 9; 2:16; 3:1; 8:1; and others; Daniel 9:1) was the son of Darius Hystapes and king of Persia from 486-465 BC. He was Persias king during Esthers story. He succeeded his father as king of Persia in 486 BC, at his fathers death. Prior to this, Xerxes was governor of Babylon, so he had experience in leadership and administration. b. Xerxes had certain interests and priorities: he wanted to complete the royal palace at Susa (Shushan); he also wanted to enlarge and beautify the Persepolis palace; and he wanted to conquer Greece. His construction projects occupied much of his 21 year reign. c. When he came to power Egypt revolted. He had to solve that problem. In doing this, he alienated the priestly caste by suppressing the Egyptian religionnot a good move. But, he was able to bring Egypt under control. d. The next major job that he undertook was a vast military expedition to the westGreece. This was a continuation of his fathers plans. The 6 month long banquet of Esther 1:1-4 was probably to rally support for his coming Greek military expedition. He began in 481 BC. Xerxes was victorious at first, but then Greece won a series of victories that eventually sent Xerxes home. Among famous fifth century battles were Thermopyle (victory, 490 BC) and the Battle of Marathon (defeat, 490 BC)both during his fathers reign. Xerxes was king during Salamis where the Persians lost over 200 ships (defeat, 480 BC), Plataea (defeat, 479 BC), and the naval battle at Cape Mycale (defeat, 479 BC). Xerxes blamed the losses on his Egyptian and Phoenician mercenaries. They were not Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 85 of 211
about to take his blame, so they quit the war. Xerxes put General Mardonius in command and returned home. Mardonius lost a number of battles and was killed at the battle of Plataea. In 479 BC, at Mycale, the Greeks defeated the Persians and ended any hope of Xerxes for domination of Greece. e. When Xerxes returned home in 479 BC, after his military defeats, he recalled his domestic trouble with Queen Vashti. At this point he searched for a new Queen. Esther entered the harem and Xerxes chose her to be the new Queen (Esther 2:1-17). f. After Xerxes lost face due to his failed military expeditions, he gave his time to construction projects, drinking parties, chasing women of the court, and his harem. His behavior was often unpredictable. He would have fits of anger. In 465 BC, Artabanus, his vizier, murdered him and put Xerxes son, Artaxerxes I on the throne. g. We see in Xerxes instability, quest for recognition and self-glory, lack of self-discipline, a low value on human life as evidenced by his decree that allowed Haman to destroy the Jews in 474 BC, and a king who did not seem to search below the surface for causes of problems and the solutions. On the plus side he allowed Esther to present her case for the Jews and against Haman. He allowed the Jews to defend themselves in the face of the decree Haman got from him to destroy the Jews (474 BC). He also promoted Mordecai, a Jew, to Hamans position. On the whole, Xerxes was probably no worse or no better than most of the rulers of that time. 2. Haman a. Haman is the villain of the book of Esther. He was the son of Hammedatha the Agagite (Esther 3:1, 10; 8:3, 5; 9:24). 1. Josephus (Antiquities 11.209) says that Haman was descended from Agag and was an Amalakite. Haman or his father could have come to Persia as captives. a. Agag was a title for Amalekite kings; the Amalakites were enemies of Israel. Saul, against Gods command had spared Agag, king of the Amalakites, in battle when the Lord told Saul to destroy him. This sin demonstrated Sauls negative attitude toward the Lord, and as a result of this disobedience, the Lord rejected Saul as king of Israel (1 Samuel 15). 1. Against this view, an inscription by Sargon II, an Assyrian king (721-705 BC), notes that Agag was a district near Media and became part of the Persian Empire. "Thirty-four districts of Media I conquered and I added them to the domain of Assyria: I imposed upon them an annual tribute of horses. The country of Agazi (Agag).... I ravaged, I wasted, I burned." (John Urquhart, ISBE, 2003). Gleason Archer also understands Agagite to mean Haman was from this province instead of a distant relation to the Amalekite king (Survey OT, 421). 2. Haman had gained favor in Xerxes service so that the king promoted him to prime minister of his Persian kingdom (Esther 3:1). 3. Haman had such an inflated ego that when Mordecai would not bow to him (probably as a recognition of divine status), his hatred for the Jews exploded and he devised a plot to have Mordecai and all the Jews in the kingdom destroyed (Esther 3:8-15). Furthermore, if Haman was in fact descended from the Amalakites, the longstanding animosity between Amalakites and Jews would partly explain his hatred of Jews (Esther 3:4-6). 4. By Gods providence, Mordecai and Esther used Hamans own plans and actions to expose him. Xerxes ordered him hanged on the gallows that Haman had built for Mordecai (Esther 7:1-10). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 86 of 211
5. We see in Haman a man utterly controlled by quest for recognition and glory. He was vindictive to anyone who might stand in his way (Mordecai in Esthers story). Haman was actually quite cowardly as shown by his exchanges with his family and friends and when Esther revealed his plot to Xerxes. His anti-Semitism seemed to be arbitrary in that he opposed any group who might appear to hinder his quest for power and glory. As happens to most Hamans in the world, he eventually brought about his own destruction. 3. Mordecai a. Mordecai was a Jew with a job that kept him near the Persian palace in Susa during the reign of AhasuerusXerxes (Esther 2:5). He is mentioned 57 times in the book. Mordecai was Esthers cousin and guardian (Esther 2:7, 10, 11) He was in Benjamins tribe, as was King Saul. b. He advised Esther about how to act during the year long preparation of the kings potential queen (Esther 2:10-11). After she became queen and Hamans plan was known, he challenged her take action to protect the Jews (Esther 3:13-14). Mordecai has also discovered and told Esther of a plot to assassinate the king (Esther 2:21-23). We see that Mordecai was alert, loyal, careful, and one who acted in the face of trouble. c. Mordecai would not bow in worship of Haman. The text does not say, but Mordecai likely was a Jew loyal to the Lord God of Israel. In retaliation, Haman devised his plan to kill Mordecai (Esther 3:2-6; Esther 5:9). In the face of Hamans vengeance, Mordecai was steady in his support and protection of his Jewish people (Esther 4). Once Xerxes hanged Haman, he promoted Mordecai to Hamans position (Esther 8:1-2). Mordecais faithful work in Susa brought him promotion and honor. d. Mordecai, along with Queen Esther, wrote a decree that allowed the Jews to protect themselves (Esther 8:7-17), with the result that the Jews defeated those who hated them (Esther 9:1). He also ordered the annual celebration of the Jews victoryPurim. e. The last notice about Mordecai was that he was great, wise, and patriotic to his own people and to Persia (Esther 10:1-3). He combined faithand as with Esther, we do not know the personal relationship he had with the Lord God of Israelwisdom, and action for the welfare of Esther, the Jews, and the Persian people. As to why he did not return to Judah, we do not know. Was he wrong by not returning? We cannot say. Certainly the Lord put people in different places to protect the Hebrew people. Mordecai seems to have been one of these. 4. Esther a. Esther is one of the heroes of the book bearing her name. She lived during the fifth century BC. Her exploits occurred during the reign of Xerxes I (Ahasuerus), who ruled Persia from 486 to 465 BC. The name, Esther, either comes from the Persian word which means star or from the Babylonian goddess, Ishtar. She is named 55 times in the book (Esther 2:7, 8, 10, 11, and others). Her Hebrew name is Hadassah, which means myrtle. The Babylonian Talmud claims that she is one of the four most beautiful women in the world. She is the cousin of Mordecai; Mordecai became her guardian after her parents died (Esther 2:5). b. She entered the historical record at a time when Xerxes was in turmoil because of military defeats and Queen Vashtis rebellion. Xerxes looked for a queen replacement. Apparently Esther did not apply for the job, but due to her beauty and reputation she was selected to join the group of women from whom Xerxes would choose his queen (Esther 2:8). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 87 of 211
c. She, as with Joseph and Daniel, had something about her character that impressed her superiors. Probably her looks, grace, intelligence, humility, and ability made her stand out from the others (Esther 2:9, 15). She also impressed Xerxes and she was chosen as queen (Esther 2:16-17). d. Cousin Mordecai advised her throughout her year of preparation (Esther 2:10-11, 20) and later advised her to seek an audience with Xerxes because of Hamans plans (Esther 4:1314). From this we can see that she was teachable and humble. e. Once Esther decided to help her people (Esther 4:15) she planned and put the plan into action (Esther 5:4, 8). She ordered two banquets with the king and Haman as the guests. The first set up the guests, and the second exposed Haman (Esther 7:6). Not only did Esther possess outstanding character traits and physical beauty, she was a quick thinker and leader when necessary. Esthers plan to reveal Hamans plot and to save her people indicated patience, steadiness of purpose, and planning. f. With Haman out of the way, Esther told the king that Mordecai was her cousin (Esther 8:1). With the kings permission she made Mordecai the administrator of Hamans estate (Esther 8:2). Esther then appealed to the king a second time (Esther 8:3-5); this time to reverse Hamans decree. Since he could not, he told Mordecai and Esther to write up a legal decree that would get around his original decree (Esther 8:8). This decree allowed the Jews to defend themselves (Esther 8:11-12, 17). The second decree was published and carried out resulting in the Jews destroying those intent on purging Persia of Jews according to Hamans plan (Esther 9:1). g. Purim comes from the word for lot. Purim became the name of the celebration that remembered the Jews victory over the anti-Semitic enemies. The date set was Adar 14 and 15 (usually the latter part of March). Esther and Mordecai authorized this remembrance (Esther 9:20-22, 26-29). h. Esther, then, was a young Jewish woman of wonderful character, intelligence, beauty, and initiative. She understood submission to authority and then how to use authority when she was in a position to do so. She was teachable and also a leader. We wonder why she kept her Jewish heritage secret at first. There is probably more beneath the surface that we do not understand. Possibly her action anticipated There is a tide in the affairs of men Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune (William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar). She waited to take the right action at the right time. If this is true, she was a woman of faith, wisdom, and action. If she hid her identity out of fear; if she failed to speak of the Lord because he was not a personal part of her life; then we still have a picture of a woman with faith (thought not a personal relationship with the Lord), wisdom, and action. Either way, she demonstrated intelligence and courage. Key Words Used 1. Pur, 3X (Esther 3:7; 9:21, 26). Pur is the word for a lot which is thrown to determine a decision (often from the gods of the day). To cast a lot today would be like throwing a coin to see if heads or tails would show or like throwing dice. 2. Purim, 5X (Esther 9:26, 28, 29, 31, 32). Purim comes from the word lot which was the way Haman chose the day for his purge of the Jews. The lot chose Adar 13, in 2004. Purim is the celebration remembering Gods deliverance of the Jews from Hamans intended massacre. Purim is on Adar 14 (usually March 7). Adar is the sixth month of the religious calendar (February-March) and the twelfth month of the civil calendar. Shushan Purim was set on Adar 15 because Shushan was a walled city and their deliverance was not completed until the 15th. On Purim the Jews have parties. They send food and drink gifts to friends and give gifts Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 88 of 211
to charities. They read the book of Esther and each time Hamans name is read they hiss, boo, stamp their feet, and use noise makers. So, Purim is a happy celebration in remembrance of Gods deliverance from Hamans pogrom. 3. Defend, 2X (Esther 8:11 and 9:16). 4. Decree, 8X (Esther 2:1, 8; 3:9, 15; 4:3; 8:8, 14, 17). 5. Jew or Jews, 52X (Esther 2:5; 3:13; 4:16; 8:13; 9:25; 10:3). Overview Outline 1. Xerxes replaces Vashti with Esther (Esther 1-2). 2. Haman plots against the Jews because of pride and anti-Semitism (Esther 3-4). 3. Esther bravely intercedes for her people (Esther 5-7). 4. The Jews defend themselves (Esther 8-10). Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1: Replace Queen Vashti 2. Chapter 2: Esther chosen; Mordecai reveals a plot 3. Chapter 3: Decree: Kill the Jews 4. Chapter 4: Mordecai asks Esther to help 5. Chapter 5: Esther invites Xerxes and Haman 6. Chapter 6: Xerxes honors Mordecai, not Haman 7. Chapter 7: Esthers banquet; Haman hanged 8. Chapter 8: Counter decree: Jews can defend themselves 9. Chapter 9: Jews kill enemies; Purim 10. Chapter 10: Greatness of Mordecai Trace the Theme: Faith, Wisdom, and Action, vs. Anti-Semitism. 1. In chapter 1, the story begins with Xerxes, in 483 BC, giving a six month banquet. At the end he ordered Queen Vashti to show off her beauty. She refused. Memucan advised that she be replaced. At this point Xerxes went on his Greek military expeditions. Both Xerxes and Vashti are upset (Esther 1). 2. In chapter 2 Xerxes returned from defeat at the hands of the Greeks in 479 BC. He began a search for a new queen. Mordecai advised Esther to conceal the fact that she was a Jew. She would later reveal this to the king. Was this wise waiting for the right time? Probably. Later on, Mordecai uncovered and a plot against the king and saved the kings life. Mordecai did not benefit at the time. He was patriotic and humble. He just did what he should have done (Esther 2). 3. In chapter 3 Haman wanted Mordecai to bow before him. Mordecai would not, possibly because Haman wanted god-like recognition. This of course made Haman furious. Haman plotted to kill Mordecai and all the Jew in the Persian kingdom. Power lust and ego drive Haman (Esther 3). 4. In chapter 4, Mordecai mourned at the death decree against his people, but he stayed cool. He informed Queen Esther and challenged her that God may have been made her queen in order to preserve her peopleto stop anti-Semitism against the exiles. Mordacais faith, wisdom, and action show themselves. Esther answered in effect lets rollI will lead the action (Esther 4). 5. In chapter 5 Esther approached the king to plead for the Hebrews. But, she wisely did not say what was on her mind. She knew, but patiently played out her plan. She acted courageously; Xerxes could have had her killed for coming without invitation. She invited Xerxes and Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 89 of 211
Haman to a banquet. At that first banquet requested that the king and Haman would attend another banquet the next day. She did not betray her plan. She was patient, humble, honest, and direct. Haman took her bait (Esther 5). 6. In chapter 6 the king had insomnia. He asked for reading materialchronicles of palace activities. Here God worked Mordecai and Esthers faith, wisdom, and action together for good. Mordecai was honored with honor Haman expected (Esther 6). 7. In chapter 7 Esther opens up. She exposes Haman; Haman exposes himself. The king hangs Haman on the gallows built for Mordecai. God worked. Who could have guessed it (Esther 7)? 8. In chapter 8 Mordecai is honored for his patriotism, for his faith that God would do something, for his wisdom through out, and for his active role in exposing Haman and helping Esther. Esther was also honored. She took another courageous step. She asked that Hamans decree be revoked, knowing that her request for impossible. But Xerxes did something for her and her people. He had Esther and Mordecai write up another decree they could word it how they wanted. This shows his trust and respect for Mordecai and Esther. The Jews could defend themselves (Esther 8). 9. In chapter 9 the plans of Esther and Mordecai brought victory for the Jews in Persia. Those who hated the Jews feared. The Jews took courage. They killed 75,000 anti-Semites but did not take anothers property. The Jews celebrated with a feast called Purim. Mordecai again showed his wisdom by making the Purim celebration an annual festival to recall their deliverance from the Persians (Esther 9). 10. In chapter 10 Mordecai was recognized as second only to the king in the Persian kingdom. The Jews, too, honored him as wise and good for them. Should Mordecai and Esther have returned to Judea? Maybe so, but God used them to work protection and blessing for the exiles in Persia. And not only that, Xerxes and others learned the greatness of Israels God (Esther10). Key Doctrines 1. God works through people to preserve Israelites outside of their land. God will always have Jewish people alive on earth. 2. Readiness, timing, wisdom, and patience, combine with enthusiasm, energy, and action to accomplish the right purpose in the right way at the right time. 3. A person trusting God, gaining and using biblical wisdom, and acting in keeping with faith and biblical wisdom will honor the Lord, preserve and benefit people, and may bring proper honor to himself. 4. One can follow the Lord and still be a patriot of ones country. In fact, spiritual patriotism and national patriotism work together. Lessons for Us Today 1. Am I good for my countryan informed and believing believer who understands Gods word and therefore possess biblical wisdom and then acts based upon my faith and biblical wisdom? 2. Am I prepared, ready, and willing to risk my personal life and reputation to do what is biblically right in the life of the United States of America. 3. Do I know when to keep silent and when to speak; when to patiently wait and when to act; and how to act when the opportunity arises?
Bible Walk Through
Page 90 of 211
4. Can I handle unjust criticism, personal attacks, and politically correct adversaries and at the same time continue to trust God, gain Gods word, and serve him? 5. Can I handle honor, praise, and fame; and, can I handle wealth and power?
Bible Walk Through
Page 91 of 211
Job Briefing Undeserved Suffering and Free Will in the Angelic Conflict Tod Kennedy November, 2004 There was a man in the land of Uz whose name was Job; and that man was blameless, upright, fearing God and turning away from evil. Job 1:1 Introduction: suffering without knowing why, the angelic conflict, and 1 Peter 5 Theme Undeserved Suffering and Free Will in the Angelic ConflictSovereignty, Suffering, Repentance, Restoration. A believer may not know why everything is going wrong. Sometimes, as with Job, God allows Satan or Satans ministers to bring suffering into a believers life, but in these cases God is in control and has a reason. Satan wants to discourage the believers faith while God is demonstrating His own goodness and mankinds free will and faith. Furthermore, other peoplewhether family, friends, believers, or unbelieversmay view the sufferer through self-righteous and know-it-all eyes and give bad advice instead of mercy, prayer support, and encouragement. When this kind of suffering and testing come, the believer needs to trust God, Gods wisdom, and Gods plan. God is just, gracious, and compassionate. He will work all the things together for good for the believer. History Overview. The book of Job is poetic wisdom literature. Job lived many years ago, likely during Abrahams era. The book was probably written soon after the events. 1. Location: Uz is mentioned in Job 1:1; Jeremiah 25:20; and Lamentations 4:21. It is SE of the Dead Sea, adjacent to Edom in North Arabia. According to Gleason Archer (ASOTI 454), Job was from North Arabia and the book has an Arabic setting. 2. Job was a real person who lived at a specific time in Middle East history. Both Ezekiel and James accept Job as a real person (Ezekiel 14:14, 20; James 5:11). 3. Job was his familys priest (Job 1:5), just like Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The patriarchal family clan was the basic family unit. 4. Job counted his wealth in livestock (Job 1:3), which was similar to Abrahams time. 5. Job lived 142 years after he was restored (Job 42:16). This length of life fits with the patriarchal age. 6. The divine name Shaddai (Almighty) is used 31 times. This, too, is similar to Abrahams time (Exodus 6:3). It is used only 10 times in post-patriarchal Old Testament books. 7. The book seems to be unaware of the Mosaic Law. At the least, it has no clear references to that law. Author: We do not know who authored Job. 1. The book was written soon after the events or by someone familiar with the history and culture of Jobs life and times. 2. Moses may have written the record of Jobs suffering. This is the view of the. 3. Others suggest that the book was written in Solomons time; and a few favor Manassehs time, Jeremiahs time, or later.
Bible Walk Through
Page 92 of 211
Key Verses Job 13:15 Though He slay me, I will hope in Him. Nevertheless I will argue my ways before Him. Job 37:23-24 The Almightywe cannot find Him; He is exalted in power And He will not do violence to justice and abundant righteousness. 24 Therefore men fear Him; He does not regard any who are wise of heart. Job 42:5-6, I have heard of You by the hearing of the ear; but now my eye sees You; therefore I retract, and I repent in dust and ashes. Key People and Satan 1. Satan (Genesis 3:1-7; Job 1:6-12; 2:1-7; Isaiah 14:12-14; Ezekiel 28:11-19; Matthew 4:1-11: Matthew 25:41; John 8:44; 12:31; John 16:11; John 17:15; 2 Corinthians 4:4; Ephesians 6:10-20; 2 Thessalonians 2:9; 1 Peter 5:8-11; Jude 9; Revelation 20; and others). Satan was Gods highest creation. He is an angel who rebelled against God and therefore condemned with those angels who followed him to the lake of fire. Satan is he temporary ruler of this present world system. As rebel and temporary ruler he accuses believers before God, blinds the minds of unbelievers, instigates and dominates the present non-biblical worldview, heads up his demon organization, and seeks to destroy the spiritual life of believers. 2. Job. Job lived in the patriarchal times, somewhere east of the Jordan River, probably in the area around Edom. He was a real person. Job was wealthy and righteous. Satan claimed that Job followed God because God had prospered him. God allowed Satan to remove everything from Job but his life. Job suffered undeservedly. Three friends gave him advice as to why he was suffering. They concluded that he had sinned. Elihu, a younger man gave better advice: God is just and wise; Job was wrong to critically question God. After the men had their say, God taught Job through rhetorical questions about creation, life, wisdom, righteousness, and sovereignty. In the end, Job recognized that he had spoken without understanding; he retracted and repented. God restored Jobs fortunes. 3. Eliphaz. Eliphaz is the first of Jobs acquaintances to speak (Job 4, 5, 15, 22). He concludes that Job has sinned and God is disciplining him. 4. Bibdad. Bildad is the second acquaintance to speak (Job 8, 18, 25). He concludes that Job that God does not pervert justice; Job is wrong to question his plight; Job has sinned. 5. Zophar. Zophar is the third to speak against Job (Job 11, 20). He concludes that God recognizes false men, and their triumph is short; Job is obviously guilty of sin. 6. Elihu. Elihu is the final advisor to speak (Job 32-37). He is younger than the three advisors and Job. He waited until the others had exhausted their arguments. Elihus message is much closer to the truth: God is greater than man; he is always just; Job should consider Gods creation and listen to God. Key Words and Phrases Used 1. Sons of God (Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7), refers to angels. 2. Wisdom, 21X (e.g. Job 4:21; 11:6; 26:3; 28:18, 28; 38:36). 3. Fear of God (Job 4:6), Fear of the Almighty (Job 6:14), and fear of the Lord (Job 28:28). 4. Worthless physicians (Job 13:4) 5. Proverbs of ashes (Job 13:12) Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 6. Windy knowledge (Job 15:2) 7. Sorry comforters (Job 16:2)
Page 93 of 211
Overview Outline of Job 1. Jobs status, Satans accusation, Gods verdict, and the test (Job 1-3). 2. Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar argue with Job. They say all suffering, including Jobs, is because Job sinned (Job 4-31). 3. Elihu speaks to Job. He says that God is infinitely greater in all ways than man. God is right in whatever He does (Job 32-37). 4. God then speaks to Job; Job finally understands that God is indeed just and infinite; after that God restores Job to temporal prosperity (Job 38-42). Job Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1: Satan: Does Job fear God for nothing? (Job 1:9) 2. Chapter 2: Satan: Skin for skin; Lord: only spare his life. (Job 2:4,6) 3. Chapter 3: Job cursed his birth. (Job 3:1) 4. Chapter 4: Eliphaz: Now it has come to you. (Job 4:5) 5. Chapter 5: Eliphaz: Dont despise Gods reproof. (Job 5:17) 6. Chapter 6: Job: How have I erred? (Job 6:24) 7. Chapter 7: Job: Have I sinned? (Job 7:20) 8. Chapter 8: Bildad: If you are upright. (Job 8:6) 9. Chapter 9: Job: God is not a man. (Job 9:32) 10. Chapter 10: Job: Let me know why. (Job 10:2) 11. Chapter 11: Zophar: God knows false men. (Job 11:11) 12. Chapter 12: Job: Lord has done this. (Job 12:9) 13. Chapter 13: Job: You are worthless physicians. (Job 13:4) 14. Chapter 14: Job: Man is short-lived. (Job 14:1) 15. Chapter 15: Eliphaz: Your mouth condemns you. (Job 15:6) 16. Chapter 16: Job: You are sorry comforters. (Job 16:1) 17. Chapter 17: Job: The grave is ready for me. (Job 17:1) 18. Chapter 18: Bildad: You hunt for words. (Job 18:2) 19. Chapter 19: Job: God has struck me. (Job 19:21) 20. Chapter 20: Zophar: Triumph of the wicked is short. (Job 20:5) 21. Chapter 21: Job: The wicked live on. (Job 21:7) 22. Chapter 22: Eliphaz: Your great wickedness. (Job 22:5) 23. Chapter 23: Job: When He has tried megold. (Job 23:10) 24. Chapter 24: Job: God ignores folly. (Job 24:12) 25. Chapter 25: Bildad: How can man be just with God? (Job 25:4) 26. Chapter 26: Job: These are the fringes of His ways. (Job 26:14) 27. Chapter 27: Job: My integrityyou act foolishly. (Job 27:5,12) 28. Chapter 28: Job: Where is wisdom and understanding? (Job 28:12,28) 29. Chapter 29: Job: As in months gone by. (Job 29:2) 30. Chapter 30: Job: Taunt and byword, dust and ashes. (Job 30:9,19) 31. Chapter 31: Job: If I have..., then let him weigh me. (Job 31:5-6) 32. Chapter 32: Elihu: Elihus anger burned. (Job 32:2-3) 33. Chapter 33: Elihu: God is greater than man. (Job 33:12) 34. Chapter 34: Elihu: God will not act wickedly or pervert justice. (Job 34:12) 35. Chapter 35: Elihu: The case is before God. (Job 35:14) Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 94 of 211
36. Chapter 36: Elihu: More to be said in Gods behalf. (Job 36:2) 37. Chapter 37: Elihu: Consider the wonders of God. (Job 37:14) 38. Chapter 38: Lord: I will ask you, and you instruct Me! (Job 38:3) 39. Chapter 39: Lord: Do you know? (Job 39:1) 40. Chapter 40: Lord: Gird up and instruct me. (Job 40:7) 41. Chapter 41: Lord: What about Leviathan? (Job 41:1) 42. Chapter 42: Job: I repent and retract. (Job 42:6) Lord restored fortunes. Trace the Theme: Undeserved Suffering and Free Will in the Angelic ConflictSovereignty, Suffering, Repentance, Restoration 1. The events begin in chapter 1 with Satan challenging God that Job only follows Him because of what God gives him. 2. The events then move to earth where Satan causes Jobs world to fall apart (Job 1) and then attacks Jobs health (Job 2). God allows Satan to test Job, and Job through his free will eventually demonstrates to Satan that he accepts and trusts God in spite of all his undeserved suffering. The entire story of Job is meaningless to God, to Satan, to Job, to Jobs acquaintances, and to the world if Job and mankind do not have free will. 3. Job has three acquaintances. Eliphaz (Job 4, 5, 15, 22); Bildad (Job 8, 18, 25); and Zophar (Job 11, 20) give him lots of adviceessentially their conclusion is that Job suffers because he has sinned. 4. The last acquaintance to speak is younger Elihu (32-37), who more accurately advises Job. 5. After Job has responded to all these men, God steps in and through a series of questions demonstrates that only He is trustworthy, holy, all powerful, and sovereign (Job 38-41). 6. Job gets the point. He repents of his his faltering faith and criticism of God (Job 42). 7. The book ends with God disciplining the advisors and blessing Job. 8. Satan has seen, much to his dislike, that Job and mankind can and will choose to believe God and submit to God from their individual free will. Key Doctrines 1. Angelic conflict (Job 1:1-2; Ephesians 3:10; 6:10-20: 1 Peter 5:8-9). 2. Free-will (Job 1-3; 42; Deuteronomy 30:15-20; Jonah; Matthew 4:5; 23:37; John 7:17; Acts 17:29-31; James 4:7-17; Revelation 22:7, 17). 3. Undeserved suffering (Job; 2 Corinthians 1:3-11; 1 Peter 4:12-19; James 1:2-12). 4. Gods character or divine attributes (Exodus 3:5-7; Deuteronomy 32:1-4; Hebrews 13:8; 1 John 1:5; 4:8). 5. Self-righteous friends (Job). 6. Gods faithfulness (Deuteronomy 7:9; Psalm 119:89-90; 1 Corinthians 1:9; 10:13; Hebrews 10:23; 1 John 1:9). Lessons for Us Today 1. How do I think about God while I suffer and do not know the exact reason why? 2. When I am suffering or under great pressure, am I confident in Gods characterthat God is my comforter, strengthener, and restorer? 3. Do I give quick and unsympathetic answers to people who are suffering; do I criticize and judge them; or am I available to encourage, support, and pray for them without interfering? 4. What is my part in the angelic conflict? 5. Am I thankful for my free-will and do I seek to make right choices? Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through Psalms Bible Walk Sepher Tehillim Book of Praises Israel praises, prays to, and ponders God, Or, Man responds to God and His work Tod Kennedy December, 2004 and January, 2005
Page 95 of 211
Psalm 150:6. Let everything that has breath praise the Lord. Praise the Lord! Theme Israel praises, prays to, and ponders God. 1. The Psalms were Israels God-inspired temple hymnal and poetry book. They were religious lyric poetry. Lyric poetry employed images, symbols, figures of speech, and emotional language that expressed the authors deep feelings. Furthermore, the word pictures used help the reader to experience the same feelings that the author had (e.g. Psalm 22; 23; 32; 42; 46; 91; 121). 2. The Psalms reveal on the one hand Gods character, His lovingkindness, His plan for history, and His acts in history; and on the other hand they reveal Israels loyalty, faith, emotion, worries, sins, confessions, and pleas directed to the Lord God, the creator of heaven and earth. 3. The Psalms represent the experiences of Israels struggles to survive and prosper as Gods people and her struggles to witness to God and to Gods redemption. She was an agricultural nation, a military nation, and the priest nation. Her history was laden with wars to conquer her land and to preserve her freedom, her land, and her spiritual heritage. She often failed, and sometimes succeeded. The Psalms reflect this. 4. Israel wrote, recited, and sang of Gods past deliverances and blessings, of Gods word as her source of comfort, strength, and guidance, and of her future. This psalm writing, singing, and reciting was a part of the day to day life of the Hebrew people. The Bible records Moses psalm of praise in Exodus 15. Deborah praised God with a psalm about the defeat and death of Commander Sisera of the Canaanite forces (Judges 5). Hannah praises God for her son Samuel. Mary did the same, in Luke 1:46-55, about the coming birth of the Savior. Overview Outline of the Psalms 1. Book 1: Psalms 1-41 ends with Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel (Psalm 41:13). 2. Book 2: Psalms 42-72 ends with Blessed be the Lord God, the God of Israel (Psalm 72:18). 3. Book 3: Psalms 73-89 ends with Blessed be the Lord forever (Psalm 89:52). 4. Book 4: Psalms 90-106 ends with Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel (Psalm 106:48). 5. Book 5: Psalms 107-150 Praise the Lord (Psalm 150:6). History and Organization The 150 different Psalms were written over approximately 1000 years. Moses lived from 1520 to 1440; he wrote Psalm 90. The last Psalms were likely written and collected during the Ezra and Nehemiah era (400s BC). Psalms is in the third section of the Hebrew OT, the writings. The history and organization is technical, but demonstrates that the Hebrews took their hymn book seriously and used it often.
Bible Walk Through
Page 96 of 211
1. The name Psalms comes from Codex Vaticanus, a fifth century copy of the Greek translation of the OT. The Hebrew word is mizmor, ( )which indicates lyrics accompanied by stringed instruments. It is found in 57 Psalm titles (e.g. Psalm 30; 31; 75). 2. The Psalter was formed over a period of a thousand years through gradual stages. One can see principles of arrangement throughout the Psalter: same author, similar or contrasting life situations, words and phrases linking psalms. a. Individual authors, (Moses (90) and David (105), wrote poems. Some were then used in the worship by Israel. First Chronicles 16:4 indicate that Levites in Davids time prepared psalms for worship services. b. Next, there would have been some type of collection in groups and these were included in the books that we now have. Psalm 72:20 indicates an older collection of Davids prayers. Second Chronicles 29:30 suggest that Hezekiah had two collections of poems for singing. The Qumran scrolls have the same five book division as our present Hebrew text. c. These smaller collections were likely arranged into the books that we now have. d. An editor apparently arranged the books in the present order. Psalms 1 and 2 are fitting beginning to the Psalter and Psalms 145-150 are the grand finale to the Psalter. 3. The Psalms have been organized into five books. Each book ends with a doxology, Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel or a slight variation of that. Psalm 150 then is the doxology for the entire Psalter. a. Book 1: Psalms 1-41 ends with Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel (Psalm 41:13). b. Book 2: Psalms 42-72 ends with Blessed be the Lord God, the God of Israel (Psalm 72:18). c. Book 3: Psalms 73-89 ends with Blessed be the Lord forever (Psalm 89:52). d. Book 4: Psalms 90-106 ends with Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel (Psalm 106:48). e. Book 5: Psalms 107-150 Praise the Lord (Psalm 150:6). 4. The headings of the individual chapters are part of the Hebrew text and as such are inspired and accurate (e.g. 23, 49, 72, 90, 92, 100, 102, 120-134, 145). Fourteen Psalm titles refer to some historical event. Some of the historical references are clear and some are not so clear as to the specific event or events referred to. a. Psalm 3 has Absaloms rebellion against David recorded in 2 Samuel 15-18 as the history. b. Psalm 7 possibly goes back to 1 Samuel 23:24-29 where Saul was chasing David in the wilderness of Maon, but Saul had to turn back because the Philistines raided his own land. c. Psalm 18 is almost the same as 2 Samuel 22. David sings to the Lord because God delivered him from Saul. d. Psalm 34 goes with 1 Samuel 21:10-22:2. David escaped from Gath and went to the cave of Adullam. e. Psalm 51 is Davids prayer of confession after he admits his sin with Bathsheba to Nathan recorded in 2 Samuel 11-12. f. Psalm 52 has its history in 1 Samuel 22.9. Doeg told Saul that David went to Ahimelech, the priest. g. Psalm 54 goes with 1 Samuel 23:15-23. David was in Ziph and the Ziphites tried to surrender him to Saul, but failed. h. Psalm 56 has its history in 1 Samuel 21:10-15 where David went to Gath and acted like a madman. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 97 of 211
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
i. Psalm 57, like Psalm 142, likely refers to 1 Samuel 22 and 1 Samuel 24. David hides in a cave at Adullam and En Gedi. j. Psalm 59 has 1 Samuel 19:11-17 in mind. Michal helped David escape from Saul. k. Psalm 60 finds its history in 1 Chronicles 18:9-12 and 2 Samuel 8:8, and 13. David defeated Hadadezer of Zobah, the Arameans, and the Edomites. l. Psalm 63 may have its background in 2 Samuel 8:13 (Davids battles with the Arameans), 2 Samuel 15:23 (Absalom rebellion), or 1 Samuel 22 and 23 (Davids troubles while Saul pursued him). m. Psalm 30 may have it background when David wrongly numbered the people, then bought the threshing floor from Ornan the Jebusite and built an altar to the Lord on it as recorded in 1 Chronicles 21 and 22. n. Psalm 142, like Psalm 57, likely refers to 1 Samuel 22 and 1 Samuel 24. David hides in a cave at Adullam and En Gedi. The Psalms have technical names that identify the kind of psalm or that refer to some event or use of the psalm. a. Psalm (mizmor), 57 psalms, is a song accompanied by the plucking of the strings of an instrument. b. Song (shir), 12 psalms, means a song. c. Maskil, 13 psalms, is a contemplative poem. d. Miktam is in the heading of six psalms. The original meaning is unknown, but it was later known as an epigram, an inscribed poem, or a poem with pithy sayings. e. Prayers (tepillah), is used for five psalms and Habakkuk 3. f. Praise (tehillah) heads Psalm 145. g. A song of Ascents (Psalm 120-134) likely were psalms sung or used when Israel went up to Jerusalem for her festivals (Exodus 23:17; Psalm 42:4; Isaiah 30:29). These could be classified with the thanksgiving, praise, declaration psalms. The numbering of the Psalms varies a little, with the Greek and the Vulgate slightly different from the Hebrew. The English translations that depend more on the Greek and Latin differ from the English translations that depend on the Hebrew text. For example, Psalm 131 in the Greek text is Psalm 132 in the Hebrew and English. The verse numbers also differ between the Greek and the Hebrew texts because the Hebrew superscriptions or titles are not numbered in the Greek and English versions, and therefore the Hebrew verse numbers will often be one or more numbers higher than the English or Greek. The Psalms have at least three text typesMassoretic Hebrew, Septuagint Greek which is inferior to the Hebrew, and a text type found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (11QPsa ), also inferior. a. The Massoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text; it is the best text. This is the text of the standard published Hebrew Bible. b. The Septuagint text is the Greek text. This is inferior to the Hebrew text. It became the basis for two of Jeromes translations-revisions of the Old Latin Psalter. The Latin Vulgate also follows the Greek text. c. The Dead Sea Scrolls is the third major text type and demonstrates the accuracy of the MT. The Psalm headings (superscriptions) have notes that indicate author, music, director, and instruments. a. Ninety Psalms name their author, while 60 Psalms are anonymous. i. Moses wrote Psalm 90.
Bible Walk Through
Page 98 of 211
ii. David wrote 73 Psalms, mainly in Books I and II. iii. Asaph wrote 12 Psalms: Psalm 50 and 73-83. iv. Heman the Ezrahite wrote Psalm 88 v. Ethan the Ezrahite wrote Psalm 89. vi. Solomon wrote Psalm 72 and 127. b. Many of the Psalms have beginning notes to indicate the director or performer. i. For the choir director in 55 Psalms (e.g. 4, 5, 6, 20, 22). ii. For the sons of Korah were likely the musical performers (42, 44-49, 84, 87-88). iii. Jeduthun, who was one of Davids music directors in 1 Chronicles 16.41 (39, 62, 77). iv. Alamoth possibly means maidens or a song sung by female voices (46). c. Some Psalms have beginning notes about the instruments. I have listed important ones. i. Stringed instruments or instrument (4, 6, 54-55, 67, 76). ii. Eight stringed lute, lyre, harp (6, 12). iii. Flute (5). iv. Gittith may mean wine song or an instrument from Gath (8, 81, 84). d. Melody indicators are also placed in the superscription or heading and indicate to the tune of. i. To the lily or lilies, shoshannim (45, 60. 69. 80). ii. To the doe of the morning, Aijeleth Hashshahar (22). iii. To the silent dove of the distances, Jonath elem rehokim (56). iv. Do not destroy, Al-tashheth, (57-59, 75). v. The meanings of the tunes of 9, 53, and 88 are disputed. Psalm 9, Muth-labben means the death of the son. vi. One exception is Selah, which is found 71 times in the Psalms, but not in the heading. It may be a pause to tell the worshippers to lift up their voices. It was an editorial addition. 10. The Psalms were written with meter (rhythm) and parallelism. The meter has not been determined with any confidence. Most scholars simply count the accented words or groups of words to arrive at a meter. Parallelism in the Psalms is parallelism of expression or ideas. Most parallelism refers to ideas within a verse. There are a number of kinds of parallelism. a. Synonymous parallelism. The two consecutive lines are very close in thought or a term. Examples include 1:2, 3:1, 7:17, 22:18, and 105:23. b. Antithetical parallelism. The two consecutive lines contrast thought. Examples include 1:6 and 90:6. c. Emblematic parallelism. One line is a truth and the other line pictures the truth or gives an emblem clarifying the truth. Examples include 1:3, 23:1, 42:1, and 103:13. d. Synthetic parallelism. Here the second line develops or expands the first line. Examples include 1.1 and 95:3 e. Climactic parallelism. The first line makes a statement and the second line repeats the statement and completes the thought. Psalm 29:1 and 96:7 are examples. f. Alphabetic or acrostic Psalms. In these psalms each line begins with a letter of the alphabet in order from aleph (the first Hebrew letter) to tav (the last Hebrew letter). Psalm 119 has each section divided according to letter. For example, 119:1-8 is the aleph section and each line begins with aleph. There are 22 sections corresponding to the 22 letters (sin and shin count as the same letter, so 22 sections, not 23) of the Hebrew alphabet. This alphabetizing aids in memory. The acrostic psalms are 9-10 (taken together), 25, 34, 37, 111, 112, 119, and 145. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 99 of 211
11. There are different categories of psalms based upon their themes. The Chronicler wrote that David appointed some Levites to minister before the ark of the Lord, to celebrate and to thank and praise the Lord God of Israel (1 Chronicles 16:4). There are also different kinds of Psalms. The classification varies with different scholars. This is a simplified classification. As a note of caution regarding what are called messianic psalms, we must be careful not to read into a psalm more than the author understood or meant. The NT author under inspiration used psalms for his purpose, but this use was often different than the original author understood. a. Imprecatory psalm in which the author asks God (not man) to judge sin, condemn the wicked, and show his righteousness (e.g. 7, 35, 55, 58, 59, 69, 79, 109, 137, 139). b. Lament psalms, individual and national, in which a person or the nation asks God for help during a failure, testing, or disaster (e.g. 3, 12, 13, 44, 85). c. Messianic psalms, in which the psalmist speaks in some way of the coming messiah (110). Messianic predictions are based in the hoped for ideal Davidic king. Some refer to the historical scene at the time of writing but apparently also have a clouded reference to the coming messiah. These do have historical reality, but the Messiah is the one through whom the ideal Davidic ruler is completely realized (2, 22, 45, 72, 69, 132). d. Penitential psalms, in which one confesses sin to God and desires forgiveness and blessing (e.g. 6, 32, 51). e. Royal psalms proclaim God the king (e.g. 2, 72, 93, 97, 99, 132). f. Thanksgiving, praise, and declaration psalms (e.g. 19, 92, 103-106, 112, 113, 135, 136, 145-150). Key Words and Phrases There are many. I have selected some. 1. Anoint, anointed. = messiah. 12x. Noun mashiyach 10x, 2:2; 18:50; 20:6; 28:8; 84:9; 89:38; 89:51; 105:15; 132:10, 17. Verb mashach 2x, 45:7; 89:20. Psalm 23:5 is a different word. 2. Bless, blessed, blessing(s), 108x. 1:1; 5:12; 32:1 3. Enemy, 75x. 3:7; 23:5; 83:2; 92:9; 143:9. 4. Gods Power, 21x. 21:3; 54:1; 59:11; 62:11; 63:2; 78:26; 106:8; 145:6, 11. 5. Heart, 130x. 4:4, 7; 13:5; 14:1; 19:8; 40:8; 73:26; 111:1; 139:23. 6. Israel 62x. 14:7; 68:35; 78; 81; 98:3; 103:7; 105; 114:1-2; 135; 147. 7. King, 68x. 2:6; 5:2; 10:16; 47:7; 74:12; 145:1 8. Praise, 166x. 7:17; 9:11; 48:1; 69:34; 89:5; 113:1, 3; 148:13; 150:6 halelu yah 9. Prayer, 28x. 17:1; 54:2; 66:19; 102:17. Pray, 4x. 5:3; 32:6; 122:6. 10. Righteous, 66x. 7:11; 11:7; 19:9; 32:11; 68:3; 119:137; 148:8. 11. Salvation, 61x. Noun yeshu`ah Strongs 3444. 3:8; 9:14; 118:2. Noun Yesha` Strong 3468, 27:1; 51:12; 79:9; 95:1. Noun teshu`ah Strong 8668, 146:3. 12. Thanks, 52x. 9:1; 52:9; 100:4. 13. Trust, 47x. Verb batach Strong 982, 4:5; 9:10; 37:5; 44:6; 56:11; 115:11; 146:3. Noun mibtach Strong 4009, 40:4. 14. Word, 87x. 12:6; 33:6; 56:4; 119:11; 119:50; 138:2. Also law 35x, testimony 31x, precepts 24x, commandment 41x, and judgments 29x as in Psalm 19. 15. Worship, 14x in NASB; 17x by Hebrew word chavah in the eshtaphal stem, to bow down, to prostrate oneself, to worship. Strongs 7812 says from shachah. New research based on the Ugaritic language has corrected this. 5:7; 22:27; 29:2; 66:4; 72:11; 99:5, 9. Psalm 2:11 has `bad, to serve. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through Key Doctrines with example Scripture 1. War against God and Gods people, 2; 59 2. Dispensation of Israel, 78; 114 3. Divine attributes, 19, 33, 139, and 145 4. Encouragement, 13, 23, and 31 5. Faith and rest, 37, 91 6. Fellowship with God, 27, 34, 40, 42, 7. Forgiveness, 32, 38, 86, and 51 8. Gods faithfulness, 23, 91 9. Gods word, 19 and 119 10. Messiah, 110 11. Praise, 145-150 12. Suffering, 22, 86 13. Worship, 66, 99
Page 100 of 211
Lessons for Us Today 1. God is the creator, sustainer, and redeemer. He alone is unique. We ought to listen to God, believe him, praise him, worship him, and serve him. Psalm 115 2. God is trustworthy and faithful to his word and to his people. We ought to trust him and obey him. Psalm 91 3. Gods word is the truth. It is the ultimate source of knowledge about God, man, sin, salvation, righteousness, blessing, and the futureabout whatever is important. We ought to study it, meditate in it, and delight in it. Psalm 119 4. Mankind sins. Sin has consequencesdirectly from God or simply from bad choicesand God forgives. God disciplines his people to correct and to bless them, and to honor himself. God also freely forgives sin. The psalms give case histories of sin, consequences of sin, confession of sin, and forgiveness. We ought to listen to the psalms and experience the forgiveness, blessing, comfort, refreshment. Psalm 51 5. God has created, chosen, blessed, and covenanted with Israel that they are his people and they have a wonderful future through the Messiah. God will bless and rule the world through Israel. We ought to bless Israel and pray for her restoration. Psalm 78 6. The world is at war with God and with Gods people, Israel and the Church. Satan leads his forces against God, Israel, Jesus Christ, and the Church. The angelic conflict plays out through Gods will verses mans will, sin verses righteousness, grace verses works, Israel verses anti-semitism, Gods Word and the biblical worldview verses human viewpoint or the non-biblical worldview. The psalms clearly depict this constant warfare with the pitfalls, defeats, sources of strength and encouragement, and the short term and long terms victories. We ought to be informed, prepared, and fight with Gods power and Gods weapons. Psalm 2 7. The psalmist desires and seeks Fellowship with God. We find this scattered throughout the Psalms. It is especially noted when sin has interrupted fellowship with God, when adversity has struck and the psalmist longs for Gods fellowship or presence, and when the psalmist is especially aware of Gods greatness. We also ought to desire close fellowship with God every day of our livesto live as friends of God. Psalm 42
Bible Walk Through
Page 101 of 211 Proverbs Briefing Theme: Gods wisdom for living in Gods world Tod Kennedy, April 24, 2005
Proverbs 1:7, The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge; Fools despise wisdom and instruction. Theme of Proverbs: Gods wisdom for living in Gods world 1. Think of someone who has seen and experienced much in his lifegodly people and ungodly people, hard workers and lazy people, those who think and plan ahead and those who have no motivation and initiative, poverty and wealth, fame and dishonor, failure, success, discouragement, those who listen, think, and learn, and those who care nothing about learning, and everything in between. The OT book of Proverbs is the God-inspired record or notebook of accumulated experiences with all kinds of people and in all kinds of events. 2. A Proverb is a short, clear, and often picturesque statement of a truth, and this statement takes the place of a long explanation. A Proverb is a recommendation of what works or what will cause harm. 3. Proverbs that are statements of human action and inaction, of human attitudes and speech are dependent upon man. These are not absolutes for every case, but they are true, all things being equal. 4. A proverb that depends upon God is absolute if man meets the requirement. This kind of proverb depends upon Gods nature and character, e.g. Proverbs 3:5-6. 5. Proverbs was written and compiled to provide general instructions and wise statements that would promote godly living. We can summarize the purpose by saying that Proverbs encourages clear thinking and right choices. The clear thinking begins with a fear of the Lord or we might say a believing reverence of the Lord. 6. Wisdom, the central theme of Proverbs. a. Wisdom refers to skill gained through 1) knowledge and understanding, plus 2) experience gained from the application and use of that knowledge and understanding. A wise person is a sensible personone who lives skillfully because he has learned right and wrong through learning, observation, and experience (e.g. Proverbs 1:2, 7; 2:2, 6, 7, 10; 3:13; 8:11). b. The word wisdom, chokmah , is found 42 times in Proverbs. i. Read each of the 42 wisdom (chokmah) verses in Proverbs. ii. Read through selected wisdom (chokmah) verses in the Old Testament. c. True wisdom begins with right relationship with God. The sequence is fear of the Lord instruction, knowledge, instruction for wisdom wisdom. The fear of the Lord is a learned volitional faith following of the Lord. Practically, all of this means that one has a right relationship with the Lorda faith motivated biblical reverence and receptiveness to the Lord and his word. From there one gains a desire to know the Lord better by believing him, by learning from him and about him, and by faith obeying him. Instruction, knowledge, and wisdom result. i. Proverbs 1:7, The fear of the Lord (yirath yehovah ) is the beginning of knowledge. Fools dispise wisdom (chokmah) and instruction. Beginning is reshith first, beginning, best.
Bible Walk Through
Page 102 of 211
ii. Proverbs 9:10, The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom (chokmah). Beginning is techilah , beginning point of time, at the start, first time in a sequence). Compare this with Proverbs 2:1-6. iii. Proverbs 15:33, The fear of the Lord is the instruction for wisdom (chokmah). d. Proverbs gives some spiritual requirements for gaining wisdom (chokmah): i. A strong desire (free will choice, volition) to gain wisdom (Proverbs 1:29; 2:2) ii. Diligence (Proverbs 8:17, 2:4-5) iii. Humility (Proverbs 11:2, 15:33) iv. Reverence (Proverbs 9:10) v. Teachableness (Proverbs 9:9, 15:31, 19:20, 27) vi. Uprightness (Proverbs 2:7) e. One with wisdom will then be able to make right decisionsdecisions for honoring and serving the Lord and living Gods way in Gods world. We will see some of these right and wrong decisions in the book of Proverbs. A few examples: i. Work hard or be lazy (Proverbs 6:6-8) ii. Quarrel or listen to those wiser (Proverbs 18:1-2) iii. Live a life of integrity or foul speech and foolish (Proverbs 19:1) iv. Know when to talk and what to say (Proverbs 10:19-21). v. Say no to the wrong crowd (Proverbs 4:14-16) Author 1. Solomon (r. 971-931 BC) is the author of most of the Proverbs. The indications of his authorship are noted in Proverbs 1:1, 10:1, and 25:1. Note that King Hezekiahs scribes copied Proverbs 25-29 for inclusion in the canon (Proverbs 25:1). He was therefore the likely author of all the included material from Proverbs 1-29. 2. Solomon was famous for his wisdom (1 Kings 3:12; 4:30-31). God gave him a wise and discerning heart so that he was wiser than those who preceded him and those who followed him. 3. Agur wrote Proverbs 30 (Proverbs 30:1). 4. King Lemuel wrote Proverbs 31:1-9 (Proverbs 31:1), and Lemuel or an unknown author wrote the acrostic on the capable woman (Proverbs 31:10-31). History and organization 1. Though Solomon was the wisest of all men, Israel was not the only nation to have wise men or sages. Egypt (Genesis 41:8; Exodus 7:11; Isaiah 19:11-12), Edom (Obediah 8), and Babylon (Jeremiah 50:35; 51:57; Daniel 1:20; 2:13-14; and 5:8) had their wise men. a. One good source to see comparisons between the ancient near eastern texts and the Bible wisdom literature is The Ancient Near East, An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, edited by James B. Pritchard, Princeton University Press, 1958. b. In Egypts and Babylons wisdom literature several works are collections of proverbs or include at least some proverbial sayings. Examples from Egypt are The Instruction of the Vizier Ptah-Hotep (ca. 2450 b.c.), with advice on how to be a successful state official; The Instruction of Amen-em-Het (ca. 2000 b.c.), a fathers words to his son about how people he had favored disappointed him; The Instruction of Amen-em-Ope (ca. 1300-900 b.c.), a kings teachings to his son about life, using some words similar to those in Proverbs (e.g., Listen, my son, Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 103 of 211
path of life, the way). The fact that some sayings in The Instruction of Amenem-Ope parallel parts of Proverbs (e.g., Prov. 22:17-24:22) has raised the question of whether Proverbs borrowed from this Egyptian writing, or the Egyptian writer borrowed from Proverbs, or whether both wrote independently about common concerns. On this question see the comments on 22:17-24:22. c. Samples of Babylonian wisdom literature that include proverbs are Counsels of Wisdom (ca. 1500-1000 b.c.), Akkadian Proverbs (ca. 1800-1600 b.c.), and The Words of Aiqar (700-400 b.c.). (Walvoord, J. F., R. B. Zuck, & Dallas Theological Seminary. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures. Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1983-c1985. Page 904.) 2. The Proverbs were organized according to author: Solomon, Agur, Lemuel, and an unknown author if Proverbs 31:10-31 were written by someone other than Lemuel. 3. The Proverbs, like Psalms, were written in Hebrew poetry with meter (rhythm) and parallelism. The meter has not been determined with any confidence. Most scholars simply count the accented words or groups of words to arrive at a meter. Parallelism in Proverbs is parallelism of expression or ideas. Most parallelism refers to ideas within a verse. There are a number of kinds of parallelism. a. Synonymous parallelism. The two consecutive lines are very close in thought or a term. Examples include 1:2; 2:11; 30:2. b. Antithetical parallelism. The two consecutive lines contrast thought. Examples are 10:1; 11:1; 13:5; 14:29. c. Emblematic parallelism. One line is a truth and the other line pictures the truth or gives an emblem clarifying the truth. An example is 10:26; 25:12; 28:15. d. Synthetic parallelism. Here the second line develops or expands the first line. An example is 6:12; 15:3; 16:8; 28:17. e. Climactic parallelism. The first line makes a statement and the second line repeats the statement and completes the thought. f. Alphabetic or acrostic parallelism. In these each line begins with a consecutive letter of the alphabet in order from aleph (the first Hebrew letter) to tav (the last Hebrew letter). Proverbs 31:10-31, the efficient woman, is written in acrostic style. Key Verses Proverbs 1:7. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge; Fools despise wisdom and instruction. Proverbs 9:10. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom. Proverbs 15:33. The fear of the Lord is the instruction for wisdom. Overview outline of Proverbs 1. Proverbs of Solomon about wisdom, Proverbs 1-9. 2. Proverbs of Solomon about right living, Proverbs 10-24. 3. Proverbs of Solomon about relationships, Proverbs 25-29. 4. Proverbs of Agur, Proverbs 30. 5. Proverbs of Lemuel, Proverbs 31. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 104 of 211
Chapter Titles. The nature of Proverbs makes it difficult to give a summary chapter title to each chapter. With each reading one can find a different title. Below are suggestions from each chapter to start the student. 1. Proverbs of Solomon about wisdom, Proverbs 1-9. Chapter 1. Beginning of knowledge, Proverbs 1:7. Chapter 2, Deliver from evil, Proverbs 2:12, 14. Chapter 3, Trust, fear, honor, accept the Lord, Proverbs 3:5, 7, 9, 12. Chapter 4, Beginning of wisdom, Proverbs 4:1, 5, 7, 11. Chapter 5, Reject the adulteress, Proverbs 5:3, 8, 20. Chapter 6, Cosigner, sluggard, adulteress, Proverbs 6:1, 6, 24. Chapter 7, The adulteress and the ox, Proverbs 7:5, 10, 22. Chapter 8, Wisdom better than all, Proverbs 8:1, 5, 11, 12, 14. Chapter 9, Wisdom calls, Proverbs 9:1, 10. 2. Proverbs of Solomon about right living, Proverbs 10-24. Chapter 10, Wise and foolish, Proverbs 10:1, 14. Chapter 11, Righteous and wicked, Proverbs 11:5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 18, 23, 31. Chapter 12, Righteous and wicked, Proverbs 12:3, 5. Chapter 13, The mouth, wealth, and poverty, Proverbs 13:2, 8, 23 Chapter 14, The wise, sensible, and evil, Proverbs 14:1, 8, 15. Chapter 15, The tongue, Proverbs 15:1-4, 7, 14, and the heart, 13-15. Chapter 16, Plans and motives, Proverbs 16:1-4, 9, 23. Chapter 17, Tranquility and strife, Proverbs 17:1-2, 13, 19; the tongue, 7, 27, 28. Chapter 18, Fools, wise, and humble, Proverbs 18:1-2, 6-7, 12, 15. Chapter 19, Integrity, knowledge, poor, scoffers, Proverbs 19:1-2, 4, 7, 17, 22, 25, 29. Chapter 20, Wine, king, sluggard, plans, gossip, Proverbs 1, 2, 4, 5, 18, 19. Chapter 21, The kings heart, mans ways, contentious woman, tongue, Proverbs 21:1, 2, 9, 19, 23, 28. Chapter 22: a good name, humility, train a child, trust in the Lord, do not, Proverbs 22:1, 3, 6, 19, 22. Chapter 23: consider carefully, envy, heavy drinkers, harlot, Proverbs 23:1, 17, 20, 27. Chapter 24: evil men, wise men, partiality, the sluggard, Proverbs 24:1, 5, 23, 30. 3. Proverbs of Solomon about relationships, Proverbs 25-29. Chapter 25: kings, neighbors, enemies, Proverbs 25:2, 8, 21. Chapter 26: the fool, the sluggard, and the meddler, Proverbs 25:1, 13, 17. Chapter 27: the boaster, a friend, a prudent, the nave, the shepherd, Proverbs 26:2, 6, 12, 23. Chapter 28: the wicked, righteous, poor, rich, faithful and fool, Proverbs 28:1, 3, 6, 11, 25, 26. Chapter 29: the righteous, wicked, wise, rod and reproof, slaves, Proverbs 29:2, 9, 15, 19. Chapter 30: Agurs wise and witty sayings. Chapter 31: King Lemuels lessons; the capable woman. Trace the Theme The theme can best be traced by thoughtful reading through Proverbs. The authors unveil inspired wisdom line upon line through the course of their writings. At times, certain sections emphasize certain topics. For example, Proverbs 1:1-19 contain Solomons instructions to his son; chapter 30 contains wisdom penned through witty sayings; Chapter 31 has advice for a king and characteristics of the wise and excellent woman. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 105 of 211
Key People 1. King Solomon wrote most of the Proverbs. Solomon was Davids son. His mother was Bathsheba. The Davidic Covenant went from David to Solomon. David told Solomon to build the temple; and David challenged him to know and serve God, to be strong and courageous, to be fearless, and to complete his task because God will be with him (1 Chronicles 22, 23, 28, 29). Solomon achieved great successes and great failures. He wrote Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon. He finally realized that the only way to live was to fear God and keep his commandments (Ecclesiastes 12:13). 2. Agur, the son of Jakeh, is unknown (30:1) 3. Lemuel, the king. Rabbinic commentators say he is Solomon, others identify him with Hezekiah, and some say with a petty Arabian prince (31:1-9). Key Words and Phrases for further study 1. Adulteress. 7X Strongs 5237 (e.g. 2:15; 5:3; 5:20). Adultery, verb, 1X, Strongs 5003 (6:32). Adulterous, verb, 3X, Strongs 5003 (e.g. 23:27; 27:13; 30:20). Other English words in context with same or similar meaning are stranger 2X, strange 1X, foreigner 2X. Total used 16X. 2. Discipline, instruction, punishment. 30X Strongs 4148 (e.g. 3:11; 12:1; 13:1; 19:18; 23:1213). 3. Faithful. 4X Strongs 530 (13:17; 25:13; 27:6; 28:20) 4. Father. 26X Strongs 1 (1:8; 3:12; 13:1) 5. Fear of the Lord. 18X Strongs 3374 (1:7, 29; 2:5; 3:7; 8:13; 9:10; 10:27; 14:2, 2627; 15:16, 33; 16:6; 19:23; 22:4; 23:17; 24:21; 31:30). 6. Heart. 72X Strongs 3820 (2:2; 3:1; 3:5; 6:18; 10:8; 10:20; 14:30; 16:23; 28:26). 7. Humble, Humility. 7X, Strongs many #s (6:3; 11:2; 15:33; 18:12; 22:4). 8. Knowledge. 40X Strongs 1847 (1:7; 2:6; 9:10; 13;16; 15:14; 24:5). 9. Mother. 14X Strongs 517 (1:8; 6:20; 22:20; 29:15; 30:17). 10. Mouth. 48X Strongs 6310 (2:6; 4:24; 6:2; 10:31; 18:7); Lips 35X Strongs 8193 (7:21; 10:32; 15:7; 18:6; 24:28; 27:2). 11. Pride, Proud. 10X, Strongs many #s (8:13; 11:2; 29:23; 15:25; 16:5; 21:24). 12. Proverb. 6X, Strongs 4912 (1:1, 6; 10:1; 25:1; 26:7, 9). 13. Sin. 8X Strongs 2403, 2398, 817 (5:22; 8:36 14:34; 24:9). 14. Son. 55X Strongs 1121 (1:1, 10; 15:20). 15. Speech. 6X Strongs 8193 (4:24; 5:3; 19:1). 16. Trust. 9X Strongs 982 (3:5; 11:28; 16:20; 22:19; 28:25, 26; 29:25; 31:11). 17. Understanding. 59X Strongs 995, 998, 8394 (1:2; 2:2; 9:6; 13:15; 28:5; 28:16). 18. Wisdom. 48X, Strongs 2451 (1:2, 7, 20; 2:2, 6, 7, 10; 3:13, 19, 21; 14:33; 15:33; 24:14; 31:26). 19. Woman. 17X Strongs 802 (2:16; 6:32; 11:16; 11:22; 27:15; 31:30). 20. Work. 13X Strongs 4399, 4639, 5998 (10:4; 16:3; 18:9; 24:27). Key Doctrines 1. Avoid sexual immorality 2. Charactergood and bad 3. Fear of the Lord 4. Gods Wisdom 5. Learn and use Gods word Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 6. Learning from Parents 7. Parenting 8. Speech and sins of the tongue 9. Work 10. Capable woman
Page 106 of 211
Lessons for Us Today 1. Successful life begins and progresses with a right relationship with God, called in Proverbs fear of the Lord. Because mankind was created in Gods image, nothing else will bring the temporal and eternal honor to God and satisfaction to mankind. 2. Learn Gods word and use Gods word and you will gain wisdom for successful living in Gods world. 3. The organized life is one centered on God and Gods word. Proverbs repeatedly urges a person to prepare for ones life, to organize ones life, to diligently pursue life, and do ones best. 4. Parents are responsible to properly teach, to instill good character, and to train their childrenabout God, treating other people with respect and manners, morality, working hard at whatever one does, proper use of the tongue, avoiding the wrong people, and many others. 5. A wife and mother has great responsibility and wonderful opportunities to bless others, both in and out of the home. 6. Children and youth: respect, listen to, and learn from your parents. 7. Reject sexual immorality. The effects are devastating. 8. Watch what we say. Speech can help or hurt, build up or destroy. 9. Most of life is common sense. Do we use common sense?
Bible Walk Through Ecclesiastes Bible Walk Theme: Man, alone, cannot figure out life
Page 107 of 211
Or, Right relationship with God is the only answer Tod Kennedy, May 22, 2005 Key Verses Ecclesiastes 1:2, Vanity of vanities, says the Preacher, Vanity of vanities! All is vanity. Ecclesiastes 12:13, The conclusion, when all has been heard, is: fear God and keep His commandments, because this applies to every person. 1. Fearing God was the attitude of Abraham (Genesis 22:12), Job (Job 1:1, 8, 9; 2:3), and the Egyptian midwives (Exodus 1:17, 21). God commanded his people to learn his word and to fear him (Deuteronomy 17:19; 31:13). Fearing God or fearing the Lord is not dread of God, but a believing reverential awe and respect and it produces obedience. Theme Man alone cannot figure out life. 1. Ecclesiastes is Solomons notebook prepared from what he discovered about himself, a person who had intelligence, wealth, honor, and success and yet lived out of fellowship with God for a timehe tried to live without God. Ecclesiastes, then, is wisdom literature Solomons wisdom gained in his life and written as poetry. 2. It is Solomons own story, the record of a very wise man viewing life without God and Gods revelation as his guide; he goes through life apart from Gods viewpoint. Furthermore, this wise man recognizes that life is very fleeting, and that man must make the best of what he has. 3. Solomon demonstrates from his observations that life lived without God as the central person and Gods word as the controlling viewpoint has no satisfactory answers or lasting meaning. Another way to express this is that even if one has everything life can offer, he still cannot understand life and find satisfying answers and lasting meaning. 4. Remember that Solomon speaks as a man in the street apart from Gods revelation. His human conclusions are simply human viewpoint, but he comes to realize again the purposelessness and hopelessness of man living apart from Gods revelation. God is necessary because he is the creator and because he is the source of absolute knowledge for living. 5. He concludes that only relationship and fellowship with GodSolomon calls this fear God and keep his commandmentsprovides the satisfactory and lasting answers. Author The author is Solomon (Ecclesiastes 1.1; 1.12; 1.16; 2.4-9). 1. The preacher (qohelet, a speaker in an assembly, Ecclesiastes 1.1-2, 12; 7.27; 12.8-10) is the title that characterizes Solomon as the one who collects wise sayings and preaches them (1 Kings 4:32). The assembly in this contest refers to the entire covenant community of Israel. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 108 of 211
2. His purpose was to leave a Biblical (divine viewpoint) legacy so that believers know what is most important in life, and what is of lesser importance. If you confuse the priorities, then you will confuse your life (Ecclesiastes 12:9-14). History 1. Solomon was the last king over Israel before the civil war and division into the northern kingdom, Israel, and the southern kingdom, Judah. 2. This was a time of Israels expansion of wealth, prestige, and power. Some have said that the glories of Solomons kingdom were romantic and exaggerated. Such was not the case; research has shown that surrounding kingdoms were in decline and that the Israel of Solomons time was indeed a great kingdom just as the Bible depicts (1 Kings 3-11; Matthew 6:29; 12:42). Overview Outline 1. The problem: Our fleeting life is meaningless without God, Chapters 1-2. 2. Mans attempt to understand life, Chapters 3-11. 3. The answer: Fear God and keep his commandments, Chapter 12 Chapter Titles 1. The problem: Our fleeting life is meaningless without God, Chapters 1-2. a. Chapter 1: Life is empty when based upon human wisdom. b. Chapter 2: Life is empty when based upon pleasure and hard work. 2. Mans attempt to understand life, Chapters 3-11. a. Chapter 3: There is a time for everything. Do what you can with your time. b. Chapter 4: Oppression, rivalry, wealth, people. c. Chapter 5: Religious ritual, power and wealth, eat, drink, enjoy. d. Chapter 6: Wealth, children, long life, wisdom, words. e. Chapter 7: Wise sayings, excess, man cannot master wisdom, women. f. Chapter 8: Mans wisdom has limitations. g. Chapter 9: Everything is in Gods hand, so live fully. h. Chapter 10: Wisdom and foolishness: wisdom is better. i. Chapter 11: Live, rejoice, do not worry. 3. The answer, Chapter 12 a. Fear God and keep his commandments, Chapter 12 Key People Solomon, this book is autobiographical. 1. Solomon was the son of David and Bathsheba (2 Samuel 5.14; 12.24) and became the third king of Israel, 971-931 BC (1 Kings 1.28-31). 2. He asked God for wisdom to rule the nation; God granted his request (1 Kings 3.5ff; 4.29ff; Proverbs 10-22, 25-29, Psalms 72 and 127). 3. His most noteworthy accomplishment was the construction and dedication of Yahwehs temple as predicted by God through Nathan the prophet (1 Kings 8). 4. God warned him about spiritual failure, and Solomon surely failed (1 Kings 9 and 11). God also gave him great prosperity (1 Kings 10.23-29), but he lost this through spiritual failure. He finally recovered from spiritual failure when he was in old age (1 Kings 11.41-43). 5. Solomon was established as king (1 Kings 2.12) in 970 BC. He brought Israel to her greatest fame and wealth; yet at his death the kingdom tore itself into two because he allowed details Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 109 of 211
of life (his were mainly wealth and foreign wives) to control him, resulting in spiritual failure. Judah and Israel and their kings that followed Solomon were characterized by revolution, bloodshed, and paganism and idolatry. 6. Solomon was not a warrior like his father, and he did not need to be. He faced no serious threat from external enemies, though he was harassed by Edom and Syria; nor did he have to enlarge his nation. His job was to consolidate and hold the nation together. Solomon concentrated on forming alliances, and he did this by marrying foreign nobility, hence his large harem (1 Kings 11.1-8). Tyre was his most important alliance (1 Kings 5.1-12). 7. Though not a warrior, he did establish military bases to protect his territory (1 Kings 9.1522), and developed a chariot corp in his army (10.26). He developed his industry and international trade (1 Kings 10.1-15, 28). The highpoint of his construction was the temple (1 Kings 7), though he built many other sites. Solomon wrote enduring literature: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon (1 Kings 4.29-34; 11.41). 8. But Solomons reign also brought extensive bureaucracy (1 Kings 9.23), high state expenditures, and repressive taxes (1 Kings 12.1-7). In his personal life, he went through a period when he chose details of life (wealth, foreign wives, and pagan religion) over the Lord and because of that the Lord tore his kingdom apart after his death (1 Kings 11.1-13). 9. Solomon brought Israel to her greatest fame and wealth; yet at his death the kingdom tore itself into two because of evil kings, idolatry, and bloodshed. At the end of his life Solomon wrote Ecclesiastes. In that book he recorded for posterity that details of life did not give him satisfaction. 10. He finally wrote his conclusion about life: fear God and keep his commandments (Ecclesiastes 12.13). 11. So what does Solomon teach us? a. Famous parents do not ensure that the children will always walk with the Lord. David was Solomons father. b. Children from parents who have walked closely with the Lord may turn from God to details of life and idolatry. David, Solomons father, was a man close to the Lord; he was Israels greatest king; he even wrote inspired Scripture. c. Fame, fortune, and people can turn believers away from the Lord. These are constant sources of temptation. d. Happiness does not come with having things, fame, wealth, learning, or power. Happiness comes from right relationship with God. e. Because God created man in his image, both unbelievers and carnal believers (a NT term for living by the sinful nature) can observe history and record correct principles about life. Solomon observed the realities of history and life. He was able to evaluate and make choices. f. Mankind has volition. Even though a person has Bible knowledge and wisdom, he still has a sinful nature and is still vulnerable to spiritual failure. Each believer needs to learn the word, live by faith and in fellowship and by Holy Spirit, and make good faith based decisions. Solomon summarizes this in Old Testament terms by fear God and keep his commandments. Key Words and Phrases 1. Fear God or fear him 7X in NASB. Strongs #3372 (3:14; 5:7; 7:18; 8:12, 13; 12:13). 2. Futility. 11X in NASB. Strongs 1892 (2:1, 17; 6:4, 9, 11; 7:6, 15; 8:10, 14; 11:8).
Bible Walk Through
Page 110 of 211
3. God, Elohim. 40X in the NASB. We see that Solomon was quite aware of God throughout his life and the book. He just had pushed God and his word away. Note that neither Lord nor LORD is not found in Ecclesiastes. 4. Happy, Merry, Pleasant, Rejoice. Various Hebrew words. (3:12, 22; 4:16; 5:19; 8:15; 9:7l 10:19; 11:8-9). 5. Pleasure. 7X in NASB. Strongs #8057 (2:1, 2, 8, 10; 4:8, 7:4; 8:15). 6. Striving after wind. 9X in NASB. (1:14, 17; 2:11, 17, 26; 4:4, 6, 16; 6:9). 7. Time. 41X in NASB. (3.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 17; 7:17l 8:5, 6, 8; 9:8. 11, 12; 10:17). 8. Vanity. So translated 22X in NASB Ecclesiastes (1:2, 14; 2:11, 15, 19, 21, 23, 26; 3:19; 4:4, 7, 8, 16; 5:10; 6:2; 12:8). The Hebrew word ( hebel) generally means indicates vapor, breath, vanity, and emptiness. It occurs 36 times in Ecclesiastes. 9. Wisdom. 27X in NASB. Strongs #2451 chokmah (1:13; 2:9, 21; 7:11; 8:1; 9:18; 10:10). Trace the Theme 1. The theme of Ecclesiastes is developed from chapter to chapter. Each human acquisition of material wealth, every human success, all his thinking and study, every new philosophy of lifewhatever he examined and experimented with came up short of giving him lasting meaning and happiness in life. 2. Ecclesiastes begins with a prologue that says that all physical creation goes on generation after generation in monotonous unending cycles (Ecclesiastes 1:1-11). The epilogue provides the answers: only special revelation provides the key to unlock the mysteries, meaning, and purpose of life (Ecclesiastes 11:9-12:14). 3. In between the prologue and epilogue, Solomon experiments and observes life, and he does so without considering special revelation from God (Ecclesiastes 1:12-11:8). Among his experiments and observations he includes wisdom (1), pleasure (2), human accomplishments (2), time (3), oppression (4), work (4), political power (5), religion (5), wealth (5-6), and human advice laced with cynicism and fatalism (7-11). 4. Examples of the theme traced: hedonism and materialism do not work (2) fatalism does not work (Ecclesiastes 3:14-21); pessimism does not work (Ecclesiastes 4:1-3); wealth does not work (Ecclesiastes 6:1-2); intellectualism does not work (Ecclesiastes 8:16-17); and others indicate the same thing. Only right relationship with God and Gods word answer lifes questions and give meaning and satisfaction to ones life. Key Doctrines 1. Man was created in Gods image to live in relationship with God and Gods word. Life without God and Gods revelation is incomplete, empty, and indefinite. The entire book of Ecclesiastes drives this point home to us. 2. Fear God, called fear of the Lord in other Scripture is the learned volitional faith commitment to God. It is the same as Occupation with Christ. Live for the Lord from your soul (Deuteronomy 6:2; 31.11-13; Proverbs 1:7; 9:10; 2 Corinthians 5:9, 15; 7:1; Colossians 3:23; Ephesians 6:7). 3. Keep His commandments. The Word of God ought to influence what you think and what you do. Today the church is the primary place for Bible instruction. In the Old Testament times people assembled to listen to the prophets and priests teach the Word of God. But, as Solomon realized, when a person learns about God, what he learns should influence him (Ephesians 4:11-12; Hebrews 13:7, 17; Titus 2:15; Deuteronomy 32:46-47; Psalm 19:7-14; James 1:1-23; 2 Peter 3:18; Philippians 4:9, Colossians 3:23). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 111 of 211
Lessons for Us Today 1. God is infinite and therefore his wisdom and his acts are infinite; Gods word is the product of his perfect character and infiniteness. Mankind, on the other hand, is limited and therefore his wisdom is limited, his knowledge of life is limited, and his acts are limited. 2. Man, alone, cannot figure out life. Human knowledge, human wisdom, human accomplishments, and human relationships by themselves cannot make sense out of life. Neither, money, learning, wisdom, wealth, possessions, reputation, or family can give permanent meaning, accomplishment, and happiness to life without relationship and fellowship with God and Gods word. 3. God had to reveal himself and his thoughts to mankind through his word and through his Son so that man can know about God, know how to have relationship and fellowship with God, and know how to serve God. 4. Start early in life: relationship with God; fellowship with God; learn and apply Gods word; Christian service. 5. Therefore to fear God and his word is the right, the smart, the practical thing to do. 6. Therefore, as Solomon concluded, we should enjoy our fleeting life while we can, but the only right and best way is to do so is to have a right relationship with God and his word and to grow in that relationship.
Bible Walk Through
Page 112 of 211 Song of Solomon Bible Walk Theme: Romantic love in courtship and marriage Tod Kennedy, July 31, 2005
Key Verses Song of Solomon 5:16: This is my beloved (Hebrew dod) and this is my friend (Hebrew rea`). Song of Solomon 8:6-7: Put me like a seal over your heart, like a seal on your arm. For love (Hebrew ahabah) is as strong as death, Jealousy is as severe as Sheol; Its flashes are flashes of fire, The very flame of the Lord. 7 Many waters cannot quench love (Hebrew ahabah), Nor will rivers overflow it; If a man were to give all the riches of his house for love (Hebrew ahabah), It would be utterly despised. Author is Solomon (Song of Solomon 1:1, 5; 3:7, 9, 11; 8:11-12). Furthermore, other evidence indicates that Solomon is the author. 1. Solomon wrote 1005 songs (1 Kings 4:32). 2. He is the king (1:4, 12; 3:9, 11; 7:5). 3. He has luxury and commercial success (3:6-11; 6:12). 4. He has many queens and concubines (6:8). At this time in his story these queens and concubines were likely political dressing for his kingdom. This would change. 5. He has knowledge of plants and animals (Solomon in 1 Kings 4:32-33, with 21 species of plants and 15 species of animals mentioned in SONG OF SOLOMON). 6. The song gives indication of one intact Jewish kingdom when it mentions Tirzah, the northern capital, and Jerusalem, the southern capital (6:4). 7. The song mentions 15 geographic locations from north to south, and this is compatible with Solomons kingdom and his international relations. For example, Kedar (1:5); Egypt (1:9); Sharon (2:1); Jerusalem (2:7); Lebanon (3:9); Heshbon (7:4); Damascus (7:4); and others. Interpretation of Song of Solomon goes in several directions. 1. There are three main wrong interpretations of this book. 2. Allegory in which hidden spiritual truths. For example, Gods love is taught for Israel or the Church; the dark skin of the Shulamite refers to the blackness of sin in the church; the beauty of the bride teaches about the Churchs beauty after conversion; cooing doves refers to the apostles preaching; and the vineyard of 5:1 refers to the Lords Supper. This, of course, is subjective and silly. 3. Typical in which Solomon pictures Christ and the Shulamite pictures the Churchwrong. It is true that Christ loves the church, but there is no basis in the Bible for saying that is what the Song of Solomon is about. 4. Dramabut drama as such was not used by Israel; and it is difficult to divide up the acts and scenes. 5. The normal or literal view is correct. It understands The Song of Solomon as an autobiographical lyric poem that describes the romantic courtship and marriage between King Solomon and the Shulamite woman. A lyric poem is a subjective story song often accompanied by music. The song is about human love between a man and a woman who become husband and wife. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 113 of 211
6. Some understand the story to have three main characters: Solomon, the Shulamite, and a shepherd. The shepherd is the true love of the woman, and Solomon is cast as the villain trying to lure here from him. But, there is nothing in the text of Song of Solomon that identifies another man pursuing the Shulamite woman. 7. The best interpretation understands the story to have two characters: Solomon and the Shulamite woman. History. See studies of 1 Kings, 2 Chronicles, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes for information about Solomon. 1. Solomon was the son of David and Bathsheba and the last king over Israel before the civil war and division into the northern kingdom, Israel, and the southern kingdom, Judah. 2. He had three clear periods in his life. They are not equal in time and do not exactly coordinate with young, middle, and old age. 3. In the early period of his life he walked with the Lord, built the temple, and wrote the proverbs. Solomon asked God for wisdom to rule the nation; God granted his request. Solomon became a successful, prosperous, famous, and godly king. He brought Israel wealth, prestige, and power (1 Kings 3.5ff; 4.29ff; 10.23-29; Proverbs 10-22, 25-29, Psalms 72 and 127). His most noteworthy accomplishment was the construction and dedication of Yahwehs temple as predicted by God through Nathan the prophet (1 Kings 8). During this time, God promised Solomon blessing and success if he would follow Him. He also warned him of the terrible consequences of rejecting God and Gods word (1 Kings 9:1-9). This appears to be the time of the events recorded in Song of Solomon. The events would best fit before Solomon became estranged from the Lord by his allegiance to his pagan wives and concubines. One can compare Song of Solomon 6:8-9 with Ecclesiastes 9:9 and 1 Kings 11:1-4. This romance, then, took place earlier in Solomons reign: after he had completed the temple and before he loved many foreign woman of 1 Kings 11:1. The events most likely took place sometime during 1 Kings 9 and 10. 4. In the middle period of his life, when Solomon was getting old (1 Kings 11:4), he rejected the Lord and his word. His many pagan wives and concubines, and his great success turned him away from the Lord. He lost his purpose for living, his meaning for life, and his happiness (1 Kings 11). Apparently, the Shulamite woman was displaced in his affections during this time. Ecclesiastes is his look back at this period. Ecclesiastes 9:9 may refer to the Shulamite woman and he recognizes all that he lost by turning to other people and things and away from her during this middle period of his life. 5. In his later old age, the third period of his life, he realized his disobedience and failure to obey Gods word and walk in fellowship with God. He returned to fellowship with the Lord and later wrote the story of his spiritual failure, his spiritual recovery, and the lessons he learned in his book, Ecclesiastes. Theme Romantic love in courtship and marriage. The Songs theme is the romantic love between one man and one woman during courtship and marriage. The emphasis is the physical, emotional, and sexual attraction. God has placed these attractions and desires in man and woman to be a source of blessing to each other. Note that children are not mentioned at all, and so we learn that producing children are not the only reason for romantic love and sex between the man and woman. What Solomon does not mention, and very likely an important reason that this romance seems to eventually lose its luster, is the soul relationship, the genuine friendship love (rea), between him and the Shulamite. This relationship is based upon the recognition of and then the Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 114 of 211
developing and sharing of thinking, interests, work, ideals, and purpose in lifethe real likeness or compatibility factorwithout which sex is simply the window dressing. Furthermore, the commitment love based upon his strength of character which strengthens and protects a relationship seems to be lacking. The result, not seen in this poem, is that Solomon seems to have harmed and likely lost this wonderful romantic love with the Shulamite sometime future to the story. Overview Outline 1. Solomons courtship of the Shulamite woman, Song of Solomon 1.1-3:5. 2. Solomon and the Shulamites wedding, Song of Solomon 3:6-5:1. 3. Solomon and the Shulamites married life, Song of Solomon 5:2-8:4. Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1, Romantic beginnings 2. Chapter 2, Growth of the romance 3. Chapter 3, The wedding 4. Chapter 4, The wedding night 5. Chapter 5, Apathy in the marriage 6. Chapter 6, Restoration of closeness 7. Chapter 7, Mutual affection 8. Chapter 8, The strength of love Trace the Theme The theme can be traced by following the chapter titles. The emphasis is on romantic love (Hebrew Dod) over both friendship love (Hebrew rea`) and committed love based upon relationship (ahabah), therefore Solomons love for the Shulamite did not stand the tests that came. He apparently lost her or so damaged the relationship that it was never recovered. Ecclesiastes 9:9 seems to indicate this, if as it seems likely, he was referring to the Shulamite woman. Key People 1. Solomon, 6X (Song of Solomon 1:5; 3:7, 9, 11; 8:11, 12), the son of David and Bathsheba (2 Samuel 5.14; 12:24) and the third king of Israel, 971-931 BC (1 Kings 1:28-31). You can refer to previous studies on Solomon. 2. The Shulamite woman (Song of Solomon 6:13). We do not know who she was or here home town. Some think that she was Abishag the Shunammite of 1 Kings 1:3-8. There is no strong textual indication. We do know that she was beautiful young woman who was attracted to King Solomon (Song of Solomon 1:16) and he to her (Song of Solomon 1:15). She is only named in 6:13. She worked outside in her familys vineyards (Song of Solomon 1:6), apparently was from a different social class than Solomon. 3. The Daughters of Jerusalem, 7X (Song of Solomon 1:5; 2:7; 3:5, 10; 5:8, 16; 8:4). They are friends of the Shulamite and her attendants. Key Words and Phrases 1. Love (Hebrew dod), 39X, Strongs #1730, love and beloved of romantic affection, also uncle; here means romantic love. (Song of Solomon 1:2, 4, 13, 14, 16; 2:16; 4:10; 5:16; 6:1; 7:11; 8:5, 14.) Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 115 of 211
2. Love (Hebrew ahabah), 11X, Strongs #160, love or strong affection based on relationship; can be family, friend, covenant, can be romantic; here means a committed and responsible love. (Song of Solomon 2:4, 5, 7; 3:5, 10; 5:8; 7:6; 8:4, 6, 7.) 3. Friend (Hebrew rea`), 2X, Strongs #7453, neighbor, friend, fellow, companion; here means companion, strong friendship love (Song of Solomon 5:1, 16). 4. Fragrant perfumes (Song of Solomon 1:3, 12; 3:6; 4:10) 5. Beloved cheeks (Song of Solomon 1:10; 5:13) 6. Eyes like doves (Song of Solomon 1:15; 4:1) 7. Teeth like sheep (Song of Solomon 4:2; 6:6) 8. Daughters of Jerusalem (Song of Solomon 2:7; 3:5; 8:4) 9. Like a gazelle (Song of Solomon 2:9, 17; 8:14) 10. Lebanon (Song of Solomon 3:9; 4:8, 11, 15; 7:4) 11. This is my beloved and this is my friend (Song of Solomon 5:16) 12. Love is as strong as death (Song of Solomon 8:6) 13. Many waters cannot quench love (Song of Solomon 8:7) Key Doctrines 1. Man was created for relationship with one woman. It began in the Garden of Eden. 2. There seem to be three levels of love in this book: attraction and romantic love, friendship and companion love, and a committed family or personal relationship love that is very hard to break. The Greek NT recognizes these as eros, philos, and agape. 3. God designed romance and sex to be within marriage. But romantic love cannot be the basis for a lasting and strong relationship. 4. Lessons For Us Today 5. Though attraction between a man and a woman initially comes in various forms, the basis for a truly strong romance love and marriage love is the friendship and companionship love. This is the point of contact and compatibility between a man and a woman, and this must be present and natural to have the best kind of marriage relationship. 6. During dating and engagement you must discover likeness, fellowship, friendship, compatibility. Sexual passions and sex during this period can counterfeit and camouflage true character and personality. If you marry at that point, you really do not know who you are marrying. 7. Resist sexual passions while dating and during engagement. God designed sex to be enjoyed between the husband and wife. 8. The basis then for a strong relationship and romantic love is the friendship love protected by the committed and responsible love.
Bible Walk Through
Page 116 of 211
Isaiah Bible Walk Theme: Messiah-Servant of the Lord: Judgment, then Glorious Future Tod Kennedy, August-September, 2005 Introductory comments about the prophets. 1. The Old Testament, according the Hebrew canon has three sections: law, prophets, and writings. The writing prophets have two sections: former prophets and latter prophets. The designations come from where they are in the canon. a. The former prophets are the historical books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings. They give Israels history from Joshuas time until the exile to Babylon. Here we find the prophets worldthe events surrounding their ministries and the people to whom they speak. b. The latter prophets are Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the twelve. 2. Remember that there were many prophets who did not leave a written record for Israel: Elijah and Elisha are two of them. 3. The prophets ministry emphasized four messages. 1. They reminded Israel that they were Gods chosen people and His priest nation. 2. They condemned Israels sin and challenged her to return to God and Gods word. 3. They warned the nation that God will judge them because of their rejection of Him. 4. They predicted and described Messiahs coming and future blessing under him and his rule, and this subject was central to their ministry Acts 10:43 and 1 Peter 1:10-12 speak of this. 4. The prophets message, then, was both a warning and a promisejudgment and deliverance. Isaiah 1 shows this pattern. Theme of Isaiah Messiah-Servant of the Lord: Judgment, then Glorious Future Key Verses Isaiah 9:6-7, For a child will be born to us, a son will be given to us; And the government will rest on His shoulders; And His name will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Eternal Father, Prince of Peace. 7 There will be no end to the increase of His government or of peace, On the throne of David and over his kingdom, To establish it and to uphold it with justice and righteousness From then on and forevermore. The zeal of the Lord of hosts will accomplish this. Isaiah 53:6 All of us like sheep have gone astray, Each of us has turned to his own way; But the Lord has caused the iniquity of us all To fall on Him. History 1. When did Isaiah live and to whom did he minister? He served from about 740 BC (Death of Uzziah in 740 BC, Isaiah 6) to 680 BC. His ministry was to Judah. Assyria was the dominant power during his time. He predicted Assyrias defeat of Israel (722 BC) in Isaiah 28 and Babylons defeat of Judah (destruction of Jerusalem and Temple in 586 BC) in Isaiah 39. 2. Isaiah served the Lord during the reigns of Uzziah (790-739 BC), Jotham (750-733 BC), Ahaz (735-715 BC), and Hezekiah (729-686 BC and Hezekiah (729-686 BC). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 117 of 211
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
a. Uzziah (790-739 BC) was the tenth king of Judah, also called Azariah. Uzziah was strong king, but God gave him leprosy because he attempted to burn incense in the temple (2 Chronicles 26:16-23). b. Jotham (750-733 BC) was the eleventh king of Judah and son of Uzziah (2 Chronicles 27). c. Ahaz (735-715 BC) was the twelfth king of Judah, and when besieged by Israel and Syria he asked and received help from Assyria, to whom he became a vassal, and he also brought idolatry into Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 28). d. Hezekiah (729-686 BC) was son of Ahaz and a godly and reforming king who opposed Assyria, foolishly showed his wealth to Babylons king Merodach Baladan, and built the water tunnel and reservoir. God added 15 years to his life (2 Chronicles 29-32). At the beginning of Isaiahs ministry Assyria was a power under King Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745-727 BC), also known as Pul. Isaiahs ministry was then under the shadow of Assyrian domination. a. About 740 BC Judah, Israel, and Aramaea formed a coalition to resist Assyria. This coalition failed. b. In 734 BC Israel (Pekah) and Syria (Rezin) fought against Judah in order to force Judah, ruled by Ahaz, into another coalition against Assyria. Ahaz refused. Instead, Ahaz went to Assyria for help. This was the background for Isaiah 7-9. Assyria defeated both kingdoms. Hoshea, the last king of Israel, paid a heavy tribute to Assyria and was spared. But in about 724 BC he revolted against Assyria. Assyria, under Sargon II (r. 721-705 BC), then defeated and exiled Israel in 721 BC. The people were uprooted and moved to various parts of the Assyrian empire. At this same time Judah submitted to Assyria and was spared destruction. Hezekiah became king of Judah in 715 BC. Though he was anti-Assyrian, he did not revolt. When Sennacherib (r. 705-681 BC) came to power in Assyria in 705 BC, Hezekiah revolted against him. Sennacherib invaded Judah in 701 BC (2 Kings 18-19; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 36-37). Though God spared Jerusalem in Isaiahs time, the Babylonian empire was rising. This power begins to show itself in the prophecies of Isaiah 40. In Isaiah 36-39 we have the transition from Assyrian dominance to Babylonian dominance. In about 700 BC messengers from Merodach baladan arrive in Jerusalem with a challenge to Hezekiah. Hezekiah foolishly showed the wealth of the temple to the messengers. One hundred years later Babylon would destroy Judah and the temple and exile most of the citizens who survived the destruction. Egypt, during Isaiahs ministry, prodded Israel and Judah to rebel against Assyria, yet Egypt was also defeated by Sennacharib in about 701 BC. What does this teach us? We should learn that rebellion against God and Gods plan has very destructive consequences. Instead of rebelling, listen to the word of God and live by it. Furthermore, we learn that God keeps his wordHe is dependable.
Author is Isaiah (Isaiah 1:1; 2:1; 13:1; see Mark 1:2; Luke 4:17-19; Acts 8:28). 1. He served the Lord from about 740-680 BC. We could call Isaiah the evangelist of the Old Testament because of his clear presentations of the Messiah, Jesus the Christ (Isaiah 53). We could also call him the Paul of the Old Testament because of his apparent aristocracy, training, writing ability, and theological statements. He served in and around Jerusalem. 2. This great poet and prophet was married to a prophetess (8:3) and they had two sons, Shearjashub a remnant shall return (7:3) and Maher-shalal-hash-baz swift is the booty, speedy is the prey of 8:1 (8:3). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 118 of 211
3. His main ministry was with Judah, but he prophesied judgment upon both Israel and Judah because of their apostasy, and along with judgment he also prophesied their future restoration and blessing because of Gods covenants with His peoplethe united nation of Israel. Isaiah then is a book that contains much warning and judgment, but great messages of blessing are woven into Isaiahs book. He repeated these two basic messages over and over again. 4. Jewish tradition says that he was killed during Manassehs reign (696-642 BC), and possibly Hebrews 11:37 had Isaiah in mind. 5. Isaiahs name is found 54 times in the Bible32 times in the Old Testament and 22 times in the New Testament. He is named 16 times in the book bearing his name. He is not named in any other Old Testament prophetic book, and the Old Testament books in which he is named are histories2 Kings (13 times) and 2 Chronicles (3 times). The normal conclusion is that Isaiah the prophet is the author of Isaiah the prophetic book. 6. The New Testament names Isaiah 22 times (Matthew 3:3; Mark 1:2; Luke 3:4; 4:17; John 12:38, 39, 41; Acts 8:28, 30; 28:25; Romans 9:29; 10:16; Romans 10:20, 21; and others). 7. Critics often divide Isaiah into the so-called first Isaiah (1-39) and second Isaiah (40-66), and claim that Isaiah did not write both sections. Some divide Isaiah into three sections (1-39, 4055, 56-66) because each section has a different emphasis. The critics do not think that a prophet accurately speak of events in the distant future. For example, Isaiah predicts Cyrus by name (44:28 and 45:1) almost 200 years before he came on the scene. He also predicted the return from Babylon that would happen many years in the future (48:20). 8. In truth, Isaiah wrote the entire book. In the first section, he addressed Israel as she faced Assyrian trouble (1-35). Isaiahs second section contains messages to the Babylonian exiles of the sixth century BC (36-39). In the third section he challenges the post-exilic nation to repentance and predicts more fully their restoration through the Messiah (40-66). 9. Yet Jesus (e.g. Matthew 13:13-14, Luke (Acts 8:28-30), and Paul (Romans 10:20-21) quote Isaiah by name and say that he is the author of the quotations. This clearly contradicts the critics claim that there were two or three Isaiahs. i. So-called first Isaiah: Matthew 3:3 with Isaiah 40:3; Mathew 4:14-16 with Isaiah 9:12; Matthew 13:14-15 with Isaiah 6:9-10; Matthew 15:7-9 with Isaiah 29:13; Mark 7:6-7 with Isaiah 29:13; John 12:39-41 with Isaiah 6:10; Acts 28:25-27 with Isaiah 6:9-10; Romans 9:27-28 with Isaiah 10:22-23; Romans 9:29 with Isaiah 1:9; Romans 15:12 with Isaiah 11:10. ii. So-called second Isaiah (40-66): Matthew 8:17 with Isaiah 53:4; Matthew 12:17-21 with Isaiah 42:1-4; Mark 1:2-3 with Isaiah 40:3; Mark 3:4-6 with Isaiah 40:3-5; Luke 4:17-19 with Isaiah 61:1-2; John 1:23 with Isaiah 40:3; John 12:38 with Isaiah 53:1; Acts 8:28 -33 with Isaiah 53:7-8; Romans 10:16 with Isaiah 53:1; Romans 10:20-21 with Isaiah 65:1-2. Trace the Theme Messiah-Servant of the Lord: Judgment, then Glorious Future We can trace the theme by following the chapter titles and noting the emphases of Isaiahs messages. Isaiah 1 shows the pattern. Isaiah 8:19-9:7 contrast terrible gloom and darkness with future light and blessing through Gods Messiah King; 24 has judgment on the earth, while 25-27 predict blessing; 28 denounces the unbelief of Israel and Gods judgment and deliverance for those who trust Messiah; 35 predicts judgment and 35 predicts blessing; 44-45 clearly state Israels unique position as Gods people along with condemnation for Idolatry followed by the Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 119 of 211
promise of deliveranceCyrus is even named; 49 also reminds Israel of her special position as the Lords servant and blessing through her, but also condemns her apostasy; 52 speaks of slavery and national deliverance through Messiah, while 53 clearly predicts the Messiah as the substitute sin bearer and spiritual deliverance. Chapter 54 predicts Israels future sure victory and blessing against the background of her then suffering; and 59 describes Israels sin and Gods coming salvation through the Redeemer from Zion. Isaiah 60-66 clearly describes the future kingdom blessings that the Lord will secure for Israelher promised kingdom is coming. Isaiahs emphasis is obey God or judgment, but future national restoration and blessing is assured. Overview Outline 1. Judgment on Judah, the nations, and the earth, 1-35. a. Judah, 1-12 b. The nations, 13-23 c. The earth, 24-35 2. Historical transition from Assyria to Babylon, 36-39 a. Hezekiah and Assyria, 36-37 b. Hezekiah and Babylon, 38-39 3. Sure hope for the future, 40-66. a. God rules, 40-48 b. God saves, 49-57 c. God secures, 58-66 Chapter Titles Judgment on the nations, Isaiah 1-35 1. Chapter 1. Israel, dumber than a donkey 2. Chapter 2. The Lord and his Kingdom in the last days 3. Chapter 3. Rebellion against the Lord produces a culture crisis 4. Chapter 4. The Lord will cleanse and protect Israel in that day 5. Chapter 5. Spiritual culture crisis produces a savage society 6. Chapter 6. Isaiah responds to God's greatness 7. Chapter 7. Virgin birth of the deliverer 8. Chapter 8. Assyria invades and Judah chooses the wrong help 9. Chapter 9. The Son rules from David's throne. Arrogant Israel suffers 10. Chapter 10. Arrogant Assyria. A remnant of Israel 11. Chapter 11. The shoot and branch will rule the gathered people. 12. Chapter 12. Song of thanksgiving. 13. Chapter 13. Lord judges Babylon, Assyria, Philistia. 14. Chapter 14. Lord judges Babylon, Assyria, Philistia. 15. Chapter 15. Lord judges Moab 16. Chapter 16. Lord judges Moab 17. Chapter 17. Lord judges Damascus 18. Chapter 18. Lord judges Ethiopia 19. Chapter 19. Lord judges Egypt 20. Chapter 20. Lord judges Egypt 21. Chapter 21. Lord judges Arabia 22. Chapter 22. Lord judges Judah and Jerusalem Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 23. Chapter 23. Lord judges Tyre 24. Chapter 24. Day of the Lord Judgments 25. Chapter 25. Day of the Lord blessings 26. Chapter 26. Day of the Lord peace and prosperity 27. Chapter 27. Day of the Lord regathering 28. Chapter 28. Gentile languages announce judgment 29. Chapter 29. Jerusalem gets judgment and restoration 30. Chapter 30. Egypt and Assyria cannot help 31. Chapter 31. Egypt and Assyria cannot help 32. Chapter 32. The righteous King blesses 33. Chapter 33. Deliverance from Assyria. The King will reign 34. Chapter 34. The Lords judgment on all nations 35. Chapter 35. The Glory of the Lorddeliverance and blessing Historical transition from Assyria to Babylon, Isaiah 36-39 36. Chapter 36. Assyrian Rabshakeh challenges Hezekiah 37. Chapter 37. Hezekiah prays; Lord strikes Sennacheribs 185,000 38. Chapter 38. The Lord gives Hezekiah 15 more years. 39. Chapter 39. Hezekiah wrongly shows the temple riches to Babylon
Page 120 of 211
Sure hope for the future, Isaiah 40-66 40. Chapter 40. The Lordthe sure future hope 41. Chapter 41. Israels God will deliver Israel 42. Chapter 42. Messiah-Servant will deliver 43. Chapter 43. Lord will return Israel 44. Chapter 44. No God besides Israels God 45. Chapter 45. Cyrus used by God. Israels creator is the Lord 46. Chapter 46. Gods purpose will be established 47. Chapter 47. Babylon will fall 48. Chapter 48. Stubborn Israel, If only you had listened to me 49. Chapter 49. Messiah-Servant will restore Israel 50. Chapter 50. Messiah-Servant is trustworthy 51. Chapter 51. Israel, listen to the Lord 52. Chapter 52. Israel, redeemed without money 53. Chapter 53. All our iniquity fell on Messiah-Servant 54. Chapter 54. Lords compassion and lovingkindness on Israel 55. Chapter 55. Come, listen, seek, and call on the Lord 56. Chapter 56. Lords salvation is coming 57. Chapter 57. Lord will judge idolaters 58. Chapter 58. Lord wants righteousness, not hypocrisy 59. Chapter 59. The redeemer from Zion for sinful Israel 60. Chapter 60. Israelacknowledged, righteous, blessed 61. Chapter 61. The anointed Messiah and restored Israel 62. Chapter 62. Zionyour salvation comes 63. Chapter 63. Lord judges enemies. Israel prays 64. Chapter 64. Prayer for deliverance. Israel confesses sin 65. Chapter 65. Repentant servant Israel. New kingdom heavens and earth 66. Chapter 66. Peace, blessing, and glory in Jerusalem Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through Key People 1. Isaiah 2. Hezekiah 3. Servant of the Lord 4. Cyrus Key Words and Phrases 1. Comfort, 17X (Isaiah 40:1; 51:3; 66:13) 2. Idol, 19X (Isaiah 2:18; 40:19-20; 57:13) 3. Image, 14X (Isaiah 10:10-11; 42:8; 44:9) 4. In that day, 40X (Isaiah 4:2; 7:18; 25:9; 28:5) 5. Judgment, 12X (Isaiah 3:14; 34:5; 66:16) 6. Salvation, 27X (Isaiah 12:2; 17:10; 52:7) 7. Servant, 42X (Isaiah 41:8; 42:1)
Page 121 of 211
Key Doctrines 1. God is the creator and is sovereign 2. God uses nations 3. God will restore Israel and bless her 4. Idolatry is foolish 5. Israel has a bright futurepeace, prosperity, blessing 6. Israel is Gods priest nation 7. Messiah-Servant is Jesus the Christ 8. Millennial Kingdom 9. National divine discipline. 10. Rebellion against God reaps terrible consequences 11. Theocratic program centered through Israel and Israels Messiah will defeat Satan and restore Gods rightful rule. Lessons For Us Today 1. There is no God but Israels God; He is the creator and ruler. 2. Rebellion against God pays terrible consequences. 3. Though the world is in turmoil, God is in charge and his plan continues. 4. Gods plan for history centers around his Servant Messiah. 5. History is the story of God restoring his rightful rule in creation; Israel and we in the church are active combatants in this spiritual conflict. 6. World peace, prosperity, and blessing will not come through human government such as the United Nations. It will only come through Messiahs reign on earth. 7. God keeps his word. He never lies and does not forget what he has promised.
Bible Walk Through Jeremiah Bible Walk Theme: Judah Ignores Her Spiritual Crisis Tod Kennedy, November, 2005 Theme Judah Ignores Her Spiritual Crisis Key Verse
Page 122 of 211
Jeremiah 25:11-12. And this whole land shall be a desolation and a horror, and these nations shall serve the king of Babylon seventy years. Then it will be when seventy years are completed I will punish the king of Babylon and that nation, declares the Lord, for their iniquity, and the land of the Chaldeans; and I will make it an everlasting desolation. Overview Outline 1. LORD appoints Jeremiah, Jeremiah 1 2. Prophecies about Judah, Jeremiah 2-45 3. Prophecies about the nations, Jeremiah 46-51 4. Historical summary, Jeremiah 52 History. This was the time of the Israels greatest apostasy and rejection of her major prophets messages, the destruction of Jerusalem, and the exile of the people to Babylon. Jeremiah came on the scene during the reign of Josiah, one of the 1. Knowing the changing political scene helps us to understand Jeremiahs book. a. 722 B.C. Assyrians under Shalmaneser V (726-722) and Sargon II (Isaiah 20:1; 721705) conquered Israel and wasted Samaria, the capital (2 Kings 17). b. 640 B.C. Josiah becomes king in Judah (640-609). Assyria remained the dominant power. Josiah attempted religious reforms (2 Kings 22-23; 2 Chronicles 34). c. 627 B.C. God appoints Jeremiah prophet to Judah (Jeremiah 1:4-10). d. 622 B.C. Hilkiah finds the Law in the temple (2 Kings 22:8). e. 612 B.C. Nabopolassar (626-605 B.C.), ruler of Babylon, captures Nineveh, Assyria. Power shifts to Babylon (Nahum 2:1-3:19; Zephaniah 2:13-15). f. 609 B.C. Pharoah Neco of Egypt killed Josiah at Megiddo (2 Kings 23:29-30; 2 Chronicles 35:20-25). g. 609 B.C. Jehoahazs now king and rules 3 months. Necho then takes Jehoahaz to Egypt (2 Kings 23:31-35). h. 608 B.C. Jehoiakim (2 Kings 23: 34-24:7), Josiahs son, begins rule in Judah (608-597). He began as a vassal of the king of Egypt. He too Judah back to idolatry. He destroyed Jeremiahs scroll (Jeremiah 36). i. 605 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar defeats Egypt at Carchemish. Also becomes king of Babylon (605-562 B.C.). He conquers Jerusalem and Judah. j. 605 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar takes Daniel and his three friends to Babylon (Daniel 1:1-7). k. 597 B.C. Jehoiachin, son of Jehoiakim, ruled in Judah for 3 months (2 Kings 24:8-16). l. 597 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar makes Zedekiah vassal king of Judah (2 Kings 24:17-20). m. 596 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar takes Jehoiachin, Ezekiel, and 10,000 captives to Babylon (2 Kings 24:10-16; 2 Chronicles 36:9-10; Ezekiel 1:2-3: 3:15). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 123 of 211
n. 588-586 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar lays siege to Jerusalem (2 Kings 25:1-10). o. 586 B.C. Jerusalem falls to the Babylonians. Nebuchadnezzar burns the city and temple in August, 586 B.C. (2 Kings 25). p. 586 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar makes Gedeliah governor of Judah. Ishmael assassinated Gedeliah in October, 586 after a 2 month rule (2 Kings 25:22-25). q. 586 B.C. Jews feared reprisals from Babylon and fled to Egypt, taking Jeremiah to Egypt with them (2 Kings 25:26; Jeremiah 43). Author was Jeremiah. He served as prophet from 627 B.C. until at least 586 BC (Jeremiah 1:13); and according to Jeremiah 40-44, possibly until 562 BC or beyond. His scribe, Baruch (Jeremiah 36:1-4), apparently compiled and edited the book. 1. Jeremiahs prophecy is somewhat autobiographical. He was Gods prophet for Judah before, during, and after the traumatic Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem. He was intense, courageous, at times despondent, and yet he persevered. Jeremiah preached the Lords unwanted and unheeded message. He used word of the LORD 58 times and thus says the LORD 151 times. He angered priests, prophets, soldiers, and kings. Unbelieving and rebellious Judah rejected Gods message and Gods man of the hour. She ignored her national crisis of which Jeremiah persistently warned. This also seems to be the continuing story of all mankind. 2. He was rejected, beaten, imprisoned, ridiculed, and finally kidnapped and taken to Egypt; all happened because he was faithful to Gods appointment to preach to Judah during the greatest crisis of her 250 year history. Furthermore, God told Jeremiah that he could not marry, go to funerals, or go to parties in order to illustrate the destruction that was coming (16:1-9). 3. Jeremiah was born around 640 BC in Anathoth, which was about 3 miles northeast of Jerusalem, into a priestly family, and God put him into the prophetic ministry in 627 BC (Jeremiah 1:1-2). He was a contemporary of Ezekiel (served about 592-570 B.C. in Babylon, Nebuchadnezzars reign), Zephaniah (served around 630 B.C., Josiahs reign), Habakkuk (served about 605 B.C., Jehoiakims reign), and Daniel (served about 605-536 B.C., Nebuchadnezzars to Cyrus reigns). 4. Jeremiah seemed to write in bursts during very tumultuous periods of Judahs history. a. The time of Josiahs reforms (chapters 1-6 and 11-12). b. Nebuchadnezzars rise to power (chapters 7-10, 14-20, 22, and 26). c. The remaining chapters relate to the two deportations to Babylon, the Zedekiah revolt, and the final destruction of Jerusalem. d. Chapter 52 is similar to 2 Kings 24:18-25:30. It likely was written and added after King Jehoiachin was freed from Babylonian imprisonment. Trace the Theme 1. In chapter 1 the LORD called Jeremiah to be prophet to Judah. The LORD immediately says what the will happen to Judah (Jeremiah 1:13-16) and why (Jeremiah 1:16 and 2:13). He also promises to protect Jeremiah from the unbelieving and rebellious kings, princes, priest, and people (Jeremiah 1:17-19). 2. Jeremiahs message was that Judah has forsaken the Lord and turned to idols (Jeremiah 2:1113), and she is worse than Israel was 125 years ago (Jeremiah 3:6-11). God, through Babylon, will severely discipline her (Jeremiah 19; 20:1-6). If Judah will submit to Babylon, God will allow her to remain in the land; but If Judah resists, he will bring catastrophic destruction upon her (Jeremiah 27:1-11). Judah did not repent, nor did she submit to Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 124 of 211
Babylon. Therefore, God kept his word. He catastrophically judged Judah, destroyed Jerusalem and the temple, and sent his people into slavery (Jeremiah 32:17-36; 39; 52). The book of Lamentations is Jeremiahs sorrowful poem describing the results of Judahs choice for idolatry instead of God. 3. Along with the prophecy of judgment God also promised to restore Israel to her land sometime in the future. That promise is the New Covenant (Jeremiah 31:31-34). At that time the Hebrew people will know and love Gods word; they will have eternal salvation relationship with the Lord; and the Lord will have forgiven all their sins. 4. Because Jeremiah courageously delivered Gods messages his townspeople threatened him (Jeremiah 11:21), his family opposed him (Jeremiah 12:6), the priests beat him and put him in stocks (Jeremiah 20:1-3), and even the prophets demanded his life (Jeremiah 26:11). King Jehoiakim destroyed one of his prophetic manuscripts (Jeremiah 36). Jeremiah wore a yoke on his neck to symbolize Nebuchadnezzars control of Judah and the surrounding nations (Jeremiah 27:1-7). He was beaten and put in a dungeon (Jeremiah 37:11-16) and then Zedekiah released him from the dungeon and imprisoned him in the court of the guardhouse (Jeremiah 37:17-21). 5. After the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 B.C., Nebuchadnezzar ordered Jeremiah freed and gave him the option to either go to Babylon or remain in Judah with Gedeliah, the governor of Judah. He chose Judah with his people (Jeremiah 39:11-40:6). Johanan, and leader in Judah and supporter of Gedeliah, warned Gedeliah that Ishmael planned to assassinate the governor, but the warning fell on deaf ears (Jeremiah 40:13-16). Ishmael and 10 others succeeded in assassinating Governor Gedeliah (Jeremiah 41:1-3). Johanan then rescued Jews whom Ishmael had taken as captive. After more killing, Ishmael escaped (Jeremiah 41:4-14). Soon Johanan asked Jeremiah for Gods message about what they should do. God said they should stay in Judah. Again, Gods prophet was rebuffed. Johanan gathered the remnant, including Jeremiah and Baruch, and fled to Egypt (Jeremiah 42-43). Jeremiah likely died in Egypt. Overview Outline 1. LORD appoints Jeremiah, 1 2. Prophecies about Judah, 2-45 3. Prophecies about the nations, 46-51 4. Historical summary. 52 Chapter Titles Section 1, LORD appoints Jeremiah 1. God appoints Jeremiah Section 2, Prophecies about Judah, Jeremiah 2-45 2. The two sins 3. Faithless Israel, Treacherous Judah 4. Partial destruction 5. Why pardon you? 6. Destruction from the north 7. Jeremiahs temple message 8. No man repented 9. Ruin, scatter, sword Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 10. LORD is God; Idols are worthless 11. Disobey the covenant and punishment 12. Uproot then compassion 13. The waistband and wine jug 14. Sword, famine, pestilence 15. Death, sword, famine, captivity 16. Double payment for sins 17. Cursed, blessed, deceitful heart, listen 18. The potter and the pit 19. I will break the potters jar 20. Jeremiah rejected and persecuted 21. King of Babylon will conquer 22. Shallum, Jehoiakim, Coniah 23. Good and bad prophets; Righteous branch 24. Good and bad figs 25. Seventy years in Babylon 26. Riot against Jeremiah 27. Serve the king of Babylon and live 28. Hananiah, the false prophet 29. The Lord has plans for welfare 30. Jacobs distress, then Jacobs fortunes restored 31. Lord will be God of Israel; New covenant 32. Captivity soon, later restoration 33. Restoration; the righteous branch of David 34. Release to the sword, pestilence, famine from Babylon 35. Rechabites obeyed forefather, Judah did not 36. Jeremiahs scrollburned and rewritten 37. Jeremiah arrested, beaten, jailed 38. The cistern; surrender to Babylon 39. Jerusalem destroyed; Zedekiah blinded 40. Jeremiah freed; Johanan warn Gedaliah 41. Ishmael assassinates Gedaliah; Johanan rescues some 42. Do not go to Egypt In Judah, blessing; in Egypt death 43. They went to Egypt; Nebuchadnezzar will conquer 44. Judah did not learn, therefore destruction in Egypt 45. The LORD will protect Baruch
Page 125 of 211
Section 3, Prophecies about the nations, Jeremiah 46-51 46. The LORD will conquer Egypt 47. The LORD will conquer the Philistines 48. The Lord will conquer Moab 49. The LORD will conquer Ammon, Edom, Damascus, Arabia, and Elam 50. The LORD will conquer Babylon 51. The LORD will conquer Babylon Section 4, Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem, Jeremiah 52 52. Siege, destruction, exile Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 126 of 211
Key People. See the chronological political scene above point 4, history. 1. Jeremiah, 132X. Gods prophet to Judah during her final days (Jeremiah 1 and following). Faithfully proclaimed Gods word to apathetic, disobedient, and idolatrous Jews. 2. Baruch, 23X. Jeremiahs scribe (Jeremiah 36:32). 3. Nebuchadnezzar, 37X. King of Babylon during most of Jeremiahs prophecy. Daniels head of gold. He destroyed Jerusalem, the temple, and removed many Jews to Babylonincluding Daniel and his three friends, and Ezekiel (Jeremiah 39:1; 2 Kings 24-25; Daniel 1-4). 4. Josiah, 18X. Judahs last reforming king. During his reign he OT Law of Moses was found. He repaired the temple, restored the worship of the Lord and celebrated the Passover. He foolishly went to battle with Pharo Necho and was killed (Jeremiah 3:6; 2 Kings 22-23; 2 Chronicles 35:20-27). 5. Jehoahaz, (Joahaz). Son of Josiah. He ruled 3 months. The Egyptian Pharoah removed him, took him to Egypt, and placed his brother Jehoiakim on the throne of Judah (2 Kings 23:3133; 2 Chronicles 36:1-4; 6. Jehoiakim, 22X, (Eliakim). Son of Josiah. Ruled 11 years after his father, Josiah. He destroyed Jeremiahs scroll (Jeremiah 36). Rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar (2 Kings 24). God cursed him with no sons to ever sit for any long period of time on Davids throne, and he died a violent death (Jeremiah 36:30-31; 2 Kings 23:34-24:7). 7. Jehoiachin, 3X, (Jeconiah, 4X; Coniah 3X). Son of Jehoiakim. Ruled for 3 months and 10 days in 597 BC. Apparently Nebuchadnezzar changed his mind about Jehoiachin. He went back to Jerusalem and took Jehoiachin to Babylon with 10,000 others where he was imprisoned for 36 years. Evil-Merodach released him (Jeremiah 24:1; Jeremiah 52:31; 2 Kings 24.14-17). 8. Zedekiah, 49X. (Mattaniah). Son of Josiah. He defended Jeremiah twice (Jeremiah 37:15-21 and 38:7-13). He was vassal king at the time Nebuchadnezzar and foolishly rebelled against him which brought the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple. Nebuchadnezzar had Zedekiahs sons killed and then blinded Zedekiah. He died in Babylon (2 Kings 24:17-25:17). 9. Gedeliah, 23X. Appointed Governor of Judea by Nebuchadnezzar after Zedekiah was taken. He respected Jeremiah (Jeremiah 39:11-14 and 40:5). Attempted to calm the Jews and urged submission to Babylon. Ishmael assassinated him. Some Jews feared Babylons reprisals and took Jeremiah and fled to Egypt (2 Kings 25:22-26; Jeremiah 52). Words and Phrases in NASB translation 1. Babylon, 169 X (20:4). 2. Fear, 16X (5:22-24; 46:27). 3. Idols, 11 X (8:19). 4. Judgment, 7X (1:16). 5. Listen, 63X (6:10). 6. Sin, 26X. (2:35; 40:3). Key Doctrines 1. God does not guarantee that his faithful servants will not suffer because they serve him (Jeremiah 11:21; 20:1-3; 26:11; 37:11-21). 2. Gods faithful messengers can still serve during a spiritual and political crisis (Jeremiah 26:11-15; 27; 36; 51:59-64). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 127 of 211
3. Grace before judgment: God graciously warned his people about their sin before he disciplined the nation because of her sin (Jeremiah 7; 22:1-9; 27; 42). a. National divine discipline comes because of sin, and after warning (above Scripture). b. Sin not confessed brings judgment. 4. The seventy years exile prophecy (Jeremiah 25:11-12; 29:10). 5. Gods will restore Israel and Judah and fulfill his New Covenant with them (Jeremiah 29:1115; 30:3; 31:27-40; 43-44). 6. God used Gentile kings and nations to discipline Israel and Judah (Jeremiah 22:25; 27:6; 37:28; 46:26). 7. God is more powerful than the strongest nation and can raise them up and bring them down (Jeremiah 50:17-18; 51:24). 8. The opinion of political and religious leaders and the general public may be the majority opinion, yet it can be wrong (people, Jeremiah 11:21; 52:3), his family, Jeremiah 12:6), 20:13), the prophets demanded his life, Jeremiah 26:11), King Jehoiakim, Jeremiah 36), and King Zedekiah, Jeremiah 52:3). 9. Central Scripture for doctrines. a. God gave his promise of blessing, similar to Psalm 1, to those who trust him (Jeremiah 17:5-8). b. The nature of man (Jeremiah 17:9-10). c. Volition Jeremiah (21:8). d. Gods will restore Israel and Judah and fulfill his New Covenant with them (Jeremiah 29:11-15; 30:3; 31:27-40; 43-44). Lessons for Us Today 1. Gods has a plan and purpose for Israel despite her unbelief. 2. God uses willing and faithful people, but does not guarantee an easy or safe life. 3. God always warns us before he judges us. 4. Believe and follow the word of God; it stands above public opinion. 5. God uses humble, faithful to him, strong, and gracious leaders. 6. Kings, dictators, presidents, and prime ministers may be powerful, ruthless, and even temporarily popular, but they come and go. God still controls history. 7. God wants to bless his people.
Bible Walk Through Lamentations Bible Walk Title from the Latin Vulgate
Page 128 of 211
The Hebrew title is ( ekah) How! Alas! Sin, Destruction, Death, Exile Tod Kennedy December, 2005 Lamentations Theme Sin, Destruction, Death, Exile Lamentations Key Verses Lamentations 2:11 My eyes fail because of tears, My spirit is greatly troubled; My heart is poured out on the earth Because of the destruction of the daughter of my people, When little ones and infants faint In the streets of the city." Lamentations 3:19-23 Remember my affliction and my wandering, the wormwood and bitterness. Surely my soul remembers And is bowed down within me. This I recall to my mind, Therefore I have hope. The Lords lovingkindnesses indeed never cease, For His compassions never fail. They are new every morning; Great is Thy faithfulness. The Lord is my portion, says my soul, Therefore I have hope in Him. The Lord is good to those who wait for Him, To the person who seeks Him." History This was the time of the Israels greatest apostasy and rejection of her major prophets messages, the destruction of Jerusalem, and the exile of the people to Babylon. See the Jeremiah notes for the history. Jeremiah also wrote Lamentations. Jerusalem had been destroyed by the Babylonian army under Nebuchadnezzar. Jeremiah wrote about the destruction of the city, the temple, and the people that occurred in July and August, 586 BC. Author Jeremiah 1. The author was Jeremiah, though he is not named. He served as prophet from 627 B.C. until at least 586 BC (Jeremiah 1:1-3); and according to Jeremiah 40-44, possibly until 562 BC or beyond. 2. Lamentations 1:13-15; 2:6, 9; 4:1-12 indicate that the author was an eyewitness to the destruction of Jerusalem. 3. Jeremiah and Lamentations are similar: Lamentations 1:2 and Jeremiah 30:14; Lamentations 1:15 and Jeremiah 8:21; Lamentations 1:16 and 2:11 with Jeremiah 9:1, 18; Lamentations 2:22 and Jeremiah 6:25; Lamentations 4:21 and Jeremiah 49:12. 4. The LXX superscription to Lamentations claims Jeremiah as the author. 5. The Talmud (200-500 AD), Aramaic Targum of Jonathan (first century AD), Origen (185254 AD), and Jerome (345-419 AD) all say Jeremiah wrote this book. The Talmud is made up of the Mishna (the written oral law) and the Gemara (commentaries on the Mishnah). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 129 of 211
6. The Talmud ( )is a record of rabbinic discussions on Jewish law, Jewish ethics, customs, legends and stories, which Jewish tradition considers authoritative. It is a fundamental source of legislation, customs, case histories and moral exhortations. The Talmud has two components, the Mishnah which is the first written compilation of Judaism's Oral Law, and the Gemara, a discussion of the Mishnah (though the terms Talmud and Gemara are generally used interchangeably). 7. It [The Talmud ( ])expands on the earlier writings in the Torah in general and in the Mishnah in particular, and is the basis for all later codes of Jewish law, and much of Rabbinic literature. The Talmud is also traditionally referred to as Shas (a Hebrew abbreviation of shishah sedarim, the "six orders" of the Mishnah). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud 8. Jeremiah in this book laments Jerusalem and Judahs sin and judgment. 9. The accepted tradition of Judaism and Christianity accept Jeremiah as the author. Poetry and Structure of Lamentations 1. Lamentations was a lament for Jerusalem. Jerusalem was not just the capital of Israel and the city of David; it was the center for worship and sacrifice, for the temple, and later where Christ would be crucified. 2. Lamentations is more than a dirge about suffering. It is a funeral poem for the center of Gods redemption planJerusalem, the temple, and the Messiahs people. 3. Lamentations is a poem composed of five laments. A lament is a funeral poem or song. The technical name for this funeral poem is qina, which expresses grief, sorrow, and mourning. 4. Jeremiah is expressing his anguished grief over the destruction of Jerusalem, the temple, and the people. 5. Chapters 1, 2, 4 are acrostic poems. Each chapter is a unit and each chapter has 22 verses. The first verse begins with the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet (a, aleph) and each succeeding verse begins with the next successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet. 6. Chapter 3 is also an acrostic, but the chapter is in 3 verse segments. It has 66 verses. Verses 1, 2, and 3 begin with a, aleph, and so on. Chapter 3 is an individual lament like Psalm 7 and 22. 7. Chapter 5 with its 22 verses is not in acrostic form. Jeremiah penned this lament in a somewhat whispered fashion as he quietly grieves over the people and then pleads for restoration based upon Gods sovereignty and grace. 8. Summary a. Chapter 1. 22 verse acrostic b. Chapter 2. 22 verse acrostic c. Chapter 3. 66 verse acrostic, 3 verses per letter d. Chapter 4. 22 verse acrostic e. Chapter 5. 22 verse, not acrostic. 9. Lamentations was read on the ninth day of Ab when the Jews commemorated the destruction of Jerusalem. Ab in our calendar is July-August. It is the fifth month of the religious calendar and he eleventh month of the civil calendar. Overview Outline and Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1: Jerusalem, lonely and desolate (1, 3, 17) 2. Chapter 2: The Lords anger, wrath, and destruction (1, 3, 4) 3. Chapter 3: Jeremiahs affliction, hope, and prayer (1, 21, 55) 4. Chapter 4: Sin caused unspeakable suffering (1, 6, 10, 11) Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 5. Chapter 5: Jeremiah prays because joy has ceased (5, 15)
Page 130 of 211
Trace the Theme of Lamentations Simply Sin, Destruction, Death, Exile 1. Lamentations 1:1 and 8, Jerusalem, lonely and desolate. 2. Lamentations 2:1 and 11, The Lords anger, wrath, and destruction. 3. Lamentations 3:1 and 21-23, Jeremiahs affliction, hope, and prayer. 4. Lamentations 4:6, 10 and 11, Sin caused unspeakable suffering. 5. Lamentations 5:1, 15, and 21, Jeremiah prays because joy has ceased. Chapter Overviews 1. Chapter 1: Jerusalem, lonely and desolate (1, 3, 17). Verse 1 sets the theme for the chapter and the book. a. Verses: Lamentations 1:1. How lonely sits the city That was full of people! She has become like a widow Who was once great among the nations! She who was a princess among the provinces Has become a forced laborer! Lamentations 1:3, Judah has gone into exile under affliction, and under harsh servitude; She dwells among the nations, But she has found no rest; All her pursuers have overtaken her in the midst of distress. b. Some descriptive terms and phrases include weeps bitterly 2; harsh servitude 3; sinned greatly 8; her nakedness 8; fallen astonishingly 9; groan seeking bread 11; sent fire into my bones 13; Jerusalem has become an unclean thing 17; The Lord is righteouscaptivity 18; in the house it is like death 20; no one to comfort me 21. 2. Chapter 2: The Lords anger, wrath, and destruction. Verses 1, 3, and 4 demonstrated this. a. Verses: 1. Lamentations 2:1 How the Lord has covered the daughter of Zion with a cloud in His anger! He has cast from heaven to earth the glory of Israel, and has not remembered His footstool in the day of His anger. 2. Lamentations 2:3, In fierce anger he has cut off all the strength of Israel. He has drawn back his right hand from before the enemy. b. This lament concentrates on the Lords anger against Judah. Jeremiah emphasizes this in numerous verses. His anger 2x in 1; not spared 2; wrath 2; fierce anger 3; bent his bow and wrath like fire 4; violently treated and despised 6; rejected and abandoned 7; destruction 11; life is poured out 12; the Lord has done 17; women eat their offspring 20; hast slaughtered 21; day of the Lords anger 22. 3. Chapter 3: Jeremiahs affliction, hope, and prayer. Verses 1, 21, 55 are illustrative verses. a. Verses: 1. Lamentations 3:1 I am the man who has seen affliction Because of the rod of His wrath. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 131 of 211
2. Lamentations 3:22 The Lords lovingkindnesses indeed never cease, For His compassions never fail. 3. Lamentations 3:23 They are new every morning; Great is Your faithfulness. 4. Lamentations 3:24 The Lord is my portion, says my soul, Therefore I have hope in Him. 5. Lamentations 3:55 I called on Your name, O Lord, Out of the lowest pit b. This lament gives us Jeremiahs thinking, discouragement, confident expectation, and prayer. We can see this by seen affliction 1; in darkness 2; against me 3; He shuts out my prayer 8; laughing stock 14; bitterness 15; forgotten happiness 17; bowed down 20; I have hope 21; great is thy faithfulness 23; I have hope in Him 21; compassion and abundant lovingkindness 32; both good and ill 38; in view of his sins 39; let us examine and probeand return 40; no prayer 44; devastation and destruction 47;I am cut off 54; I called 55; Thou hast heard 56; do not fear 57; Thou has redeemed 58; Thou wilt recompense 64; 4. Chapter 4: Sin caused unspeakable suffering. Verses 1, 6, 10, and 11 demonstrate this theme. a. Verses: 1. Lamentations 4:1 How dark the gold has become, How the pure gold has changed! The sacred stones are poured out. 2. Lamentations 4:6 For the iniquity of the daughter of my people Is greater than the sin of Sodom, Which was overthrown as in a moment, And no hands were turned toward her. 3. Lamentations 4:10 The hands of compassionate women Boiled their own children; They became food for them Because of the destruction of the daughter of my people. 4. Lamentations 4:11 The Lord has accomplished His wrath, He has poured out His fierce anger; And He has kindled a fire in Zion Which has consumed its foundations. b. tongue of infants and ask for bread (4); Embrace ash pits (5); greater than the sin of Sodom (6); skin is shriveled (8); slain with hunger (9); boiled their own children (10); accomplished His wrath (11); kings of the earth did not believe (12); our end had come (18); captured in the pits (20); your iniquity has been completed (22). 5. Chapter 5: Jeremiah prays because joy has ceased. Verses 1, 5, 15, 21, 22 demonstrate this theme. a. Verses: i. Lamentations 5:1 Remember, O Lord, what has befallen us; Look, and see our reproach! ii. Lamentations 5:5 Our pursuers are at our necks; We are worn out, there is no rest for us. iii. Lamentations 5:15 The joy of our hearts has ceased; Our dancing has been turned into mourning. iv. Lamentations 5:21 Restore us to You, O Lord, that we may be restored; Renew our days as of old, 22 Unless You have utterly rejected us And are exceedingly angry with us. b. Remember, O Lord (1); our inheritance has been turned over (2); become orphans (3); pay for drinking water (4); Slaves rule over us (8); They ravished the women (11); Princes were hung by their hands (12); joy of our hearts has ceased and dancing has been turned into mourning (15); our heart is faint and eyes are dim Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 132 of 211
(17); why dost Thou forget us forever (20); Restore us (21); Renew our days (21); unless (22). Key People 1. Jeremiah. Gods prophet to Judah during her final days. He faithfully proclaimed Gods word to apathetic, disobedient, and idolatrous Jews. Jeremiah penned Lamentations has he recalled the destruction, death, and exile of Gods people and his people. Key Words and Phrases in NASB 1. Daughters 18x, of Judah, Zion, Jerusalem, my people. 1x, daughters of my city. All references to Israels relationship to the Lord and the land and city. Points out Gods choice of the Jewish people and the city of Jerusalem (1:6; 2:2; 2:13; 3:48; 3:51). 2. Lament 1x, (2:8). Personification of the defenses of the city, which once breached, leads to destruction of the city and people. 3. Cry 3x. Refers to pleading with the Lord for help during the destruction of Jerusalem, the temple, and the people (2:19; 3:8; 3:56). 4. Help 4x. This brings out the helpless situation. Only the Lord can deliver Judah (1:7; 3:8; 3:56; 4:17). 5. Compassion 2x, and Lovingkindness 2x. These are found in those great passages about Gods compassion that revived Jeremiah (3:22; 3:32). Key Doctrines 1. Sin (1-5) 2. National discipline (1-5) 3. Suffering (1-5) 4. Hope in a crisis (3) 5. Gods character (3) 6. Faith and waiting (3) 7. Spiritual recovery (5) Lessons for Us Today 1. God is perfect. The more one understands who he is and what he is like, the more one can relate to life and live successfully. All truth stems from Gods character. 2. Gods anger and discipline demonstrate his love for his people. If he did not love Israel, he would not have gone to such lengths to correct and restore them. Hebrews 12, in the NT, also teaches this. 3. In any and every situation God is always faithful to his word and his people. This is what restored Jeremiah from his discouragement. 4. God the Lord rules over life. He disciplines and he restores. Without him, suffering is unbearable and joy ceases. 5. What five questions should I ask myself in a crisis? 6. Five Questions to Ask in Suffering a. Am I believing in Jesus Christ to give me eternal life (John 3.16-18; 20.31; Romans 6.23)? b. Do I really know what God is like (Lamentations 3:21-25)? c. Am I walking in fellowship with God (1 John 1) and living by faith, by the Holy Spirit, in the Word of God, and in love (Galatians 2.20; 5.5; 2 John 4-6)? Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 133 of 211
d. Do I accept the fact that what I believe is more important that how I feel (Psalm 13)? e. Am I watching for the good (the blessing) that God is working out in my life and testing (Romans 8.28)?
Bible Walk Through Ezekiel Judgment Now, Promised Kingdom Later Tod Kennedy Sunday, February, 2006 Theme of Ezekiel Now God judges Israel; later, He will establish her promised kingdom Key Verses
Page 134 of 211
Ezekiel 36:24-26 For I will take you from the nations, gather you from all the lands and bring you into your own land. 25 Then I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you will be clean; I will cleanse you from all your filthiness and from all your idols. 26 Moreover, I will give you a new heart and put a new spirit within you; and I will remove the heart of stone from your flesh and give you a heart of flesh. Ezekiel 36:33-35 Thus says the Lord God, On the day that I cleanse you from all your iniquities, I will cause the cities to be inhabited, and the waste places will be rebuilt. 34 The desolate land will be cultivated instead of being a desolation in the sight of everyone who passes by. 35 They will say, This desolate land has become like the garden of Eden; and the waste, desolate and ruined cities are fortified and inhabited. History Overview 1. General a. The history is the same as for Jeremiah and Lamentation. b. Judah has rebelled against the Lord and against Nebuchadnezzar. c. Nebuchadnezzar defeated Jerusalem (Jehoiakim) in 605 BC. At that time he took Daniel and his friends and other hostages to Babylon. d. In 597 BC, because of Judahs rebellion (Jehoiakim and Jehoiachin) Nebechadnezzar took 10,000 more hostages, including Jehoiachin, Ezekiel to Babylon. e. Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem and burned the temple in the summer of 586 BC. 2. Chronology of the kings a. Josiah 640-609 BC. Reforming king. Killed by Pharoah Necho. b. Jehoahaz 3 months in 609 BC. Pharoah Neco replaced him. Died in Egypt. c. Jehoiakim (Eliakim) 609-598 BC. Destroyed Jeremiahs prophecy; rebelled. d. Jehoiachin December 598-March 597 BC. Taken captive to Babylon with Ezekiel and 10,000. e. Zedekiah (Mattaniah) 597-586 BC. Revolted; City and temple destroyed; Taken to Riblah; Sons killed; he was blinded and taken to Babylon. f. Gedaliah 2 months in 586 BC. Assassinated by Ishmael. 3. Dated prophecies a. 1:2. July-August 593 BC, Vision b. 8:1. August-September 592 BC, Abominations c. 20:1. July-August 591 BC, Panorama Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. Author
Page 135 of 211
24:1. December-January 589-588 BC, Cooking Pot 29:1. December-January 588-587 BC, Egypt 26:1. 587 BC, Tyre, Sidon 30:20. March-April 587 BC, Egypts defeat 31:1. May-June 587 BC, Egypt, like Assyria, falls 33:21. December-January 586-585 BC, Restoration 32:1. February-March 585 BC. Lament for Pharoah 32:17. February-March 585 BC. Egypt also falls 40:1. March-April 573 BC. Restored Theocracy 29:17. March-April 571 BC. Nebuchadnezzar is Gods instrument against Egypt.
1. The book names Ezekiel as the author in 1:1-3 with chapters 2 and 3, and 24:15-27 (especially 24:15, 16, 24, 25). 2. The author writes in the first person singular (I, me, my) very frequently (1:4, 15, 24; 2:1, 2, 9, 10; 3:2, 3, 12; 6:1) and the author is also called the son of man in many of these contexts (2:1; 3:1, 6:1-2; 7:1-2, and others. 3. The language and unity of thought supports one author. 4. Ezekiel was a priest who was taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar in 597 BC because of the rebellion of Jehoichin. This was the 8th year of Nebuchadnezzars reign. 5. He was probably born in 627 BC (Ezekiel 1:1) and was about the same age as Daniel, who was in Babylon at this time (Ezekiel 3:11). 6. He began receiving visions from the Lord in 593 BC (Ezekiel 1:1-3). This ministry continued until at least 571 BC (Ezekiel 29:17). 7. Ezekiel was married. His wife died in Babylon as a sign to Ezekiel and the Jews (Ezekiel 24:16-18). 8. Daniel, Habakkuk, and Jeremiah were his contemporaries. 9. In general, Ezekiel gives messages of warning and judgment in chapters 1-32 and then messages about restoration in 33-48. Note in association with this that Gods glory leaves Solomons temple in 9-11 and then returns to the millennial temple in chapter 43. Overview Outline 1. Preparation of Ezekiel, 1-3 2. Judgment of Judah, 4-24 3. Judgment of Nations, 25-32 4. Prophesies of Future Kingdom, 33-39 5. Future Kingdom temple, priesthood, sacrifices, and land, 40-48 Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1.Vision: Living Creatures 2. Chapter 2-3.Preparation of Ezekiel 3. Chapter 4.Brick, Side 4. Chapter 5.Razor, Hair 5. Chapter 6.Idolatry Judged 6. Chapter 7.Sword, Famine, Plague 7. Chapter 8.Abominations in Temple 8. Chapter 9.Executioners Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 9. Chapter 10.Vision: Glory Moving 10. Chapter 11.Vision: Glory Departs 11. Chapter 12.Baggage, Bread, Proverb 12. Chapter 13.Foolish Prophets 13. Chapter 14.Self-Responsibility 14. Chapter 15.Vine Wood 15. Chapter 16.Prostitute Queen 16. Chapter 17.Eagles, Cedar 17. Chapter 18.Repentance Desired 18. Chapter 19.Lamentation on Kings 19. Chapter 20.Panorama 20. Chapter 21.Yahwehs Sword 21. Chapter 22.Blood, Dross 22. Chapter 23.Two Sisters 23. Chapter 24.Cooking Pot 24. Chapter 25.Ammon, Moab, Edom, Philistia 25. Chapter 26-28.Tyre, Sidon 26. Chapter 29-32. Egypt 27. Chapter 33.Watchman Dwellers 28. Chapter 34.Shepherds 29. Chapter 35.Mt. Seir 30. Chapter 36.Restoration, Regeneration 31. Chapter 37.Bones, Sticks 32. Chapter 38-39.Gog invasion 33. Chapter 40-42.Temple Detail 34. Chapter 43.Vision: Glory Returns 35. Chapter 44.Zadok Priesthood 36. Chapter 45.Priestly Land, Offerings 37. Chapter 46.Offerings 38. Chapter 47-48.Land Divided
Page 136 of 211
Bible Walk Through Daniel Bible Walk Theme: Israel in the Times of the Gentiles Tod Kennedy November, 2006 Theme
Page 137 of 211
Israel in the times of the Gentiles. Daniel, a statesman who had a prophetic gift and not office, wrote to Jews in exile about the individuals, nations, and events that will dominate Israel from his time until Jesus the Messiah returns to earth to rule as King of Kings and Lord of Lords (Daniel 2:28; 10:14). Daniels prophetic view chronicles the rise and fall of these leading Gentile powers. Jesus called period is called the times of the Gentiles (Luke 21.24). Israels Messiah, the Son of Man (Daniel 7:13) will destroy the Gentile powers and replace the times of the Gentiles with his everlasting kingdom in which Israel has central blessing (Daniel 7:14; 8:23-25). He left out the church age because God had not revealed the coming church age to anyone. Daniels message is a warning to Gentile nations and a message of hope and encouragement for those Israelites in Babylon: 1. Israels God has history in his own control and Israel is a central part of that future history, and 2. since Israel is Gods people the people should be encouraged by Gods promises and should stay faithful to God.
Daniel
1 2-4 5-6 7-9 10-12
70 x 7 Daniel Enters Babylon Belshazzar to Cyrus Period Daniels Visions
3 1/2 Angels Message: Last Days
Nebuchadnezzar Period
@Dr. Tod Kennedy
Key Verses Daniel 2:20-22: Daniel answered and said, Let the name of God be blessed forever and ever, For wisdom and power belong to Him. 21 And it is He who changes the times and the epochs; He removes kings and establishes kings; He gives wisdom to wise men, And knowledge to men of understanding. 22 It is He who reveals the profound and hidden things; He knows what is in
Bible Walk Through the darkness, And the light dwells with Him.
Page 138 of 211
Daniel 2:44: And in the days of those kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom which will never be destroyed, and that kingdom will not be left for another people; it will crush and put an end to all these kingdoms, but it will itself endure forever. Daniel 3:17-18: If it be so, our God whom we serve is able to deliver us from the furnace of blazing fire; and He will deliver us out of your hand, O king. 18 But even if He does not, let it be known to you, O king, that we are not going to serve your gods or worship the golden image that you have set up. Author and Date 1. Daniel wrote about 530 BC (Daniel 7:2,15,28; 8:1-2, 15, 27; 9:1-3, 22; 10:1-2, 7, 11-12; 12:4-5, 8-9; Ezekiel 14:14, 20; 28:3; Matthew 25:15; Mark 13:14). a. He wrote chapters 1 and 8-12 in the Hebrew language, the language of Israel. Daniel wrote chapters 2-7 in Aramaic, the international language at that time. b. Why the insertion of Aramaic? Because in chapters 2-7 Daniel was highlighting the Gentile rule over Israel. In those chapters he covered the four Gentile powers, the persecution as a result of that, and he encouraged Jews to stay faithful to God. God and History 1. God works progressively through history. The KJV call these periods of history dispensations (Greek oikonomia dispensation, economy, administration). 2. Charles Ryrie wrote A dispensation is a distinguishable economy in the outworking of Gods purpose (Dispensationalism. Chicago: Moody Press, 1995. Page 29). Thus, the central idea in the word dispensation is that of managing or administering the affairs of a household (25). 3. Roy Zuck wrote The word "dispensation" occurs nine times in the New Testament (Luke 16:2-4; 1 Cor. 9:17; Eph. 1:10; 3:2, 9; Col. 1:25; 1 Tim. 1:4). Oikonomia, a combination of oikos, "house" and nomos, "law," means "administration, stewardship, or management." The verb oikonomeo, "to administer or manage," is used in Luke 16:2, and the noun oikonomos, a steward or manager, occurs ten times (Luke 12:42; 16:1; 3, 8; Rom. 16:23; 1 Cor. 4:1-2; Gal 4:2; Titus 1:2; 1 Pet. 4:10). These words refer to the human administration of a house, property, state, or nation, or to Gods administration of the human race or part of it. Thus dispensationalism views the world as a household or administration run by God. So while the word "dispensationalism" is not used in the Bible, the concept certainly is. While the word "dispensation" itself does not designate a time period, the very nature of differing stewardships suggests a beginning and ending in time for each of the dispensations. (What Is Dispensationalism? found at http://www.scofield.org/historical/dispensationalism.htm) 4. The word dispensation is the King James Version translation of the Greek word oikonomia means 1. management of a household, direction office (Luke 16.2-4; 1 Corinthians 9.17; Colossians 1.25; Ephesians 3.2; 2. arrangement, order, plan (Ephesians 1.10; 3.9) 3. training (1 Timothy 1.4). (BAGD 559) Another word that has been translated age, world, and dispensation is aion aiwn (Matthew 13.39,40,49; 28.20; Hebrews 9.26; 11.3). (BAGD 27) 5. Dispensations are Gods distinguishable and chronological economies or administrations of human history during which he progressively reveals (gives written new revelationThe Old and New Testament) and accomplishes his plan. God has divided human history into basic administrations or economies. These are called dispensations. God gives revelation, Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 139 of 211
privilege, and responsibility for each administration, some of which is different from the previous economy or administration. Each dispensation has unique doctrine, people, administrators, and events. Eternal salvation in every dispensation is always by Gods grace and through faith (Ephesians 1.10; 3.1-12; Genesis 15.6; Galatians 3.6-9; Ephesians 2.8-9). 6. What really distinguishes dispensational theology from reformed and covenant theology? First, dispensational theology is based upon a normal or plain interpretation of the Bible. Normal or plain interpretation means to read the Bible as any other book; the author means what he says; the Bible uses figures of speech; it uses parables; it talks of ideas, people, places, and events; when the author names a person or group of people or promises something to a person or group of people or predicts a specific event, one using a normal or plain interpretation will take the people, places, events, and predictions at face value unless there is something in the context to indicate a different meaning. From a plain interpretation we see that God, throughout human history, distinguishes between Israel and the Church. This is the second hallmark of dispensational theology. Israel and the church are two prominent groups of people through whom God works. Since Pentecost, God has been working through the church, the body of Christ (Ephesians 1.22-23). After Christ removes the church, God will resume working through Israel. The third hallmark of dispensational theology is that the primary purpose of God is doxological, that is, to demonstrate Gods glory. The salvation of people is a prominent way to glorify God, but that is not the purpose of history 7. The current events of Daniel occur in the dispensation or age of Israel. The end time prophecies that Daniel records will take place in the end of the age of Israel, what Matthew calls the tribulation (Daniel 9:27; 12:1; Matthew 24:15-29), and in the Messianic or millennial dispensation (Isaiah 9:7; Daniel 2:44-45; 7:13-14). History Overview for Danielss time 1. The events of this book begin in 605 BC (Daniel 1:1). The last date notice is 536 BC, the third year of Cyrus (Daniel 10:1). The chief Babylonian gods included Bel and Marduk (Daniel 4:8). 2. In 605 BC the Babylonian army under Nebuchadnezzar defeated Egypt and Assyria at the Battle of Carchemish (May-June 605 BC). He chased Egypt out of Syria-Palestine. While he was away his father, Nabopolassar, died. Nebuchadnezzar hurried back to Babylon. He became king and Babylon became the leading power of the day (2 chronicles 35:20; 2 Kings 24:7; Jeremiah 46:2). 3. Israel, the northern kingdom, had been conquered by Assyria in 722 BC. The northern kingdom was no longer a political entity at this time. Assyria had broken up the northern kingdom and had deported many Jews from Palestine. The southern kingdom, Judah, was still a nation in her homeland. Jehoiakim (609-598 BC) was the vassal king placed in power by Egypt. When Nebuchadnezzar defeated Egypt and Assyria he allowed Jehoiakim to remain king of Judah. He was an evil king and eventually rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar in 598 BC. 4. The kings of Judah during this period were 5. Josiah (640-609 BC), who instituted reforms. He was killed at the Battle of Carchemish by archers of Pharaoh Neco of Egypt (2 Kings 22-23; 2 Chronicles 34-35). 6. Jehoahaz (three months in 609 BC), whom Neco replaced (2 Kings 23:31-33; 2 Chronicles 36:1-3; Jeremiah 22:11-12). 7. Jehoiakim (609-598 BC), Judahs 17th king, was an evil king. He destroyed Jeremiahs writing. He rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar and asked for help from Egypt. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 140 of 211
Nebuchadnezzar took him captive to Babylon (2 Kings 23:34-24:7; 2 Chronicles 36:4-8; Jeremiah 22:18-19; 36:27-32). 8. Jehoiachin (December 598-March 597 BC) was king when Nebuchadnezzar attacked Jerusalem in March 597 BC. He was taken captive to Babylon along with Ezekiel and 10,000 others (2 Kings 24:8-26); 2 Chronicles 36:9-10). 9. Zedekiah, also called Mattaniah (597-586 BC), was installed by Nebuchadnezzar. He followed the anti-Babylon faction and rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar. Jeremiah had warned against this. He also tried to get Egypt to help him, but Egypt was too weak. Nebuchadnezzar marched on Jerusalem in 588. He captured the city and destroyed the temple in 586. Nebuchadnezzar captured Zedekiah, killed his sons, blinded Zedekiah, and took him to Babylon (2 Kings 24:17-25:21; 2 Chronicles 36;11-21; Jeremiah 39:1-10). 10. Gedeliah (586 BC) was appointed governor by Nebuchadnezzar. Ishmaels faction assassinated him (2 Kings 25:22-30; 2 Chronicles 36:22-23; Jeremiah 40-44). 11. Nebuchadnezzar was the second and the greatest king of the Neo-Babylonian empire. His father, Nabopolassar, was the founder and first king. The kings were Nabopolassar (626-605 BC), Nebuchadnezzar (605-562 BC); Evil-Merodach, Nebs son (562-560 BC); Neriglissar, Nebs son-in-law (560-556 BC); Laborosoarchad, Nebs son (few months in 556 BC); Nabonidus, Nebs son-in-law and husband of Nitrocris who was Nebs daughter; and Belshazzar, son of Nabonidus and Nitrocris (556-539 BC). 12. Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire (559-530 BC). He conquered Media in 550 and Babylon in 539. Ugbaru, governor of Gutium and under Cyrus authority, conquered Babylon on an October night in 539 BC, while Belshazzar was celebrating a festival (Daniel 5). The city welcomed Cyrus. He incorporated the Babylonian empire under his rule. Cyrus signed the decree in 538 BC that authorized the Jews to return to their land (2 Chronicles 36:22-23; Ezra 1:1-4; Daniel 1:21; 6:28, 10:1). 13. Darius the Mede (Daniel 5:31 and 6:1) became governor of Babylon soon after the conquest by Cyrus. Darius the Mede was most likely the Gubaru, also named Gobyras, of the Nabonidus Chronicle and the Babylonian Contract Tablets.
Bible Walk Through
Page 141 of 211
Overview Outline 1. Section 1, Daniel Enters Babylon, Daniel 1. 2. Section 2, Nebuchadnezzars Period, Daniel 2-4. 3. Section 3, Belshazzar to Cyrus Period, Daniel 5-6. 4. Section 4, Daniels Visions about Future Kingdoms and Rulers, Daniel 7-9. 5. Section 5, The Angel Teaches Daniel about Events in the Last Days, Daniel 10-12. Chapter Titles of Daniel 1. Section 1, Daniel Enters Babylon, Daniel 1. a. Chapter 1, The Hebrew captives pass the test. 2. Section 2, Nebuchadnezzars Period, Daniel 2-4. a. Chapter 2, Dream of the gold, silver, bronze, iron, and iron and clay statue. b. Chapter 3, The gold image and the fiery furnace. c. Chapter 4, Nebuchadnezzars testimony about the tree vision. 3. Section 3, Belshazzar to Cyrus Period, Daniel 5-6. a. Chapter 5, Belshazzars party and the handwriting on the wall. b. Chapter 6, Jealousy and the den of lions. 4. Section 4, Daniels Visions about Future Kingdoms and Rulers, Daniel 7-9. a. Chapter 7, the four beast dream, (Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, Rome) b. Chapter 8, The ram and the goat (Medo-Persian and Greek empires) c. Chapter 9, National confession and the 70 weeks. 5. Section 5, The Angel Teaches Daniel about Events in the Last Days, Daniel 10-12. a. Chapter 10, Introduction and the angelic conflict b. Chapter 11, Future rulers and wars. c. Chapter 12, Resurrection, three and one-half times, and the end.
Bible Walk Through
Page 142 of 211
Trace the Theme of Daniel 1. Chapter 1, The Hebrew captives pass the test. Nebuchadnezzar, a Gentile king attacked Jerusalem, captured King Jehoiakim, removed the wealth from the temple which demonstrated his conquest of Israels God, and took young aristocrats to Babylon as hostages (Daniel and the three included, Isaiah 39:6-7) with plans to turn them into Babylonians. Gentiles now controlled Jerusalem, and will continue to do so until the Messiah returns to reign. Daniel and the three decided against going Babylonian. God granted them favor from the commander so he allowed them a 10 day test. They passed the food test. God also provided for the four so that they graduated in 3 years (Daniel 1:5) at the head of the class and so were promoted into the kings service. The times of the Gentiles had begun, yet in the middle of all the struggles these young men trusted Israels God and remained faithful to him and his word. They showed wisdom, courage, discipline, and faithfulness. 2. Chapter 2, Dream of the gold, silver, bronze, iron, and iron and clay statue. This chapter relates Nebuchadnezzars dream of the giant image that pictured the four ruling Gentile kingdoms (Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome) that would dominate Israel before God destroyed Gentile rule of Israel and set up his everlasting kingdom (Messiahs kingdom, Daniel 2:44-45). Gods favor and preparation of Daniel and Daniels faithfulness showed. When Arioch was on his way to kill Nebuchadnezzars counselors, Daniel offered to interpret the dream. First, he and his friends had a prayer meeting. What does that tell us about them? It reveals spiritual courage, dependence upon God and faith in him to work his will. It also reveals that Daniel, a faithful Jewish young man, had a very good testimony in the royal court. Daniel interpreted the dream. Nebuchadnezzar recognized that Daniels God was the God of gods and Lord of kings. Nebuchadnezzar begins to learn about God. 3. Chapter 3, The gold image and the fiery furnace. Nebuchadnezzar, motivated by pride and power demanded that all people worship the image, and so honor him above all gods. The kingdom of man challenged the kingdom of God; Gentile idols challenged the God of Israel. In the middle of a pagan society Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego remained faithful to Israels Godthe only true Godregardless of whether he saved them from the fire or not. God delivered them; Nebuchadnezzar saw that Israels God was real and ruled that no one was to speak against God. Nebuchadnezzar saw the faithful witness of the three. 4. Chapter 4, Nebuchadnezzars testimony about the tree vision. This chapter teaches Gods greatness and Gods rule over the greatest contemporary human ruler and kingdom. Nebuchadnezzar had another dream. He was not able to understand the dream and Daniel came to the rescue. The dream was about the greatest tree on earth. This tree was cut down, yet the stump was left for seven years with a metal band around it. The tree represented Nebuchadnezzar in his power and pride. Nebuchadnezzar would be removed from his rule until he recognized that God rules over mankind and has the power and right to raise and lower rulers (Daniel 4:25). At the end of seven years Nebuchadnezzar realized that God was greater and more powerful. Because he repented, God restored Nebuchadnezzar to his rule. The chapter is Nebuchadnezzars testimony about Israels God. God has a plan for history and for Israel in particular. No Gentile power can stop Gods plan. Israel ought to be encouraged to know this. 5. Chapter 5, Belshazzars party and the handwriting on the wall. Belshazzar was the son of Nabonidus and grandson of Nebuchadnezzar. He was the second in power, and ruled in Babylon in his fathers absence. The events occurred on October 12, 539 BC. Daniels theme is repeated. Though Gentile powers rule Israel, God controls history. Kings may challenge God and rule for a time, but God holds history in his hand. Belshazzar toasted his own greatness using cups that were stolen from the Jerusalem temple. Gods message was written Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 143 of 211
on the wall of the banquet hall: mene (number), mene (number), tekel (weigh), upharsin (and divide). Belshazzars days as king were numbered because he had been weighed in Gods balances and failed and his kingdom was going to be divided. While the bragging and toasting were going on the Median army diverted the Euphrates River and was invading Babylon. That very night Belshazzar and Babylon fell to the Medes who were ruled by Cyrus the Great. 6. Chapter 6, Jealousy and the den of lions. This took place at the beginning of the MedoPersian Empire 539 BC. Daniel was one of three administrators over 120 regional rulers. Daniel was that Jew who was favored by the king. The regional rulers resented him. This bred jealousy, conspiracy, and entrapment. Daniels faithfulness to God was their point of attack. In the middle of all the chaos Daniel continued his fellowship with God and he continued serving God. Darius had to honor his decree, so Daniel was put into the den full of lions. God again delivered his faithful servant. God honored Daniels faith (Daniel 6:23). Darius then decreed that those in his kingdom fear Daniels God. Daniel was a great witness to Gods plan, power, and faithfulness. 7. Chapter 7, The four beast dream. On a night in 553 BC Daniel saw a vision of four great beasts: a lion that had wings; a bear with three ribs in its mouth; a leopard with four wings on its back and with four heads; and a terrible unrecognized and unnamed beast with iron teeth, ten horns, and a little horn that grew up among the ten horns. This little horn had human looking eyes, was a braggart, and he destroyed three of the previous horns (Daniel 7:1-8). These will be interpreted in 7:18-28. Daniels vision takes a turn in verses 9-14, where he sees one called the Ancient of Days (God the Father) sitting in judgment. The fourth beast, now dominated by the little horn, was judged. The first three kingdoms simply failed (Daniel 11-12). This agrees with history. Babylon, Medo-Persia, and Greece were taken over by succeeding powers, but the fourth has remained in some form to our time. Note that one like the Son of Man came to the Ancient of Days. To the Son was given everlasting dominion (authority and rule) that included all peoples, nations, and languages. His dominion and kingdom will be everlasting. This kingdom of the Son comes on the scene after the destruction of the fourth Gentile kingdom and its ruler, the little horn. When the Son of Man comes to rule the times of the Gentiles are stopped. The interpretation follows in Daniel 7:1528. It highlights the destruction of the fourth beast kingdom and the little horn king at the very time the little horn king was viciously warring against believers (Daniel 7:21-26). Following the judgment on him, the kingdom of the Son of Man will begin. It will be an everlasting kingdom (Daniel 7:27-28). Gentile dominion of Israel has ended. 8. Chapter 8, The ram and the goat. Daniel received this vision in 551 BC. It unfolds the coming second and third beast kingdoms of the previous visions. The vision is in verses 1-14, and Gabriel interprets the vision in verses 15-26, while verses 26-27 show Daniels astonishment at what he learned. The ram with two horns (3-4) is Medo-Persia (20). The goat with the horn (5) is Alexander the Greats Greece (21). These two consecutive Gentile kingdoms or empires that follow the first (Babylon) will also dominate Israelmore times of the Gentiles. Note the accuracy of the prophecy. When Alexander died in 323 BC, his kingdom was divided among his four leading generals (21-22). Out of these four parts of Greece, Syria arose. Antiochus Epiphanes IV was the Syrian king who desecrated the Jerusalem temple between 168-165 BC. He is the prototype of the coming ruler whom Messiah, the Son of Man, will defeat (Daniel 8:23-25).
Bible Walk Through
Page 144 of 211
9. Chapter 9, National confession and the seventy weeks. Daniel, in 538 BC, was reading Jeremiahs prophecy (Daniel 9:1-2). He came to the section that told about Israels 70 year captivity in Babylon (Jeremiah 25:11-12 and 29:10). Because of what he read he began to pray a prayer of confession (Daniel 9:3-15) and intercession for national deliverance (Daniel 9:16-19). The angel Gabriel came to Daniel with Gods message in response to Daniels prayer. God had determined to take, in the future, 70 weeks of years (490 sabbatical years of 360 days each) to conclude his judgment on Israel (9:24-27). This time clock will begin with Artaxerxes decree in 444 BC that gave Nehemiah the authority to return to Jerusalem and restore the city, gates, and walls (Nehemiah 2:1-8). This decree was dated March 5, 444 BC. There were two other decrees: by Cyrus in 537 BC to rebuild the temple (Ezra 1:2-4 and 6:3-5); and by Artaxerxes in 458 BC to provide money and supplies for the temple (Ezra 7:11-26). Neither meets the requirements of Gabriels message to Daniel. The first seven weeks, 49 years, refer to the troubles of Nehemiahs time. After the conclusion of the sixty-two weeks Messiah the prince will come, followed by Messiah will be cut off which means he will die, and following that the people of the prince who is to come (Rome) will destroy Jerusalem and the temple (9:26). Between the sixty-ninth and seventieth week we have at least a 40 year gap; this gap has now extended past AD 70 into the twentieth-first century. Verse 27 concludes the prophecy about the seventieth week. The prince who is to come (the little horn, anti-Christ, dictator) will make and then break a covenant with Israel. This final seven years is the tribulation period of Matthew 24. Daniel now knows the future course of the times of the Gentiles. 10. Chapter 10, Angelic conflict. In 536 BC Daniel received revelation from God after praying for three weeks. An angel delivered the message (Daniel 10:1-9). The message was about what will happen to your people in the latter days (Daniel 10:14 and 21) and is found in Daniel 11. This angel had duty in Persia. He had wanted to visit Daniel at the beginning of Daniels prayer, but a demon stationed in Persia prevented him from coming to Daniel. The angel apparently served many kings of Persia over a long period of time (Daniel 10:13, 2021). We learn from this chapter that there is a great unseen spiritual battle raging in the capital of Persia and likely in capitals throughout the world. Demons attempt to control Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 145 of 211
governments, while angels attempt to serve God in those capitals. The demonic power is enormous, since Michael had to come to the angels aid. 11. Chapter 11, Future rulers and wars. This chapter is a continuation of chapter 10. In 538 BC the angel helped Darius (or possibly Michael). The angelic interventions in centers of power may partly explain Daniels good ministry with Darius (Daniel 6).The angel gave the message that astounded Daniel. Verses 1-35 predict the successive empires from the time of Darius through Antiochus Epiphanes IV (538-164 BC). Verses 36-45 move to the final dictator of the last Gentile empire which is revived Rome during the seventieth week of Daniel 9. Antiochus Epiphanes IV is the prototype for this dictator-antichrist. The three Persian kings (Daniel 11:2-3) are Cambyses, Pseudo-Smerdis, and Darius I Hystaspes. They ruled from 530 BC until 486 BC. Xerxes, of Esthers time, is the fourth (ruled 486-465 BC). Alexander rapidly rose to power (ruled 336-323 BC) and just as quickly fell (Daniel 11:3-4). He is the male goat of Daniel 8:5-8 and 22. Alexanders kingdom divided at his death into four parts (Daniel 8:5, 8, 21-22 and 11:4). Ptolemy I Soter (Ptolemies) took Egypt; Antipater and then Cassander took Macedonia and Greece; Lysimachus took Thrace and Asia Minor; and Seleucis I Nicator (Seleucids) took Babylon and Syria. Daniel 11:5-20 emphasize the activities of the Ptolomies (Egypt, south) and Seleucids (Syria, north). Out of Syria a despicable person will arise. This is Antiochus Epiphanes IVEpiphanes means the illustrious one, but he was nicknamed Epimanes which means madmanwho ruled 175-164 BC (Daniel 11:21-35). Daniel 11:36-45 gives details about the end time prince predicted in Daniel 9:27. He is the king of 11:36, and the little horn of Daniel 7:8, the last king of the fourth beast empire of the times of the Gentiles. Paul called him the lawless man in 2 Thessalonians 2:3-4. Jesus predicted these events in Matthew 24:4-28. Antiochus Epiphanes IV, the little horn of Daniel 8:9-12, 23-25, foreshadowed this future ruler-dictator of the Revived Roman Empire in Daniel 11:21-35. God will defeat him at the end of the Tribulation (11:45). 12. Chapter 12, Resurrection, three and one-half times, and the end. This chapter continues on from chapter 11. That time is the time that the king of Daniel 11:36-45 does his evil work during Daniels seventieth weekthe Tribulation. He will come to his end by the victory of Messiah. Tribulation martyrs and Old Testament believers will be resurrected and rewarded (Daniel 12:2-3). The unbelievers will also be raised to judgment, but apparently this will not occur until after the 1000 year kingdom (Revelation 20). When will the final defeat of the king and the everlasting dominionand kingdom of the Son of Man (Daniel 7:13-14 and 12:6) happen? Daniel did not know all the details (Daniel 12:4, 8-9), but the last part of this time of distress (Daniel 12:1) will last three and one-half times or three and one-half years (Daniel 12:7). This will be a time of severe testing and purging. Unbelievers will not understand Gods ways, but those who pay attention to the prophecy will understand what is happening (Daniel 12:10). The messenger angel concludes his warning by giving a timeline. There will be 1290 days from the public installation of the abomination of desolation. This is 30 days longer than the 1260 days of Daniel 9:27 and Revelation 11:3 and 12:6. The 30 days is probably for judgment by Messiah on those raging against him. Then another date is given1335 days (75 days longer than 1260 days) from the time the abomination appears. This is probably the time needed to install King Jesus and for him to begin his kingdom. Those surviving the Tribulation will enter the kingdom in their physical bodies. Tribulation martyrs and Old Testament believers will enter the kingdom in their resurrection bodies. It is significant that the angel messenger concludes his message by telling Daniel to live out his life and that Daniel will arise by resurrection at the end of the age, which in context is the end of the Tribulation or seventieth week. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 146 of 211
Key People 1. Ancient of Days is God the Father (Daniel 7:9 and 13). 2. Ashpenaz, (1:3, 8) chief of the king Nebuchadnezzars officials. 3. Belshazzar (5:1) son of King Nabonidus and coregent with him, grandson of Nebuchadnezzar. 4. DanielBelteshazzar, HananiahShadrach, MishaelMeshach, AzariaAbednego (1:7), The names were changed to help assimilate the captives into the Babylonian culture. These were noble Jewish young men whom Nebuchadnezzar took to Babylon as hostages. Nebuchadnezzar attempted to remold them in the Babylonian image. He failed. The remained faith to God. Daniel became very valuable and trusted by the rulers, and was an outstanding testimony for Israels God. 5. Darius (5:31), was most likely Gubaru, also named Gobyras (Archer, Daniel, pp. 7677; Whitcomb, Darius the . . ., p. 35; Robert Dick Wilson, Studies in the Book of Daniel, pp. 12829). Wiseman prefers Cyrus (D. J. Wiseman, Some Historical Problems in the Book of Daniel, in Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel, pp. 1214.). Cyrus appointed Darius governor of Babylon. 6. Gabriel (Daniel 8:16 and 9:21), the heavenly messenger (angel) whom God sent to explain to Daniel the meaning of his visions. He also told Zacharias, the father of John the Baptist, of Johns coming birth (Luke 1:11-20) and announced to Mary that she would be the mother of Jesus (Luke 1:26-38). 7. Michael (10:13 and 21), the archangel and guardian of Israel. He is also called the prince of Israel (10:21) and the great prince (12:1). He is also mentioned in Jude 9 and Revelation 12:7. 8. Nebuchadnezzar (1:1) second and greatest king of Babylon. 9. Son of Man is God the Son, Jesus Christ (Daniel 7:13). Key Words and Events 1. Dream. God reveals something to a person while sleeping. Nebuchadnezzar had two dreams (chapter 2, his vision of the 90 foot high image and chapter 4, his 7 years of insanity). 2. Gold head refers to Nebuchadnezzar and his empire; Silver refers to the Medo-Persian empire; Bronze refers to the Greek empire; Iron refers to the Roman empire of our Lords Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 147 of 211
3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
8.
time; Iron and clay refer to the Revived Roman empire which will reform as a dominant power in the last days, and which Jesus Christ will destroy when he returns to earth. Latter days (Daniel 2:28 and 10:14), time of the end (Daniel 8:17), end of time (Daniel 12:4), end time (Daniel 11:40, 12:9), and end of the age (Daniel 12:13) refer to the tribulation time that comes before Messiah returns to earth to set up his promised kingdom. This end time is different from the last days of the church age. Mene (number), mene (number), tekel (weigh), upharsin (and divide). Belshazzars days as king were numbered because he had been weighed in Gods balances and failed and his kingdom was going to be divided (Daniel 5). Satraps were the highest political officials in each province. The prefects (princes) were military chiefs. The governors (captains) were heads of sections of the provinces. The counselors (advisers, judges) were high-ranking judges. The treasurers were superintendents of the treasury. The judges (counselors) were secondary judges, and the magistrates (sheriffs) were lower level legal officials. The rulers (officials) were subordinates of the satraps. These groups represented all the administrative government officials of the wide-ranging empire, and they spoke many different languages (v. 7). (Tom Constable's Expository Notes on the Bible (Daniel 3:3). Galaxie Software) Stone (2:34-35 and 45) refers to the Messianic kingdom headed by Jesus the Messiah. Times of the Gentiles is not named in Daniels book, but it is a central part of Daniels theme. Jesus refers to it in Luke 21:24. This is the period of time during which the Israeli people and Israels promised land are controlled by Gentile powers. During the times of the Gentiles Israel has no rightful king of Davids line ruling. It began in 605 BC with the rule of Nebuchadnezzar and will end when Messiah comes to earth at his second coming and rules the promised Messianic Kingdom as king over all the earth (Zechariah 14:9). Week (one) is 7 years of 360 day years, and 7 weeks equals 490 years (Daniel 9:24-27). Time, times, and half a time equal three and one/half years (Daniel 7:25 and 12:7; Revelation 12:14). A time is one year of 360 days. Times equal two years. Half a time is 6 months or one-half a year. The book of Revelation also has similar time notations. Revelation 11:3 and 12:6 mention 1260 days which equal three and one-half years. Revelation 11:2 and 13:5 mention 42 months which equal three and one-half years.
Key Doctrines 1. Angels, demons, and governments. 2. Character counts. 3. Daniels seventieth week. 4. Faithfulness to God and to his will. 5. God is the ultimate sovereign over kings, nations, and people. 6. Gods faithfulness to his people. 7. Messiah King 8. Resurrection of Old Testament believers. 9. Testing that believers go through. 10. Theocratic program and dispensations. 11. Times of the Gentiles. 12. Tribulation, second coming, and millennial kingdom.
Bible Walk Through
Page 148 of 211
Lessons for Us Today 1. During the times of the Gentiles, Gentile nations and rulers dominate Israel. We presently live in the times of the Gentiles. 2. God has history under his control and history is moving toward Gods goal. Be encouraged by Gods plan for history and by Gods promises. He is stronger, smarter, and possesses higher authority than any earthly ruler. 3. Be encouraged because God has infinite ability to deliver his people from testing if and when he chooses. God has not lost or forgotten about his people in any period of history, though he often allows severe testing of his people. Our part is to remain believing and faithful to God. 4. Our ability to resist temptation is related to our love for God and our faith in God and his word (Daniel 3:17-18; James 1:12; 1 Corinthians 10:13; James 1:3-4). 5. Just as Nebuchadnezzar had to admit that God was ruler of earth and heaven, so all people and rulers will bow before Gods king Jesus Christ (Philippians 2:9-11). 6. Personal biblical character in a pagan society witnesses to the reality of God and his will. But this character will be tested (Daniel 1 and 3 are good examples). 7. Daniel does not emphasize any campaign to change Babylon. He and his Jewish friends learned and applied Gods word, remained faithful to God, and trusted God throughout their lives of service in a pagan government. We should do the same. Regarding bringing biblical standards into American government, we need to remember that the USA began with a strong biblical basis. We ought to resist departure from that. 8. Angels and demons work in the capitals of the world, and apparently especially concerning Israel. Angels work to restrain evil and to further Gods plan. Demons work to oppose Gods plan. Daniel 12:13 But as for you, go your way to the end; then you will enter into rest and rise again for your allotted portion at the end of the age.
Bible Walk Through
Page 149 of 211
Hosea Bible Walk Theme: Spiritual Prostitution, Judgment, and Restoration Tod Kennedy December 2006-January 2007 Theme Spiritual Prostitution, Judgment, and Restoration. We can summarize Hosea with four pairs prophet and prostitute, God and Israel, sin and judgment, forgiveness and restoration. The Northern Kingdom, Israel continues to commit spiritual adultery with the pagan gods. God tells Hosea to marry Gomer, a prostitute or soon to be a prostitute. The marriage becomes an object lesson of Gods relationship with Israel. Hosea remains faithful to Gomer, even to the point of redeeming (buying her back) after she left him for adulterous activities (Hosea 3). As Hosea Loved Gomer, God loves Israel in spite of her deliberate sin. He warns Israel, judges Israel, yet will forgive her and restore her to fellowship with himself. Key Verses Hosea 4:1, 1 Listen to the word of the Lord, O sons of Israel, For the Lord has a case against the inhabitants of the land, because there is no faithfulness or kindness or knowledge of God in the land. Hosea 14:1, Return, O Israel, to the Lord your God, for you have stumbled because of your iniquity. Author Hosea is the author according to Hosea 1:1-2. 1. Very little is said about Hosea. He is likely from Israel, the Northern Kingdom because the primary interest of the prophecy concerns this kingdom. He directs his messages to Ephraim, the largest of the northern Israeli tribes. Ephraim is mentioned 36 times in 31 verses. 2. Hosea means He (Yahweh) saves or salvation. He shares the name with Hoshea, the last king of the Northern Kingdom. In the English Bible the kings name has the h in the middle to distinguish the two people. 3. Hosea was the son of Beeri (1:1), the husband of Gomer (1:3). He had a son, Jezreel, God sows (1:3-4), a daughter, Lo-ruhamah, no compassion (1:6), and a son, Lo-ammi, not my people (1:8-9). 4. Paul refers to Hosea as the writer of Hosea 2:23 (Romans 9:25) and Hosea 1:9-10 (Romans 9:26-27). 5. He was a contemporary of the prophets Isaiah, Amos, and Micah. History Hosea ministered about 760 -715 BC, or about 45 years. He lived during exciting times. 1. Hosea served during the reins of 11 kings of Israel and Judah, though he only mentions four kings of JudahUzziah (792-739 BC), Jotham (739-731 BC), Ahaz (731-715 BC), and Hezekiah (715-686 BC)and one king of Israel, Jeroboam II (793-753 BC) (Hosea 1:1). These were to him the prominent kings. Why mention more Judean kings when his ministry was to the northern tribes? Probably because he recognized that the Judean kings were the rightful kings in Davids line. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 150 of 211
2. Uzziah and Hezekiah are the prominent kings during this time of history. a. Uzziah, the first king that Hosea lists (Hosea 1:1 and 2 Chronicles 26), ruled from 792 to 539 BC. He began his rule at age 16. Due to the weakness of Assyria at this time he restored strength and fame to Judah. He followed the Lord during much of his reign, but later he allowed pride to rule him. God punished him with leprosy for attempting to do what God has reserved for the priestsburn incense in the temple. b. Hezekiah (728-686 BC, 2 Kings 18-20; 2 Chronicles 29-32) was the last king of Judah mentioned. Hezekiah was a godly king. He threw off Assyrias yoke when the angel of the Lord killed 185,000 Assyrians (2 Kings 19.35; 2 Chronicles 32.21). The Lord gave him a miraculous sign that he would live 15 more years the shadow on the staircase went back ten steps (2 Kings 20.8-11). He foolishly showing off the temple wealth to Merodach-baladan, the king of Assyria (2 Kings 20.12-15). Hezekiah is also famous for the construction of the 1777 foot long underground water tunnel that carried water from the Gihon springs outside the city (which he stopped up and covered over) into Jerusalem. Along with the water tunnel he built the Siloam reservoir to hold the water (2 Kings 20.20; 2 Chronicles 32.1-4, 32). 3. Jeroboam II (793 to 753 BC) was the one northern king (kingdom of Israel) that Hosea mentions. He gave Israel a degree of prosperity (2 Kings 14:23-29). a. Jeroboam reigned from 793-753 (Albright begins his reign at 786 and Thiele at 782 BC). He was the strongest of the northern kings of this period. When Hosea began his ministry in the last years of Jeroboams reign (about 760 BC). At this time Israel was in a period of temporary prosperity. Jeroboam had ended the wars his father began. He took back territory lost earlier. He was able to increase commerce and wealth for Israel. But on the spiritual and moral side, the northern kingdom welcomed idolatry, empty ritualism, lawlessness, and selfishness. b. Hosea left out the other six northern kings of this periodZechariah (753 BC), Shallum (752 BC), Menahem (752-742 BC), Pekah (752-732 BC), Pekahiah (742-740 BC), and Hoshea (732-723 BC). c. The expansion by Israel was primarily due to the fall of Damascus (Aramaea) and the comparative inaction and weakness of Assyria. d. Jeroboam II died in 753 BC and was followed by his son, Zechariah, who was assassinated after ruling for six months. Four of the last six kings of Israel were murdered. e. The last king, Hoshea, the last king of Israel, paid a heavy tribute to Assyria and was spared. But in about 724 BC he revolted against Assyria. Assyria, under Sargon II (r. 721-705 BC), then defeated, uprooted, and exiled Israel, including king Hoshea, to various parts of the Assyrian empire in 721 BC. 4. At the time of Hosea the Assyrian empire was experiencing a resurgence of power. a. Jonah preached to Nineveh sometime during the beginning of the 8th century BC. Nineveh was failing at that time, but possibly due to the repentance of the people of Nineveh, around 745 BC Assyria regained strength and stature under the rule of Tiglath-pileser III. b. Tiglath-pileser III (745-727 BC) was the Assyrian king who began the Assyrian recovery and restored Assyrias glory. He is called Pul in 2 Kings 15:19. TP III conquered Babylon, invaded Israel and deported some of the people, and also broke up the alliance between Aramaea (Syria) and Israel. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 151 of 211
c. Shalmaneser V (727-723 BC) attacked Samaria, the capital of the northern kingdom. King Hosea of Israel rebelled against Shalmaneser so Shalmaneser besieged Samaria, the capital. Shalmaneser died before the completion of the war, but Sargon II finished the job. d. Sargon II (722-706 BC) completed the destruction of Israel and exiled the northern kingdom in 722 BC. e. Sennacherib (705-681 BC) conducted the famous siege of Jerusalem during Hezekiahs reign. Sennacheribs army of 185,000 was destroyed by the angel of the Lord. Hosea lived through this defeat of Israel by Assyria. Key People 1. Hosea was the prophet and author of this book. Hosea ministered about 760 -715 BC, or about 45 years. He lived during exciting times. 2. Gomer was the wife of Hosea. She became unfaithful to Hosea. She illustrated Israel in the nations relationship to the Lord. 3. Jezreel was Hosea and Gomers first son. His name means God sows and is a sign to Israel that God is sowing or planting the seeds for Israels discipline at the hand of Assyria in 722 BC. 4. Lo-ruhamah was Hosea and Gomers daughter. Her name means no compassion and is a sign to Israel that God will stop his compassion on Israel for a time. 5. Lo-ammi was Hosea and Gomers second son. His name means not my people and tells Israel that they are not living as his people should live and hence he will send them into exile. Key Words and Phrases. Below are some key words and the frequency of use by Hosea. This should give a sense of the prophets emphasis. 1. Adultery, 4 times in 4 verses. 2. Destroy, 4 times in 4 verses. 3. Destruction, 3 times in 3 verses. 4. Ephraim, 36 times in 31 verses. 5. Faithful, faithfulness, 3 times in 3 verses. 6. Forgive, 1 time in 1 verse. 7. God, 29 times in 26 verses. 8. Harlot, 10 times in 10 verses. 9. Holy One, referring to God, 2 times in 2 verses. 10. Idol, 1 time in 1 verse. 11. Israel, 44 times in 41 verses. 12. Judah, 15 times in 15 verses. 13. Judgment, 3 times in 3 verses. 14. Lord, 49 times in 42 verses. 15. Love, 6 times in 5 verses. 16. Murder, 2 times in 2 verses. 17. Prophet, 5 times in 4 verses. 18. Punish, 7 times in 7 verses. 19. Rebelled, 3 times in 3 verses. 20. Rejected, reject, 4 times in 3 verses. 21. Return 11 times in 10 verses. 22. Righteous, 1 time in 1 verse. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 23. Righteousness, 3 times in 3 verses. 24. Sin, 6 times in 6 verses. 25. Sin, sinned, 8 times in 8 verses. 26. Wickedness, 5 times in 5 verses. 27. Word of the Lord, 2 times in 2 verses. Overview Outline 1. The prophet, Hosea, and the prostitute wife, Gomer, Chapters 1-3. 2. Israel is unfaithful to the Lord like Gomer to Hosea, 4-13. 3. The Lord calls Israel to return to him, 14.
Page 152 of 211
Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1: The prophet and the prostitute 2. Chapter 2: Unfaithful Israeljudged, forgiven, restored 3. Chapter 3: Hosea redeems his prostitute wife 4. Chapter 4: IndictmentIsrael is a prostitute and idolater 5. Chapter 5: VerdictGod condemns Israel 6. Chapter 6: Loyalty and knowledge, not sacrifice and burnt offerings 7. Chapter 7: Lord would heal and redeem, but Israel continues to sin 8. Chapter 8: Israel sows the wind and reaps the whirlwind 9. Chapter 9: Israelwanderers among the nations 10. Chapter 10: False prosperity brings pride and problems 11. Chapter 11: Israel, Gods son, rebelled 12. Chapter 12: Ephraim and Judah sin, though the Lord has been their God 13. Chapter 13: Israel sins more and more 14. Hosea 14, Return to the Lord your God; he will heal and love you Trace the Theme 1. Hosea 1, the prophet and the prostitute. Hosea received this revelation during the reigns of several mentioned kings798-686 BC. In verse 2 the Lord tells Hosea to marry Gomer, a woman who will become a prostitute. The Lords reason is that Israel is committing spiritual adultery and Hosea and Gomers marriage becomes a graphic object lesson of Gods relationship with Israel. Hosea and Gomer had two sons and one daughter. The first son was Jezreel. His name means God sows and is a sign to Israel that God is sowing or planting the seeds for Israels discipline at the hand of Assyria in 722 BC. The daughter was Loruhamah. Her name means no compassion and is a sign to Israel that God will stop his compassion on Israel for a time. The second son was Lo-ammi. His name means not my people and tells Israel that they are not living as his people should live and hence he will send them into exile. These hard predictions will not last forever. The Lord says in verses 10 and 11 that the nations will like the sand of the sea and will be sons of the living God. In the distant future Israel and Judah will come together. They will have one leader. Verse 11 plays on the word Jezreel. God will again sow his people in their land. It will be a place of victory and blessing. Recall that Jezreel also was the place of Gideons victory (Judges 6:33-8:28). 2. Hosea 2, Unfaithful Israeljudged, forgiven, restored. This chapter portrays Israels unfaithfulness to the Lord through Hoseas comments to his children. As Gomer left Hosea and became an adulteress, so Israel has left the Lord. Both Gomer and Israel will be disciplined (2:3-6 and 9-13). Israel has gone crazy after spirituality adultery with the idols of the ancient near east. As the crazed adulteress cannot find love, security, and happiness, so Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 153 of 211
Israel will not find that for which she seeks (2:7). In spite of the sins of Israel, the Lord will chase her down and restore her to himself (2:14-23). Israel will call the Lord Ishi, my man. He will make a covenant for Israel that will bring peace, safety, and fellowship with the Lord (2:18-23). The Lord will call her my people and they will call him my God. 3. Hosea 3, Hosea redeems his prostitute wife. Hosea buys back Gomer from prostitution (3:2). He then restricted her activity (3:3). God will also restrict Israelmost likely referring to exile lasting through the times of the Gentiles. At the end of that period Israel will turn to the Lord and to David their kings. This is a picture of the future kingdom under the messiahs blessing. 4. Hosea 4, IndictmentIsrael is a prostitute and idolater. Israel is characterized by no faithfulness or kindness, no knowledge of God, they have forgotten Gods law, and are without understanding (4:1, 6, 14). They commit all kinds of sin (4:2-5, 7). Idolatry is rampant (4:11-19). God will judge them (4:9-10, 19). 5. Hosea 5, VerdictGod condemns Israel. God proclaimed his judgment to the priest, all Israel, and the king. In this chapter his warning goes out from Gibeah, Ramah, and Bethavenmountainous areas in Israel (5:8). Both Israel, also called Ephraim, and Judah come under his judgment (5:3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14). In verses 6, 14, and 15 God will withdraw from the people, judge them, and withhold deliverance until Israel repents. 6. Hosea 6, Loyalty and knowledge, not sacrifice and burnt offerings. The message in chapter 6 begins with the prophet speaking for the nation and calling them all to return to the Lord (6:1-3). The Lord replies with a question of what shall he do with Ephraim (Israel) and Judah (6:4). They are disloyal (6;4); they offer meaningless sacrifices (6:6); they transgressed Gods will (6:7); they murder (6:8-9); and commit spiritual adultery (6:11). Even Judah will be judged before she will be restored (6:11). 7. Hosea 7, Lord would heal and redeem, but Israel continues to sin. This message the Lord clearly tells Israel that it is his desire to heal them (7:1) and redeem them (7:13) but the nation continues to sin. For example, iniquity and evil deeds (1), do not consider (2), wickedness (2 and 3), adulterers (4), hearts like and oven (6), none calls on me (7), neither returned to nor sought the Lord (10), silly dove (11), call to Egypt and go to Assyria (11). Israel cannot escape Gods judgment, no matter what they do or where they go (12-13). They will not repent (14). They turn away from the Lord (14), devise evil against the Lord (15), and they will not succeed (16). 8. Hosea 8, Israel sows the wind and reaps the whirlwind. Because Israel has rebelled, sinned, rejected the Lord, and made idols the nation will reap the consequences (7) of destruction and dispersion (8-14). Judah will face the same consequences (14). 9. Hosea 9, Israelwanderers among the nations. The prophet continues to warn Israel. Because of her sin, Israel will be exiled to Egypt and Assyria (3). Her judgment will come quickly (7). The Lord began Israel with a good future, but she soon turned to idolatry (10). Because of Israels disloyalty to the Lord, he will severely judge her (13-17). God will drive them out and love them no more (15). He will cast them away and they will be wanderers among the nations (17). 10. Hosea 10, False prosperity brings pride and problems. When Israel prospered she not only forget the Lord, she turned against him. She built idols and worshipped these. Neither her prosperity nor her idols will help her. She has sinned against God and nothing can help her. It is time to seek the Lord (12) for he is the only hope. 11. Hosea 11, Israel, Gods son, rebelled. Israel began as the object of Gods love and care (14). Even though God rescued them from Egypt, they turned against him. He will judge Israel, Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 154 of 211
but will not destroy her (8-9). Israel and Judahs action is all the more terrible because the Holy One is in your midst (9). 12. Hosea 12, Ephraim and Judah sin, though the Lord has been their God. Ephraim (Israel) and Judah continue to sin even though they have a long history of relationship and blessing from the Lord, the God of hosts (1-5). The Lord calls for them to return to him, to observe kindness and justice, and to wait for God to work (6). In spite of all God goodness, protection, and revelation, Israel and Judah think that they have done well for themselves. 13. Hosea 13, Israel sins more and more. Ephraim continues to worship Baal by making more idols and sacrificing to the idols (1-2). Therefore Gods judgment will come upon Ephraim (3). The Lord has been Israels God since Egypt. There is no God and no savior except him (4). The Lord cared for them, but will now be like a lion, a leopard, a bear, and a lioness (58). In the past God even gave them a king, but the king did not help (10-11). Gods judgment will hide his compassion (14), and his judgment will be terrible (15-16). 14. Hosea 14, Return to the Lord your God; he will heal and love. The final chapter of Hoseas prophecy is the Lords call to Israel to return to him (1-2). God asks them to come to him for forgiveness and safety and to realize that Assyria and idols cannot help them (3). God will heal them, love them, and turn away his anger (4). God will be the cause for renewal of national life, blessing and protection (5-8). The final verse appeals to those who are wise enough to know that the ways of the Lord are right (9). Key Doctrines 1. Divine discipline and judgment on individuals and the nation 2. Gods faithfulness to his people 3. Gods love for Israel and Judah 4. Idolatry or spiritual adultery, or unfaithfulness to God 5. National restoration of Israel 6. Marriagegrace toward the unfaithful 7. Knowledge of God and his word and fellowship with him is vital to his people Lessons For Us Today 1. How do I view God? Do I understand his holiness, or do I have a casual attitude toward sin? God forgives sin, but he must, at times, bring discipline. 2. Idolatry is not just kissing a stone or wood image. According to Paul, idolatry includes a number of sins among which are immorality, impurity, lust, and greediness (Ephesians 5:5 and Colossians 5:5). These sins turn our attention away from God and focus on our attention on activities that Israel did in her idolatry. 3. God wants his people to return to him, regardless of the sins committed. Do I understand that God is not through with his people if they sin, whether Israel or church believers? 4. Gomers activity is quite frequent in marriages today, including Christian marriages. Divorce is often a quick way out. The Bible allows divorce in these situations, but Hoseas sacrifice, responsibility, and redemption gives us an illustration of the best way to repair a hurt marriage. 5. Knowledge of God and his word and personally knowing God better is crucial to pleasing and fellowshipping with God. The Jews of Hoseas ministry did not think so. They suffered from lack of knowledge and fellowship. What is my desire about knowing God, Gods word, and fellowship with Him and what am I doing about it?
Bible Walk Through Joel Bible Walk Theme: Day of the Lord Tod Kennedy January-February, 2007
Page 155 of 211
Theme The Day of the Lord is Joels theme. The Lord brought an overwhelming locust invasion to get Israels attention so that they might repent and return to Him. This historical Day of the Lord then becomes the basis for Joels messages about the prophetic or future day of the Lord that will overwhelm Israel, her enemies, and the world. The prophetic Day of the Lord will happen at the time around Jesus return to earth. Key Verses Joel 1:15, Alas for the day! For the day of the LORD is near, And it will come as destruction from the Almighty. Joel 2:1 Blow a trumpet in Zion, And sound an alarm on My holy mountain! Let all the inhabitants of the land tremble, For the day of the LORD is coming; Surely it is near, Joel 2:11 And the LORD utters His voice before His army; Surely His camp is very great, For strong is he who carries out His word. The day of the LORD is indeed great and very awesome, And who can endure it? Joel 2:31 "The sun will be turned into darkness, And the moon into blood, Before the great and awesome day of the LORD comes. Joel 3:14 Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision! For the day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision. Author: Joel 1. The prophet Joel is the author of this book (Joel 1:1). Some suggest that he might be a priest because he speaks to the priests in three passages (1:9, 13; 2:17), but that seems questionable. His name, yoel, means Yahweh is God. His fathers name is Pethuel (1:1). There are eleven other Joels in the Bible. Otherwise nothing is known about him. 2. He is a prophet to Judah. Notice to the house of he Lord your God, (1:14), Zion (2:1, 15, 23, 32; 3:16, 17, 21), Jerusalem (2:31; 3:1, 6, 16, 17, 20), Judah (3:1, 6, 8, 18, 19, 20), house of the Lord (1:9, 14; 3:18), and house of your God (1:13, 16). Joel then ministered at the same time as Elisha. History 1. There are no date markers in Joels book, but content and context of the book best fits the pre-exile ninth century BC (around 830-835 BC), early in Joashs reign. No king is mentioned. 2. Though no king is mentioned, exhortations are given to the priesthood. In 841 BC Jehu killed King Ahaziah. Ahaziahs mother, Athaliah was the daughter of King Ahab of Israel. She was not of Davids line and so not a legal ruler. She tried to eliminate all the legal heirs to the throne in Judah. One of Ahaziahs sons, Joash (grandson of Athaliah), was rescued by the priest Jehoiada, and hidden for six years in the temple. When Joash was seven years old Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 156 of 211
Jehoiada, the priest, overthrew Athaliah (835 BC). Joash became king and Jehoiada was his tutor. Johoiada tried to remove Baal worship and restore righteousness to the kingdom. When he died he was honored by being buried with the kings in the city of David (2 Chronicles 24:16). See 2 Kings 9-12 and 2 Chronicles 22-24. 3. The enemies mentioned are the Tyre and Sidon (Phoenicians), Philistines, Egyptians, and Edomites (3:4, 19). These were the pre-exilic enemies of Israel. 4. The exilic enemies of Israel and Judah (Assyria and Babylon) are not mentioned, nor is Persian mentioned. Furthermore, no post-exilic people or events are mentioned. 5. Joel is placed second in the Hebrew list of short prophecies known as the twelve (Minor Prophets). This list generally follows a chronology of earliest to latest. Overview Outline 1. The judgments of the locust day of the Lord and the prophetic day of the Lord, 1:1-2:2:17. 2. The deliverance and restoration from the locust day of the Lord and from the prophetic day of the Lord, 2:18-3:21. Chapter Titles 1. Joel 1, The locust invasion day of the Lord 2. Joel 2, The prophetic day of the Lord is coming 3. Joel 3, The Lord will restore the fortunes of Judah Trace the Theme 1. Joel 1, The locust invasion day of the Lord. The Lord speaks through Joel (1:1) and calls to the leaders of Israel (Elders) and citizens (all inhabitants of the land) in verse 2. A horrendous locust storm has invaded and destroyed the vegetation of the land of Judah. Nothing like this had ever happened before in the history of Israel (1:3-12). Not only have the crops been destroyed, but the spirit of the people has been attacked (1:12). The temple offerings cannot even be offered due to the lack of grain and wine (1:13). Joel tells the priest to gather the elders and citizens to the house of the Lord to cry out to the Lord for help (1:14). He then says that the day of the Lord is near and will come (1:15), then continues to describe the present day disaster in 16-20. Note everything that has been cut off: food, gladness and joy, seeds and grains (1:16-17). The cattle and sheep suffer because there is no pasture food and no water (1:18-20). Apparently Joel is saying that the destruction from the locust day of the Lord is like the future or prophetic day of the Lord. 2. Joel 2, The prophetic day of the Lord is coming. After announcing a future day of the Lord in 1:15 followed by the disasters of the present destruction, Joel in 2:1 sounds a warning about the day of the Lord that is coming and is near. Verses 2-11 describe Gods present locust judgment: darkness and gloom (2), desolate wilderness behind them (3), like horses (4), they climb the wall like soldiers (7), before them the earth quakes (10), the day of the Lord is indeed great and awesome (11). With verse 12 the Lord exhorts Israel to return to him. This continues through verse 17. Beginning with 2:18 and going through 2:27 the Lord, through Joel, promises Israel that he will replace the devastation with blessing. Woven within this promise the Lord seems to extend promises about blessing to include a distant and even better time (19, 20, 26, 27). This time is the future kingdom blessings that Messiah will bring. Joel 2:28 builds on this transition from the locust day of the Lord and now promises a future day of the Lord that includes the ministry of the Holy Spirit to all mankind including, especially, the remnant of Israel (29). During this time the Lord will show his great power and sovereignty by miraculous changes in the sky and on earth, and these Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 157 of 211
changes lead into the prophetic day of the Lord in which the Lord will judge the earth and its people (30-31). Anyone who accepts Messiah may call on him for physical deliverance (32). 3. Joel 3, The Lord will restore the fortunes of Judah. In this chapter the Lord promises that he will restore the fortunes of Judah and Jerusalem (3:1). Note in those days and at that time. The context goes back to the last part of chapter 2, the great and awesome day of the Lord (2:31). The Lord will gather all the nations (3:2) to the valley of Jehoshaphat (3:2) and will judge them for their vicious treatment of Israel (3:2-6). Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia (3:4) were nations of Joels time that pillaged Israel (3:4-6). This occurred in past history. In verses 7-8 the Lord promises what he will do in the near future to Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia. This may also stretch out into the distant future tribulation period. In 345 BC, Antiochus III enslaved the people of Sidon. In 332 BC Alexander enslaved the people of Tyre and Gaza. Jews may have had a part in that. The Sabeans (3:8) lived in the ranges of the Arabian Peninsula. The Queen of Sheba came from there to see Solomon (2 Chronicles 9). Israel will apparently sell the Sabeans to the far northwest. Joel 3:9 then instructs the nations about a great battle that will happen in the Valley of Jehoshaphat. The word nations is mentioned in 3:9, 11, and 12. The Lord will bring his war upon the nations because of their treatment of Israel. The Lord will be the victorious warrior (3:16), his people will be Israel (3:16), and his city will be Jerusalem (3:16-17). He will protect his people, Israel, and will be her refuge and stronghold (3:16). Verses 17 through 21 give details about the prophetic day of the Lord. Israel will be holy (3:17). There will be economic prosperity (3:18). The historic enemies of Israel, Egypt and Edom, will become desolate (3:19), Judah and Jerusalem will be inhabited forever (3:20), and the Lord will dwell in Jerusalem (3:21). This restoration and blessing is predicted many places in the Old Testament. For example, Deuteronomy 30:1-10; Isaiah 11:11-16; Jeremiah 16:15 and chapters 30-31; Ezekiel 36-39, but note 37:21-22; Daniel 12:1; Zephaniah 3:20; Zechariah 12-14 (in that day is used 16 times); Malachi 4 and many other Scriptures. The Messianic Kingdom will have come. Key People 1. Joel, the prophet (1:1). He is only mentioned here and in Acts 2:16. 2. Key Words and Phrases 3. Day, 9 times in 7 verses. Joel 1:15; 2:1, 2, 11, 31; 3:14, 18 4. Day of the Lord. Joel 1:15; 2:1, 11, 31; 3:14 5. Those days, Joel 2:29; 3:1 6. That time, Joel 3:1 7. That day, Joel 3:18 8. Valley of Jehoshaphat, Joel 3:2, 12. This is the place where God will judge the nations. The place is unknown, but may be the Valley of Jezreel, east of the Mt Carmel range. Key Doctrines 1. God governs mankind, and in particular, Israel, through prophets, through nations, and through creation such as natural disasters. 2. God is always gracious and desires Israel to return to fellowship with him. 3. God works through creation and nations to turn his people back to reverence, obedience, and fellowship with him. 4. When in a national crisis, leadership should rally the people and lead them to the best solutionrelationship and fellowship with God. 5. Concentration on God and prayer for Gods guidance and deliverance is the biblical approach for a people when they find themselves in a national crisis. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 158 of 211
Lessons for us 1. God also works through what mankind may call natural disasters such as earthquakes, storms, epidemics, plagues, and even warfare. 2. When a crisis comes the leaders should gather the people where God is present and pray for Gods deliverance. This leadership will also rally the hopes of people. This can apply to a nation, to a church or mission, to a family, and to any group of believers. 3. History is moving in Gods direction. God will judge nations based upon his character and according to their response or rejection of him. He will also judge nations according to their treatment of Israel. In the end time Israel will be restored as head of the nations. 4. God works to bring his people into right relationship with himfaith, reverence, obedience, fellowship, service. 5. Believers are on the winning side, though right now the spiritual battle seems to be going against us.
Bible Walk Through Amos Bible Walk Theme: Chosen for Blessing, Punished for Sin Tod Kennedy April, 2007
Page 159 of 211
Theme Chosen for Blessing, Yet Punished for Sin. Theme: God chose Israel (Amos 3:2) to be his priest nation through whom he would redeem mankind and restore rightful authority to himself. Both Israel and Judah departed from the Lord. Amos has a message for both, but especially to Israel. His message is one of judgment to the surrounding nations, to Israel, and to Judah. The Lord repeatedly calls upon Israel and Judah to seek him and live (e.g. Amos 5:4). Though the judgment will be severe, he will in the last times restore and bless the united nation. Key Verses Amos 3:1-2, HEAR this word which the LORD has spoken against you, sons of Israel, against the entire family which He brought up from the land of Egypt, 2 You only have I chosen among all the families of the earth; Therefore, I will punish you for all your iniquities. Amos 5:4-5, For thus says the Lord to the house of Israel, Seek Me that you may live. 5 But do not resort to Bethel. Author Amos was the man to whom God revealed the messages of this book. 1. He was from a town five miles southeast of Bethlehem called Tekoa (Amos 1:1). Tekoa was on an important road between Jerusalem and the Dead Sea. King Rehoboam, Solomons son and the first ruler of the southern kingdom made Tekoa a defense city for Judah (2 Chronicles 11:5). Rehoboams story is in 2 Chronicles 10-12. 2. Amos was a shepherd (Amos 1:1), herdsman (7:14), and a Sycamore fig tree farmer (Amos 7:14). He probably commuted to the Shephelah and Jordan Valley for his Sycamore fig tree work. 3. Amos was not a professional prophet, nor was he a member of the prophet guild. God called him to preach and to prophecy to Israel, especially, and also to Judah (Amos 7:14-15). 4. Hosea, Joel, Amos, Jonah, Micah, and Isaiah were prophets to Israel during this century (700s BC). Amos ministered after Joel and Jonah, and before Hosea, Micah, and Isaiah. History Amos served during the kingships of Uzziah of Judah (r. 790-739 BC) and Jeroboam II of Israel (r. 793-755 BC). 1. Uzziah (2 Kings 15 and 2 Chronicles 26) was the ninth kind of Judah after Solomon died. He reigned in co-regency from 792 BC until 767 and then ruled alone from 767-740 BC. God called the prophet Isaiah the year Uzziah died. Another prophet, Zechariahnot the prophet of the book of this namealso served during Uzziahs time (2 Chronicles 26:5). 2. Jeroboam II (2 Kings 14:23-29) ruled for 41 years. This was a time in Israel of prosperity and stability, yet it was also a time of great injustice, immorality, and idolatry (Amos 1:1; 7:9, 10, 11; and specific condemnations by Amos; Hosea 1:1; and 2 Kings 13:13; 14:16, 23-29). 3. He was the fourteenth king of Israel and the son of Jehoash. He ruled Israel from about 793753 BC, 41 years. 4. He continued to lead the northern tribes into idolatry, drunkenness, commercial prosperity, oppression, and general immorality. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 160 of 211
5. Jeroboam ended his fathers wars, and he defeated Syria to the extent that Israel was no longer subservient to Syria. 6. He restored the earlier northern and southern boarders of Israel, and recovered the cities of Damascus and Hamath. 7. The Lord pronounced judgment against Jeroboam and Israel for their idolatry. Key People 1. Amos. See number 3 above. 2. Jeroboam II. See number 4 above. Key Words and Phrases 1. Bashan is the area east of the Jordan River and the Sea of Galilee (Amos 4:1). It was known for lush pastures and good cattle. Here Amos refers to woman as pampered woman who care only for themselves, like well fed cattle. The women will soon be taken away like cattle with meat hooks and fish hooks (2). 2. Punish is used 3 times (Amos 3:2, 14). 3. Slay is used 3 times (Amos 2:3; 9:1; 9:4) 4. Transgressions is used 10 times in chapters 1-5. 5. For three transgressions and for four is used 8 times (Amos 1:3, 6, 9, 11, 13; 2:1, 4, 6). A poetic way of saying that the nation is guilty of repeated sin. This is also used elsewhere in the Old Testament (Job 5:19; Psalm 62:11-12; Proverbs 30:15-16, 18-19, 21-23, 29-31). God did not judge for one violation, but because of many sins for which they did not repent. 6. Bozrah is used in 1:12. This was the capital city in Edom (Genesis 36:33; 1 Chronicles 1:44; Isaiah 34:6; 63:1; Jeremiah 49:13; Amos 1:12). 7. Seek is used 4 times in 4 verses (Amos 5:4, Seek me that you may live; 6, Seek the Lord that you may live; 14, Seek good and not evil that you may live; 8:12, To seek the word of the Lord, but they will not find it.) 8. Yet you have not returned to me is used 5 times (Amos 4:6, 8, 9, 10, 11). 9. The day of the Lord is used 3 times (Amos 5:18 and 29). 10. Will die is used 5 times (Amos 2:2; 6:9; 7:11 and 17; 9:10). Overview Outline 1. Indictments announced against nations, Israel, and Judah, 1-2 2. Messages of Amos against Israel, 3-6 3. Visions of Amos: judgments and finally blessing, 7-9 Chapter Titles 1. Amos 1, God indicts the nations 2. Amos 2, God indicts Israel and Judah 3. Amos 3, Israel, chosen and responsible 4. Amos 4, Israel, you have not returned to me 5. Amos 5, Israel, seek me that you may live 6. Amos 6, Judah and Israel will go into exile 7. Amos 7, Locusts, fire, plumb line, Jeroboam 8. Amos 8, Basket of summer fruit; famine for words of the Lord 9. Amos 9, The Lord will shake Israel and later restore Israel
Bible Walk Through
Page 161 of 211
Trace the Theme 1. Amos 1, God indicts the nations. Amos begins by relating the Lords revelation to him about the Lords judgment of the nations around Israel and Judah. He announces judgment against Damascus, Philistia. The phrase For three transgressions and for four is used 8 times in Amos (1:3, 6, 9, 11, 13; 2:1, 4, 6). It is a poetic way of saying that the nation addressed is guilty of repeated sin. God did not judge for one violation, but because of many sins for which they did not repent. He is simply saying that the nation addressed has come to the end of its ropeno more letting the sin go. 2. Amos 2, God indicts Israel and Judah. Moab will also come under Gods judgment (1). Along with judging the nations surrounding Israel and Judah he will severely judge Israel and Judah. They have rejected the law and statutes of the Lord (4); they lie (4); they sell people (6); they oppress the helpless (6); they commit sexual sins in the name of religious (7); they did not return collateral taken for loans (8); they drank wine (probably to the pagan gods) taken from others (9); they compromised the Nazirites and forbid the prophets from proclaiming Gods word (12). They did all of this even though God had blessed them throughout their history (9-11). God will judge them and they will not escape. 3. Amos 3, Israel, chosen and responsible. This chapter emphasizes Israels privilege and blessing from the Lord. He has chosen them from all people of the earth (2). With that special position goes more responsibility. Israel has turned her back on the Lord. She has disobeyed him and flaunted her disobedience. In verses 3-6 the Lord expresses questions which have obvious answers: verses 3-5 require a no answer and 6 expects a yes answer. The Lord is saying that Israels failure is obvious. In 7-8 God has revealed his will and the prophets must proclaim his will. The Lord announces his judgment for tumults and oppressions and they do not know how to do what is right (9-10) in verses 9-15. It will be severe: pull down your strengths and citadels will be looted (11); shepherd snatches from the lions mouth a couple of legs and sons of Israelwill be snatched away (12); and punish Israels transgressions (14) and so on. 4. Amos 4, Israel, you have not returned to me. Amos condemns the indulgent women of Bashan for their self centered luxuriant living. They will be exiled like animals (1-3). God sarcastically told the people to go to the popular worship sites and sacrifice, tithe, and give offerings. They love to carry out religious ritual without any meaning at all (4-5). In 6-11 the Lord recalls his discipline that had the purpose of bringing his people back to him, but they had not listened and had not returned (5, 8, 9, 10, and 11). They were set in their rebellious and religious ways. Note the warnings: famine (6), drought (7-8), pests (9), disease and war (10), and destruction of the cities (11). Because they refuse to return to the Lord their God, he will bring them to him in judgmentPrepare to meet your God, O Israel (12). He is the God who exists, created, reveals himself and his will to man, and he rules (13). Israel is trapped. 5. Amos 5, Israel, seek me that you may live. A dirge is a mournful funeral song. Amos begins chapter 5 with this dirge. God will judge Israel for her unbelief and rebellion against him. And then in verse 4, 6, and 14 the Lord call them to seek him, seek the Lord, and see good and not evil. If they do seek him, they will live. This means that the Lord will withhold the destruction of Israel and bless the people and the nation. Some interpreters take this as only individual deliverance. That may be so, but the house of Israel is addressed. Also, Jeremiah 18:1-10, God talks about nations turning to him and he will relent on his judgment. Regardless, God is calling individuals and the nation to seek him. If they do, they will realize his blessing. Israel is not to worship at Bethel, Gilgal, or Beersheba. Jerusalem is the center for worship (5). Those who long for the day of the Lord (18) do not realize that that day will Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 162 of 211
6.
7.
8.
9.
bring great judgmentindicating that Israel fails to apply the prophets messages properly. Israel is very religious, but there is no reality in the outward ritual. The Lord rejects Israels festivals, offerings, and songs and music. All are meaningless without justice and righteousness. They are acting like the Exodus generation acted (21-26). Therefore exile is in the future (27). Amos 6, Judah and Israel will go into exile. Chapter six begins with a woe (a word that expresses pain and dissatisfaction) toward the prominent leaders of both Judah and Israel, who think that they will survive coming judgment. Samaria is the capital of the Northern Kingdom. Samaria began with King Omri (1 Kings 16:24), who ruled Israel from 885-874 BC. Samaria was an idolatrous city. Calneh, Hamath, and Gath were city-states that had thought themselves great, but were defeated. Israel would do no better (1-3). These lazy, proud, and irreverent leaders will go into exile with Israel (4-9). People in hiding do not want the Lords name mentioned for fear that he will attack them (10). God will bring Assyria and Assyria will destroy Israel from Hamath in the north to the brook of the Arabah (goes into the Dead Sea) in the south (11-14). Amos 7, Locusts, fire, plumb line, Jeroboam. The Lord revealed three judgments to Amos. The first was a locust-swarm that would destroy the crops (1-3). The second was fire which would dry up the water (4-6). The third was a vision of a plumb line (7-9). A plumb line is a test for accuracy or correctness. Israel did not measure up. In answer to Amos pleading, the Lord canceled the first two judgments. Due to Israels idolatry the Lord will not cancel the third judgment. He will judge the idolatry of Israel. Amos 8, Basket of summer fruit and a famine for words of the Lord. The Lord God showed Amos a basket of ripe fruit. Ripe fruit in a basket is fruit that has been harvested. Ripe fruit marks the end of harvest. It will spoil if not used. Israel is like a basket of harvested ripe fruit (1-2). The fruit season is over and in the same way Israels season of rebellion is over because God will judge her. The Lords judgment on Israel will bring death and wailing in the palace (3). What kind of activity brought on Gods judgment? Oppression of he needy (4), perversion of the God designed days set apart for worship (5), and dishonest business practices are among the reasons for Gods judgment. The Lord has had enough. He will no longer ignore their sin (7). The judgment will be prominent like an earthquake and an eclipse of the sundeath dealing and terrifying (9-10). The language could be real or figurative. The effect will be the same. In the midst of this divine judgment, God will send a famine of words from the Lordno revelation. Because they rejected it for so long, the Lord will not speak to them (11-12). The judgment will cover the entire land of Israel, from the Mediterranean to the Dead Sea and from Dan in the north to Beersheba in the south. Those who had allegiance to the idols of Samaria will die (14). Rebellion against God and his word does not reap good; it only reaps bad. Amos 9, The Lord will shake Israel and later restore Israel. Because of Israels idolatry which was centered in Bethel, he will break down the columns of the worship place and kill the priest and people. They will not be able to escape regardless of where they try to hide. The Lord is sovereign, omnipresent, omniscient, and omnipotent (1-3). The Lord will even follow them into captivity and judge them there (4). The sovereign and omnipotent Lord God controls the entire planetthe Lord is his name (5-6). Omnipotent God relocated pagan peoples (7), and there is no reason to think Israel can hide from him. He will judge sinful Israel, but he will not totally destroy Israel (8-10). In the future, In that day, he will restore the dynasty of David and make Israel better than the days of old (11). Israel will be the leading nation on earth (12). Israel will have unparalleled prosperity. Agriculture will flourish; cities will be rebuilt; food will be plentiful; and Israel will be back in her land never
Bible Walk Through
Page 163 of 211
again to be driven out. God has given the land to Israel and he is the Lord her God. No one can challenge him or his plan for history of the world (13-15). Key Doctrines 1. God holds back his judgment until no other way will accomplish his will and the best for his people. 2. Sin, and especially continual sin after many warnings, brings Gods discipline and judgment. 3. The attributes and actions of Israels God are the foundation for his treatment of his people (4:12-13, 5:8, and 9:1-6). 4. The best life is for those who seek the Lord (5:4, 9, 14). 5. To spurn Gods word dangerous. It may not be available in a time when you want it (8:11). 6. Israels promised future kingdom, named the millennial kingdom from Revelation 20, will come even though Israel has repeatedly sinned. This kingdom depends upon the nature and the promises of God. See Amos 9. Lessons for Us Today 1. The foundational doctrine upon which all life depends is the nature and acts of God. See Amos 4:12-13 for this truth in practice. 2. Obey the Lord. Disobedient people never reap Gods blessings and never get away with sin. Why can we not learn this lesson? It is so clear. This lesson is so clear from all of Gods word, and especially the prophets. Amos 3:1-2 and many others in Amos state this. 3. Learn Gods word while you have the opportunity and before you come to a crisis. Gods word may not always be available. And a crisis may short circuit your time, learning, and thinking for understanding and application. Amos 8:11 documents this doctrine for the life of the Israeli people who had rejected Gods word. 4. Israel has a blessed future in Gods plan, regardless of what current history may seem to say. Amos clearly teaches this in chapter 9. Many other prophets also clearly teach this. The return of Messiah will bring this future into history. That means that Jesus Christs return to earth to set up the promised kingdom for Israel is a pre-millennial return.
Bible Walk Through
Page 164 of 211 Obadiah Bible Walk Theme: God Will Judge Edom and Restore Israel Tod Kennedy November, 2007
Theme God will judge Edom and restore Israel. God judges Edom because Edom treated Israel, his brother nation, out of hate, envy, and revenge. Israel will be restored because God promised that he would fulfill his covenants to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Key Verses Obadiah 15-17: For the day of the LORD draws near on all the nations. As you have done, it will be done to you. Your dealings will return on your own head. 16 Because just as you drank on My holy mountain, All the nations will drink continually. They will drink and swallow And become as if they had never existed. 17 But on Mount Zion there will be those who escape, And it will be holy. And the house of Jacob will possess their possessions. Author Obadiah is an unknown person. His name means servant of the Lord. hydb[ obadyah. There are 13 people named Obadiah in the Bible. Although there is some disagreement whether this is his name or simply a title, it is most natural to accept Obadiah as the name of a prophet of God. Since the other writing prophets begin their prophecies with their names, why would Obadiah be an exception? His purpose was to communicate the Lord Gods message about Gods judgment on Edom (Obadiah 1). History Edom and Israel had a long history of conflict. 1. This began with the birth of Esau and Jacob to Isaac and Rebekah as recorded in Genesis 25:21-28. Esau was born first. His skin was reddish color and he was hairy. Later on, Esau traded his birthright to Jacob for a pot of red colored stew. Still later, Esau moved southeast of the Dead Sea, to a place called Seir. Esaus people defeated and drove out the Horites (Genesis 36:8-9; Deuteronomy 2:12, 22). 2. When Israel was traveling from Egypt to Canaan, Edom refused Israel passage through their land (Numbers 20:13-21). Do you remember Balaams oracle (Numbers 24:18)? Israel and Edom were hostile to each other from then on. Saul (1 Samuel 14:47), David (2 Samuel 8:1314), and Solomon (1Kings 11:17-22) contended with Edom. Furthermore, the Edomites urged on the Babylonians in their destruction of Jerusalem (Psalm 137:7). The animosity between Edom and Israel continued throughout history until the time of Christ. 3. Edom was attacked and defeated many times. The Assyrians took control of Edom about 735 BC. The Arabs took control of Edom in the 400s. The Nabateans (Petra) around 300 BC defeated the Edomites and drove them out of Edom. Some Edomites remained and became part of the Nabatean kingdom. The Edomites who left settled in Idumea. John Hyrcanus, of the Maccabean family, defeated the Idumeans (Edomites) around 120 BC. Herod the Great, the brilliant but evil king of Judea, was an Idumean (Edomite). The Idumaeans joined in the Jewish rebellion against Rome, and like the Jews were defeated in AD 70. From that time on they passed out of history. Many Scripture references predict Edoms judgment by God. Examples include Jeremiah 49:10, which refers to a judgment future to Jeremiahs time, Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 165 of 211
probably by the Nabateans. Ezekiel 35 is another prophecy about a future destruction of Edom, as does Amos 1:11 and Joel 3:19. 4. The time of the prophet Obadiah is uncertain. The two most favored dates are the time of King Jehoram of Judah (Joram), Son of Jehoshaphat, husband of Athaliah (848-841 BC), or soon after Babylon destroyed Jerusalem in 586 BC. Though neither date changes the message of Obadiah, the earlier date seems to fit all the evidence better. During the reign of Jehoram, Edom and Libnah revolted against and invaded Judah (2 Chronicles 21:8-20). Libnah was a Canaanite city, located in the area that came to be Judah, which Joshua defeated. Also during this time, the Philistine and Arabian invasions of Judah took place (2 Chronicles 21:12-20). The city of Jerusalem was not destroyed during these raids as it was by Nebuchadnezzar. Key People 1. Obadiah the prophet. The author of this prophecy. Nothing is known of him outside of the Old Testament book that bears his name. Because of the subject of his prophecy, he may be a native of Judah. He was probably a contemporary of Elijah. Key Words and Phrases There are many place names, people names, and technical terms in this short book. See The New Ungers Bible Dictionary and Nelsons New Illustrated Bible Dictionary. 2. Edom. Obadiah 1, 8. The land southeast of the Dead sea. Also called the land or mountain of Seir. It was named from Edom, another name for Esau, Jacobs brother. Esaus descendents settled there (Genesis 25:30; Numbers 20:14-21; Deuteronomy 23:7). 3. Esau. Obadiah 6, 8, 9, 18, 19, 21. The oldest son of Isaac and Rebekah and brother of Jacob. His fathers favorite. He was also named Edom. Esau was a man of the desert who roamed and objected to restraint (Genesis 25:21-30). He married two Canaanite women Adah, also called Basemath and Oholibamah (Genesis 36:2 and 26:34). His third wife was also named Basemath (Mahalath), the daughter of his uncle Ishmael (Genesis 28:9 and 36:3). 4. Teman. Obadiah 9. The southern part of Edom and was also called the stronghold of Edom. 5. Jacob. Obadiah 10, 17, 18. The second born of twins to Isaac and Jacob. His brother was Esau. His mothers favorite (Genesis 25:21-34). 6. Jerusalem. Obadiah 11, 20. The central city and holy city of Israel. Founded by Amorites and Hittites (Ezekiel 16:3, 44-46). 7. Judah. Obadiah 12. The fourth son of Jacob and Leah. Judah advised that they sell Joseph and not kill him. Jacobs blessing made Judah the ruling line. Also the name of the Southern Kingdom (Genesis 49:8-12). 8. Day of the Lord. Obadiah 15. The day of the Lord is a phrase used by Gods prophets in the Old Testament to identify Gods soon (historic) or future (prophetic) overthrow of ungodly powers and to further his kingdom. The prophetic day of the Lord embraces the Tribulation, Second Advent of Christ, Millennial Kingdom, and the final renovation of the earth (Joel 1:15). 9. Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002). 10:244 say regarding Obadiah 15, The day of Jehovah has been explained at Joel 1:15. The expression was first formed by Obadiah, not by Joel; and Joel, Isaiah, and the prophets that follow, adopted it from Obadiah. The primary meaning is not the day of judgment, but the day on which Jehovah reveals His majesty and omnipotence in a glorious manner, to overthrow all ungodly powers, and to complete His kingdom. It was this which gave rise to the idea of the day of judgment and retribution which predominates in the prophetic announcements, but which simply forms one side of the revelation of the glory of Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 166 of 211
God, as our passage at once shows; inasmuch as it describes Jehovah as not only judging all nations and regarding them according to their deeds (cf. vv. 15b, and 16), but as providing deliverance upon Zion (v. 17), and setting up His kingdom (v. 21). 10. Mount Zion. Obadiah 17, 21. Originally the ridge between the Kidron and the Tyropeoean valleys of Jerusalem. Later on it referred to the whole western ridge of Jerusalem and then later it designated the city. 11. House of Jacob. Obadiah 17, 18. Jacob was in the line of Abraham, Isaac, and then Jacob. The twelve tribes of Israel came from him. In Obadiah it refers to all Israel in contrast to Edom. 12. House of Joseph. Obadiah 18. Joseph, listed as Jacobs eleventh son in the Genesis 49 blessing, was part of the northern ten tribes. He is mentioned here to confirm that all Israel will participate in the future re-gathering and blessing from God for Israel (Genesis 49:2226) 13. House of Esau. Obadiah 18. This refers to the entire Edom peoples. They came from Esau and will be completely judged. The Edomites disappeared from history after the siege of Titus on Jerusalem in AD 70. 14. Negev. Obadiah 19, 20. The south, or southern wilderness part of Judea. It is about 4500 square miles. 15. Mountain of Esau. Obadiah 8, 9, 19, 21. This is Mount Seir which is the central mountain in Edom. Jews will take control of all of this area in the future. Sela (Petra) is the capital. See Ezekiel 35:15. 16. Shephelah. Obadiah 19. This is in the southern part of Canaan between south of the Dead Sea and the Philistine Plain on the Mediterranean Sea. The cities of Lachish, Debir, Libnah, and Seth-shemesh were in the Shephelah. 17. Philistine Plain. Obadiah 19. This plain is in the southwest area of Canaan. Philistines probably originated in Crete and the Aegean Islands. Their culture is connected with the Mycenae culture (southern Greece). They are probably one of the Sea Peoples. They adopted the Canaanite language and culture. They lived in this area from as early as the patriarchal age to about 1000 BC. The Judges and David fought the Philistines. The name Philistine is the source of the name Palestine. Palestine and Palestinians have nothing to do with Arab people or Islam. 18. Territory of Ephraim. Obadiah 19. This territory is in central Israel between the Jordon River and the Mediterranean Sea. Ephraim was the second son of Joseph and brother of Manasseh (Genesis 46:20). Both were born in Egypt. 19. Samaria. Obadiah 19. Samaria is in central Israel to the north of Ephraim. The city was the capital of the Northern Kingdom. It was an idolatrous city. The area included the geography of the ten tribes of the Northern Kingdom. 20. Benjamin. Obadiah 19. This is the land that is between Ephraim and Judah. Benjamin was the twelfth son of Jacob (Genesis 49:27). 21. Zarephath. Obadiah 20. This was the hometown of Elijah. It was owned by Sidon or was near Sidon. Zarephath was on the Mediterranean cost north of Tyre. 22. Sepharad. Obadiah 20. Some think that this may have been in Asia Minor. We do not know. 23. Mount Zion. Obadiah 17, 21. This was the natural stronghold of the Jebusites that David captured when he took Jerusalem. 24. Kingdom. Obadiah 21. This refers to all the territory of Israel. The Lord will reclaim it for his people and set up his millennial kingdom.
Bible Walk Through Overview Outline 1. God will judge Edom, Obadiah 1-18. 2. God will restore Israel, Obadiah 19-21.
Page 167 of 211
Chapter Titles 1. ObadiahGod will judge Edom and will restore Israel. 2. Trace the Theme of Obadiah. God Will Judge Edom and Restore Israel. 3. God judges Edom because Edom treated Israel, his brother nation, out of hate, envy, and revenge (Obadiah). God will restore Israel because he promised covenant blessings to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and he will fulfill those covenants (Genesis 12; 13:14-18; 15:18; 17:19-21; 35:2; 50:24; Exodus 33:1; Deuteronomy 29:13; 34:4; 2 Kings 13:23 and many others). 4. Obadiah has a vision from the Lord God (Obadiah 1). The vision is about Edom. The Lord will bring nations against Edom and will make her small among the nations (Obadiah 2). Edom thinks that she is unbeatable because her nation is perched in the rock city of Petra (Obadiah 3-4). Petra was about 50 miles south of the Dead Sea. It was probably the Old Testament city of Sela, a pagan city. Edom will not just be robbed; she will be ruined, ransacked, betrayed, and destroyed. The whole nation, including the wise men will be slaughtered (Obadiah 5-9).The reason for Edoms destruction was her treatment of Jacob, Esaus (Edom) brother (Obadiah 10). Edom stood by while Jerusalem was invaded (Obadiah 11). Edom rejoiced at the destruction of Judah (Obadiah 11). Edom looted Jerusalem (Obadiah 12-13). When residents of Judah were escaping, Edom imprisoned some and killed others (Obadiah 14). The prophet goes on to say that the overwhelming prophetic day of the Lord draws near. Yet Edom will come under Gods wrath in its own day of the Lord even before the day comes upon all the nations that challenge the Lord (Obadiah 15). Like Edom drank (ravaged Israel) at Zion, nations of the world will also ravage Israel, but the nations attacks will turn into the nations destruction in the future day of the Lord (Obadiah 16). At that future time known as Jacobs trouble, some of Israel will escape and they will then soon possess all that God promised them (Obadiah 17). This will come about through the Messiahs second coming to earth. Israel (Jacob and Joseph) will be a fire and burn the few returned Edomites (Obadiah 18). The nation of Israel will return from wherever they have been and they will possess the land God long ago promised to them (Obadiah 19-20). The Lord will now reign in his earthly millennial kingdom (Obadiah 21). Key Doctrines 1. Abrahamic Covenant 2. Anti-Semitism 3. Day of the Lord 4. Messianic Kingdom 5. Rejection of God and Gods word 6. Sin has consequences
Bible Walk Through
Page 168 of 211
Lessons for Us 1. God honors his covenant to Abraham. Obadiah prophecies about all four parts of the covenant: the land, nation, blessing, and cursing. God also keeps his word to us. We can depend upon what he has revealed in the Bible. 2. Israel will, in the future, possess their God given land and blessings. The wars and rumors of wars will continue until Jesus Christ returns to restore Israel in the land he promised to them. Regardless of the political situation today or at any time, Israels future is secure within Gods plan. 3. God will judge anti-Semitic nations. This is a warning to nations even today. Those nations and people who want to destroy Israel are outside of Gods will, and he will judge them for their anti-Semitism. 4. Israel will return to her land, and her kingdom will be the Lords kingdom. Future history has Israel in her promised land and under the reign and protection of Messiah, Jesus.
Bible Walk Through
Page 169 of 211
Jonah Bible Walk Theme: ThemeGods Compassion on Gentile nations Tod Kennedy March, 2008, Revised April, 2008 Theme Gods compassion on Gentile nations. Jonah took Yahwehs message to the Assyrians at Nineveh. That message was that Yahweh is ruler of all peoples and wants them to turn to him in faith. Jonahs written message was for Israel; God was using Jonahs experience to teach Israel that his love, compassion, and grace are also for Gentiles, and as a reminder that Israel was a priest or missionary nation to the world. Compare Genesis 12:3 (Israel a blessing to all) and Isaiah 42:6 and 49:6 (Messiah the light to the nations). Key Verse Jonah 4:11, Should I not have compassion on Nineveh, the great city in which there are more than 120,000 persons who do not know the difference between their right and left hand, as well as many animals? Author Jonah the prophet (Jonah 1:1; Matthew 12:39-41 and 16:4; Luke 11:29-32) 1. Jonah was sent by Yahweh (LORD, 1:1) to warn Nineveh that she must repent or be judged, and Jonah did not want God to show grace to the Assyrians. Jonah probably lived before or during the reign of Jereboam II of Israel (793-753 BC), in view of his prophecy, recorded in 2 Kings 14:25, that Israel would expand under Jereboam II (793-753). Jonah was from GathHepher in Zebulun in northern Israel. Gath-Hepher was 3 miles northeast of Nazareth and between Mount Carmel and the Sea of Galilee. We know nothing about Jonah after his mission trip to Nineveh. Jesus verified Jonah and his mission to Nineveh in Matthew 12:41, Matthew 16:4, and Luke11:32. History 1. Jonah most likely served the Lord during reign of the Assyrian king Adad-Nirari III (810 783 B.C.) or during the reign of Assurdan III (771754). If during Adad-Nirari, that king worshipped Nebo, and the worship of Nebo was more monotheistic than that of the previous kings. If Jonah served during Assurdan, then three striking events might have softened the people up for Jonahs message: 765 BC, a plague in Nineveh; June 15, 763, a total eclipse of the sun; and in 759, another plague hit the city. 2. Assyria has three distinct kingdoms or periods: These are called the Old (20th to 15th centuries BC), the Middle (15th to 10th centuries BC), and the Neo-Assyrian (911612 BC) kingdoms. The Neo-Assyrian period was from Adad-Nirari II in 911 BC, to the fall of Nineveh in 612 BC. During the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III (ruled 745727 BC) Assyria became very strong. We might conclude that the repentance of Nineveh may have played a part in this. 3. There was conflict between Assyria and the Northern Kingdom before Jonahs day. King Ahab (871-851) had joined into an alliance with twelve kings to oppose Assyria. 4. The king of Israel during Jonahs ministry was Jeroboam II (2 Kings 14:23-29). He ruled for 41 years, from 793-753. This was a time in Israel of prosperity and stability, yet it was also a time of great injustice, immorality, and idolatry (Amos 1:1; 7:9, 10, 11; Hosea 1:1; and Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 170 of 211
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
2 Kings 13:13; 14:16, 23-29). Jeroboam II expanded Israels power. He conquered Syria, Moab, and Ammon, and because of his increased power he came into conflict with Assyria. He was the fourteenth king of Israel and the son of Jehoash. He ruled Israel from about 793753 BC, 41 years. He continued to lead the northern tribes into idolatry, drunkenness, commercial prosperity, oppression, and general immorality. Jeroboam ended his fathers wars, and he defeated Syria to the extent that Israel was no longer subservient to Syria. He restored the earlier northern and southern boarders of Israel, and recovered the cities of Damascus and Hamath. The Lord pronounced judgment against Jeroboam and Israel for their idolatry.
Key People and Places 1. Jonah the prophet (Jonah 1:1) 2. Nineveh (Jonah 1:2) was the capital of the Assyrian Empire. 3. Nineveh was on the eastern bank of the Tigres, near what is today the city of Mosul, Iraq. It was an ancient city that was thought to be impregnable. Nimrod (Genesis 10:8-10) founded the city. The great Assyrian king, Sargon (2350 BC), had a palace there. Sargon II (721705 BC) made it one of the capitals. Sennacherib (705681 BC.) made it his capital and the main city of Assyria (2 Kings 19:36-37; Isaiah 37:37-38). Nahum prophesied its destruction (Nahum 1:1, 2:8-10). The city was long doubted until A.H. Layard and H. Rassam discovered Nineveh in 18451854. Archaeologists have excavated the city. Most of it was excavated a long time ago. They found the library of Ashurbanipal which contained many creation and flood texts, along with economic, political, and other texts. 4. Nineveh was occupied as far back as before 3100 BC. Among the many great finds were Sargons palace and a cuneiform library. Many smaller cities made up the Nineveh metropolitan complex. The district was 30 to 60 miles across. 5. In Sennnacheribs day (about 700 BC) the city wall was 40-50 feet high and ran 2 miles along the Tigris River and 8 miles around the inner city. He created parks, a garden, zoo, and an aqueduct. The city had 15 gates. Sennacherib has a 71 room palace that has been excavated. King Hezekiah paid tribute to Sennacherib (2 Kings 18:15). 6. In 614 BC, under Nabopolassar of Babylon and Cyaxares of Media destroyed Ashur and Calah, and in August, 612 they destroyed Nineveh. Nineveh was left to animals for grazing just as the prophets predicted (Nahum 2:10, 13 and Zephaniah 2:13-15). 7. References include Ronald F. Youngblood, F. F. Bruce, R. K. Harrison and Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nelson's New Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Nashville: T. Nelson, 1995; and Gleason Leonard Archer, A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, 3rd. ed.]. (Chicago: Moody Press, 1998, c1994). 8. Tarshish (1:3) was a city in the western Mediterranean. It is thought to be in southern Spain near Gibraltar. The Phoenicians traded with Tarshish (2 Chronicles 9:21; Psalm 72:10). Tarshish was the great grandson of Noah (Noah, Japheth, Javan, Tarshish. Genesis 10:1-4). 9. Joppa (1:3) was a city 35 miles northwest of Jerusalem. It was the only seaport with a natural harbor between Egypt and Acco. Joppa was Jerusalems seaport. It was important for shipping in the Old and New Testament times. Timber for Solomons temple came from Lebanon through Joppa and on to Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 2:16). Peter received his sheet vision while he was in Joppa (Acts 9:36 and 43;10:9-16). Today it is part of Tel Aviv.
Bible Walk Through
Page 171 of 211
Key Words and Phrases 1. Lot (1:7) 2. Hebrew (1:9) 3. LORD and LORD God of heaven (1:1,3,9,10,14,16,17, and more) 4. Great Fish (1:17; 2:1, 10) 1419 5. Those who regard vain idols (2:8) 6. Believed in God (in Elohim ( ) Jonah 3:5). 7. God relented (4:10) Relents 5162 nahcam . 8. Gracious 2587 channun (4:2), Compassionate 7349 rachum (4:2, 11), Slow to anger 750 and 639 ,)2:4( Lovingkindness 2617 ,chesed (4:2); Compare Exodus 34:6. These are well known attributes of God. 9. Overview Outline 10. Disobedience and discipline, Jonah 1-2 11. Service and compassion, Jonah 3-4 Chapter Titles 1. Jonah 1, Jonah disobeys, Yahweh disciplines 2. Jonah 2, Jonah prays, Yahweh delivers 3. Jonah 3, Jonah preaches, Nineveh repents and God does not judge 4. Jonah 4, Jonah complains, God explains his compassion Trace the Theme of Jonah ThemeGods compassion on Gentile nations. Yahweh demonstrated his grace and compassion. He told Jonah to go to Nineveh and preach. Jonah disobeyed and instead went west. Yahweh disciplined Jonah with the storm and fish (1). During the discipline Jonah realized his sin and confessed to God (2). Yahweh delivered Jonah from the fish and Jonah went to Nineveh and preached Gods message. The people believed in God, so God called off his judgment (3). Jonah became angry at this and complained to Yahweh. Yahweh explained his compassion through the plant, worm, east wind, and sun (4). 1. Jonah 1, Jonah disobeys, Yahweh disciplines. Yahweh wanted to present himself to the powerful and dominant power, Assyria, through the people of Nineveh, the main city in Assyria. Yahweh chose Jonah to do his work (1:1-2). Jonah decided he did not want to go to Nineveh and so got a ticket to Tarshish in the west. He was trying to escape Gods will (1:3). Yahweh sent a storm that threatened the lives of all aboard, but Jonah sleptlikely trying to escape Yahwehs nudging his conscience (1:4-5). The sailors experience Gods power (1:45) and did not want to experience his wrath (1:14). The captain told Jonah to get up and pray to his god. At this point the captain and the sailors thought no more of Jonahs God than of any other god (1:6). The sailors cast lots to determine what to do. The lot identified Jonah as the culprit (1:7). Note Proverbs 16:33 that says God directs the outcome of the lot for those he is working with. The name Yahweh sets Jonah apart. Yaweh is Israels God and Israel is his people. Yahweh is used 21 times in 26 verses. Early on the sailors ask Jonah to pray to his God (1:6, elohim). Jonah has been the reluctant witness and the sailors learned that he was a Hebrew and Yahweh was his God. This was Jonahs testimony. (1:9-12). Jonah recognized divine discipline tells them to throw him into the sea (1:13) The sailors are honorable and try to save his life, but soon realize they cannot. They now pray to Yahweh, which is an advancement on their understanding of God, and finally throw Jonah goes into the sea (1:14-15). The sailors feared Yahweh greatly. Jonah was a witness to them without wanting to. How much did Jonah tell them? We do not have all the details, but apparently he Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 172 of 211
told them enough to trust Israels God. In verse 17 Yahweh intervened for his will and for Jonahs safety and spiritual recovery. Yahweh planned ahead. He did not give up on Jonah. He appointed the great fish. Appoint is manah (4487 )in the piel stem. The word means to count or reckon in the qal and in the piel to appoint or ordain. It was a miracle that the fish swallowed Jonah and that he survived. There are many attempts at natural explanations, but this was a divine miracle. Note key ideas in chapter 1: free will of Jonah, disobedience, Yahweh, lot, Hebrew, divine discipline, fear Yahweh, Yahwehs sovereignty over creation, and miracles. a. Lot (Jonah 1:7) 1486 gowral. Something, usually a stone, used to make decisions. It was dropped, fell from, or thrown. When God wanted a lot thrown he determined the decision (Proverbs 16:33). The lot is mentioned 70 times in the Old Testament and 8 times in the New Testament. Lots served to prevent favoritism by man in determining Gods will. Lots were used to choose the scapegoat to be sent into the wilderness (Leviticus 16:8-10), to divide the land (Joshua 14:2 and Numbers 26:55), to choose temple servers (1 Chronicles 24:1-5), for temple gate keepers (1 Chronicles 26:1, 12-13), for temple musicians (1 Chronicles 25:8-9), and even by the pagan seaman to find who was guilty (Jonah 1:7). Lots died out as Gods revelation (Bible) became for complete. Zacharias, the father of John the Baptist, served in the temple by the lot (Luke 1:9). The soldiers divided Jesus clothes by lot when they crucified him (Matthew 27:35). Matthias was added to the eleven apostles by lot (Acts 1:26). b. Hebrew (Jonah 1:9) 5680 ` briy This is the name of the people beginning with Abraham and going through Isaac and Jacob. They were the people of Yahweh. Abraham was the first Hebrew. It was first used in Genesis 14:3. The people also became known as Israelites after God gave the name Israel (probably means God fights) to Jacob Genesis 32:28. In Hebrew tradition it means from beyond the river (Joshua 24:2-3). c. LORD and LORD God of heaven (Jonah 1:1,3,9,10,14,16,17, and more) 3068 , Yahweh and yahweh elohim shamayim. The name Yahweh sets Jonah apart. Yaweh is Israels God and Israel is his people. Gods name is used 21 times in 26 verses. Early on the sailors ask Jonah to pray to his God (1:6, elohim). Soon after the sailors pray to Yahweh (1:14, 15). Jonah has been the reluctant witness and the sailors learned of Yahweh (1:10). d. Great Fish (Jonah 1:17; 2:1, 10) 1419 gadol, common adjective for great, large in size, number, intensity, sound, age, power, and 1709 , dag or dawg common word for fish. It was a miracle that the fish swallowed Jonah and that he survived. There are many attempts at natural explanations, but this was a divine miracle. 2. Jonah 2, Jonah prays, Yahweh delivers. Verses 1-2 are a summary of Chapter 2. Jonah prayed to Yahweh out of desperation. Yahweh his God is the only way out (2:1). He recognized that Yahweh was bringing divine discipline and that Yahweh was his only hope (2:3-4). Just as we often resist the Lord as long as we can, Jonah did the same. Jonah is in the digestive system of the fish along with water and weeds. He was barred from dry land (2:56). He would not admit his sin until he was on the edge of unconsciousness (2:7). At that point he prayed. His prayer reached Yahweh. It included the recognition that those who disobey Yahweh are centering their lives on empty (7723 shaweh, empty, nothingness) idols and forsaking hesed (lovingkindness, loyalty, graciousness) that Yahweh has showered upon them. Jonah had put thingsempty idolsbefore Yahweh. Verse 8 was his confession of sin (2:8). He now choses to do Yahwehs will and knows that any deliverance is from him (9). The chapter ends with Yahweh commanding the fish to spit Jonah out onto dry land. Yahweh is omnipotent and sovereign. Only he could deliver Jonah from a terrible death. He Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 173 of 211
even controls fish (10). Key ideas in this chapter include divine discipline, resistance to confession, prayer, confession of sin, the folly of disobedience, the choice of emptiness of life or Yahwehs lovingkindness, Yahwehs attributes, the source of deliverance out of trouble, and obedience to God. 3. Jonah 3, Jonah preaches, Nineveh repents and God does not judge. . Jonah gets a second chance. This is an expression of Gods grace (3:1-2). Jonah has learned to obey Yahweh, but he did not like it (3:3 and 4:1-3). We often are just like Jonah. What message did Jonah preach? Yahweh gave him the message as Jonah traveled and preached (3:2). Nineveh was to turn (3:8, 10. 7725 shub, to turn back, return. Qal imperfect jussive) from wicked ways and violence (1:2; 3:8, 10). Jonah took three days to walk and preach at many different parts of the city (3:3-4). The administrative district of Nineveh was from 30 to 60 miles across. Furthermore, with a population of 120,000 infants (4:11), the adult population would be much greater. Jonah had a large job to accomplish. What happened? The people believed in God, called a fast, and mourned because of the coming divine judgment (3:5). Were they saved in the eternal life sense? The text does not say. The majority of the city appear to have believed in Israels God, Yahweh, and become possessors of eternal life. The narrative seems to indicate this. If not, why did God go to the trouble of sending Jonah to Nineveh, unless Yahweh was just teaching Israel about His compassion and their missionary status. Regardless, the Ninevites did have a moral change of mind under the threat of judgment. Whatever happened, we know that the results did not carry beyond the next generation or so. God provided his message to these Assyrians and showed compassion to them and they responded to his word. Apparently the Assyrians of Nineveh were ready for Gods word and God delivered it to them. The governor (king) heard what Jonah was preaching and also mourned the coming judgment. He even proclaimed that each person and each beastthe entire cityshould mourn and call on God (Elohim) for help to turn from their wickedness and violence (3:6-8). What was Elohims response? He relented and withdrew his punishment (3:10). Relent in verses 9 and 10 (5162 nacham in the niphal imperfect plus vav consecutive, 3 common plural) has meanings to repent, be sorry, and to console oneself. Since the people turned from their sin, God held off the judgment. God did not change. He continued to act according to his character. The Ninevites did what he asked. If you will look at Scripture that says God changed his mind, it does not mean that he changes. It simply means that when mankind changes toward God, he then does what is appropriate. Here he did not judge Nineveh because they repented. About a generation after Jonah, Assyria destroyed the northern kingdom (722 BC), Sennacherib besieged Jerusalem (701 BC) during Hezekiahs reign, and Nineveh fell to the Babylonians and Medes (612 BC). Key ideas in chapter 3 are divine guidance in Jonahs message, faith in God by pagan people, repentance, and Gods graciousness in withholding judgment. a. Believed in God in Jonah 3:5 is the Hebrew word ,aman Strongs 539, in the hiphil imperfect with waw consecutive (narrative describing the event in the sequence). Aman means in the Qal to support or nourish; in the niphal to be made firm, established; in the hiphil to stand firm, and in the hiphil with the preposition beth to trust in, believe in (as we have in Jonah 3:5). What the Ninevites believed is not defined in the text. They may have believed in the one Elohim, the God of Israel, Yahweh. Jonah was sent by Yahweh (1:1 and 3:1), and Yahweh was the source of his message to the people of Nineveh. Clearly they believed Gods message that Jonah preached. They believed, trusted in God. It would appear that Yahweh Elohim granted the Ninevites forgiveness and life. If so, the conversion to Yahweh lasted only a generation or so. Apparently they had no teaching to support their faith. Or, this could mean they simply believed in Elohim in the sense that Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 174 of 211
he was going to judge them and they had better change. We can go to other Scripture to help us. The phrase and Abraham believed in Yahweh (Genesis 15:6) also has the preposition beth, but the object is Yahweh. In Genesis the verb is a hiphil perfect with waw consecutive. The object is clear in the Abraham passage, though the full content of what Abraham believed is not specified except that he believed in Yahweh (the revealed God who created, redeems, and keeps his word) who had promised him the land, nation, and universal blessing in Genesis 12:1-3. Yahweh responded to Abrahams faith by declaring Abraham righteous. Paul quotes this in Romans 4:3 and uses it to show that God justifies and credits righteousness through faith in him. b. The verb amen in the hiphil stem with the preposition Beth plus the object of believed, as in Jonah 3:5, can be found in Genesis 15:6 (believed God), Exodus 14:31 (believed in Yahweh), Numbers 14:11 (believe in me=Yahweh), Jonah 3:5 (believed in God), Exodus 19:9 (believe in you=Moses), 1 Samuel 27:12 (believed David), Jeremiah 12:6 (do not believe them), Micah 7:5 (do not trust in a neighbor). 4. Jonah 4, Jonah complains, God explains his compassion. In this chapter Jonah recognizes Yahwehs graciousness to pagan peoples. Yahweh wants all people throughout the world to believe him and obey him. Israel was the vehicle to spread Gods revelation during Jonahs time (the dispensation of Israel). We, now in the church (dispensation of the church), are Gods vehicle to spread Gods revelation. He is righteous and holy, yet he is also compassionate and gracious. Yahwehs compassion and graciousness toward the people of Nineveh made Jonah angry (1-2). Jonah was self righteous, disobedient, and very self centered. He went into volitional (Ephesians 4:17-20) and emotional revolt. His lack of orientation to Yahweh became evident when he asked to die rather than live and see Yahwehs graciousness and compassion toward Nineveh (4:3). Jonah ignored Yahweh. He was angry, self centered, and hoping Yahweh would judge Nineveh. His attitude was kill Nineveh or kill me. He had no compassion on the city (4:4-5). In verses 6-11, Yahweh teaches Jonah about his own sovereignty and compassion. Jonah benefited from Yahwehs compassion and grace when the LORD provided the shade plant. Jonah had a selfish compassion for the vine. Why could the LORD not have compassion on a large city of many people and animals? Jonah only thought of himself. Yahweh had compassion on people and animals of Nineveh. Jonah only had compassion on himself. Key ideas in Chapter 4 include the out of control believer (volitional and emotional revolt), self-centered believer, Gods compassion and grace, and divine discipline. Key Doctrines in Jonah 1. Human volition, Jonah 1,2,3,4 (Deuteronomy 30:15-20; Isaiah 1:16-20; Acts 17:26-27; Romans 1:18-32) 2. Mental attitude Jonah 1,2,3,4 (Proverbs 23:7; Romans 14:14; Galatians 6:3; 2 Corinthians 10:5). 3. Gods will, Jonah 1, 3, 4 (Galatians 5:13-16; Ephesians 5:1-2; Hebrews 10:22-25). 4. Divine Guidance, Jonah 1,2,3 (2 Timothy 3:16-17, Hebrews 4:12; Acts 10:19-22, Jude 3-4; 1 Corinthians 9:16-17, Galatians 5:18, Jude 3) 5. Divine discipline, Jonah 1, 2, 4 (Revelation 3:19-20; Hebrews 12:5-11; 1 John 5:16). 6. Believer confession of sin, Jonah 1,2 (Psalm 32:1-5; 51:1-9; Jonah 2:7-9; John 13:7-12; 1 Corinthians 11:27-32; 1 John 19). 7. Ministry or service to God, Jonah 1, 3 (Isaiah 6:6; Jonah 3:1-5; 1 Corinthians 3:10-15; Ephesians 4:12; 1 Peter 4:10-11). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 175 of 211
8. Spiritual revoltvolitional and emotional by a believer, Jonah 1,4 (2 Corinthians 6:12; Romans 16:18). 9. Gods attributes, Jonah 1,2,3,4 (Exodus 34:5-7; Psalm 111:4; 135:6; Isaiah 42:8; Jonah 4:2; John 1:14; Hebrews 1:3, 12). 10. God controls all creation, 1,2,3,4 (Psalm 2; Daniel 4.25; 5.21; Acts 17.24-31; Romans 8:28; Matthew 24-25; 1 Corinthians 15:24-28). 11. Faith in the revealed biblical God, Yahweh Elohim, Jonah 3 12. Obedience and disobedience to God, Jonah 1,4 Lessons for Us Today 1. Do I think biblically or do I think worldly? The basis for my thinking determines my relationship and fellowship with God and his will, what I do, and whether I have contentment and happiness or discouragement, discontent, and unhappiness. Jonah thought worldlyfrom his fallen natureand we see what it got him in each chapter of this book. Biblical worldview or kosmic worldview? 2. Do I watch for Gods guidance and do I obey that which I am sure is Gods will for me? When I disobey Gods direct command, I am in danger of divine discipline, and the discipline can be quite severe. 3. What do I understand and apply about GodYahweh Elohim? He is the only God. His character is unique. He is gracious, compassionate, slow to anger, and abundant in lovingkindness. He not only disciplines, he also forgives and blesses. Jonah experienced Gods guidance, Gods discipline, Gods forgiveness and restoration, Gods anger, Gods compassion, and Gods explanations. 4. Do I watch for what God is teaching me, not only in good times and hard times, but when I think that I might be under divine discipline? Maybe I am missing the obvious lessons. Sadly, Jonah seemed to miss what God was teaching him. 5. Am I careful that I do not revolt against God based on my emotion and my bad choices? Emotion is very powerful. Emotion can provide the energy needed to serve. But emotion can be driven by God and his word or by the world, the flesh, and Satans forces. Emotion wrongly driven can have disastrous consequences. 6. Do I give up on God and myself after I fail God? He wants to bring me back into fellowship with himself and back into his service. Jonah is a clear example. When I give up on God and myself I am being self-centered and thinking worldly. God will let me know when he is done with me. 7. Am I sinfully proud and do I withhold Gods grace from those whom I dislike or fear? Jonah did not want to go and proclaim Gods message to the Assyrians because he wanted God to judge the Assyrians. 8. Do I care about what God cares about or what is more is important to me? God cares about people, about his revelation to mankindthe Bible, about his will, and that we please him. Jonah cared more about his own shade from the plant, than God blessing the residents of Nineveh. 9. Do I to watch and observe God working in my life and ministries? God may accomplish his mission through me in spite of my failures, weaknesses, disobedience, and unbelief. Am I ready to pick up and continue with my service for him after I have failed? According to Jonah, this is what God wants of us. 10. How is my attitude when I serve God? Am I happy to please him, even if I may not like what I am doing? Am I resentful about serving him? Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 176 of 211
Micah Bible Walk Theme: Condemnation, Judgment, Future Deliverance Tod Kennedy September 2008 Theme Micah proclaimed Gods plan to bless Israel and all the world through Israel, and thus to fulfill his promises to Israel and the world. Micahs prophecy follows three main topics: 1. Gods indictment or condemnation of Judah and Israel, 2. Gods judgment that will come because of their sins, and 3. Gods future ruler who, in the last days, will forgive and deliver all Israel. The indictment was because of Israels deliberate apostasy, her idolatry, her social injustice, and her corrupt people and leaders including the prophets and priests. Though Micah was weighed down because of the sin and judgment, he watched expectantly for the LORD and waited for the God of his salvation. Key Verses Micah 1:5, All this is for the rebellion of Jacob And for the sins of the house of Israel. What is the rebellion of Jacob? Is it not Samaria? What is the high place of Judah? Is it not Jerusalem? Micah 4:1, And it will come about in the last days that the mountain of the house of the LORD will be established as the chief of the mountains. It will be raised above the hills, and the peoples will stream to it. Micah 5:2, But as for you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, too little to be among the clans of Judah, from you one will go forth for me to be ruler in Israel. His goings forth are from long ago, from the days of eternity. Micah 6:8 He has told you, O man, what is good; And what does the Lord require of you But to do justice, to love kindness, And to walk humbly with your God? Micah 7:18 Who is a God like You, who pardons iniquity And passes over the rebellious act of the remnant of His possession? He does not retain His anger forever, Because He delights in unchanging love. Author Micah, (Micah 1:1, 14 and Jeremiah 26:18) 1. Micah was an unknown prophet from Moresheth. Moresheth was about 20 miles SW of Jerusalem, probably near Gath and in foothills of Judah east of the Philistine plain. Micah 1:14 is the only mention of Moresheth. Micah was Gods prophet to Judah during the reigns of Jotham (750-733 BC), Ahaz (735-715 BC), and Hezekiah (729-686 BC) (Micah 1:1). The kings reigned for a total of 64 years. Whether Micah ministered for that long is unknown. Assyria was the dominant foreign power during Micahs ministry. Micahs contemporary prophets were Isaiah to Jerusalem and Hosea to Israel, the northern kingdom.
Bible Walk Through
Page 177 of 211
History Idolatry, Assyria, and Judahs kings. 1. Throughout the pre-exile history of Israel, the rejection of God as Lord and the rejection of Gods word with the resulting idolatry and spiritual, social, and finally national disintegration characterized Gods people. The prophets proclaimed Gods anger and judgment because of this. But along with this proclamation they also clearly announced Gods unchanging promises and love for Israel with the result that in the future he will forgive Israel and restore her to her land and her blessings. 2. Assyria was a power under King Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745-727 BC), also known as Pul. At this time Gods prophets ministries were under the shadow of Assyrian domination. About 740 BC Judah, Israel, and Aramaea formed a coalition to resist Assyria. This coalition failed. In 734 BC Israel (Pekah) and Syria (Rezin) fought against Judah in order to force Judah, ruled by Ahaz, into another coalition against Assyria. Ahaz refused. Instead, Ahaz went to Assyria for help. This was the background for Isaiah 7-9. Assyria defeated both Israel and Syria. Micah names three kings of Judah: Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. Along with the specter of Assyria hanging over them, each king had to deal with rampant idolatry. 3. Jotham (r. [750] 740-731 BC) was the eleventh king of Judah and son of Uzziah (2 Kings 15; 2 Chronicles 27). He was co-regent with his father and then king. He was a good king, but was not able to root out the idolatry of the people. Isaiah and Micah were prophets during his time. 4. Ahaz (r. [735] 731-715 BC) was the twelfth king of Judah, and when besieged by Israel and Syria he asked and received help from Assyria, to whom he became a vassal. Ahab openly brought idolatry into Jerusalem (2 Kings 16; 2 Chronicles 28; Isaiah7). He was an evil king. 5. Hezekiah (r. [729] 715-686 BC) was the son of Ahaz and a godly and reforming king. Hezekiah became king of Judah in 715 BC. Though he was anti-Assyrian, he did not revolt against Assyria until later and Judah was spared destruction. Later, when Sennacherib (r. 705-681 BC) came to power in Assyria in 705 BC, Hezekiah revolted against him. Sennacherib invaded Judah in 701 BC (2 Kings 18-19; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 36-37). Hezekiah built the famous water tunnel and reservoir that preserved water for Jerusalem when she was under siege. Soon Hezekiah became sick and God healed him and added 15 years to his life. Soon after, he foolishly showed his wealth to Babylons king Merodach Baladan. (2 Kings 18-19; 2 Chronicles 29-32; Isaiah 36-37). 6. Hoshea (r. 732-722 BC), the last king of the northern kingdom, Israel, is not mentioned by Micah. He paid a heavy tribute to Assyria and was destroyed. But in about 724 BC he revolted against Assyria. Assyria, under Sargon II (r. 721-705 BC), then defeated and exiled Israel in 721 BC. The people were uprooted and moved to various parts of the Assyrian empire. This massive defeat and destruction would be repeated by Babylon against Judah about 135 years later (2 Kings 17). Key People and Places The people are noted in points 3 and 4 above. The cities mentioned here are those which will come under the coming attack by the Assyrians. 1. Micah the prophet (Micah 1:1) 2. Samaria (Micah 1:1) was the capital of the northern kingdom. It was located in central Palestine, 42 miles north of Jerusalem and 25 miles east of the Mediterranean Sea. King Omri (r. 885-874) built Samaria and named it for Shemer who had owned the land (1 Kings 16:21-28). Omri, and evil and wicked king, was the father of King Ahab (husband of Jezebel). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 178 of 211
3. Jerusalem (Micah 1:1). Jerusalem was an old city 14 miles west of the Dead Sea and 37 miles east of the Mediterranean. It was on a rocky plateau 2550 feet above sea level. Jerusalem was founded by the Amorites and Hittites (Ezekiel 16:3, 45). Melchizedek, the king priest in Abrahams day was a king of ancient Jerusalem (Genesis 14:18). Jerusalem was a Canaanite city at the time of Joshuas conquest (Joshua 10:1-5). David captured the city from the Jebusites and made it his religious and political capital of Israel (1 Chronicles 11:4 and 2 Samuel 5:7). David built his headquarters on Mount Zion where the Jebusites had a fort. Because the city was in central Israel, its location helped to unify the people. The geography of the city also made it easily defended. The name is in an Egyptian writing of the 1800s BC and in the Tell-el Amarna letters (1300s BC). 4. Gath (Micah 1:10) was one of the 5 royal cities of the Philistines. 5. Beth-le-aphrah (Micah 1:10) was a Philistine city. 6. Shaphir (Micah 1:11) is a city probably in Judah or Philistia. 7. Zaanan (Micah 1:11) was in the lowland plain of western Judah. 8. Bethezel (Micah 1:11) was probably a town in southern Judah. 9. Maroth (Micah 1:12) was in the Philistine plain. 10. Lachish (Micah 1:13) was a famous city 30 miles southwest of Jerusalem and 15 miles west of Hebron. It was a royal Canaanite city. Joshua captured this city on the day he fought against the five Amorite kings who had attacked Gibeon. It was during this battle that God caused the sun and moon to stand still (Joshua 10). The Lachish Letters are notes written about Nebuchadnezzars attack on Lachish and Jerusalem in 586 BC. 11. Moresheth-gath (Micah 1:14) was in the Judean lowlands probably near Gath. 12. Achzib (Micah 1:14) was the name of two towns, one in Galilee and one in Judah. 13. Mareshah (Micah 1:15) was a fortified city in the Judean lowlands. 14. Adullam (Micah 1:15) was a city in the lowland Judah. It was southwest of Jerusalem and between Lachish and Hebron. Key Words and Phrases 1. Lot (Micah 1:7) 2. Overview Outline 3. Condemnation and judgment, Micah 1-3 4. Coming kingdom and king, Micah 4-5 5. LORD asks and Israel answers, Micah 6-7 Chapter Titles 1. Micah 1, The Lord is coming to judge 2. Micah 2, Sins are many and varied 3. Micah 3, Condemnation of rulers, prophets, priests 4. Micah 4, The LORD will reign in the last days 5. Micah 5, Ruler from Bethlehem 6. Micah 6, The LORDS case against Israel 7. Micah 7, Micah will watch and wait Trace the Theme of Micah Micah proclaimed Gods plan to bless Israel and all the world through Israel, and thus to fulfill his promises to Israel and the world. Micahs prophecy follows three main topics: 1. Gods indictment or condemnation of Judah and Israel, chapter 1 (e.g. Micah 1:2; 6:2), 2. Gods judgment that was coming because of her sins, chapters 2-3, 6 and 7 (e.g. Micah 2:1-2; 3:1, 5, 9, Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 179 of 211
11; 6:10-12; 7:2-6), and 3. Gods future ruler who, in the last days, will forgive and deliver her, chapters 4, 5, 7 (e.g. Micah 4:1-7; 5:2, 4:7-9; 7:7, 11, 18). The indictment was because of her deliberate apostasy, her idolatry, her social injustice, and her corrupt people and leaders including the prophets and priests. Though Micah was weighed down because of the sin and judgment, he watched expectantly for the LORD and waited for the God of his salvation. Key Verses that trace the theme of Micah 1. Micah 1:2, Hear, O peoples, all of you; Listen, O earth and all it contains, And let the Lord God be a witness against you, The Lord from His holy temple. 2. Micah 1:3, For behold, the Lord is coming forth from His place. He will come down and tread on the high places of the earth. 3. Micah 1:5, All this is for the rebellion of Jacob And for the sins of the house of Israel. What is the rebellion of Jacob? Is it not Samaria? What is the high place of Judah? Is it not Jerusalem? 4. Micah 2:1, Woe to those who scheme iniquity, Who work out evil on their beds! When morning comes, they do it, For it is in the power of their hands. 5. Micah 3:2 (NASB95) 2 You who hate good and love evil, Who tear off their skin from them And their flesh from their bones. 6. Micah 3:5, Thus says the Lord concerning the prophets who lead my people astray; When they have something to bite with their teeth, They cry, Peace, But against him who puts nothing in their mouths They declare holy war. 7. Micah 4:1, And it will come about in the last days That the mountain of the house of the Lord Will be established as the chief of the mountains. It will be raised above the hills, And the peoples will stream to it. 8. Micah 4:7, I will make the lame a remnant And the outcasts a strong nation, And the Lord will reign over them in Mount Zion From now on and forever. 9. Micah 5:2, But as for you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, Too little to be among the clans of Judah, From you One will go forth for Me to be ruler in Israel. His goings forth are from long ago, From the days of eternity. 10. Micah 5:4, And He will arise and shepherd His flock In the strength of the Lord, In the majesty of the name of the Lord His God. And they will remain, Because at that time He will be great To the ends of the earth. 11. Micah 6:8 He has told you, O man, what is good; And what does the Lord require of you But to do justice, to love kindness, And to walk humbly with your God? 12. Micah 7:18 Who is a God like You, who pardons iniquity And passes over the rebellious act of the remnant of His possession? He does not retain His anger forever, Because He delights in unchanging love. 13. Micah 7:19 He will again have compassion on us; He will tread our iniquities under foot. Yes, You will cast all their sins Into the depths of the sea. 20 You will give truth to Jacob And unchanging love to Abraham, Which You swore to our forefathers From the days of old. Key Doctrines in Micah 1. Rejection of God and Gods wordspiritual apostasy (Micah 1, 3, 4, 5, 6) 2. Spiritual and national leadership (Micah 3, 4) 3. Collapse of culture and society including family and business (Micah 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7) 4. The Messiahhis birth, deliverance of his people, and his rule (Micah 4, 5, 7) 5. Walk through Israels history ( Micah 6:4-5). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through 6. Social sins such as violence, lying, deceit (Micah 2, 3, 6) 7. Leadership failure (Micah 3, 7)
Page 180 of 211
Lessons for Us Today 1. What kind of a leader am Iat home, family, job, church, country? 2. What are my cultural values? Sanctity of life, honesty, work ethic, help my neighbor, God in life and culture, personal freedom and responsibility, marriage and family, ones nation or the global nation, patriotism, national defense, producer or simply a consumerdo I add to the society or simply take, and others? 3. Do I willingly sin and then excuse myself like the people of Micahs time? 4. Do I listen to God speak in his word? 5. Do I pay attention to Gods communicators of his word today? 6. What is my attitude to Israelpast, present, and future? 7. Who is my God? Is he a god of my own making or is he the biblical God?
Bible Walk Through Nahum Bible Walk Theme: God Will Judge and Destroy Nineveh Tod Kennedy November 2008
Page 181 of 211
Theme God Will Judge and Destroy Nineveh. This destruction will come because of Assyrias rejection of God and Gods word and because of Assyrias treatment of Israel. This has always been the pattern of historyGod judges those nations that curse Israel. Kings, dictators, and nations have relentlessly tried to defeat and control or wipe out Israel. They have never completely succeeded. We can trace the attempts from Satan, the Canaanites, Egyptians, Philistines, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Greece, Rome, Islamic peoples, Nazi Germany, Russia and the Soviet Union, modern socalled Palestinians, Iraq, Iran, and . God will not allow the complete destruction. Those who attempt it always lose. Key Verses Nahum 1:1, and 3:5-7 and compare Jeremiah 50:17-18. Nahum 1:1, The oracle of Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite. Nahum 3:5-7, Behold, I am against you, declares the Lord of hosts; And I will lift up your skirts over your face, And show to the nations your nakedness And to the kingdoms your disgrace. 6 I will throw filth on you And make you vile, And set you up as a spectacle. 7 And it will come about that all who see you Will shrink from you and say, Nineveh is devastated! Who will grieve for her? Where will I seek comforters for you? Author Nahum. He is from Elkosh. The site of this village is unknown, though the most likely place is in Galilee or Judah. Nothing else is known of Nahum. Depending on Nahums dates, the kings of Judah who reigned during Nahums time were Manasseh (686-642 BC), Amon (642-640 BC), and Josiah (640-609 BC). History 1. Summary of Nineveh and Assyria. By the time of Nahum Assyria had already defeated and exiled Israel (722) and was a continuing threat to Judah. After Jonahs ministry to Nineveh, Nineveh regained some of its stability and power, but Assyria failed to pass on Gods message that Jonah delivered. She continued to harass Judah. Jeremiah said that God would punish Babylon as he had punished Assyria because of their treatment of Israel and Judah (Jeremiah 50:17-20). Nahum predicted that God would destroy Nineveh. This occurred in 612 BC. The Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar finished off Assyria at the battle of Carchemish in 605 BC. 2. Assyrian kings from Jonah (around 760 BC) to the fall of Nineveh. 3. Assur-dan III 773-755 BC. 4. Assur-nirari V 755-744 BC. 5. Tiglath-pileser III 744-727 BC. 6. Shalmaneser V 726-722 BC. 7. Sargon 722-705 BC. 8. Sennacherib 705-681 BC. 9. Esarhaddon 681-669 BC. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 182 of 211
10. Assurbanipal from Nineveh 69-626 or 633 BC. There was civil war in Assyria, 652-648 BC with Assurbanipal the victor. 11. Shamash-shum-ukin from Babylon 669-? 12. Ashur-etil-elani 626-621 or 619 BC. 13. Sin-shum-lishir a few months around 619. 14. Sin-shar-ishkun 619?-612 BC. 15. Ashur-uballit reigned from Harran 612-05 BC. 16. Nineveh was founded by Nimrod, a descendent of Ham (Genesis 10:11). It was a large and almost impregnable city. It sat on the eastern bank of the Tigris River opposite modern Mosul. The Tigris was the west and south boundary. A wall eight miles long was the east and north boundary. In Sennacheribs day (r. 705-681 BC) the walls around the city were 40-50 feet high and extended for two and one half miles along the Tigris River and eight miles around the inner city. There were 15 city gates. 17. The New Unger's Bible Dictionary says, The remains of Nineveh are a silent witness to the glory of Assyria under Sennacherib and his successors Esarhaddon (681669 BC and Ashurbanipal (669626 BC). The Kuyunjik Mound yielded not only the vast palace of Sennacherib but also the royal residence and famous library of Ashurbanipal in which were housed 22,000 inscribed clay tablets. These are important for their accounts of the creation and Flood and because they furnish scholars with invaluable background material for OT studies. 18. Nineveh is the location for Old Testament books Jonah and Nahum. The events are about 140 years apart. Jonah shows Gods grace to those who obey his call to repentance. Nahum shows Gods judgment on those who turn away from Gods grace after having experienced it. 19. Jonah went to Nineveh around 750 BC. The prophet preached Gods message to the people of Nineveh and they believed God. About 100 years later Nahum predicted the destruction of Nineveh because the Ninevites turned back to their sinful ways after having experience Gods grace 100 years ago. The destruction of Nineveh predicted by Nahum about 650 BC took place in 612 BC. 20. Assyria was a power under King Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745-727 BC), also known as Pul. At this time Gods prophets ministries were under the shadow of Assyrian domination. About 740 BC Judah, Israel, and Aramaea formed a coalition to resist Assyria. This coalition failed. In 734 BC Israel (Pekah) and Syria (Rezin) fought against Judah in order to force Judah, ruled by Ahaz, into another coalition against Assyria. Ahaz refused. Instead, Ahaz went to Assyria for help. This was the background for Isaiah 7-9. Assyria defeated both Israel and Syria. Micah names three kings of Judah (Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah) who had the specter of Assyria hanging over them. 21. Esarhaddon ruled Assyria from 681-669 BC. When he died his two sons took the rule. Shamash-shum-ukin ruled from Babylon and Assurbanipal ruled from Nineveh. In 652 civil war erupted which lasted four years. Assurbanipal won, but this put an end to Assyrian greatness. The Pax Assyrica (721-650) was broken. 22. Assurbanipal had a successful reign. He had peace and order within his empire and with other regionsCanaan, Syria, and Phoenicia. He also had favorable relationships with Lydia, Babylonia, and Sythia. 23. In the last part of Assurbanipals reign he had to fight wars to maintain his empire. Cambridge Ancient History Vol 3, page 127, and then suddenly, we know not how, both king and kingdom fell on evil days. In a striking passage Ashurbanipal speaks of his last unhappy years. He died in 626 BC. Disorder and defeat would now plague the empire. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 183 of 211
24. By 620 BC, Nabopolassar, the new king of Babylon (r 626-605) and Cyaxares of Media allied against Assyria. 25. In 614 BC, Cyaxares was operating in the Nineveh area. Nabopolassar soon joined him. Then in 612 the Sythians, the Medes under Cyaxares , and the Babylonians under Nabopolassar assaulted Nineveh. According to CAH Volume 3, page 129, The brief words of the Babylonian Chronicle, a great havoc of the people and the nobles took placethey carried off the booty of the city, a quantity beyond reckoning, they turned the city into ruined mounds, are the counterpart of the picturesque description of Assyrias downfall by the Israelite prophet Nahum. 26. From May to July there were three unsuccessful sieges, but the city finally fell in August of 612 BC. 27. A remnant escaped from Nineveh. They went 100 miles west to Harran. Ashur-uballit assumed the throne from there. 28. In 610 the same coalition went against Harran. Ashur-uballit left the city and withdrew to the west. Now only Egypt remained loyal to Assyria, though Egypt had broken away years before. 29. In 609 BC the Egyptian king, Necho, proceeded to move up through Palestine to aid the Assyrians. He brushed aside Josiah, King of Judah, and joined the Assyrians. The Egyptians moved east to Carchemish on the Euphrates River. For the next four years Egypt attempted to take Harran without success. 30. By 605 Nebuchadnezzar had taken over form his father Nabopolassar. He moved north along the Euphrates and defeated the Egyptians at Carchemish. This ended both the Assyrian empire and the Egyptian domination of Canaan. 31. The Egyptians fled southwest through Canaan with Nebuchadnezzar not far behind. While Nebuchadnezzar was in Canaan he heard of the death of his father, Nabopolassar, so returned to Babylon to take the crown. It was at this time that Daniel and his friends were taken to Babylon. Key People and Places 1. Nineveh (Nahum 1:1; 2:8), the leading city and capital of Assyria. 2. Key Words and Phrases. 3. Oracle ( Nahum 1:1), was a threatening message from God about a person or nation. 4. Overview Outline is the same as the chapter titles. Chapter Titles 1. Nahum 1, Sentence of Ninevehs destruction 2. Nahum 2, Description of Ninevehs destruction 3. Nahum 3, Explanation of Ninevehs destruction Trace the Theme of Nahum God Will Judge and Destroy Nineveh. This destruction will come because of Assyrias rejection of God and Gods word and because of Assyrias treatment of Israel. 1. Chapter one begins with the oracle or sentence against Nineveh. The basis for Gods judgment is the character of God. He is holy, just, omnmipotent, sovereign, good, and dependable. For those who trust and obey him, he is a stronghold in time of danger, but Nineveh has become his enemy and God will destroy her (Nahum 1:1-8). Nineveh has devised against the Lord and plotted evil against the Lord. He will prepare Ninevehs grave Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 184 of 211
(Nahum 1:9-14). The chapter ends with a message of comfort to Judah who was struggling under Assyrian domination (Nahum 1:15). 2. Chapter 2 describes the destruction. The Lord will bring the Medes and Babylonians against Nineveh (Nahum 2:1). While announcing this judgment, Nahum also says that the LORD will restore the splendor of Israel in a future time. From other Scripture we learn that this is the time of Messiahs reign (Nahum 2:2). In verses 3-10 the destruction is described. The coming destroyers of Nineveh are unstoppable. The people of Nineveh flee. Their faces have grown pale (Nahum 2:3-10). Nahum questions where has Nineveh the den of lions gone. The LORD of hosts is against Nineveh (Nahum 2:11-13). 3. Chapter 3 starts with another woe to Nineveh for her treatment of other people and nations. Pillage, prey, whips, swords, corpses, dead bodies, selling nationsall are part of the reason for the LORDs judgment (Nahum 3:1-4). The LORD will make a spectacle of her and disgrace her (Nahum 3:5-7). No one will help her (Nahum 3:8-10). There is no place to hide; the city walls will not protect her; fire will destroy Nineveh; her military will be like locusts and grasshoppers on a stone wall in the coldnot moving (Nahum 3:11-17). Ninevehs leadership will fail and the people will scatter. There is no help. Everyone who hears of her destruction will be overjoyed (Nahum 3:18-19). Key Doctrines in Nahum 1. Nahums oracle begins with Gods character and attributes. God is always the basis for what ultimately happens in history (Nahum 1:2-8). 2. God will judge nations who curse Israel (See Genesis 12:3 and Jeremiah 50:17-20). Nineveh was a mighty oppressor of Israel and God will judge her (Nahum 1:1-2, 9, 11, 2:2, 8-10, 13, 3:1, 5, 7, 11-19). Nations curse Israel in many waysby attacking her, by opposing her biblical position, by taking her land, and by persecuting her people. 3. God is a refuge and is faithful to those who do trust him and obey him (Nahum 1:7). 4. God has chosen Israel for his service and he will ultimately protect and bless her (Nahum 1:15-2:2). Lessons for Us Today 1. Be very careful in our treatment of Israel. 2. God justly judges Gentile nations who curse Israel. Our country had better not do that. 3. God is a strong refugea comforter and protector of people and nations who trust him and obey him. If we in our country want Gods protection we must trust him and obey him. 4. God gives nations time to repent or mend their ways toward him and toward Israel. The United States must be very careful about our attitude and treatment of Israel.
Bible Walk Through Habakkuk Bible Walk Theme: God will judge Judah and Babylon Tod Kennedy January, 2008 Theme God will judge Judah and Babylon Key Verses
Page 185 of 211
Habakkuk 1:6 For behold, I am raising up the Chaldeans, That fierce and impetuous people Who march throughout the earth To seize dwelling places which are not theirs. Habakkuk 2:4, Behold, as for the proud one, His soul is not right within him; But the righteous will live by his faith. Habakkuk 3:18, Yet I will exult in the Lord, I will rejoice in the God of my salvation. Author and Date of Writing 1. Habakkuk (Habakkuk 1:1; 3:1). He identifies himself as a prophet. We know nothing else about him except that he lived after the Chaldeans became a power (Habakkuk 1:6) and just before Nebuchadnezzar defeated Judah. 2. Habakkuk likely wrote his prophecy after Josiah died in 609 BC and before Nebuchadnezzar attacked Jerusalem in 605 BC. History Habakkuk served as Gods prophet during the last days of Judah, prior to when Babylon defeated and destroyed Judah. Nabopolassar, the father of Nebuchadnezzar, was a Chaldean governor. Recall that Nebuchadnezzar was the king who defeated, destroyed, and exiled Judah between 605 and 586 BC. God revealed to Habakkuk that He would bring these Babylonians upon Judah as divine punishment for her idolatry, sin, and rebellion against Him. For the history of events around this time see the Jeremiah notes. Key People and Places 1. Habakkuk (Habakkuk 1:1; 3:1), Gods prophet and human author of this prophecy. 2. Chaldeans (Habakkuk 1:6, 15; 83 times in the NASB) were one of the people who formed the Babylonian empire under Nabopolassar, a Chaldean governor and the father of Nebuchadnezzar. The Chaldean land was at the northwest end of the Persian Gulf. Over the years Chaldea became known as Babylonia, since some of her kings were Chaldean. Abraham was from Ur of the Chaldeans (Genesis 11:28). 3. Righteous 6662 tsaddiyq (Habakkuk 2:4), means righteous, just, upright, one living by the righteous standard. Here it speaks of experiential or daily life righteousness, one who follows Gods word. Note the contrast with the proud one whose soul is not right within him. 4. Faith 530 emunah (Habakkuk 2:4) is in this prophecy the means by which a righteous person lives his life before God and people. In Habakkuk the reference is to daily living during life in time, not faith for eternal salvation. The OT righteous person lived righteously Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 186 of 211
by faith in God and Gods revelation. This verse is referred to in Romans 1:17; Galatians 3:11, and Hebrews 10:38. 5. Woe 1945 hoy (Habakkuk 2:6, 9, 12, 15, 19), is an interjection that expresses pain, dissatisfaction, mourning, and warning. 6. LORD 3068 ,Yahweh or Jehovah. This is Gods personal name. In the English text it is written in all capital letters. Overview Outline 1. Habakkuk asks two questions and God answers (Habakkuk 1-2). 2. Habakkuk asks how long the LORD will allow Judahs sin (Habakkuk 1.1-1.4). 3. The LORD answers that He is raising the Chaldeans to judge Judah (Habakkuk 1:5-11). 4. Habakkuk asks how the LORD use the more wicked Chaldeans to judge Judah (Habakkuk 1:12-2:1). 5. The LORD answers with five woes against the Chaldeans (Habakkuk 2:2-20). 6. Habakkuk praises God with a psalm (Habakkuk 3). Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1, Habakkuks two questions and the LORDS first answer. 2. Chapter 2, The LORDS second answer. 3. Chapter 3, Habakkuks praise psalm. Trace the Theme 1. Chapter 1, Habakkuks two questions and the LORDS first answer. Habakkuk begins by asking the LORD how long he must cry out for justice in Judah. They are people characterized by violence iniquity, wickedness, destruction, strife, contention, and perversion of justice (Habakkuk 1:1-4). The LORD answered that he will bring the Chaldeans (Babylonians) to conquer and destroy Judah (Habakkuk 1:6). The Chaldeans are fierce, dreaded, violent, mockers of other kings and their defenses, obsessed with their own power, and they will sweep through Judah. But the LORD will hold the Chaldeans guilty (Habakkuk 1:7-11). Habakkuk then asks the LORD why he has appointed such wicked people, the sinful Chaldeans, to judge Judah who is more righteous than they. The Chaldeans will treat the Judeans like fish caught in a net (Habakkuk 1:12-17). 2. Chapter 2, The LORDS second answer. After Habakkuk finished his condemnation of Babylon, he stationed himself and waited for the LORDs answer (Habakkuk 2:1). When the answer came, Habakkuk was to record it so that people can read the message and obey it escape the coming danger. The vision is true and will happen in Gods time (Habakkuk 2:23). The Babylonians are proud and controlled by sin, but the righteous Hebrewhe follows Gods wordis one who will live by faith in the LORD and be faithful to the LORD (Habakkuk 2:4). The word translated faith, the Hebrew word emunah (Habakkuk 2:4), is in this prophecy the means by which a righteous person lives his life before God and people. In Habakkuk the reference is to daily living during life in time, not faith for eternal salvation. The Old Testament righteous person lived righteously by faith in God and Gods revelation. This verse is referred to in Romans 1:17 where eternal salvation faith and Christian life faith are in view, in Galatians 3:11 where eternal salvation faith is in view, and in Hebrews 10:38 where Christian life faith is in view. In 2:5-19 the LORD gives 5 woes against the Chaldeans (Habakkuk 2:6, 9, 12, 15, and 19). Woe 1 (Habakkuk 2:5-8), they are proud people who charge unjust interest rates and the conquered peoples will taunt the Chaldeans and turn against them. Woe 2 (Habakkuk 2:6-8), their evil gains in order to Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 187 of 211
maintain security will accuse them (Habakkuk 2:9-11). Woe 3 (Habakkuk 2:12-14), the Chaldeans who build cities and towns on bloodshed and violence are simply building for a fire to destroy what they do, and their work will come to nothing while the knowledge of the glory of the LORD will eventually spread worldwide and last forever (Habakkuk 2:12-14). Woe 4 (Habakkuk 2:15-17), the LORD will turn the disgrace, devastation, bloodshed, and violence done to others by the Chaldeans back upon themselves. Woe 5 (Habakkuk 2:18-19), their idols will not be able to help them. The Chaldeans idols are man made; there is no life in idols. Idols are nothingspeechless, wood, mute stone, with gold and silver but still nothing. In contrast to the Chaldean idols the LORD lives in his holy templeheaven. All the earththe creationshould be silent in reverence before him because he is alive and he is the creator and only God. 3. Chapter 3, Habakkuks praise psalm. The judgment theme continues. In view of coming judgment Habakkuk penned a praise psalm that he meant the Hebrew people to sing as thankful praise to the LORD. The musical directions are given at the end of the psalm. He begins with biblical history in mind. He pleads that the LORD will 1. revive his work of old for Israels blessing, 2. make his work known to Israel, and 3. remember mercy even though he will judge (Habakkuk 3:2). Habakkuk first recalls Gods activity during the Exodus. Teman is south Edom. Mount Paran is in central Sinai. God guided and showed mercy to his people Israel (Habakkuk 3:3). Habakkuk continued to praise Gods glory and his works that were done during the Exodus. The LORD dominated all nationsin fact, he dominated the entire earth. Age and time did not matter to God (Habakkuk 3:4-7). The LORD was not angry at nature. Nature was a tool to show his power and glory (Habakkuk 3:8-12). What the LORD did in the Exodus he did for his people Israel (Habakkuk 3:13-15). Habakkuk continues his praise psalm as he thinks about the coming judgment brought about by Israels glorious and powerful and loyal God. He knows that he must wait for the judgment, but because of the history of Gods deliverances and Gods nature Habakkuk rests and waits upon the LORD to judge justly and righteously (Habakkuk 3:16). Habakkuk concludes on a very high and applicable note (Habakkuk 3:17-19). He says though (Habakkuk 3:17)yet (Habakkuk 3:18). Though national failure which will include crop failure, livestock failure, and business failure (Habakkuk 3:17), yet he will exult and rejoice in the God of his salvation (Habakkuk 3:18). Habakkuk knows the Lord God is his strength and his stability (like hinds feet and high places). Habakkuks knowledge of biblical history and Israels God produces, in him, great faith in God and Gods plan no matter how bad the immediate future will be (Habakkuk 3:19). Key Doctrinal Principles Illustrated in Habakkuk 1. Divine judgment of nations. 2. Sin and evil. 3. Idolatry. 4. Gods nature and attributes. 5. The prophets mission. 6. Living by faith. 7. The place of psalms in spiritual life. 8. Worship. 9. Mental attitude in spite of suffering. 10. Spiritual dynamics in national failure.
Bible Walk Through
Page 188 of 211
Lessons for Us Today 1. Gods timing. God does things according to his own timing. He chose the time and the way to judge Judah and Babylon (Habakkuk 1:5, 6, 12) and works in our lives according to his timing (Psalm 31:14-15). 2. God judges sin. God will not allow national sin or personal sin to continue indefinitely. Though we may think sin wins, sin always loses. The morality of a nation does matter, especially a nations treatment of Israel. This was demonstrated many timeCain, Noahs day, Sodom and Gomorrah, Israel, Judah, Assyria, Babylon, and Syrians under Antiochus (Habakkuk 2:2-20; Genesis 12:1-3). In modern times God has judged the communist empire and Nazi Germany. The USA may be under Gods judgment now. God also judges believers (Acts 5:1-11; Hebrews 12:4-11). 3. National sins. God judged Babylon for specific national sins. Among those sins are pride, insatiable aggression, taking slaves, unjust economic policies, the devaluing of human life, violence and bloodshed, looting other nations, immorality, disrespectful of others, and idolatry. We in the USA need to guard ourselves against these sins. 4. Faithful living in crisis. What principle should Gods people live by during any historical crisis? We are to live by the principle of faithfaithfully adhering to God and Gods word (Habakkuk 2:4; see 2 Corinthians 5:7; 1 Peter 1:8; Romans 10:17; Hebrews 10:38). 5. Actions to take in national crisis. What specific actions should we take in a national crisis: 1. Recall God's revelationBible doctrine (Habakkuk 3:2). 2. Pray for God to revive his work (Habakkuk 3:2). 3. Pray for mercy in the midst of God's wrath (Habakkuk 3:2). 4. Recall God's work for us in history past (Habakkuk 3:3-16). 5. Wait in faith and faithfulness for God's deliverance (Habakkuk 3:16). 6. Rejoice in the Lord no matter how bad things are because he is our salvation and strength (Habakkuk 3:18-19; see Lamentations 3:19-26 and Hebrews 10:19-25). 6. Spiritual joy. We will experience genuine spiritual and national rejoicing only in relationship and fellowship with the Lord God (Habakkuk 3:18-19; see Psalm 70; see Philippians 3:1 and 4:4).
Bible Walk Through
Page 189 of 211
Zephaniah Bible Walk Theme: Judgment, Restoration, and the Day of the LORD Tod Kennedy January, 2009 Theme Judgment, restoration, and the Day of the LORD. The Lord told Judah through Zephaniah that he would soon dramatically judge the earth. This judgment would come soon upon Judah, Jerusalem, and Gentile nations. An even greater judgment would come in the future against all nations of the world. Following that future or prophetic great day of the LORD judgment, the Lord will gather Israel, rule as her king, bless her, and restore her fortunes. Key Verses Zephaniah 1:2. I will completely remove all things from the face of the earth, declares the Lord. Zephaniah 1:14-15. Near is the great day of the Lord, near and coming very quickly; Listen, the day of the Lord! In it the warrior cries out bitterly. 15 A day of wrath is that day, A day of trouble and distress, A day of destruction and desolation, A day of darkness and gloom, A day of clouds and thick darkness. Zephaniah 2:3. Seek the Lord, All you humble of the earth Who have carried out His ordinances; Seek righteousness, seek humility. Perhaps you will be hidden In the day of the Lords anger. Zephaniah 3:20. At that time I will bring you in, Even at the time when I gather you together; Indeed, I will give you renown and praise Among all the peoples of the earth, When I restore your fortunes before your eyes, Says the Lord. Author Zephaniah. Zephaniah served as Gods prophet during the reign of Josiah (r. 640-609 BC). The prophet traces his lineage to King Hezekiah (r. 715-686 BC). Both Hezekiah and Josiah were godly kings of Judah, and both were reformers whose reform did not last after they died. Zephaniah wrote his prophecy sometime during Josiahs reign but before the destruction of Nineveh in 612 BC. According to Zephaniah 2:13, the destruction of Nineveh was still future. The prophet was in Judahs line and likely had access to the court. History The events happened in the last days of Judah, prior to when Babylon defeated and destroyed Judah. See the Jeremiah notes for the history of events around this time. Key People Zephaniah (Zephaniah 1:1) and the future God King of Israel, the LORD, Messiah (Zephaniah 3:15).
Bible Walk Through
Page 190 of 211
Key Words and Phrases Words and phrases that we read but often do not pay attention to. Only a few have been selected. 1. Baal (Zephaniah 1:5) is the Canaanite god most mentioned in the Amarna letters found at Ugarit. The word means lord or master. The name could be a title for a person who owned something or any pagan god. The name came to be associated with the god of fertility and weather. In some Canaanite writings he was known as Hadad. The name Baal also was combined with other names such as Baal-Peor (Deuteronomy 4:3) and Baal-Zebub (2 Kings 1:2-3). Baal worship infiltrated Israel and Judah and was prevalent during Solomons reign. 2. Milcom was the Ammonite god Molech (2 Kings 23:13). Solomon brought Milcom worship to Israel (1 Kings 11:5, 33). Josiah tore down his altars (2 Kings 23:13). 3. Fish gate (Zephaniah 1:10) is one of many gates into Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 33:14; Nehemiah 3:3; 12:39; Zephaniah 1:10). Gates or near the gates were places for entrance and exit, for public reading, for punishment of criminals, for buying and selling, and for gathering news, among other things. The fish gate probably got its name because fish were brought into the city through that gate or because a fish market was nearby. It likely was on the north wall of the city. Nebuchadnezzar probably entered Jerusalem through this gate. Gates were normal in cities of the ancient world. 4. The Second Quarter (Zephaniah 1:10) was a district northwest of the temple (2 Kings 22:14; 2 Chronicles. 34:22; Nehemiah. 11:9). 5. Mortar (Zephaniah 1:11) was apparently a land depression in or near Jerusalem where business was carried out. Zephaniah prophesied that business would fail. 6. Canaan (Zephaniah 1:11). He was the grandson of Noah and fourth son of Ham. His people spread out into several tribes and before 2000 BC moved into and populated the land that God promised Abraham and his descendents. These people became Canaanites, a very pagan people. They became dominant between 2100 BC and 1550 BC. The land stretched from the Jordan to the Mediterranean and from the Sinai Peninsula to Philistia. The area was remarkable for its farmlands and trade routes. 7. Day of the Lord is used seven times in six verses in Zephaniah (Zephaniah 1:7, 8, 14, 18; 2:2, 3). The day of the Lord is a phrase used by Gods prophets in the Old Testament to identify an immediate or close in time (historic) judgment by God or a future (prophetic) judgment by God. The context of each Bible passage determines whether the day of the Lord is historical or prophetic. The day of the Lord is also used in the New Testament for the future time of judgment. For example, Acts 2:20, 1 Thessalonians 5:2, and 2 Peter 3:10. The tribulation period will begin this future day of judgment. a. Zephaniah 1:7 Be silent before the Lord God! For the day of the Lord is near, For the Lord has prepared a sacrifice, He has consecrated His guests. b. Zephaniah 1:8 Then it will come about on the day of the Lords sacrifice That I will punish the princes, the kings sons And all who clothe themselves with foreign garments. c. Zephaniah 1:14 Near is the great day of the Lord, Near and coming very quickly; Listen, the day of the Lord! In it the warrior cries out bitterly. d. Zephaniah 1:18 Neither their silver nor their gold Will be able to deliver them On the day of the Lords wrath; And all the earth will be devoured In the fire of His jealousy, For He will make a complete end, Indeed a terrifying one, Of all the inhabitants of the earth.
Bible Walk Through
Page 191 of 211
e. Zephaniah 2:2 Before the decree takes effect The day passes like the chaff Before the burning anger of the Lord comes upon you, Before the day of the Lords anger comes upon you. f. Zephaniah 2:3 Seek the Lord, All you humble of the earth Who have carried out His ordinances; Seek righteousness, seek humility. Perhaps you will be hidden In the day of the Lords anger. Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1, Day of the LORD judgment, future and near. 2. Chapter 2, Seek the LORD during judgment. 3. Chapter 3, Day of the LORD judgment, near and future, then restoration. Trace the Theme The day of the LORD judgment is both historic, that is near to the time of the prophet, and prophetic or in the distant future. The historic day of the LORD judgments are Gods judgment against sinful Israel and nations of the world, and these occurred near in time to the prophets message. They are small previews of the prophetic day of the LORD judgment which will begin in the future tribulation period. The historic day of the LORD judgments have occurred in past history. 1. Zephaniah 1. Chapter 1 introduces what is apparently a future world wide judgment, all from the face of the earth (Zephaniah 1:2-3). Then the prophet explains that the judgment will begin with the soon judgment by Babylon against Judah, Jerusalem, idols, idolatrous priests, idol worshippers, and those who have turned away from the Lord (Zephaniah 1:4-13). This great day of the Lord is near and terrible. It will eventually in the distant future engulf all the inhabitants of the earth (Zephaniah 1:18). One exegetical question is whether earth in verses 2, 3, and 18 might just refer to the known at that time middle east. The context and wording seem to make this a world wide judgment that will occur in the future time known as the tribulationthat time of worldwide judgment on the earth just before Jesus returns at his second coming. 2. Zephaniah 2. Chapter 2 continues the warning about judgment against the nations all around Judah, but begins with a call to the Hebrew people for repentance. For those who repent there is hope that the Lord will protect them from judgment (Zephaniah 2:1-5). This soon to come historic day of the Lord judgment against the surrounding nations include the Philistines (Zephaniah 2:5), (Gaza verse 4, Ashdod verse 4, Ekron verse 4) to the west (Zephaniah 2:47), Moab and Ammon to the east (Zephaniah 2:8-11), Ethiopia to the south (Zephaniah 2:12), and Assyria (Nineveh, Zephaniah 2:13) to the north (Zephaniah 2:13-15). 3. Zephaniah 3. Chapter 3 begins with a woe to Jerusalem (Zephaniah 3:-7). Jerusalem is put for the Hebrew people. They are rebellious, defiled, and tyrannical. They refuse to listen to the Lord or trust him. The princes, judges, prophets, and priests are treacherous (Zephaniah 3:2-4). Zephaniah then pronounces the righteousness and justice of the LORD (Zephaniah 3:5). The purpose of the LORDs judgment was to recall his people (Zephaniah 3:6), but they were eager to corrupt (Zephaniah 3:7). Beginning with verse 8 the LORD expands his judgment to the distant future. This points to the prophetic day of the LORD. The LORD will gather nations, assemble kingdoms, and pour out his indignations and burning anger on all the earth (Zephaniah 3:8). People will come to know God and therefore worship him (Zephaniah 3:9-10). Their attitudes and purposes will have changed from rebellion to humility and trust in the name of the LORD (Zephaniah 3:11-12). The remnant of Israel will rejoice (Zephaniah 3:14). The LORD, the king will have ceased his judgments and will be in Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 192 of 211
their midst (Zephaniah 3:15-17). The LORD will gather Israel, protect her, bless her, and make her famous and praised by the people of the earth. The LORD will restore Israel and her fortunes right before her eyes (Zephaniah 3:18-20). The long awaited kingdom will have begun. Messiah rules the earth. Israel is in her homeland and blessed. Key Doctrines 1. God will judge the world (Zephaniah 1:2-3). 2. God will judge Judah for idolatry (Zephaniah 1:4-6), for preoccupation with wealth (Zephaniah 1:11, 13, 18), for apathy and pride (Zephaniah 1:12; 3:11), for corrupt princes and judges (Zephaniah 1:8; 3:3), for corrupt prophets (Zephaniah 3:4) and for corrupt priests (Zephaniah 1:4, 9; 3:4). 3. God will judge nations for taunting arrogance against Israel (Zephaniah 2:8, 10, 15), for oppression of Israel (Zephaniah 2:8-11), and for idolatry (Zephaniah 2:11). 4. The Lords superiority to idols (Zephaniah 2:11). 5. Protection and deliverance of the faithful (Zephaniah 2:3). 6. The righteous remnant (Zephaniah 3:12-13). 7. The future God King will rule Israel (Zephaniah 3:15-17). 8. Future restoration and blessing of Israel (Zephaniah 3:9-20, especially 3:20). 9. Day of the Lord (Zephaniah 1:7, 8, 14, 18; 2:2, 3). 10. Attributes of God (Zephaniah 3:5). Lessons for Us Today 1. Spiritual apathy ruins ones Christian life and can have serious physical, economic, family, and social consequences. 2. Idolatry about details in our lives can bring disaster to believers. 3. Seek the Lord in national crisis. Only he, from the Bible and from fellowship with him, has the answers. 4. The only hope for any of us is Christ returning for the church and then returning to set up his kingdom. 5. Beware of sin in our lives and especially complacent sin. Divine discipline is very real and can be severe. 6. Leadersnational and spiritualhave a great responsibility for those over whom they exercise leadership.
Bible Walk Through Haggai Bible Walk Theme: Rebuild the Temple Tod Kennedy February, 2009
Page 193 of 211
Theme Rebuild the temple. The Lord spoke through Haggai, in 520 BC, to Governor Zerubbabel and high priest Joshua and through them to all the people who had returned from Babylon. The Lord first admonished them for the 16 year lapse in the temple construction and then encouraged the people to resume construction of the temple that the Babylonians had destroyed in 586 BC. The Lord also reminded the people that He would bless them in the future. 1. The Hebrew prophets of the fifth and sixth centuries BC lived in a time of upheaval, threats, and change for the Israeli people. Under Gods inspiration they spoke and wrote out the exile background. After all they had been through many wondered if God was really sovereign, and had He renounced the covenants He had made to them, and would He keep the promises made to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, David, and the prophets? When the people moved back to the land they questioned many things: would God reestablish Jerusalem as His capital city; would He reinstate a Davidic king on the throne; would He reestablish temple worship in a new temple; what about the priesthood; and would the promises of restoration under Messiah come soon or come at all? 2. The post-exilic prophets addressed these questions and doubts. The answer was short and simple. Yes, God will restore and bless Israel just as the prophets had said, but first the problem of sinunbelief and disobedience had to be dealt with. Key Verses Haggai 1:4 Is it time for you yourselves to dwell in your paneled houses while this house lies desolate? Haggai 1:14. So the Lord stirred up the spirit of Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and the spirit of Joshua the son of Jehozadak, the high priest, and the spirit of all the remnant of the people; and they came and worked on the house of the Lord of hosts, their God. Author 1. Haggai the prophet is the author (Haggai 1:1). There are many clear statements that the Lord spoke through him (Ezra 5:1; 6:14; Haggai 1:1, 3, 12, 13; 2:1, 10, 13, 14, 20). 2. Haggai prophesied at the same time as Zechariah (Ezra 5:1 and 6:14). Zechariah 1:1 and 1:7 are both dated in the second year of Darius, the year of Haggais messages. History Haggai prophesied in 520 BC. See the Bible walk notes for Ezra, Nehemiah, Jeremiah, and Daniel for the events surrounding the fall of Jerusalem to Babylon and the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem many years later. 1. Darius I Hystaspes, or Darius the Great, king of Persia [522-486 BCE]. Through his father Hystaspes, Darius belonged to the Achaemenid family, as did Cyrus The Great and his son Cambyses II, but to a different branch of this family. When Cambyses was in Egypt, during the last year of his reign, a certain Gaumata usurped the throne by pretending to be Bardiya, Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 194 of 211
Cambyses' brother, who had been assassinated secretly before Cambyses started out for his Egyptian campaign in 525 BCE. When Cambyses learned of this usurpation he immediately set out for Persia, but on the way, while in Syria, he died in July, 522 BCE, as the result of either an accident or suicide, leaving no heir. Darius, a distant cousin of Cambyses, at once set out to gain the throne for himself. With some helpers he slew the Smerdis/Gaumta or false Bardiya in September, 522 BCE, and assumed the kingship. However, he had to fight against a number of other pretenders and rebels. It took more than a year (522-521 BCE) of hard fighting to put down revolts associated with Bardiya's claim to the throne. Almost every province of the empire was involved in the conflict, including Persia and, most particularly, Media. He finally emerged from the struggle the undisputed ruler of the Persian Empire. The story of his successes was engraved in three scripts and languages (Persian, Babylonian, and Elamite), accompanied by a sculptured relief, into a high rock wall of the Bisitun Mountain, a few miles east of modern Kermanshah. (History of Iran, Achaemenid Empire, http://www.iranchamber.com/history/achaemenids/achaemenids.php) 2. Herodotus says that Darius was one of seven conspirators who killed Pseudo-Smerdis. Six of the conspirators had to decide who would be the next king. They agreed that the next morning they would ride their horses to the outskirts of the city at sunrise. The one whose horse neighed first after sunrise would be king. Darius horse, with some preconditioning by the groom during the night, neighed first and so Darius was the new kings. (Herodotus Third Book, chapter 84-87). After he had consolidated his power, he studied law, which was significant for what was to follow. Remember that when Tattenai of Syria interfered with the Jews rebuilding project, Darius ordered the search for Cyrus decree. After he read the decree, he ordered Tattenai to stay away from Jerusalem and leave the work on the temple alone. In fact, Darius ordered Tattenai to provide the money and supplies necessary (Ezra 4:5; 4:24; 5:5, 6, 7; 6:1, 12, 13, 14, 15). 3. The following are the Gentile kings who dominated Israel from the time of Cyrus into Ezra and Nehemiahs time. Cyrus was the king who defeated Babylon. 4. Cyrus, 559-530 BC (Isaiah 45:1-5; Ezra 1:1-4, 7, 8; Ezra 3:7; 4:3, 5; 5:13, 14, 17; 6.3, 14). Cyrus, King of Persia and Babylon, decreed in 538 BC that the Jews could return to Judah from exile and rebuild the city and the temple. Cyrus allowed the conquered people to take their gods and return to their homes. Furthermore, he decreed that the Jewish people could return home and rebuild their temple (Ezra 1; Ezra 6:3-5; 2 Chronicles 36:21-23). 5. Cambyses, Cyrus son, 530-522 BC. He killed his brother Bardiya (Smerdis) in 525 and then led an expedition against the Egyptians. While he was gone, in 522 Gaumata (an imposter of Bardiya-Smerdis) usurped the Persian throne. When Cambyses heard of the successful plot, returned to Persia but died on the way in Syria in 522 BC. 6. Gaumata or Pseudo Smerdis (who posed as Smerdis, the brother of Cambyses whom Cambyses had killed in 525), ruled 6 months in 522 BC. 7. Darius I, 522-486 BC. He was a distant cousin of Cambyses. He killed Pseudo Smerdis in September of 522 BC and took the throne. See above 4.1. 8. Xerxes, 486-465 BC, Darius son, and king during Esthers life (Ezra 4.6). 9. Artaxerxes I, 465-423 BC, Xerxes son and the king under whom Ezra and Nehemiah returned to Jerusalem and did their work (Ezra 4:7, 8, 11, 23; 6:14; 7:1, 7, 11, 12, 21; 8:1). 10. Xerxes II, ruled for 45 days in 424 BC and was assassinated. 11. The Jewish people returned to their land in three groups. This was similar to the three groups Babylon exiled (606 BC, 597 BC, and 586 BC.
Bible Walk Through
Page 195 of 211
12. The first group returned to Judah in 536 BC. Zerubbabel (Sheshbazzar) led them. Cyrus was king of Persia. They completed the temple in 515 BC, during the reign of Darius I (Haggai 12 and Ezra 1-6). 13. The second group returned in 458 BC. Ezra led them. Artaxerxes I was king of Persia (Ezra 7-10). 14. The third group returned in 444 BC. Nehemiah led them. Artaxerxes I was king of Persia (Nehemiah 1-2). 15. Pagan religious leaders who lived during Haggais time included Gautama Buddha (about 550-480 BC) in India and Confucius (551-479 BC) in China. Key People 1. Haggai the prophet (Haggai 1:1, 3, 12, 13; 2:1, 10, 13, 14, 20). 2. Zerubbabel the governor of Judah (Haggai 1:1, 12, 14; 2:2, 4. 21, 23 and many other Bible books). He was a descendent of David. King Cyrus appointed him governor of the exiles returning to Judah. His Aramaic name in Persia was Sheshbazzar. In 520 BC he and Joshua the high priest resumed construction of the temple. It was completed four years later in 516 BC. Zerubbabel was successful in his job. The Lord will honor him in the future (Haggai 2:23). Zerubbabel was the official representative of Davids line and was a fore shadow of the coming Messiah. 3. Joshua the high priest (Haggai 1:1, 12, 14: 2:2, 4). He along with Zerubbabel led the rebuilding of the temple from 520-516 BC. God honored him (Zechariah 6:10-11). Words and Phrases 1. Temple (1:8; 2:3, 15, 18). The tabernacle and then Solomons temple were central to Israels life. Once the temple was completed by Solomon (1 Kings 6:1, 37, 38), it was the focus of the national and spiritual life of the nation. The offerings and sacrifices, priests, teaching, and praise of God centered in the temple. The temple was the symbol of Israels priest nation status. God lived and guided Israel through the temple. When Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the temple Israels spiritual and national identity suffered. Governor Zerubbabel and high priest Joshua led the rebuilding of the temple, called the second temple (Ezra 6:3 give initial dimensions). Herod later enlarged this second temple. The second temple was destroyed by Rome in the war of 66-70 AD. A new temple will be built for Christs millennial reign (Ezekiel 40-48). 2. Date notations in Haggai. Here I am following Charles Dyer and Eugene Merrill of Dallas Theological Seminary in Nelsons Old Testament Survey. 3. Haggai 1:1, the first day, sixth month, second year of Darius is August 29, 520 BC. 4. Haggai 1:15, the twenty-fourth day, sixth month, second year of Darius is September 21, 520 BC. 5. Haggai 2:1, the twenty-first day, seventh month, second year of Darius is October 17, 520 BC. 6. Haggai 2:10, the twenty-fourth day, ninth month, second year of Darius is December 18, 520 BC. 7. Haggai 2:20, the twenty-fourth day, ninth month, second year of Darius is December 18, 520 BC, and Haggai delivered a second message on this day. Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1, the command and work on the temple. 2. Chapter 2, the glory and blessings of the temple. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 196 of 211
Trace the Theme 1. Haggai chapter 1. The Lord delivered His message to Haggai in 520 BC. This message was for Governor Zerubbabel and High Priest Joshua, the spiritual and political leaders of the returned exiles (1:1). The Lord admonished the people of Judah for paying more attention to details of life for themselves than to serving the Lord by rebuilding the temple. Because of their wrong priorities God withheld his blessings (1:2-11). Zerubbabel and Joshua obeyed the Gods message sent by Haggai. The returned exiles also changed their thinking from selfcenteredness to fearing the Lord (1:12). They all began work on the temple 24 days later (1:13-15). This intervening 3 weeks may have been taken up gathering lumbar for the work before it could start (1:8). The main lesson for us from this chapter is to put the Lord and His will first. What is most important to Gods people, fellowship and service with Him or spending all our time obtaining and using details of life? 2. Haggai chapter 2. About 21 days later the Lord gave a second message to Haggai for Zerubbabel, Joshua, and the returned remnant (2:1-2). The Lord asked if anyone was alive who had seen Solomons temple which was destroyed 66 years before. He then asked if the present building project seems small in comparison (2:3). Sixteen years earlier, in 536 BC, some had wept because the foundation was smaller than Solomons temple (Ezra 3:7-13). The Lord goes on and tells them to take courage because I am with you. By identifying Himself as the Lord of host, God is reminding them that He is the all powerful commander of all the earth (2:4). God long ago promised the Hebrew people that He would go with them (Exodus 33:15) and that is still true, so they are not to fear (5). The Lord then promised them that in the future (a little while) He will shake up and change the entire earth creation and world of nations in such a way that the nations will bring offerings of their wealth to the future temple, or we could say the temple in the distant future, the millennial temple (2:6-9). The glory of the temple in the future will surpass the glory of Solomons temple. At that time God will give peace to nations. This verse is a statement of the future millennial earth and temple. About 3 months after the Lords first message in which He admonished and instructed the Hebrew people (1:1-11) the Lord spoke to Haggai for the third time (2:10). The message was a warning that sin in the people harms the nation, the building of the temple, and cuts off Gods blessings. This has characterized the returned exiles since they came back in 536 BC. Haggai 1:3-11 summarized the discipline and lack of Gods blessing between the time they returned in 526 and the present time, 520 BC (2:11-19). Haggai concludes with another message on the twenty-fourth day of the second month (2:20-23). The Lord promised that in the future he will overthrow the rulers, the power, and the military of nations worldwide. This correlates with Haggai 2:6-9. At that time Zerubbabel will be made Gods signet ring. A signet ring is the sign of a kings authority (Daniel 6:17), and also a sign that one is Gods king (Jeremiah 22:24-25), honored by the Lord for his messiah like leadership and work. Zerubbabel will be resurrected and honored in the Millennial kingdom. Key Doctrines 1. Political and spiritual leadership were vital to the welfare of Israel. 2. Obedience brought blessing and disobedience brought discipline to Israel under the Old Testament. 3. Sin contaminates whatever it touches, but sanctification is personal and individual and is not passed on through physical contact or ritual. 4. God keeps his promises to Israel. Israel does have the future God has promised to her. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 197 of 211
5. The abiding or presence of the Holy Spirit was operative with the believing Hebrew remnant in the Old Testament time. This is different from the Holy Spirit indwelling each church age believer. 6. The Temple of the LordSolomons temple, Zerubbabels temple, and the millennial templewere central to Hebrew daily life. The millennial temple will operate during the millennial kingdom. 7. The day of the Lord and the millennial kingdom were future to Haggais time. They are still future to the church age. 8. God is sovereign over all nations. This is evidenced by his judgment and overthrow of nations that oppose Israel even though the other nations are stronger. His sovereignty will ultimately be demonstrated when he returns to earth at his second coming. Lessons for Us Today 1. What is most important to each of us? Is God, His word, His will, fellowship with Him, and serving Him at the top of our priorities or do we, like the returned exiles, put daily details ahead of the Lord? 2. Do we put off Gods will in order to do what we want to do? The returned exiles did and it resulted in discipline, unhappiness, and discontent. 3. Is local church assembly important to us today? The center of a believers Christian life is not the temple as it was for Israel. Local church assembly provides the environment for believers spiritual growth, encouragement, and service. The local church should encourage occupation with Christ, intake of Gods word, the ministry of the Holy Spirit, and strengthening of our faith. 4. What are the moral and cultural values for believers today in our country? What are they for me? Are following biblical values? Biblical morality and culture brings national blessing through the application of the biblical laws of establishment and the biblical laws of civilization. God has not promised to prosper Gentile nations, but those nations who follow biblical principles will experience more freedom, peace, social stability, and prosperity. 5. Do we look forward to Christ returning for the church and then returning to set up the millennial kingdom? In that kingdom there will be godly leadership, proper spiritual life, and social stability. 6. Is the Lord strengthening and guiding our service for Him? When we are doing His will in His way, this is happening. 7. When we serve God are we living in fellowship with Him or are we carrying sin with us? Sin contaminates our service and only Gods power sanctifies our service.
Bible Walk Through
Page 198 of 211
Zechariah Bible Walk Theme: Return to the Lord, build the temple, Messiah is coming or Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future Tod Kennedy July-September, 2009 Theme Return to the Lord, build the temple, Messiah is coming. Zechariah urged the people to return to the Lord. Thoroughly interwoven into these three topics is the repeated refrain that Yahweh God truly rules history and Israel has a blessed future. As a part of their return and obedience they were to rebuild the temple, but Zechariahs larger theme was one of hopeGod will preserve a remnant throughout all Israels trouble and later the Messiah will come and restore Israels kingdom to them under Messiahs rule. The Israel nation should prepare for that coming. Zechariah is second to Isaiah in the number of Messianic prophecies. Key Verses Zechariah 8:3 Thus says the Lord, I will return to Zion and will dwell in the midst of Jerusalem. Then Jerusalem will be called the City of Truth, and the mountain of the Lord of hosts will be called the Holy Mountain. Zechariah 12:10 I will pour out on the house of David and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the Spirit of grace and of supplication, so that they will look on Me whom they have pierced; and they will mourn for Him, as one mourns for an only son, and they will weep bitterly over Him like the bitter weeping over a firstborn. Zechariah 14:9 And the Lord will be king over all the earth; in that day the Lord will be the only one, and His name the only one. Guidelines for Interpreting Prophecy 1. First, it is instructive to realize that prophecies that have already been fulfilled have been fulfilled literally or as plain language would expect. For example, the birth of Jesus. This guides us in interpreting unfulfilled prophecy. 2. Second, the prophet should be allowed to mean what he says. We should take the plain or literal meaning of what the prophet says. For example, the ancient Israelites and prophets always meant Zion when they said or wrote Zion, and they meant Canaan when they said or wrote Canaan. They meant Israel when they said or wrote Israel. 3. The interpreter must seek, understand, and accept the authors original and intended meaning. The following statement guides us in all Bible interpretation, including prophecy. When the plain sense of Scripture makes common sense, seek no other sense (David L Cooper). Therefore we should understand a passage as it stands unless there is something in the text that tells us to interpret it in another way. 4. The principle of double reference (not double fulfillment which is a wrong principle) observes that a passage may speak of two people or two events that are separated by a period of time. Part of the Scripture passage speaks of the immediate people, time, and place and part of the passage goes beyond the immediate people, time, and place. History helps us to determine which is which. Zechariah 9:9 speaks of the coming of Messiah; events of the first coming and the second coming are put together. Psalm 22 also illustrates this for us; David is Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 199 of 211
in view, but certain things in the passage go beyond David to the greater David, Messiah Jesus. 5. Interpret Scripture by Scripture. This means to compare Scripture passages that speak of the same individual or event. There is a caution: Bible revelation is progressiveGod gives added revelation as time progresses (e.g. the readers of Isaiah or Daniel did not have Zechariah or Matthew or Revelation during their time). Latter generations can often more fully understand prophecies. 6. Pay attention to the context of the Scripture passage. Read the verses surrounding the particular segment of Scripture and take into account the argument of the book, the history of the time of writing, and the author and readers viewpoint. Author 1. Zechariah, 1:1, 7; 7:1, 8. 2. He was younger (2:4, naar, boy, lad, youth, servant) and a contemporary of Haggai the prophet, Zerubbabel the governor, and Joshua the high priest. Zechariah was the son of Berekiah, the son of Iddo. 3. Iddo, his grandfather, was one of the priests who returned with Zerubbabel to Jerusalem (Nehemiah 12:4). Ezra wrote that When the prophets, Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo, prophesied to the Jews who were in Judah and Jerusalem in the name of the God of Israel (Ezra 5:1). 4. Zechariah prophesied from October/November 520 BC to December 7, 518 BC. History See history in Ezra, Nehemiah, and Haggai. Zechariah 1-8 has the same history as Haggai. Zechariah 9-14 occurred a little later, possibly after the temple had been completed. Remember that just prior Zechariahs ministry a large number of Jews had returned from their captivity in Babylon. 1. Darius I, 522-486 BC. He was a distant cousin of Cambyses who was Cyrus the Greats son. Darius killed Pseudo Smerdis/Gaumta (the false Bardiya and usurper of the throne who claimed to be Cambyses brother and therefore son of Cyrus) in September, 522 and took the throne. See the Haggai notes. 2. Ezra 5:1 and 6:14 tell us that God raised up Zechariah and Haggai to encourage the returned exiles to rebuild the Jerusalem temple. The returned exiles allowed the enemies to steal their hope for blessing and peace. But Zechariahhis name means Yahweh (LORD) remembersreminded them that God remembers his promises to his people and encouraged the returned exiles to complete the rebuilding of the temple. 3. Though the rebuilding process had begun shortly after the exiles arrived in Jerusalem (Ezra 3:8), the enemies around Jerusalem were able to slow and eventually stop the building process (Ezra 4:1-5). The temple sat unfinished for 16 years from 536 BC until 520 BC. 4. Zechariah had three audiences: Zerubbabel, the governor, 4:6-9; Joshua, the high priest, 3:110 and 6:9-15; and all the returnees from Babylon, 7:4-7. 5. The exiles returned to their land in three groups. Zechariah ministered to the first group. a. Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel led the first group to Judah in 536 BC.. Cyrus was king of Persia. They completed the temple in 516 BC, during the reign of Darius I (Ezra 1-6). Zechariah was a prophet to this group. b. Ezra led the second group. They returned in 458 BC. Artaxerxes was king of Persia (Ezra 7-10). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 200 of 211
c. Nehemiah led the third group. They returned in 444 BC. Artaxerxes was king of Persia (Nehemiah 1-2). d. The prophecy came in October-November 520 BC (1:1). The first vision came February 15, 519 BC (1:7). The last date given was December 7, 518 BC (7:1). Key People 1. Zechariah the prophet. See above. 2. Zerubbabel the governor of Judah (Zechariah 4:6 , 7, 9, 10; Haggai 1:1, 12, 14; 2:2, 4. 21, 23 and many other Bible books). He was a descendent of David. King Cyrus appointed him governor of the exiles returning to Judah. In 520 BC he and Joshua the high priest resumed construction of the temple. It was completed four years later in 516 BC. Zerubbabel was successful in his job. 3. Joshua the high priest (Zechariah 3:1, 3, 6, 8, 9; 6:11). He along with Zerubbabel led the rebuilding of the temple from 520-516 BC. God honored him (Zechariah 6:10-11). He represents and symbolizes the coming King-Priest, Messiah (6:11-13). Key Words and Doctrines 1. In that day (Hebrew phase bayom hahu ) is used 20 times in 19 verses in the NASB95. Seventeen times in chapters 12-14, and 3 times in chapters 1-11. This refers to the future intervention by the Lord for judgment and blessing (2:11 [Heb 2:15]; 3:10; 9:16; 12:3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11; 13:1, 2, 4; 14:4, 6, 8, 8, 9, 13, 20, 21). Zechariah 6:10 and 11:11 have the same Hebrew phase but in a different context. 2. Angel and Angel of the Lord are used 20 times, (1:9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19; 2:3; 3:1, 3, 5, 6; 4:1, 4, 5; 5:5, 10; 6:4, 5; 12:8). The interpreting angel delivers Gods messages. In some passages the angel of the Lord is the Lord, (1:8, 10, 11). 3. Apple of His eye in 2:8, refers to Israel. 4. Branch tsemach (3:8; 6:12), contains reference to Messiah. Also see Isaiah 11:1; Jeremiah 23:5; and Jeremiah 33:15. 5. Burden, massa from nasa, to lift up (9:1 and 12:1) points to a prophetic oracle or serious message from the Lord that the prophet delivered. 6. I saw, lift up eyes, he showed me, what do you see? introduce visions delivered to Zechariah (1:18; 2:1; 3:1; 4:2; 5:1, 5, 9; 6:1). 7. Return meaning that Israel is to return to the Lord (1.3, 4; 9:12). 8. Jerusalem and Zion are used 50 times (1:12, 14, 16, 17, 19; 2:2,4,7,10,12; 3:2; 7:7; 8:2,3,4,8,15,22; 9:9,10,13; 12:2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11; 13:1; 14:2,4,8,10,11,12,14,16,17,21). This demonstrates the centrality of Jerusalem in the prophets messages. 9. Me whom they have pierced (12:10) refers to Messiah at his second advent at which time individual Jews will recognize and believe in Messiah Jesus. 10. My house or temple (1:16; 3:7; 5:11; 6:12,13,14,15; 8:9; 9:8). The tabernacle and then Solomons temple were central to Israels life. Once the temple was completed by Solomon (1 Kings 6:1, 37, 38), it was the focus of the national and spiritual life of the nation. Governor Zerubbabel and high priest Joshua led the rebuilding of the temple, called the second temple. 11. Prophet (1:4,5, 6, 7; 7:3, 7, 12; 8:9; 13:2, 4, 5). 12. Seventy years is the length of time of the Babylonian exile, 1:12; 7:5. Also see Jeremiah 25:11-12, 29:10, and Daniel 9:2. 13. Shepherd is used 10 times. All but 13:7 refer to bad leaders. In 13:7 the shepherd is Messiah who will be killed when he comes the first time. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 201 of 211
14. Stone, eben (3:9), is another prophetic title for Messiah in some passages (Psalm 118:22, David and then Messiah; probably Isaiah 28:16, at least in its extended meaning; New Testament Romans 9:31-33; 1 Peter 2:6-8). 15. The Lord will return to Israel on earth is 1:3, 16; 8:3. Outline 1. Eight night visions, 1:1-6:8 2. Joshua crowned, 6:9-15 3. Questions about fasting, 7-8 4. Two burden oracles about the future, 9-14 1. Judgments associated with rejection of Messiahs first coming, 9-11. 2. Blessings associated with Messiahs second coming, 12-14. Zechariah Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1. Vision 1, the rider and four horses, and vision 2, four horns and four craftsmen. 2. Chapter 2. Visions 3, Surveyor, wall of fire, and LORD returns 3. Chapter 3. Vision 4, Joshua cleansed 4. Chapter 4. Vision 5, the lampstand, olive trees and branches, and the Holy Spirit. 5. Chapter 5. Vision 6, the flying scroll and vision 7, the woman in the basket 6. Chapter 6. Vision 8, the four chariots. Joshua crowned. 7. Chapter 7. Question: ritual fasts without reality. 8. Chapter 8. Promise: the Lord will return to Jerusalem in the present and future. 9. Chapters 9. First burden oracle: Judgment on nations; deliverance of Israel. 10. Chapter 10. First burden oracle: The Lord gathers and blesses. 11. Chapter 11. First burden oracle: judgment in preparation for Messiah. 12. Chapter 12. Second burden oracle: The LORD rescues Jerusalem. 13. Chapter 13. Judgment for the false prophets and unbelieving Israel, restoration for the remnant. 14. Chapter 14. The Lords second coming, King of the earth, worship at Jerusalem. Trace the Theme Zechariah delivers 8 night visions in chapters 1-6. The first and the last vision focus on God intervening for his people. God will restore his people and this is pictured by the cleansing of the high priest Joshua in chapter 3 and the ministry of the Holy Spirit restoring the temple in chapter 4. Chapters 7-8 answer the question about continued fasting in memory of the destruction of Solomons temple. Chapters 9-12 contain two prophetic messages. The first is about Messiahs first coming and the second message is about Messiahs second coming, victory, and deliverance of Israel. The entire book clearly stresses that Israel must return to the Lord, build the temple, and Messiah is coming. Thoroughly interwoven into these three topics is the repeated refrain that Yahweh God truly rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 1. Chapter 1. Vision 1, the rider and four horses and vision 2, four horns and four craftsmen. The visions begin in the fall of 520 BC (Marchesran, October-November). The LORD calls the people to return to him and not be like their fathers (1-6). Three months later the Lord gave the first vision of the rider on the red horse with a red, sorrel, and white horse behind him. They scouted the earth. The nations were relatively peaceful (7-11), except for Jerusalem and Judah, whom the nations had scattered. The LORD will restore Jerusalem to peace and prosperity (12-17). The second vision shows four horns (those nations who Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 202 of 211
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
scattered Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem. The four craftsmen symbolize those who will destroy the horn nations (18-21). Chapter 2. Visions 3, Surveyor, wall of fire, and LORD returns. Zechariah continues with his third vision. This depicts a surveyor measuring the size of Jerusalem. The message is that in the future Jerusalem will be larger and without walls because the LORD will be the wall of fire and dwell in her. The LORD further says that the Hebrew people, the apple of his eye, are to flee the Babylonians because He will plunder Babylon. In the future the LORD will restore Judah and Jerusalem. Then, even Gentile nations will follow the LORD. Chapter 3. Vision 4, Joshua cleansed. In chapter 3 Satan accuses Joshua of sin but the LORD forgives and cleanses him (13). Then the LORD dresses him in clean priestly clothes and makes him high priest for the returned people. Joshua will be the spiritual leader of the returned people. He symbolizes forgiveness, spiritual leadership of the nation, and Israels priest nation status (4-7). Joshuas friends symbolized a coming servant of the LORD, the Branchthe Messiah (verse 8, also 6:12 and Isaiah 4:2; 11:1; Jeremiah 23:5; and Jeremiah 33:15). The next symbol is the stone, another prophetic title for Messiah. This speaks of Messiahs second coming when He cleanses the Land (9, remove the iniquity) and brings peace (10, sit under the vine and fig tree). See also Psalm 118:22 (David and then Messiah), Isaiah 28:16 (at least in its extended meaning), and in the New Testament, Romans 9:31-33 and 1 Peter 2:6-8). In Daniel 2:34-35 and 45 the stone symbolizes the future Messianic kingdom which destroy the ruling kingdoms of the times of the Gentiles and rule the earth. Chapter 4. Vision 5, the lampstand, olive trees and branches, and the Holy Spirit. The angel now gives Zechariah a vision of a lampstand fed oil from two olive trees (3, 11). The trees provided oil for the lamps. They teach that the work to be done must be done by the Holy Spirit through his man, not by human power (1-6). The Holy Spirits power will remove obstacles (mountain) and complete the temple (7-11). Zechariah then asked what the olive branches were (12). The olive branches were the two anointed leaders, Joshua the high priest and Zerubbabel the governor (13-14). Both were instrumental in completing the temple, an almost impossible task, only to be finished through the Holy Spirit. Chapter 5. Vision 6, the flying scroll and vision 7, the woman in the basket. The scroll vision (1-4) symbolized Gods righteous standards and his judgments against evildoers in the land. The judgments are specifically directed against stealing (Exodus 20:15) and false swearing (Exodus 20:7). The vision of the evil woman in the basket (5-11) symbolizes that God had restrained evil in Judea at the present time. The woman is then sent to Babylon (land of Shinar, 5:11) where she will rule in her own temple. This pictures the restoration of Babylon in the future as the center of evil (see Revelation 17). Persian, under Cyrus the Great, had defeated Babylon (539 BC) by this time but Babylon will not be totally destroyed until the Tribulation period. See Isaiah 13-14, Jeremiah 50-51, and Revelation 17-18 for a few of the many Scriptures that discuss Babylon. Chapter 6. Vision 8, the four chariots. Joshua crowned. The eighth vision shows four chariots pulled by four horses. Each represents a judging spirit sent from God (5). They especially judge the nations in the northprobably Babylon. Babylon was defeated by Persia (8). In the future Babylon will revive and be a center of evil. Babylon will subsequently fall to Gods judgment. The four chariots conclude the eight visions. After the eight visions Zechariah was instructed to make a crown of silver and gold and crown Joshua, the high priest (9-15). Joshua was now the king and high priest in Judea. He foreshadows Messiah Jesus who will be the greater branch and the final king and priest. The historical reference is to Joshua, but some statements within this section refer to the greater branch, Messiah.
Bible Walk Through
Page 203 of 211
7. Chapter 7. Question: ritual fasts without reality. The question posed by men of Bethel to the priests and prophets in Jerusalem was whether they should continue to mourn in the fifth month (AbAugust) on the ninth day in remembrance of the destruction of the temple and in the seventh month (Tishri--October) in memory of the death of Gedaliah? The Lords answer was that when they fasted and mourned the past 70 years they were doing it for themselves instead of to honor and seek Him (4-6). A further word from the Lord to Zechariah (8-14) reminded the people that the Lord has instructed the people to practice justice, compassion, and kindness (9). They refused. They hardened their hearts. So, God did the same to them as they did to Him. The people called for help and the Lord did not listen. He exiled the people (13-14). 8. Chapter 8. Promise: the Lord will return to Jerusalem in the present and future. The theme of return to the Lord, build the temple, Messiah is coming continues. In chapter 8 Zechariah gives statement about what the Lord will do in the present and future. These are mixed in the prophecy. Some will happen at that time, but the more complete fulfillment will come when Messiah returns to earth to judge and rule and bless. The Lord says he is jealous for Zion (2). He will return and live in Jerusalem (3). There will be peace and joy (4-5). He will bring them back to their land (7-8). They will be His people and He will be their God ((8). They are to build the temple ((9). Peaceful and productive farming will be the rule (10-12). The house of Judah and Israel will be a blessing to others (13). The Lord will do good for them (15). Peoples and mighty nations will come to Jerusalem to seek the Lord (22). People will want to be identified with the Jew (23). Meanwhile the Lord wants Judah to live righteously (16-17) and their feasts should be joyful instead of mourning (18-19). These promises still await fulfillment when Messiah comes to earth to set up His kingdom. 9. Chapter 9. First oracle: Judgment on nations; deliverance of Israel. With chapter 9 Zechariah delivers a message of judgment brought through Alexander the Great in 333 BC upon Syria (Hatarrika, identified with Tell Afis; Hamath), Phoenicia (Tyre and Sidon), and Philistia (Ashkelon, Gaza, Ekron, and Ashdod). God will protect Jerusalem. All of this occurred as predicted (1-8). Coupled with Gods protection from Alexanders soon coming military sweep to Egypt, the prophet calls for rejoicing because their Messiah King is coming and he will bring the peace Israel has long been looking for (9-10). Zechariah then says that God, in keeping with his covenant to Israel, will deliver Israel from attacks (11-17) in that day (16). This may refer to the Syrian attack in the Maccabean period and a more complete reference to the final deliverance of Israel in the Day of the Lord, when Messiah Jesus returns. 10. Chapter 10. The Lord gathers and blesses. Judah is to ask the Lord for blessings (1), because the teraphim (house idols), diviners (fortune tellers), and leaders are of no help (2-3). The Lord of hosts (God himself) has visited (He will care for and prosper and bless) Judah (3). The cornerstone, tent peg, and bowall symbols of strength and supportwill come from Judah (4). These ultimately refer to Messiah who will come from Judah. Judah will fight the enemies and win because the Lord will be with Judah (5). The Lord will recall Judah, Joseph, and Ephraim and bless them (6-7). Judah is put for the southern kingdom and Joseph and Ephraim for the northern kingdom. The Lord will strengthen (6), save (6), bring back (6), have compassion (6), answer (6), whistle and gather (8), redeemed (8), bring back and gather and bring (10), strengthen them in the Lord (12). All Israel rejoice (7), be numerous (8), remember the Lord (9), will live and come back (9), pass through (11), and walk in the name of the Lord (12). These statements can only be fulfilled miraculously by the personal intervention of the Lord. This has not happened yet in history. It awaits completion in the Day of the Lord, which we learn from other Scripture. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 204 of 211
11. Chapter 11. The first oracle focusing on judgment in preparation for Messiahs return now describes the devastation of Israels forests (1-3). After this the Lord has Zechariah play two parts, a good shepherd (shepherds are leaders) who the people reject (4-14) and a foolish, destroying, and worthless shepherd (15-17). Zechariah actually did what this chapter says and it appears that what he did as the good shepherd and the evil shepherd portrays the history of Israel, at least from the death of Solomon on (see Ezekiel 34:2-4). The shepherds over Israel had simply used the people for their own gain, while the people were turned over to judgment because of their rejection of the Lord (5-6). Zechariah took up his role as a shepherd. He removed three shepherds (8-9). Who they are we do not know. If real men of his time, Zechariah removed them. If beyond the history of Zechariah they may well stand for the spiritual leadership of prophets, priests, elders or kings (Jeremiah 2:8; Matthew 16:21; Luke 9:22). The two shepherd staffs stand for what Israel is rejecting and therefore loosing for the time. Favor, noam, means delightful or pleasantness and indicates the shepherds favorable execution of his job. Union, hobelim, symbolizes the northern and southern kingdoms. Due to Israels unbelief, the Lord told Zechariah to break the favor covenant (7, 10-11). Since he was finished with the job of shepherd Zechariah received a slaves pay of 30 pieces of silver (Exodus 21:32, Matthew 26:25), an insulting wage, and threw it to the potter in the temple. He did not want it (12-13). Though this actually occurred with Zechariah in his part as a shepherd, this pointed to the betrayal price paid to Judas (Matthew 27:3-10). Zechariah then broke the staff, Union, symbolizing the breakup of Israel into north and south which occurred at Solomons death (15). Verses 15-17 symbolize by Zechariahs actions a very evil shepherd. He is described by foolish, does not care, devour, tear, and worthless. This person will be attacked (17). In context this refers to someone who comes and devastates the flock of Israel, a reference to the future dictator, Anti-Christ, Beast (Daniel 9:27; 11:36-39; 2 Thessalonians 2:3-10; Revelation 13:1-8). 12. Chapter 12. The LORD rescues Jerusalem. The prophet now concentrates on the coming of Messiah to rescue Jerusalem, Judah, and Israel. The LORD, creator of heavens, earth, and mankind now miraculously intervenes in world history. The LORD will use Jerusalem throughout history the object of scorn, jealousy, terrorist attacks, and warsto destroy the anti-Israel armies which have set themselves against the ancient city of Gods people. This predicts the future battle of Armageddon (1-3). Jerusalem will be a cup that causes reeling (2), and a heavy stone (3). The Lord will fight for Judah and Jerusalem and destroy the nations besieging Jerusalem. Jerusalem and Judah will know the Lord is fighting for them (19). Messiah will return to earth as warrior and ruler. Judah and Jerusalem will at that time recognize their Messiah and mourn because they realize they had rejected Him and crucified Him when He came the first time (10). The people will mourn individually and in groups and also separated by gender as was the custom in the ancient world. This will be genuine mourning, not a media event (11-14). 13. Chapter 13. Judgment for the false prophets and unbelieving Israel, restoration for the remnant. When Messiahs returns to earth He will provide forgiveness to those who accept Him (1); see Ezekiel 36:25. He will also judge idols, false prophets, and demons operating in Israel; see Revelation 20:1-3, (2). Parents of false prophets will execute their false prophet sons; see Deuteronomy 13:6-9 (3). Those false prophets who survive the immediate purge will deny their true status (4-6). The hairy robe was warn by some prophetsElijah in 1 Kings 1:8 and John the Baptist in Matthew 3:4. The prophets of Baal cut themselves to induce Baal to answer their prayer (1 Kings 18:28). Verses 7-9 refer to the first and second coming of Messiah. Verse 7 predicts His death followed by the scattering and discipline of Israel. Sword speaks of judgment and death; My Shepherd and My Associate refer to an Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 205 of 211
equal with the Lord of Hosts, Messiah. Verses 8-9 predict judgment, deliverance, and restoration. At Messiahs second coming to earth He will separate and judge the unbeliever two thirds, and deliver the believing one third (8-9). The delivered remnant will call on the Lordthey are His people and He is their God (9). For the deliverance of the remnant of Israel see Romans 11:26. 14. Chapter 14. Chapter 14. The Lords second coming, King of the earth, worship at Jerusalem. Verses 1 and 3 are summary statements for verses 1-8. Just as the nations are attacking Jerusalem in the final phase of the Armageddon Campaign, Messiah will come to the city and fight for Israel (1-3). He will stand on the Mount of Olives and cause an east west valley to be formed by splitting the mountain into a north part and south part (4). The Israelite remnant will escape by this valley (5). Azel is probably somewhere east of and near Jerusalem. Darkness will overwhelm the land until evening, at which time the light of the Lords return will shine (6-7 and Joel 3:15-17 and Matthew 24:29-39). The Lord, Messiah, will cause living water to flow from Jerusalem to the Mediterranean in the west and to the Dead Sea in the east (8). This water will apparently provide lush vegetation and possibly some type of physical or spiritual refreshment for the people who will live in the area. The Messiah will take the rule over the entire earth (9). Psalm 2 was recited when a Davidic king was enthroned. The full fulfillment will come when the final Davidic king, Messiah is enthroned. As part of the new kingdom, Messiah will change the geography around Jerusalem with the resulting prosperity (10-11). More graphic details of the defeat of Israels enemies by Messiah are related in 12-15. A God sent plague of some kind, fighting each other, and Israel fighting are used to defeat the enemies of God and Israel. After the kingdom is established, those survivors from the nations who fought Israel will submit to Him. Every year representatives from each former enemy nation will go up to Jerusalem to celebrate the Feast of Booths, commemorating Gods blessings (16). God will cause drought on the nations who refuse the yearly worship at Jerusalem (17-19). Remember that people will have children in the kingdom. Not all will follow Jesus Christ. The Lord will be honored throughout Jerusalem and Judah (20-21). Zechariah Chapter Titles and Summary Principles 1. Chapter 1. Vision 1, the rider and four horses, and vision 2, four horns and four craftsmen. Summary: Yahweh God will restore Jerusalem and avenge her enemies. Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 2. Chapter 2. Visions 3, Surveyor, wall of fire, and LORD returns. Summary: Yahweh God will enlarge Jerusalem and make it safe, blessed, and a blessing to nations. Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 3. Chapter 3. Vision 4, Joshua cleansed. Summary: Yahweh God cleanses from sin for service, and Joshua and his friends symbolize the coming Messiah Branch Stone. Yahweh God rules in the spiritual war. Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 4. Chapter 4. Vision 5, the lampstand, olive trees and branches, and the Holy Spirit. Summary: the ministry of the Holy Spirit is necessary to accomplish Gods work. Yahweh God give power to his appointed leaders. Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 5. Chapter 5. Vision 6, the flying scroll and vision 7, the woman in the basket. Summary: Yahweh God will purge or cleanse the land and meanwhile He has restrained evil in the land, and later will restore Babylon as the seat of evil. Watch for the rise of Babylon. Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future.
Bible Walk Through
Page 206 of 211
6. Chapter 6. Vision 8, the four chariots. Joshua crowned. Summary: in the future God will judge Babylon, the center of evil, but meanwhile Joshua as priest and king represents the future Messiah Priest King. Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 7. Chapter 7. Question: ritual fasts without reality. Summary: ritual without the spiritual reality is worthless, and hardening against Yahweh God is dangerous to our relationship or fellowship with Him. He will discipline and judge. Communion and baptism are church rituals with great meaningdo we observe them as reality or empty ritual? Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 8. Chapter 8. Promise: the Lord will return to Jerusalem in the present and future. Summary: Yahweh God will restore and bless His people in their land and great nations of the world will seek blessing by association with the people of Judah and Jerusalem. Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 9. Chapters 9. First burden oracle: Judgment on nations; deliverance of Israel. Summary: Yahweh God will destroy even the most powerful nations, yet He can protect Israel when He chooses to do so; and though nations continue to battle, Messiah King will come first on a donkey and later He will dominate all nations and save Israel. Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 10. Chapter 10. First burden oracle: The Lord gathers and blesses. Summary: Yahweh God will give Judah and Joseph (Israel) victory in the great coming battle (Armageddon) and whistle for His people to return from the nations (restoration). Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 11. Chapter 11. First burden oracle: judgment in preparation for Messiah. Summary: in the future there will be two shepherds, a good one who will be rejected (Messiah) and one bad who will be judged (the one who opposes Messiah). Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 12. Chapter 12. Second burden oracle: The LORD rescues Jerusalem. Summary: Yahweh God, Creator and Lord of all will smash the enemies of Israel when they attack Jerusalem, and the remnant of Jerusalem will recognize Messiah and mourn because they had killed him when he came the first time. Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 13. Chapter 13. Judgment for the false prophets and unbelieving Israel, restoration for the remnant. Summary: in the future there will be spiritual blessing for the nation of Israel forgiveness of sin, removal of idols, judgment of false prophets, but before that Gods shepherd will be killed and the Jewish people scattered, yet a remnant will be preserved and serve Yahweh God. Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. 14. Chapter 14. The Lords second coming, King of the earth, worship at Jerusalem. Summary: Israels prophesied future includes an international attack against Jerusalem (Armageddon) at which time Yahweh God will return to the Mount of Olives and will defeat the attacking nations, change the geography, rule the world, and receive international worship. Yahweh God rules history and Israel has a blessed future. Lessons for Us Today 1. We should stay in fellowship with the Lord and when we wander from Him, we should return to Him through confession of sin and renewal of spiritual growth and service. 2. God controls human history, even in the middle of terrible anti-Semitism. Lets not give up on God when historical events are bad. 3. Each of us is dependent upon the Holy Spirits power and ability to serve God the right way and with Gods intended results. Each of us needs to walk by the Holy Spiritto be filled with the Holy Spirit. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 207 of 211
4. The Lord will regather Israel in her land and be her Priest-King. We can rest in the fact that history is moving toward a time of Gods judgment followed by Gods great blessing and righteousness. Right now it looks hopeless. If the Bible is true, and we know that it is, our hopeour confident expectationis in the Lord. 5. Ritual for ritual sake did not please God in the past and neither will it please God now. Why do we observe communion? What do we think about during that ritual? 6. Messiah Jesus is coming back to earth. He will judge sin, right wrong, and be the perfect political and spiritual leader. Lets concentrate on what God is doing instead of becoming overwhelmed by the failure of our non biblical political and religious leaders. Lets tell others of our confident expectation and how they can also have that hope. People want a perfect society in a fallen and sinful world. It cannot happen. Only Yahweh God can bring in a righteous society.
Bible Walk Through Malachi Bible Walk Theme: Rebuke, Return, Remember, Restore Tod Kennedy September, 2009
Page 208 of 211
Theme Rebuke, Return, Remember, Restore. The Jewish people are back in their homeland, the temple has been completed, and the city walls have been rebuilt. They have many opportunities for spiritual and social prosperity, but even after all Gods warnings and object lessons they have forsaken Him and His commands. Both the priests and the people are guilty. In fact, they even question Gods rebukes. God gives them final warnings and a promise that a messenger will come followed by the Lord Messiah who will be like a refiners fire. The LORD instructs the people to return to Him, but they refuse. A future day of judgment is coming. Those who fear His name will be blessed. Malachi closes the Old Testament revelation with the LORDs plea to remember Moses law. Elijah will come before the great day of the Lord and restore the hearts of the people. Key Verses Malachi 2:17, You have wearied the Lord with your words. Yet you say, How have we wearied Him? In that you say, Everyone who does evil is good in the sight of the Lord, and He delights in them, or, Where is the God of justice? Malachi 3:1, Behold, I am going to send My messenger, and he will clear the way before Me. And the Lord, whom you seek, will suddenly come to His temple; and the messenger of the covenant, in whom you delight, behold, He is coming, says the Lord of hosts. Malachi 3:7, From the days of your fathers you have turned aside from My statutes and have not kept them. Return to Me, and I will return to you, says the LORD of hosts. But you say, How shall we return? Author Malachi was the human author of the book that bears his name (Malachi 1.1). This is the only place this name is used in the Bible. He was a contemporary of Nehemiah. History See history in Ezra, Nehemiah, Haggai, and Zechariah. 1. Cyrus the Great, in 539 BC, authorized the Jews to return to their homeland in Judah. By the time of Malachis prophecy Jews had been living in Israel for many years. These people had neglected the Lord their God and His Word. Spiritual apostasy was the hallmark of the times. 2. Malachi wrote his prophecy between 435-430 BC and therefore during the Persian period and the time of Ezra and Nehemiah (458-430 BC). The Hebrew people were back in their homeland after the Babylonian captivity. Zerubbabel had led the first group to Judah in 536 BC. Cyrus was then king of Persia. The Hebrew people completed the temple in 516 BC, during the reign of Darius I (Ezra 1-6). Zechariah was a prophet to this group. Ezra had led the second group. They returned in 458 BC. Artaxerxes was king of Persia (Ezra 7-10). Nehemiah had led the third group. They returned in 444 BC (Nehemiah 1-2). Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 209 of 211
3. At the time of Malachis ministry the temple had been completed and was again in service (1:7-10 and 3:8-10), the people were apathetic and rebellious toward the Lord and to His Word, and they were distracted by details of life. The result was that they were reaping divine discipline instead of divine blessing. 4. The activities in Malachi correspond to the problems that Ezra and Nehemiah faced: the postexilic temple was in service (Malachi 1.7-10; 2.11-13; 3.10); the priests failed in their responsibilities (Malachi 1.6-14; 2.1-3, 8); the people did not support the temple with tithes and offerings (Malachi 3.8-10; Nehemiah 13.10); inter-marriage with Gentiles and divorce had increased (Malachi 2.10-14; Ezra 9.1-2; Nehemiah 13.1-3, 23-28); and social injustice was prominent (Malachi 3.5; Nehemiah 5.4-5). 5. In Malachi 1.8, Malachi refers to your governor (pechah). This word is used in passages about the Persian period (Nehemiah 5:14 and Haggai 1:1). Here it refers to a Persian governor. Since the Persians did not come to prominence until 538 BC, the book was written sometime after 538 BC. Key People 1. Malachi the prophet (Malachi 1:1). 2. My Messenger (Malachi 3:1). This is used two times in Malachi 3:1. The term refers to both the herald of Jesus and to Jesus Messiah. 3. Elijah (Malachi 4:5) will return as a warning to Israel of Gods soon judgment. Key Words and Doctrines 1. LORD, Yahweh, used 46 times in Malachi including the use with LORD of Hosts. This is the personal name of God. He is the always existent one. He clearly revealed himself to Moses in the burning bush (Exodus 3). 2. LORD of Hosts, used 24 times. Hosts is tsebaot. The primary meaning is army, warfare, an organized body. Yahweh has his army, usually an angelic army to fight for him. 3. You say (Malachi 1:2, 6, 7, 12, 13; 2:14, 17; 3:7, 8, 13). Yahweh raises a point with the people and they object to what He says. 4. Return (Malachi 3:7), Yahwehs call to Israel to return to obedience to his word and he will bless Israel. 5. Law of Moses (Malachi 4:4), the first five books of the Old Testament written by Moses. This section laid the foundation for the existence, purpose, and directions for living. Outline 1. Gods compassion for Israel (Malachi 1:1-5). 2. Gods complaint against the priests (Malachi 1:6-2:9). 3. Gods complaint against the people (Malachi 2:10-3:18). 4. Gods exhortation to Israel (Malachi 4). Malachi Chapter Titles 1. Chapter 1. Yahwehs Love, Evil People, Priests, and Sacrifices. 2. Chapter 2. Judah Acts Treacherously. 3. Chapter 3. Tithes, Arrogance, and Judgment. 4. Chapter 4. The Day of the LordJudgment, Healing, and Elijah.
Bible Walk Through
Page 210 of 211
Trace the Theme of Malachi 1. Malachi 1, Evil People, Priests, and Sacrifices, The Hebrews were back in their homeland from exile because God keeps his word and is gracious. The temple has been completed. The city walls rebuilt. The people question Gods love because by their own disobedience they do not experience prosperity and happiness (Malachi 1.2). God rebukes the spiritual leadership (priests) for failure to teach Gods word and failure to properly serve in the reconstructed temple. The priests dishonor the temple and the altar. They offer sick and injured animals for sacrifices (Malachi 1:7, 8, 14). God rebukes the people for not following the LORD their God. 2. Malachi 2, Judah Acts Treacherously. The priests do not listen to the Lords instruction (Malachi 2:2, 8, 9). The people mistreat each other (Malachi 2:10). The priests do not teach Gods Word to the people (Malachi 2:7-9). The people welcomed idolatry into the temple (Malachi 2:11). Divorce was commonplace (Malachi 2:14-16). The people call evil good (Malachi 2:17). 3. Malachi 3, Tithes, Arrogance, and Judgment. There are two messengers in Malachi 3:1-2. The first my messenger refers to John the Baptist. Luke 1:17 says that John the Baptist will come in the spirit and power of Elijahto make ready a people prepared for the Lord. The second messenger is Jesus Messiah: the Lord whom you seek, to his temple, messenger of the covenant, who can endure the day of his coming? The only permanent solution to the peoples rejection of God will be the Lords Messiah messenger. The LORDS Messiah messenger will come and when he does he will purify the priests and make right the sacrifices (Malachi 3:3-4). The LORDS messenger will swiftly judge sin (Malachi 3:5). The LORD calls the people to return to Him, yet as in their past history they will not return to Him (Malachi 3:7). Their return should include support of the temple and priests by tithes and offerings (Malachi 3:10). If the people return to Him and support the temple, He will bless them (Malachi 3:10-12). Yet, the peoples arrogance stands in the way (Malachi 3:13). A small number listened to Malachis rebuke and did fear the Lord (Malachi 3:16). 4. Malachi 4, The Day of the LordJudgment, Healing, and Elijah. The day of the Lord is coming (Malachi 4:1). Those who fear the LORD at that time will experience Gods blessing (4:2) and in some way participate in the judgment of the wicked (Malachi 4:3). Malachi tells the people to remember and follow Moses law (Malachi 4:4) because it alone can keep them from apostasy and idolatry. God will send Elijah before the great judgment and restoration of Israel (Malachi 4:5-6). This may have been fulfilled with John the Baptist or will be fulfilled prior to Jesus return to earth (possibly Revelation 11:3). When the Lord comes, he will judge and restore the nation to right relationships with each other, including removing the many social sins that are tolerated in Malachis day (Malachi 4:6). Here compare passages such as Deuteronomy 4:39-31. God keeps his word and will restore Israel to blessing. Lessons for Us Today 1. The people of Malachis day had experienced Gods protection and blessing, yet they became very apathetic and cynical about God, Gods word, and Gods delegated ministries. Lets maintain enthusiasm and loyalty to God, to Gods word, and to the ministries and opportunities that God gives to each of us. 2. The people of Malachis time questioned Gods evaluation of their way of life. They were apathetic and disobedient. God evaluated them and found them lacking. They continued to question him as to how and why? This was simply not admitting that God was right. Lets accept Gods word in its evaluation of us and correct what we need to correct. Tod M. Kennedy, 2003-2009
Bible Walk Through
Page 211 of 211
3. The Jews of Malachis time questioned whether God loved them. Of course he loved them. They were his people and he keeps his promises. We may question Gods love for us when circumstances turn against what we want or like. Gods love never changes. Lets not question Gods love and care for us, ever. 4. The professional ministers promoted bad doctrine and set bad examples. Today we are all in the ministry. Gods word is our manual and authority. We all should do what we do for the Lord with genuine love for him. 5. The priests and people observed the sacrifices and offerings contrary to Gods instructions and purpose. We can allow communion and baptism degenerate into a meaningless ritual if we are not careful. Lets appreciate baptism and the Lords Table and honor God through it. 6. The nation gave up giving. God had commanded that the people were to support the priesthood and the temple. They failed. God has given the same kind of opportunity to church age believers. But there is not set amount such as the Old Testament tithe. In the church age grace giving is the principle, yet under grace giving many give up giving to Gods work. Lets not fail in this service. 7. Marriage was under attack. The beginning of marriage was corrupted because Jews married pagans. The end of marriage was corrupted because divorce was commonplace. This is a social sin of our time also. Christians should not marry unbelievers. Divorce should only be a last resort. Today, marriage among Christians is almost as bad as for unbelievers. Lets work on having good marriages. 8. Inconsistency in fellowship with God marked the time of Malachi. This included inconsistency in attending the temple, inconsistency in listening to Gods word, inconsistency in giving, inconsistency in service, and inconsistency in family and community relationships. Today we live in a time when Christians are inconsistent and not dependable. 9. The people of Malachis day questioned the value of following God. They asked what was in it for them instead of realizing that they were not following God and therefore pushing off his blessing. Lets not blame God for problems we bring upon ourselves by our own disobedience and faithlessness.

Bible Walk Through - Old Testament

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bible Walk Through - Old Testament

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats