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Chap. 2 Theoretical Perspectives 1. Psychoanalytic Freud; unconscious mind; childhood experiences; sexual & aggressive tendencies a.

. Parts of Personality i. Id- pleasure principle ii. Ego- reality principle iii. Superego- follows rules of society; conscience b. Psychosexual Stages i. Oral; birth 16 months; source of pleasure: sucking & feeding ii. Anal; 12-18 months 3 yrs; Pleasure: Withholding & expelling feces, anal region iii. Phallic; 3 6 yrs; Pleasure: Attached to opposite sex parent, later identifies with same sex parent (Oedipus complex) iv. Latency; 6 yrs puberty; Relative calm between stages v. Genital; Puberty adulthood; Sexual impulses of phallic stage, mature adult sexuality c. Eriksons Psychosocial Theory Neo-Freudian i. Trust vs. Mistrust; birth 12-18 months ii. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt; 12-18 months 3 yrs iii. Initiative vs. Guilt; 3 6 yrs iv. Industry vs. inferiority; 6 puberty v. Identity vs. Identity Confusion; puberty young adulthood vi. Intimacy vs. Isolation; Young adulthood vii. Generativity vs. Stagnation; Middle adulthood viii. Integrity vs. Despair; Late adulthood 2. Learning Pavlov (classical conditioning); Skinner (operational conditioning); Bandura (Social learning theory Bobo doll; reciprocal determinism; observational learning) 3. Cognitive Jean Piaget; views thought processes as central to development; schema, assimilation, accommodation a. Vygostskys Sociocultural Theory i. Zone of Proximal Development what a child can do alone and with the help of a teacher; scaffolding temporary support 4. Evolutionary/Sociobiological personal survival; biology and environment interact; genetic legacy; to produce behavior and development; reproductive patterns, altruism, parenting, mating behaviors, anthropology, ecology & genetics 5. Contextual social context a. Bioecological Theory (Bronfenbrenner) i. Microsystem first hand; face-to-face relationships ii. Mesosystem interaction of microsystems; between home & school, etc. iii. Exosystem does not concern child; interaction of microsystem & outside systems iv. Macrosystem Cultural patterns; societys overall

v. Chronosystem adds dimension of time; change or constancy in person & environment Psychology as a Science 1. The Scientific Method system of gathering so that bias & error in measurement are reduced; process of developing & testing theories & hypotheses; quantitative & qualitative research Steps: 1. Identify a problem 2. Formulate a hypothesis 3. Collect data 4. Analyze data 5. Form tentative conclusions 6. Disseminate findings 2. Forms of Data Collection a. Naturalistic observation i. Requires training & practice; systematic b. Laboratory observation i. Watching animals/humans behave in lab settings c. Interviews/survey/questionnaires i. Involves responding to a standard set of questions; report peoples attitudes & beliefs; interview, online, mail d. Behavioral & performance measures i. More objective measure of behavior; can measure abilities, skills or physiological responses; valid & reliable 3. Basic Research Designs a. Case study in depth look at a single individual; idea of range of possibilities in human behavior; may involve unreliable judgments; not generalizable b. Ethnographic studies patterns that make a societys way of life (relationships, customs, etc.); participant observations useful in crosscultural research c. Correlation measure of a relationship between 2 variables; does not equal causation; 2 factors seem to occur together; used when experiments are not possible or unethical d. Experiment carefully regulated procedure; independent & dependent variables; experiment & control group; random assignment i. Cross sectional assessed at one point in time ii. Longitudinal same people studied more than once over a period of time iii. Sequential complex combination of cross sectional & longitudinal; adds more data than either design alone

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