(Voltage Gain (Av), Maximum output / input voltage value without distortion )

Bipolar Junction Transistor

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO)

CLO1 - Describe theoretically the characteristics and electrical properties of semiconductors using appropriate illustration. CLO2 - Explain correctly basic principles of electronic devices. CLO3 - Explain the applications of electronic devices by using the schematic diagram. CLO5 - Construct other semiconductor devices circuitry by using the schematic diagram

Specific Outcomes
3.2.11 Explain the operations of a common emitter amplifier circuit with AC input signal. 3.2.12 Compare the input and output waveform in terms of amplitude and phase shift. 3.2.13 Determine by calculation the voltage gain based on the formula: AV = Voutput/ Vinput 3.2.14 Explain with the aid of a load line curve, the occurrence of amplitude distortion when a very high input signal is given. 3.2.15 Determine the maximum input signal which produces undistorted output signal amplitude. 3.2.16Construct and analyze a common emitter amplifier circuit.

A small-signal amplifier can also be called a voltage amplifier. Common-emitter amplifiers are one type. The emitter terminala base bias often required to is load and Next, aa signal source Then capacitor resistor common A with Connectgroundedresistor Add a bipolarsupply Start couplingNPN poweris junction transistor an the input and output signal circuits.

RB C CC B

RL VCC

The output is phase inverted.

RB C CC B

RL VCC

When the input signal goes positive: The base current increases. The collector current increases times. So, RL drops more voltage and VCE must decrease. The collector terminal is now less positive.

RB C CC B

RL VCC

When the input signal goes negative: The base current decreases. The collector current decreases times. So, RL drops less voltage and VCE must increase. The collector terminal is now more positive.

RB C CC B

RL VCC

The maximum value of VCE for this circuit is 14 V (VC cut-off). The maximum value of IC is 14 mA (Ic Saturation). These are the limits for this circuit.
IC(MAX) = VCC = 14 V RC = 14 mA 1 k

350 k

1 k 14 V C B E
VC(MAX) =VCC = 14V

CC

The load line connects the limits.

This end is called saturation. SAT.
IC in mA 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 A 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 40 A 20 A

The linear region is between the limits.

100 A

LINEAR

80 A 60 A

VCE in Volts

This end is called cutoff.

CUTOFF

Whats wrong with this Q point?

NOT Good Q-Point (IC 14mA, VC 0V) 14 12 10 IC in mA 8 6 4 2 0 A 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Good Q-Point (IC 6mA, VC 8V) 40 A 20 A 100 A 80 A 60 A

VCE in Volts

This is an example of a good Q point for linear amplification.

This is an example of not a good Q point for linear amplification.

A.C EMITTER OPERATION WHEN RECEIVES A.C INPUT SIGNAL:

One of the factors might change IB value is a.c. input signal. A.C. input signal value must not exceed that can cause IB oscillate big If a.c. input signal too big, this can because IB oscillates bigger (see dot line on the wave). Thus the value of IC oscillation too bigger and follows by VC. The oscillation of IC and VC are bigger than saturated point of a circuit. At this point, there is no gain value will occur. So, the waveform that over this point will cutoff.

A.C. loadline
When a.c. signal available, load that are facing at output part sometimes different compared d.c. signal analysis.

Capacitor will allowed a.c. signal flow through it. So, load that are facing at output part is

rL=RC//RL.
Collector current value will not drop at d.c. loadline again, so in a.c. analysis it will have a new loadline. It also have its own saturation point and cut off. This line known as a.c. loadline.

Formula to get a.c saturated point and a.c shift point:

Example: Draw d.c. loadline and a.c. for the circuit below. Also shows the location of Q-point.

Output Wave Shape and Input Wave : Output wave phase will reverse with 180 from input wave phase. Voltage gain , AV: Voltage gain (Av) is comparison between output voltage values with input voltage value.
Av = Vout Vin

Another formula can be used to get voltage gain circuit value is by using ideal transistor concept and first approximated . In this concept, all small value in the circuit ignored and voltage gain voltage gain can calculate when we divide output resistance with input resistance

From this concept, assume equation for voltage gain is :

re input at resistance overall for value is

Maximum output voltage value without distortion, Vk(max)(without distortion)(herotan); We can get the maximum output voltage without distortion by using its loadline graph circuit. Maximum output voltage without distortion means output signal which is oscillate at operation point with symmetry and without limited/clipped.

We will choose part which is small peak voltage to get maximum output voltage without distortion .As seen, if we take the big peak voltage value as output voltage, we can get one of the peaks at output voltage is cut off. At this state, its not called maximum output voltage without distortion.
Part 1 Part 2

We will choose VP part 1 to get maximum output voltage without distortion

Maximum value input voltage. If we know the value of maximum output voltage without distortion (Vk(max)(without distortion)), so we can determine the value of input voltage without distortion (Vm(max)(without distortion)). But, the value of voltage gain for the circuit need to know first.

Example : to get maximum output voltage without distortion

From the figure below, find; a) ICQ, VCQ b) IC (DC), Vc (DC) c) IC (AC), Vc (AC) d) Sketch the AC and DC load line e) From the graph, sketch the Maximum output voltage without distortion and find the maximum input voltage without distortion.

a
IB =

VBB 35V = = 63.06 A R B 555K

Answers..
DC load Line b
I C(tepu)(a.t) = VCC 35V = = 7mA R C 5k

I C = .I B = (75)(63.06 A) = 4.73mA VC = VCC I C .R C = 35V - 33.65V = 11.35V I CQ = I C = 4.73mA VCQ = VC = 11.35V

VC(alih)(a.t) = VCC = 35V

d AC load Line
rL = RC // RL = 5K // 55K = 4.583k VC ( alih )( au ) = VCQ + ICQ.rL = 11.35V + (4.73)(4.583) = 33.028V IC ( tepu )( a.t ) = ICQ + VCQ rL 11.35V 3.583

f Vout max (without distortion) Vin max (without distortion) (IC=IE)

re' = 25mV 25mV = = 5.29 iE 4.73mA Vk rL 4.58k = = = 867 Vm re' 5.29 Vk 22.7Vp p = = 26mV AV 867 Vm = Vm (masukan)(tanpa herotan.

AV =

Vm =

= ( 4.73mA) + = 22.7V