OPAMP

By:
Sachin K Jain
 Operational Amplifier
(OP-AMP)

An op-amp amplifies the difference between its inverting and

noninverting inputs.
Ideal OP-AMP
 Ideal OP-AMP
• First, the ideal op-amp has infinite voltage gain
(Vout/Vin) and,

• Infinite bandwidth (have the same voltage gain for

all input frequencies).

• Also, it has an infinite input impedance (Zin).

Impedance is related to resistance hence its input
draws 0 current.

• Finally, it has a zero output impedance. (Its output

has no resistance)
Practical OP-AMP
 Practical OP-AMP
• Although modern integrated circuit op-amps
approach parameter values that can be treated as
ideal in many cases, the ideal device cannot be
made.
• Any device has limitations, and the integrated circuit
op-amp is no exception. Op-amps have both voltage
and current limitations. Peak-to-peak output voltage,
for example, is usually limited to slightly less than
the supply voltages. Output current is also limited by
internal restrictions such as power dissipation and
component ratings.
• Characteristics of a practical op-amp are very high
voltage gain, very high input impedance, very low
output impedance and finite bandwidth (different
voltage gain for different frequencies).
Useful OP-AMP terminologies
• Input Offset Voltage:
– The ideal op-amp produces zero volts out
for zero volts in. Practical op-amps
produces a small dc voltage at the output
when the input is zero.
• Input Offset Voltage drift:
– Specifies how much the Input Offset
Voltage changes with each degree change
in temperature
Useful OP-AMP terminologies
• Input Impedance: Has two definitions
depending on how you are using the
amplifier
– (1) The resistance between the ‘+’ (non
inverting) and ‘-’ (inverting) inputs.
– (2) The resistance between each input and
ground.
Useful OP-AMP terminologies
• Open-Loop voltage gain Aol:
– Gain without feedback (we discuss feedback as
the next topic). Ideal op-amps have infinite gain.
Practical op-amps range from 50,000 to 200,000.

• Frequency response:
– This has to do with how the gain changes with
different input frequencies. For ideal
op-amps the gain does not change with
frequency. For practical op-amps, the gain
decreases as the frequency increases.
 Negative Feedback

Negative feedback is one of the most useful concepts in electronic

circuits, particularly ) op-amp applications.
Negative feedback is the process whereby a portion of the out-
voltage of an amplifier is returned to the input with a phase angle
that opposes the input signal.
 Why Negative Feedback?
• An amplifier cannot give an output that has a
voltage greater its supply voltage.
• If the gain of the amp is 20,000, the supply is
12Volts and the input voltage is 2 Volts then
the output is calculated as 20,000 * 2 =
40,000Volts.
• Obviously 40,000Volts is just not practical
and the output will go as high as it can and
stay at 12 volts.
• Negative feedback reduces the gain and
increases the bandwidth.
Noninverting Amplifier
 Noninverting Amplifier
• An op-amp connected in a closed loop
configuration as a noninverting amplifier with a
controlled amount of voltage gain is shown in
the previous slide.
• The input signal is applied to the noninverting
input (‘+’).
• The output is applied back to the inverting input
(‘-’) through the feedback circuit formed by Ri
and Rf
• The voltage across Ri, Vi is calculated on the
next slide.
 Noninverting Amplifier
• Vi = Voltage across Ri and It = Total current

• Vi = It*Ri
• We need to find It.
• Total current = total voltage/total resistance.
• For a series circuit, the total resistance (Rt) = sum of all resistors
in the circuit.
• => Rt= Rf+Ri,
• Also Vt = Vout
• Finally, It = Vout/ Rf+Ri
• Now we can find Vi,
• Vi= (Vout/ Rf+Ri)* Ri
Calculating the gain with feed
back
for noninverting configuration
 Calculating the gain with feed back
for noninverting configuration
• Recall that AOL is the open loop gain i.e. gain without
feed back.
• VOUT= AOL(VIN - Vi)
• Recall that Vi= (Vout / Rf+Ri)* Ri
• Let Ri /(Ri + Rf)= B,
• Then apply basic algebra as follows:
• Vout = AolVin -AolBVout
• Vout + AolBVout = AolVin
• Vout(1 + AolB) = AolVin
• Since the total voltage gain of the amplifier in the
previous slide is Vout/Vin
 Calculating the gain with feed back
for noninverting configuration
• The product of AolB is typically much
greater than 1 hence,

Becomes,

The above formula gives the gain of a

noninverting amplifier.
Inverting Amplifier
 Inverting Amplifier
• Let's say a current of 1 milliamp is caused to flow to the
inverting input pin through a 1000 ohm input resistor, Ri, the
Op-Amp tries to maintain equilibrium, i.e., no current flow in
that inverting input pin (high resistance). To do this marvelous
feat, it generates an output voltage of the opposite polarity,
which maintains that 1 milliamp to flow through a 10 K
feedback resistor, Rf. Because the feedback resistor is ten
times the value of the input resistor, it will require ten times the
voltage to cause that same 1 mA to flow.
• The view from the input pin: there is a current of 1 milliamp
coming down the input resistor, and at the same time AND
there is a current of 1 milliamp coming from the feedback
resistor. There is no current left over for the input pin;
• This satisfying the zero current requirement of the Op-Amp.
This is because the output is the inverse of the input and both
waves cancel.
• This the zero current results in zero voltage at the inverting
input terminal and is referred to as virtual ground. This
condition is illustrated in the next slide.
 Inverting Amplifier

Because Iin and If are the same

but opposite, the voltage at the
inverting input must be 0.

Since there is zero current flowing to the inverting input, the current
through Ri is therefore equal but opposite to Rf.
=> If = -Ii
The voltage across Ri=-Vin because of the virtual ground on the other side of the
resistor. i.e. 0 – Vin = - Vin

⇒Iin = - Vin/Ri
The voltage across Rf = Vout because of the virtual ground.
i.e. Vout – 0= Vout
=> If= Vout/Rf
 Inverting Amplifier
• Recall that there is zero current flowing to the
inverting input, the current through Ri is therefore
equal but opposite to Rf.
• => If = -Ii

• Vout/Rf = - Vin/Ri
• => Vout/Vin = - Rf/Ri

• This final equation gives the gain for an inverting

amplifier. The minus sign implies that the output is
inverted.
• Recall from previous slide that gain is Vout/Vin
 Summing Amplifier (Variation of the inverting
amp)

Now, since –(I1+I2) = It

-(V1/R1 + V2/R2) = Vout/Rf

⇒Vout = - Rf(V1/R1 + V2/R2)

⇒If all the resistors are the same then Vout = - (V1 + V2)
⇒Hence we end up with a summing device.
 Summing Amplifier (Variation of the
inverting amp)
• The formula is true
for more inputs:

Exercise:
When Rf is larger than the other resistors using the
same analysis show that :
 OP-AMP as an Integrator and
Differentiator

• Differentiator
• Now, the charge
through the capacitor is
given by qc =CVin …..(1)

• If we differentiate
dq c dVin
equation (1) with
respect to time we get: =C
dt dt
• Now recall that the
rate at which charge
flows is current.

dVin
=> I c = C ………………(2)
dt
•Recall that because of the feed back, Ir = -Ic also because
of the zero volts between the resistor and the capacitor,
the voltage across the capacitor is – Vin and the voltage
across the resistor is Vout
• Now IT = V OUT / R
Vout dVin
• = - c
R dt
dVin
Finally Vout = − RC ………….(3)
dt
•From equation (3) we see that if the product of RC = 1

then Vout = - dVIN / dt

 Integrator

Again, the charge through the capacitor is given by

qc=CVout ……………(4)
• If we differentiate equation
(1) with respect to time we
get: dq c dVout
=C
dt dt
•Again recall that the rate at which charge flows is current.

dVout
=> I c = C ……………………. (3)

dt
•Now IT = VIN / R
 dVout Vin
• Ic = - Ir, hence C =-
dt R
dVout 1
=- ∗ Vin …………………(4)
dt RC
Integrating both sides of equation (4) gives

t
1
RC ∫0
Vout = - Vin dt + k Where k is the Vout at start time (t=0)
• Finally if RC = 1, then
t

• Vout = - ∫
0
Vin dt + k