You are on page 1of 25

School of Health and Social Care

Harvard Citing and Referencing Guide

Guide to citing and referencing source material in assignments

Terry OSullivan Principal Lecturer Kevin Cooper Academic Subject Librarian 11/12

Harvard Citing and Referencing Guide


Contents Introduction Using the Harvard System 5 Why use a referencing system? 5 Why the Harvard System? 5 The Basics Explained Collecting and logging references 6 Quoting and paraphrasing 6 In-text citations 6 Page numbers 6 The reference list 7 Hierarchy of sources 7 Slideshow 7 Refworks 7 Cannot find what you need 7 In-text Citation Single author Two authors More than two authors Chapter in an edited book Multiple citations Quoting Paraphrasing Secondary referencing Website citations Personal Communication 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 11 12 13 The Reference List Book 14 Edited book 14 Chapter in edited book 15 e-book 15 Reference book 16 Journal article 16 Internet journals 16 Websites 17 Professional magazines 17 Newspaper articles 17 Government Publications 18 A thesis or dissertation 18 TV and radio broadcasts 19 Films and commercial video 19 Podcasts 20 Personal communication 20 Lectures 21 Example Reference List Acknowledgements Index 22 24 25

Introduction
The purpose of this guide is to provide a consistent approach to citing and referencing sources in assignments across the School of Health and Social Care. The guide sets out to promote good academic practices based on principles of good scholarship. These principles include, Properly acknowledge all sources that you use in your assignment. Give enough information so that the reader is able to find the sources for themselves if they wish. The Guide is divided into four sections Introduction Basics Explained In-text citations Reference List Entries Using the Harvard System A reference to source material should contain sufficient information to allow you and your readers to trace material to its original source. It is very important to be consistent and accurate when citing references. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference. The School of Health & Social Care requires you to use the Harvard System for all your academic work. Why use a referencing system? A formal system of referencing is necessary to acknowledge the work of other writers in a standard way and to demonstrate the body of knowledge that you have based your work on. During your studies you will often refer to work written by others. You must properly reference your sources and failure to do so, gives the impression you are presenting their ideas as yours. Hence, not referencing your sources is the academic offence of 'plagiarism', which is defined as the unacknowledged use of the work of others. Why the Harvard System? A standard system makes it easier to trace sources efficiently. There are a number of systems for referencing but the School uses the Harvard System. This system was developed in the USA and it has become internationally the most common system in use. It is sometimes called the author/date system as well. The Harvard System has the advantages of flexibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use for both author and reader. References are listed alphabetically in a Reference List and cited in the text by simply giving the authors surname and date of publication. 5

The Basics Explained


This section gives an overview of the basic aspects of citing and referencing which are explained in more detailed later. Collecting and logging references: When you begin to collect information, you should develop a systematic method for recording the source of the material. Before starting your assignment you will read relevant sources that you have found and make notes. When doing this, for each note you make, routinely log where you found the idea, including the page number and record whether it is a direct quote, a paraphrase or an idea. Also make sure you have the full reference to books before you return them to the library and write the full reference of the source on any photocopies you make. This will not only help you compile your Reference List, but will help you locate the item again. Quoting, paraphrasing, summarising and using the ideas of others Quoting is when you use the exact words of the author. Paraphrasing is when you express what the author has written using different words, usually to be more succinct or to adapt it to fit with your assignment. Summarising usually involves concisely outlining what the author has said about a particular topic or subject. Sometimes you may wish to use an authors idea or concept in your assignment. In-text citations In-text citations are the way you acknowledge in your assignment that you are drawing from the work of others. All statements, opinions, conclusions, ideas etc. taken from another author's work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. To enable the reader to find the full reference in the Reference List, citations in the text should give the author's surname name with the year of publication and page number, if relevant. Where the authors name appears naturally in the sentence, the publication year and page number, if relevant, are given in brackets after the authors name. In all other cases, the authors surname, publication year and page number, if relevant, are given in brackets. Page numbers In-text citations for all direct quotes should give the relevant page numbers. In-text citations for paraphrases should also give the page number of the source sentence/s. When you are referring to a published text in general or summarising the main argument of a book, chapter or journal article, giving the page number does not apply as there is no specific page number to give. Giving page numbers enables readers to trace the sources for themselves, which is one of the central purposes of citing and referencing source materials. 6

The reference list A Reference List gives a detailed description of the sources you have referred to in your assignment. All the references should be listed in alphabetical order by author's surname at the end of your assignment in a Reference List. All sources, no matter what their origin, should be in one alphabetical list. That is, you should not divide the list in sections (books, journals etc.). Include only those sources you actually referred to in your assignment. Hierarchy of sources This guide gives guidance on how to reference a wide variety of sources. Although there will be occasions and circumstances when each of these can be appropriately used, generally sources are not considered to have equal value in providing support for arguments and analysis in assignments. Generally academic journals are at the top of the list, providing the most valuable source of support, while at the bottom would be websites and lecture notes. In appropriate places the guide gives advice about the appropriateness or otherwise of the various kinds of sources that potentially could be used in assignments. Slideshow You can find a slideshow giving an 'Overview of Harvard Referencing' on the Blackboard Social Work Subject Site. Go the Blackboard enter the 'Social Work Subject Site' and click on the 'Study Skills' menu and you will find the slideshow in the 'Harvard Referencing' folder. Refworks If you want to use 'Refworks', the online personal bibliographic management tool, to generate your 'Reference List', use the Harvard (University of Lincoln) output style. This will generate a Reference List very similar to the Health and Social Care Harvard Style given in this Guide. Cannot find what you need In this guide you will find all the types of sources you are likely to use. If there is a type of source that you want to refer to that is not included, you can refer to the University's 'Complete Guide to Harvard Referencing'. You can find this on the Portal if you follow these links. Portal/ Services /library /help guides /learning development help guides. You will find the 'Complete Guide' under 'Referencing and Plagiarism'.

In-text Citation
Generally speaking in-text citations contain three pieces of information, author's surname, date of publication and page number where appropriate. Single author Spencer (2006: 52) suggests, the proliferation of new and expanded roles and responsibilities for nurses [] requires a corresponding growth in academic provision. In a recent study Hendrick (2003: 241) found poverty has often been characterised by hidden misery, violence and psychological disturbance. or Poverty has often been characterised by hidden misery, violence and psychological disturbance (Hendrick, 2003: 241). When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by adding lower case letters after the year of publication within the brackets. Munro (2002a:107) argues that children in public care are vulnerable to a failure of active decision making. Two authors Give both surnames names linked by and. Assessment forms an integral part of the social work process (Parker and Bradley, 2003:8). The introduction of changes in the 1990s brought GPs within budgetary control measures for hospital and community services (Moon and North, 2000: 84). More than two authors Give the first name only, followed by et al (the Latin for and others) Payne et al (1998:23) highlight the difficulties of grasping social work values and ethics. There has been a significant rise in demand for our-of-hours services (Rogers et al, 1999: 34).

Chapter in an edited book The in-text citation of a chapter in an edited book such as Critical Practice in Social Work edited by Adams, Dominelli and Payne is the author of the chapter and the publication date of the edited book. The in-text citation for the following quote from Chapter 11, Fostering and Adoption by Helen Cosis Brown would be, Fostering and Adoption are two separate areas of practice governed by separate legislation and policy." (Brown, 2002:106) The entry in the Reference List would be, as explained on page 16, Brown, H. C. (2002) Fostering and Adoption in R. Adams, L. Dominelli and M. Payne (eds) Critical Practice in Social Work, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 106-115. Multiple citations If more than one source is referred to within a sentence to back up an idea, list the sources in alphabetical order by authors surname, with the sources separated by a semi colon. Undertaking an assessment demands the sensitive consideration of ethnic background (Coulshed and Orme, 1998:31; Cournoyer, 1991:77). Quoting Quotations from a published work should be used sparingly. When quoting directly use quotation marks as well as acknowledging the author's name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets. Short quotations (e.g. up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text:Bagley (2000) argues that the level of abuse from adult recall studies may be incorrect, as "only those with stable lifestyles are located in these surveys (p.172). Direct quotes of more than two lines in length should be separated out from your own text as shown in the example below. Note the space above and below the quote and the quote itself is indented. While assignments have 1.5 line spacing, the quote itself is single-spaced.

Example There is therefore a clear need to avoid making the assumption that womens role as carers are natural or that men are not cut out for caring. As Fisher (1994) argues, the assumption that men will find caring difficult: Allows service providers to cite the carers masculine gender as evidence of the need for service. It allows the myth of the incompetent man to be reproduced, and to be imposed on male carers and on care receivers. (Fisher, 1994: 673) Patriarchal ideology is therefore very significant in relation to caring roles and something that we should be very wary of reinforcing.

Longer quotations like the one below should be used very infrequently. Most people would prefer to die in their own home and even when people die in a hospital or hospice most of their care will take place in their own homes with the help and unpaid work of their close family and friends (lay carers). People who die at home will normally do so as the result of a long-term illness, often marked by persistent and distressing symptoms. (Taylor and Field, 1997:175) Use three dots (), called an ellipsis, to indicate when you shorten a quotation by omitting part of it All too often clinicians work under a veil of ignorance. (Little, 1995: 65) Sometimes you need to add one or two words to make the quotation read correctly. Do this by putting the added word or words in square brackets. In spite of the varying estimates produced, there can be no doubt that there is a large base group of children who have been, or are being, maltreated [and] only a fraction of them are being reported to child protection practitioners. (Creighton, 1995: 19) Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is where you repeat what the author has written using different words, usually to shorten or adapt it to fit your assignment. A paraphrase usually picks out the key point/s or succinctly states what the authors argument is. When paraphrasing you still need to acknowledge where you found the ideas by using an in-text citation. There are two forms of in-text

10

citation for paraphrases of an author's work. Firstly, when you use the authors name in the sentence, as in, Murphy and Harbin (2000:7) highlight the trend of substance misuse having a negative impact on the willingness and ability of parents to cooperate with social workers. Secondly, when you do not use the authors name in the actual sentence, as in, The comparatively young age of the children may reflect the success of initiatives to address permanence planning earlier (Sargent, 2003:50). As stated above, it is good practice for the in-text citation for a paraphrase to give the page number of the paraphrased sentence/s. However you obviously do not give the page numbers when you are referring to a published text in general or summarising the main argument/s of a whole book, chapter or journal article. For example, Although Skeates and Jabris (1988) report was a positive intervention into the debate, 1988 was also the year that section 28 of the Local Government Act was made law in Great Britain, remaining on the statute in Scotland until 2000 and in England and Wales until 2003. Secondary referencing A source that you have not read but have found referred to in another work is known as a secondary reference. For example, you might read in Crawford and Walker (2003: 17). Paul Baltes (1987) developed seven theoretical proportions of life-span developmental psychology. Secondary referencing is when you refer to the work of an author you have not read (for example Paul Baltes) cited in a source you have read (for example Crawford and Walker, 2003: 17) and the primary source (Paul Baltes) is not available for you to read. Secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible. You should get a copy of the primary source and use that as your information source. If you have not got access to the primary source but really need to refer to it in your assignment, you should give an intext citation of the primary source and the source you have read. For example, Human development is plastic, is one of the seven theoretical propositions proposed by Paul Baltes (1987, cited in Crawford and Walker, 2003: 17). In your Reference List, ensure that it is only the source you have read that is listed. This would be 'Crawford and Walker' in the above example.

11

Website citations You need to remember that the purpose of all in-text citations is to provide a key to the Reference List where the full details can be found. The whole point is to have minimum information in the text. You need to particularly remember this with in-text citations for websites and webpages. To illustrate this, find the full reference to (Mapstone, 2006) and (BAAF, undated) in the Reference List on pages 23-24. You will see that these two sources are in fact websites. These two examples clearly show how the in-text citations are only a key to finding the full information in List of References. If the website or pages has a named author, use this as the in-text citation, together with the year of publication or last revision/updating. The BASW website states that there is a great deal of variation across the country and the government proposals would a least contribute to creating a more level playing field (Mapstone, 2006). It is not uncommon for there to be no individual/s identified as the author/s. When this is the case use the publisher or maintainer of the site with the year of publication or last revision/updating. When websites have no date - which is not uncommon - put (undated) instead of the date. The following in-text citation to the British Association of Adoption and Fostering (BAAF) website, illustrates both of these points "In practice, this means that the child is no longer the responsibility of the local authority, and the special guardian will have more clear responsibility for all day-to day decisions about caring for the child or young person, and for taking important decisions about their upbringing, for example, their education." (BAAF, undated) It you have difficulty identifying the organisation, look at the home page and the first part of the web address which will usually give a strong indication of the publisher or maintainer of the site. When the maintainer of the website remains unknown, use the title of the page or site as the point of reference. For example, "Most patients find it helpful simply to talk about their worries to people who understand." (Kidney Patient Guide, 2000) Remember the in-text citation is only a key to find the full reference in the Reference List. The full references to all the in-text citation in this section can be found on pages 23 and 24.

12

Personal Communication The citation of personal communications should be used sparingly. You need to decide whether or not it is appropriate to give the actual name of the person. You should only use their name with their permission. When giving the persons name, give their surname, the type of communication and the year of the communication. When not giving their name, give their occupation or role, the type of communication and the year of the communication. Examples, Gina Hardesty (personal communication, 2007) stated that service users feel there were still many barriers to service user involvement to overcome. A Super Group member stated that service users feel there were still many barriers to service user involvement to overcome (Super Group member, personal communication, 2007). Service users feel there are still many barriers to service user involvement to overcome (Hardesty, personal communication, 2007). Service users feel there are still many barriers to service user involvement to overcome (Super Group member, personal communication, 2007).

13

The Reference List


The Reference List should appear at the end of your assignment. References should be listed in alphabetical order by author's name and then by date (earliest first), and then, if more than one item has been published by the same author during a specific year, by letter (2001a, 2001b etc). Whenever possible details should be taken from the title page of the publication and not from the front cover, which may be different. Authored books Include the following information. Author(s), editor(s) or the organisation responsible for writing the book. Year of publication of that edition (in brackets) ignore any reprints Title and subtitle (if any) in italics Edition if not the first Place of publication (if more than one listed used the first) Publisher

A book by a single author: Wilkinson, J. M. (2001) Nursing Process and Critical Thinking Third Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. A book by two authors: Crawford, K. and Walker, J. (2003) Social Work and Human Development, Exeter: Learning Matters. A book by more than two authors: Colton, M., Sanders, R. and Williams, M. (2001) An Introduction to Working with Children, Basingstoke: Palgrave. An edited book Details of how to reference 'a chapter' in an edited book are given under the next heading. However, if you are referring to the collection as a whole, the reference will be similar to other books with (ed.) and (eds.) inserted after the editors name/s. For example, Burgess, H. and Taylor, I. (eds.) (2005) Effective Learning and Teaching in Social Policy and Social Work, Abingdon: Routledge Falmer. 14

A chapter in an edited book: In an edited book, each chapter has a different author and it is the author of the chapter that is cited. The entry in your Reference List needs to include the following information in the order shown. McKeown, T. (1998) The role of medicine: dream, mirage or nemesis? in L. Mackay, K. Soothill and K. Melia (eds) Classic Texts in Health Care, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 31-4. Author(s) or the organisation responsible for writing the chapter. Year of publication of the edited book (in brackets) Chapter Title in single quote marks The word in The editor or editors name/s followed by (ed.) or (eds.) Book Title and subtitle (if any) in italics Edition if not the first. Place of publication (if more than one listed use the first) Publisher Page numbers of chapter

e-book Author/Editor surname, initial. Year of publication (in brackets) Title (in italics) Edition (if not the first) [e-book] Place of publication (if more than one listed, use the first) Publisher

Burr, V. (2003) Social Constructionism, Second Edition, [e-book] London: Routlege.

15

Reference book Generally this type of material does not have a named author or editor and it is acceptable to refer to the publication by its title. Charities Digest 2003 (2003) 109th edition. London: Waterlow Professional Publishing. Journal articles Include the following information. Author(s) of the article Year of publication (in brackets) Title of the articles in single quote marks. Title of the journal, in italics, Volume and part number (in brackets) Page numbers of the article

Smith, D. (2005) Probation and Social Work, British Journal of Social Work, 35(5): 621-637. Bryant, L. (1998) Scholarly dialogue: The ontology of the discipline of nursing, Nursing Science Quarterly, 11(4): 145-148. Journal articles accessed electronically (A to Z of Journals) Most journals are now available on-line as well as in hard copy. The on-line version will be exactly the same as the hard copy with the same page numbers. Such journals articles accessed electronically through, for example, the A to Z of Journals are referenced in the same way as the hard copy above. Burnett, A and Peel, M. (2001) 'Health needs of asylum seekers and refuges', British Medical Journal, 322(7285): 544-547. Internet journals (only published on the interact) Currently there are no definitive definitions but here the term internet journal will be used to refer to journals only available online, have no paper equivalent and tend to have open access. One such journal is Critical Social Work. Internet journals are referenced in a similar way to other journals but with additional information about the electronic source. Author(s) Year of publication (in brackets)

16

Title of article in single quote marks Journal title in italics, Volume and (part number) in brackets Page/s (if appropriate). [Online], Available from: URL [Accessed: date]

Webb, S. A. (2000) The Politics of Social Work: Power and Subjectivity Critical Social Work, 1(2), [Online], Available from: http://www.criticalsocialwork.com/units/socialwork/critical.nsf/982f0e5f0 6b5c9a285256d6e006cff78/6d7d850590867c4d85256ea700524df3?O penDocument [Accessed: 2nd March 2006]. Websites There are a number of ways of citing work from the Internet. A style that fits with the Harvard System has been chosen in order to maintain consistency. It is important to give the date when the information was accessed, as websites may be updated on a regular basis. Include the following information: Author/Organisation (see page 13) Year of publication, revision, updating or undated (in brackets) Title in italics [Online], Place of publication (if known), Publisher/maintainer of site. Available from: URL [Accessed: date] BBC News (2005) Yahoo in $1bn Chinese online deal [Online], London, BBC Online. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4140834.stm [Accessed 11th August 2005]. Professional magazine Professional magazines such as Community Care or Professional Social Work are set out in the following way. Hopkins, G. (2005) A clean break with the past, Community Care, Issue 1569: 21-27, April pp. 42-43. Newspaper article Dowden, R. (2006) Thousands of child 'witches' turned onto the streets to starve, The Observer, Sunday, February 12, p.8.

17

If no author name is given then the name of the newspaper should be given instead. In text citation would be (The Guardian, 2006) The Guardian (2006) MPs can make poverty history, Thursday January 19, p.27.

Government publications In broad terms White Papers contain statements of Government policy while Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion. They are cited in the same way. A White Paper Department of Health (1996) Choice and Opportunity: primary care: the future, Cm. 3390 London: Stationery Office. A Green Paper Department of Health (1998) Our Healthier Nation: a contract for health, Cm. 3854 London: Stationery Office. Government Guidance Department of Health (1991) The Children Act Guidance and Regulations Vol. 9 Adoption Issues, London: HMSO. Acts of Parliament Acts of Parliament are referenced by citing the title and including the chapter number for clarity. Acts are organised numerically throughout the year and the chapter number in this context is the number of the Act passed that year. Include the following information: Title of the act including the date- all in italics The chapter number of the Act (in brackets) Place of publication Publisher

The Children Act 2004 (c.145) London: HMSO. A thesis or dissertation: Include the following information. Author 18

Year of publication (in brackets) Title and subtitle (if any) in italics Place of publication, if known The word Unpublished' Type of work (dissertation or thesis) Institution

Hine, W. (2002) An investigation to explore social work students' understanding of an anti-oppressive approach and the barriers that can impede effective practice when working with the disabled society. Unpublished BA (Hons) dissertation, University of Lincoln. Television and radio broadcasts Include the following information. Programme title italics Year of production (in brackets) Channel Date of Transmission [medium: format].

Care House (2003) London. CH4. 25th November 2003, 21.00 hrs. [DVD]. Film or commercial video Include the following information. Title italics Year (in brackets) Subsidiary originator. (Optional but director is preferred note the director's name is not written surname first) Place of production, Organisation. [Medium:format].

One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest. (1975) Milos Forman. New York: Polygram [film: DVD].

19

Podcasts Broadcaster (year) Name of podcast [podcast] Organisation/publisher responsible Day and month of podcast Available from: web address [date accessed]

Taylor, L. (2011) 'Thinking Allowed: Goths and 'Chavs'' [podcast] BBC Radio 4 Wednesday 29 June Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/ta/all [Accessed 1 July 2011] Personal Communication The citation of personal communications should be used sparingly. You need to decide whether or not it is appropriate to give the actual name of the person. Only give the person's name with their permission. When you are giving the name of the person include the following information. Surname and initial of the person you have cited Year of communication in brackets Their occupation or role A title in italics (the topic of the personal communication) Type of communication in square brackets Who the communication was addressed to Exact date of the communication in square brackets Example layout Hardesty, G. (2007) SUPA Group Member, Service User Involvement, [personal communication] to T. O'Sullivan, [22 May 2007]. When you are not including the name of the person include the following information, Their occupation or role Year of communication in brackets A title in italics (the topic of the personal communication) Type of communication in square brackets Who the communication was addressed to Exact date of the communication in square brackets Example layout SUPA Group Member (2007) Service User Involvement, [personal communication] to T. O'Sullivan, [22 May 2007]. 20

Lectures When you want to use the work of an author that a lecturer has referred to in a lecture you need to follow the seconding referencing advice on page 12. This states you need to locate the primary source and use that as your source of information. If the original source is unavailable and it is imperative that your use this idea, you should follow the secondary referencing convention. For example, the in-text citation (Carson, 1995: 74 cited in O'Sullivan, 2010) with the entry in the Reference List, OSullivan, T. (2010) Analysing Options, SOW3006M Lecture 7, Friday 12th November. in your Reference List. If it is the lecturers own ideas you want to use, cite the lecture as your reference source. Keep references to lectures down to a minimum and avoid it you can. However, if you do use the lecturers ideas as a source of information you should have an in-text citation, for example, (O'Sullivan, 2010) and include the lecture in your Reference List. Include the lecturers name, title of the lecture, module code, lecture number and date of the lecture as below. OSullivan, T. (2010) Analysing Options, SOW3006M, Lecture 7, Friday 12th November.

21

Example Reference List Reference List BAAF (undated) Special Guardianship [online], London, British Association of Adoption and Fostering. Available from: http://www.baaf.org.uk/info/lpp/special/index.shtml [Accessed: 22 April 2006]. Brown, H. C. (2002) Fostering and Adoption in R. Adams, L. Dominelli and M. Payne (eds) Critical Practice in Social Work, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 106-115. Bryant, L. (1998) Scholarly dialogue: The ontology of the discipline of nursing, Nursing Science Quarterly, 11(4): 145-148. Burgess, H. and Taylor, I. (eds.) (2005) Effective Learning and Teaching in Social Policy and Social Work, Abingdon: Routledge Falmer. Burnett, A and Peel, M. (2001) 'Health needs of asylum seekers and refuges', British Medical Journal, 322(7285): 544-547. Colton, M., Sanders, R. and Williams, M. (2001) An Introduction to Working with Children, Basingstoke: Palgrave. Crawford, K. and Walker, J. (2003) Social Work and Human Development, Exeter: Learning Matters. Hopkins, G. (2005) A clean break with the past, Community Care, Issue 1569: 21-27, April pp. 42-43. Kidney Patient Guide (2000) Kidney Patient Guide [online], Available from: http://www.kidneypatientguide.org.uk/site/anxiety.php [Accessed: 2 May 2006]. Lewis, G. (1998) Citizenship in G. Hughes (ed) Imagining Welfare Futures, London: Routledge, pp. 103-150. Mapstone, N. (2006) BASW Response to DfES Consultation on National Minimum Fostering Allowance [online], Birmingham, British Association of Social Workers. Available From: http://www.basw.co.uk/articles.php?articleId=464 [Accessed: 3 May 2006]. Moon, G. and North, N. (2000) Policy and Place: General Medical Practice in the UK, Basingstoke: Macmillan. Murphy, M. and Harbin, F. (2000) Background and current context of substance misuse and child care, in F. Harbin and M. Murphy (eds) Substance Misuse and Child Care, Lyme Regis: Russell House Publishing, pp. 1-8.

22

OSullivan, T. (2006) Uncertainty and Decision Analysis, SCW182 Lecture 7, 8 June. Rogers, A., Hassell, K. and Nicolass, G. (1999) Demanding Patients? Analysing the Use of Primary Care, Buckingham: Open University Press. Sargent, S. (2003) Adoption and Looked After Children: a comparison of legal initiatives on the UK and the USA, Adoption and Fostering, 27(2): 44-52. Skeates, J. and Jabri, D. (1988) Fostering and Adoption by Lesbians and Gay Men, London: London Strategic Policy Unit. Smith, D. (2005) Probation and Social Work, British Journal of Social Work, 35(5): 621-637. Spencer, R. (2006) Nurses, midwives and health visitors perceptions of the impact of higher education on professional practice, Nurse Education Today, 26: 45-53. Taylor, L. (2011) 'Thinking Allowed: Goths and 'Chavs'' [podcast] BBC Radio 4 Wednesday 29 June Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/ta/all [Accessed 1 July 2011] Webb, S. A. (2000) The Politics of Social Work: Power and Subjectivity Critical Social work, 1(2), [Online], Available from: http://www.criticalsocialwork.com/units/socialwork/critical.nsf/982f0e5f06b5c9 a285256d6e006cff78/6d7d850590867c4d85256ea700524df3?OpenDocumen t [Accessed: 2nd March 2006]. Wilkinson, J. M. (2001) Nursing Process and Critical Thinking Third Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

23

If you require further assistance or guidance with referencing please contact your academic subject librarian Kevin Cooper Email: kcooper@lincoln.ac.uk Phone: 01482 311682 Acknowledgment is given to the use of the following sources in the compilation of this guide British Standards Institution (1990) BS5605:1990 Recommendations for Citing and Referencing Published Material, Milton Keynes: BSI. Learning Support Services (2002) Quote, Unquote: The Harvard Style of Referencing Third Editon, Leeds: Leeds Metropolitan University. Shields, G. and Walton, G. (1995) Cite Them Right: How To Organise Bibliographic References Third Edition, Newcastle: University of Northumbria. University of Surrey (2005) Harvard Referencing: A Guide for EHIMS Students, [online] Available from: http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/portal/page?_pageid=734,205496&_dad=portal&_sc hema=PORTAL [Accessed 27th February 2006].

24

Index Books, 8, 9, 14-16, Edited book 14 Single author 8 Two authors 8 More than two authors 8 Chapter in an edited book 9,15 e-book 15 Reference book 16 Cannot find what you want 7 Dissertation 18 DVD 19 Government Publications 18 Hierarchy of sources 7 Internet journals 16 In-text citations 6, 8 Journal articles 16 Lectures 21 Magazines 17 Multiple citations 9 Newspaper articles 17 Paraphrasing 10, 6 Personal Communication 13, 20 Podcasts, 20 Professional magazines 17 Quoting 6, 9 Radio broadcasts 19 Reference list 7, 14 Refworks 7 Secondary referencing 11 Slideshow 7 Summarising 6 Thesis or dissertation 18 TV broadcasts 19 Websites 12, 17

25

You might also like