CCNA Student Guide Chapters 1-2 Networking Fundamentals

Hands-On CCNA Student Guide
Table of Contents
Conventions ......................................................................................................................3
Table of Figures..............................................................................................................25
Chapter 1 - CCNA Certification Process...................................................................... 33
About This Chapter .....................................................................................................33
Introduction ....................................................................................................................33
CCNA Certification........................................................................................................33
Gaining and Certifying Foundation Skills ..................................................................34
Benefits of CCNA Certification..................................................................................34
The Path to CCNA Certification .................................................................................35
The CCNA Exam 640-801 .............................................................................................35
Chapter 2 - Internetworking.......................................................................................... 39
CCNA Objectives Covered in this Chapter.................................................................39
Introduction ....................................................................................................................39
Hierarchical Cisco Model...............................................................................................40
Access Layer ...............................................................................................................40
Distribution Layer .......................................................................................................40
Core Layer...................................................................................................................41
Types of Networks..........................................................................................................41
LANs ...........................................................................................................................41
WANs..........................................................................................................................42
MANs ..........................................................................................................................42
Network Topologies .......................................................................................................42
Bus...............................................................................................................................43
Star ..............................................................................................................................43
Ring .............................................................................................................................44
Mesh ............................................................................................................................45
Data Transmission and Signaling ...................................................................................45
Unicast ............................................................................................................................45
Broadcast ........................................................................................................................46
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Hands-On CCNA
Multicast .........................................................................................................................46
Signaling Methods..........................................................................................................46
Analog .........................................................................................................................46
Digital..........................................................................................................................47
Baseband and Broadband ...............................................................................................48
Broadband ...................................................................................................................48
Full Duplex..................................................................................................................49
Half Duplex .................................................................................................................49
Simplex........................................................................................................................49
LAN Media.....................................................................................................................50
Twisted Pair Cable..........................................................................................................50
Shielded Twisted Pair..................................................................................................50
Unshielded Twisted Pair .............................................................................................51
Twisted Pair Cable Categories ....................................................................................52
Coaxial Cable .................................................................................................................53
10BASE-2 (ThinNet) ..................................................................................................53
10BASE-5 (ThickNet).................................................................................................54
Media Attachment Units .............................................................................................56
5/4/3 Rule ....................................................................................................................56
Fiber Optic Cable............................................................................................................56
10BASE-F Architecture ..............................................................................................57
Access Methods..............................................................................................................58
Ethernet .......................................................................................................................58
CSMA/CD...................................................................................................................59
Switched Ethernet .......................................................................................................60
Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 Comparison ...............................................................................60
Fast, Switched and Gigabit Ethernet ...........................................................................64
Token Ring..................................................................................................................65
Token Passing .............................................................................................................67
FDDI............................................................................................................................70
Networking Equipment...................................................................................................73
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OSI Equipment Summary ...........................................................................................74

Repeaters ........................................................................................................................74
Hubs................................................................................................................................74
Cisco Hubs ..................................................................................................................76
Hub Summary .............................................................................................................76
Bridges............................................................................................................................76
Bridge Summary .........................................................................................................78
Switches..........................................................................................................................78
Switching Hub.............................................................................................................79
Cisco Switches ............................................................................................................79
Switch Summary .........................................................................................................79
Routers............................................................................................................................80
Cisco Routers ..............................................................................................................81
Router Summary .........................................................................................................81
WAN Architecture..........................................................................................................82
Point-to-Point WAN Connections ..................................................................................82
DTE .............................................................................................................................82
DCE/DCTE .................................................................................................................82
Leased Lines................................................................................................................83
DDS/56Kbps ...............................................................................................................83
T1/E1...........................................................................................................................83
T3/E3...........................................................................................................................84
WAN Switching .............................................................................................................84
Public Switched Telephone Network..........................................................................84
Circuit Switching.........................................................................................................84
Packet Switching .........................................................................................................85
Virtual Circuits ...............................................................................................................85
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ........................................................................................86
Synchronous Optical Network .......................................................................................87
Comparison of Connection Types...............................................................................88
Virtual Private Networks ................................................................................................88
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Key Facts Summary........................................................................................................89

Hub Summary .............................................................................................................89
Bridge Summary .........................................................................................................89
Switch Summary .........................................................................................................89
Router Summary .........................................................................................................90
Self-Evaluation ...............................................................................................................90
Chapter 3 - The OSI and DOD Layered Network Models.......................................... 92
CCNA Objectives Covered in this Chapter.................................................................92
Introduction ....................................................................................................................92
Connection Oriented and Connectionless Protocols ......................................................93
Connection Oriented Protocols ...................................................................................94
Connectionless Protocols ............................................................................................94
Routable and Non-routable Protocols.............................................................................95
Routable Protocols ......................................................................................................95
Non-routable Protocols ...............................................................................................96
OSI Model ......................................................................................................................96
Benefits of OSI Layered Model ..................................................................................97
Encapsulation/De-Encapsulation....................................................................................97
Encapsulation Summary..............................................................................................99
Protocols Using the OSI Model......................................................................................99
Tunneling ..................................................................................................................101
Protocol Stacks..........................................................................................................101
OSI Protocol Summary .............................................................................................101
OSI Protocol Suite ........................................................................................................102
The OSI Lower Layers .................................................................................................102
Physical Layer ..............................................................................................................102
Physical Layer Summary ..........................................................................................103
Data Link Layer............................................................................................................103
Frames .......................................................................................................................104
IEEE Sub-Layers.......................................................................................................104
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Logical Link Control (LLC) Sub-layer .....................................................................105

Media Access Control (MAC) Sub-layer..................................................................105
The MAC Address ....................................................................................................105
MAC Address Resolution .........................................................................................106
Data Link Layer Summary........................................................................................107
Network Layer..............................................................................................................108
Path Determination....................................................................................................108
Packet Switching .......................................................................................................108
Network Layer Addressing .......................................................................................109
Logical Address Structure.........................................................................................110
Network Layer Summary ..........................................................................................111
The OSI Upper Layers..................................................................................................111
Transport Layer ............................................................................................................111
Flow Control .............................................................................................................111
Error Checking ..........................................................................................................112
Protocols....................................................................................................................112
Packets.......................................................................................................................112
Datagrams..................................................................................................................113
Segment.....................................................................................................................113
Message.....................................................................................................................113
Cells...........................................................................................................................113
Data Unit ...................................................................................................................114
Transport Layer Summary ........................................................................................114
Session Layer................................................................................................................114
Session Layer Summary............................................................................................115
Presentation Layer ........................................................................................................115
Presentation Layer Summary ....................................................................................116
Application Layer .........................................................................................................116
Application Layer Summary .....................................................................................117
The DOD Reference Model..........................................................................................117
Key Facts Summary......................................................................................................118
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Self-Evaluation .............................................................................................................119
Chapter 4 - Cisco IOS Command Line Interface ...................................................... 122
About This Chapter ...................................................................................................122
Hands-On CCNA Labs..............................................................................................122
CCNA Objectives Covered in this Chapter...............................................................122
Introduction ..................................................................................................................122
Cisco Internet Operating System (IOS) ....................................................................122
Cisco IOS Modes..........................................................................................................123
Entering Commands .....................................................................................................125
Command Syntax Check...........................................................................................125
Command Abbreviation ............................................................................................126
Help System ..............................................................................................................127
Hot Keys....................................................................................................................131
Tab-Key Command Expansion .................................................................................133
Self Evaluation .............................................................................................................135
Chapter 5 - Cisco Router Configuration .................................................................... 136
Router Structure............................................................................................................137
Chassis.......................................................................................................................137
Boards........................................................................................................................137
Interfaces ...................................................................................................................137
Ports...........................................................................................................................138
Processors..................................................................................................................138
Memory .....................................................................................................................138
Viewing Router Configuration .....................................................................................139
Router Configuration.................................................................................................140
Viewing Protocol Configuration ..................................................................................143
Protocol Configuration..............................................................................................144
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Viewing Interface Configuration..................................................................................146

Interfaces ...................................................................................................................146
Subinterfaces .............................................................................................................147
Show Interfaces Command .......................................................................................148
Show Interface Command.........................................................................................149
Configuration Files .......................................................................................................150
Viewing Router Configuration Files .........................................................................150
Saving Router Configuration Files............................................................................152
Loading Router Configuration Files .........................................................................152
Basic Router Configuration Using the CLI ..................................................................153
Setting Router Hostname ..........................................................................................153
Setting Router Banners..............................................................................................154
Passwords ..................................................................................................................154
Configuring Interfaces..................................................................................................159
Initial Configuration of a Cisco Router Using Setup ...................................................161
Self Evaluation .............................................................................................................167
Chapter 6 - Internetworking with TCP/IP ................................................................. 169
Introduction ..................................................................................................................169
TCP...............................................................................................................................170
TCP Summary ...........................................................................................................171
UDP ..............................................................................................................................171
TCP/UDP Summary..................................................................................................172
IP...................................................................................................................................172
ICMP .........................................................................................................................173
IP Summary...............................................................................................................174
TCP Application Layer Services ..................................................................................174
Ports...........................................................................................................................174
Well-known Ports and Applications .........................................................................175
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Sockets ......................................................................................................................175
FTP ............................................................................................................................176
TELNET....................................................................................................................176
SMTP ........................................................................................................................176
DNS...........................................................................................................................176
TFTP..........................................................................................................................177
HTTP.........................................................................................................................178
POP3..........................................................................................................................178
SNMP ........................................................................................................................179
IP Address Resolution and IP Addressing....................................................................179
Local Address Resolution .........................................................................................179
ARP ...........................................................................................................................179
RARP ........................................................................................................................180
BootP.........................................................................................................................181
IP Addressing ...............................................................................................................181
Network ID................................................................................................................182
Host ID ......................................................................................................................184
IPv6 ...........................................................................................................................185
Private Network Addresses ..........................................................................................186
Network Address Translation (NAT) ...........................................................................186
PAT (NAT Overload)...................................................................................................187
Sub-netting....................................................................................................................188
Summary ...................................................................................................................193
Classless Interdomain Routing..................................................................................194
Self Evaluation .............................................................................................................195
Chapter 7 - IP Routing with Cisco Devices ................................................................ 197
Introduction ..................................................................................................................198
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Static, Default and Dynamic Routing .......................................................................200

Static Routing............................................................................................................200
Default Routing .........................................................................................................201
Dynamic Routing ......................................................................................................202
Routing Protocols .........................................................................................................203
Metrics.......................................................................................................................204
Routing Protocol Classes ..........................................................................................205
Link-State .....................................................................................................................205
Distance-Vector ............................................................................................................205
Split Horizon .............................................................................................................206
Hold-downs ...............................................................................................................206
Route Poisoning ........................................................................................................206
Flash (Triggered) Updates.........................................................................................207
Hybrid...........................................................................................................................207
Comparison of Routing Protocol Classes.....................................................................207
Interior Routing Protocols ............................................................................................208
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) .........................................................................208
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) ..............................................................211
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) ...........................................214
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)..................................................................................215
Self Evaluation .............................................................................................................216
Chapter 8 - Routing Non IP Protocols in the Cisco Environment ........................... 218
Introduction ..................................................................................................................219
IPX Addressing.............................................................................................................219
IPX Node Number.....................................................................................................219
IPX Network Addresses ............................................................................................219
IPX Encapsulation ........................................................................................................220
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IPX Routing..................................................................................................................222
Service Advertising Protocol ....................................................................................223
IPX RIP .....................................................................................................................224
NetWare Link-Services Protocol ..............................................................................227
Configuring IPX Load Balancing .............................................................................227
Monitoring IPX.............................................................................................................228
Debugging IPX..........................................................................................................228
Self Evaluation .............................................................................................................231
Chapter 9 - Implementation and Operation of Cisco Devices .................................. 233
Introduction ..................................................................................................................233
Verifying Network Connectivity ..................................................................................234
Cisco Discovery Protocol..........................................................................................234
CDP Configuration....................................................................................................239
ping............................................................................................................................241
traceroute...................................................................................................................243
Telnet.........................................................................................................................244
Connection Establishment.........................................................................................245
Hostnames .................................................................................................................248
Managing Configuration Files......................................................................................250
Saving Configurations...............................................................................................250
Backing-up Configurations .......................................................................................250
Upgrading IOS ..........................................................................................................252
Self-Evaluation .............................................................................................................257
Chapter 10 - Traffic Management Using Cisco Access Lists.................................... 260
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Introduction ..................................................................................................................260
Standard IP Access Lists ..............................................................................................262
Creating A Standard IP Access List..........................................................................263
Applying Standard IP Access Lists...........................................................................264
Extended IP Access Lists .............................................................................................266
Creating An Extended IP Access List .......................................................................267
Applying An Extended Access List ..........................................................................271
IPX Access Lists...........................................................................................................271
Creating a Standard IPX Access List ........................................................................271
IPX SAP Access Lists ...............................................................................................272
Self Evaluation .............................................................................................................273
Chapter 11 - Implementing WAN Technology .......................................................... 276
Introduction ..................................................................................................................276
Internetworking with HDLC ........................................................................................278
Internetworking with PPP.............................................................................................279
PPP Connection Establishment .................................................................................280
Configuring PPP........................................................................................................283
Monitoring and Debugging PPP ...............................................................................287
Internetworking with ISDN ..........................................................................................288
ISDN Services ...........................................................................................................288
ISDN Components ....................................................................................................289
Service Profile Identifier (SPIDs) .............................................................................290
Configuring ISDN .....................................................................................................290
Configuring DDR......................................................................................................292
Monitoring and Debugging ISDN.............................................................................296
Internetworking with Frame Relay...............................................................................298
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Data-Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) ..................................................................300

Congestion Management...........................................................................................300
Local Management Interface.....................................................................................301
Configuring Frame Relay..........................................................................................302
Monitoring and Debugging Frame Relay..................................................................305
Self Evaluation .............................................................................................................307
Chapter 12 - Cisco Switch Implementation and Operation...................................... 309
LAN Switching.............................................................................................................310
Configuration of a Cisco 1900 Switch .........................................................................313
Menu Interface ..........................................................................................................313
Command Line Interface...........................................................................................315
Visual Switch Manager (Web Interface)...................................................................317
Spanning Tree...............................................................................................................318
Port States and Status ................................................................................................319
Virtual LANs ................................................................................................................321
Frame Tagging ..........................................................................................................322
VLAN Trunk Protocol ..............................................................................................323
Inter-Switch Link Protocol........................................................................................324
Creating VLANs .......................................................................................................324
Self Evaluation .............................................................................................................328
Appendix A - Hands-on Lab Sessions ......................................................................... 330
Hands-On Lab Session 1 .............................................................................................. 330
1.1 Logging into your router.........................................................................................330
About this lab ............................................................................................................330
Objectives..................................................................................................................330
Cisco CCNA objectives: ...........................................................................................330
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Instructions ................................................................................................................331
1.2 Cisco IOS Router Configuration Modes ................................................................333
About this lab ............................................................................................................333
Objectives..................................................................................................................333
Cisco CCNA objective:.............................................................................................333
Instructions ................................................................................................................333
1.3 Getting help with commands..................................................................................336
About this lab ............................................................................................................336
Objectives..................................................................................................................337
Instructions ................................................................................................................337
1.4 Entering and editing commands .............................................................................341
About this lab ............................................................................................................341
Objectives..................................................................................................................342
Instructions ................................................................................................................342
1.5 Practical ..................................................................................................................346
About this lab ............................................................................................................346
Objectives..................................................................................................................347
Instructions ................................................................................................................347
2.1 Viewing Basic Router Configuration ....................................................................349
About this lab ............................................................................................................349
Objectives..................................................................................................................349
Instructions ................................................................................................................349
2.2 Viewing Interface Configuration............................................................................354
About this lab ............................................................................................................354
Objectives..................................................................................................................354
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Instructions ................................................................................................................354
2.3 Displaying Running and Startup Configurations....................................................362
About this lab ............................................................................................................362
Objectives..................................................................................................................362
Instructions ................................................................................................................363
2.4 Setting Router Hostname........................................................................................368
About this lab ............................................................................................................368
Objectives..................................................................................................................368
Instructions ................................................................................................................368
2.5 Setting Router Banners...........................................................................................370
About this lab ............................................................................................................370
Objectives..................................................................................................................370
Instructions ................................................................................................................371
2.6 Setting Passwords ...................................................................................................373
About this lab ............................................................................................................373
Objectives..................................................................................................................373
Instructions ................................................................................................................374
2.7 Encrypting Passwords ............................................................................................385
About this lab ............................................................................................................385
Objectives..................................................................................................................385
Instructions ................................................................................................................385
2.8 Initial Configuration of a Cisco Router ..................................................................388
About this lab ............................................................................................................388
Objectives..................................................................................................................389
Instructions ................................................................................................................389
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2.9 Configuring Router Interfaces ................................................................................396

About this lab ............................................................................................................396
Objectives..................................................................................................................396
Instructions ................................................................................................................397
2.10 Saving Configurations ..........................................................................................402
About this lab ............................................................................................................402
Objectives..................................................................................................................402
Instructions ................................................................................................................402
2.11 Practical ................................................................................................................404
About this lab ............................................................................................................404
Objectives..................................................................................................................404
Instructions ................................................................................................................405
3.1 Viewing IP Routes..................................................................................................410
About this lab ............................................................................................................410
Objectives..................................................................................................................410
Instructions ................................................................................................................410
3.2 Using Telnet ...........................................................................................................411
About this lab ............................................................................................................411
Objectives..................................................................................................................412
Instructions ................................................................................................................412
3.3 Static Routes ...........................................................................................................417
About this lab ............................................................................................................417
Objectives..................................................................................................................417
Instructions ................................................................................................................417
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3.4 Default Routes ........................................................................................................422

About this lab ............................................................................................................422
Objectives..................................................................................................................422
Instructions ................................................................................................................422
3.5 RIP ..........................................................................................................................425
About this lab ............................................................................................................425
Objectives..................................................................................................................426
Instructions ................................................................................................................426
3.6 IGRP .......................................................................................................................430
About this lab ............................................................................................................430
Objectives..................................................................................................................431
Instructions ................................................................................................................431
3.7 Practical ..................................................................................................................434
About this lab ............................................................................................................434
Objectives..................................................................................................................434
Instructions ................................................................................................................435
4.1 IPX Routing............................................................................................................436
About this lab ............................................................................................................436
Objectives..................................................................................................................436
Instructions ................................................................................................................437
4.2 Viewing IPX Interfaces ..........................................................................................442
About this lab ............................................................................................................442
Objectives..................................................................................................................443
Instructions ................................................................................................................443
4.3 Viewing IPX Servers and Traffic ...........................................................................449
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About this lab ............................................................................................................449

Objectives..................................................................................................................449
Instructions ................................................................................................................449
4.4 Configuring Load Balancing with IPX...................................................................452
About this lab ............................................................................................................452
Objectives..................................................................................................................452
Instructions ................................................................................................................452
4.5 Practical ..................................................................................................................454
About this lab ............................................................................................................454
Objectives..................................................................................................................454
Instructions ................................................................................................................455
5.1 IP Name Resolution (Hosts) ...................................................................................457
About this lab ............................................................................................................457
Objectives..................................................................................................................457
Instructions ................................................................................................................457
5.2 Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)............................................................................459
About this lab ............................................................................................................459
Objectives..................................................................................................................459
Instructions ................................................................................................................459
5.3 Traceroute...............................................................................................................466
About this lab ............................................................................................................466
Objectives..................................................................................................................466
Instructions ................................................................................................................466
5.4 Backing up IOS ......................................................................................................467
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About this lab ............................................................................................................467

Objectives..................................................................................................................468
Instructions ................................................................................................................468
5.5 Restoring IOS .........................................................................................................470
About this lab ............................................................................................................470
Objectives..................................................................................................................470
Instructions ................................................................................................................471
5.6 Practical ..................................................................................................................473
About this lab ............................................................................................................473
Objectives..................................................................................................................473
Instructions ................................................................................................................473
6.1 Creating and Applying an Access-List...................................................................475
About this lab ............................................................................................................475
Objectives..................................................................................................................475
Instructions ................................................................................................................475
6.2 Creating and applying an extended IP access list...................................................480
About this lab ............................................................................................................480
Objectives..................................................................................................................480
Instructions ................................................................................................................481
6.3 Practical ..................................................................................................................486
About this lab ............................................................................................................486
Objectives..................................................................................................................486
Instructions ................................................................................................................487
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7.1 Networking with PPP .............................................................................................489

About this lab ............................................................................................................489
Objectives..................................................................................................................489
Instructions ................................................................................................................489
7.2 Configuring ISDN ..................................................................................................491
About this lab ............................................................................................................491
Objectives..................................................................................................................491
Instructions ................................................................................................................492
7.3 Configuring Frame Relay .......................................................................................495
About this lab ............................................................................................................495
Objectives..................................................................................................................496
Instructions ................................................................................................................496
7.4 Practical ..................................................................................................................498
About this lab ............................................................................................................498
Objectives..................................................................................................................499
Instructions ................................................................................................................499
8.1 Accessing the 1900 Switch.....................................................................................501
About this lab ............................................................................................................501
Objectives..................................................................................................................501
Instructions ................................................................................................................502
8.2 Navigating 1900 Switch Menus .............................................................................503
About this lab ............................................................................................................503
Objectives..................................................................................................................504
Instructions ................................................................................................................504
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8.3 Viewing 1900 Switch Configuration......................................................................507

About this lab ............................................................................................................507
Objectives..................................................................................................................507
Instructions ................................................................................................................507
8.4 1900 Switch Command Line Interface...................................................................514
About this lab ............................................................................................................514
Objectives..................................................................................................................515
Instructions ................................................................................................................515
8.5 Practical ..................................................................................................................518
About this lab ............................................................................................................518
Objectives..................................................................................................................518
Instructions ................................................................................................................518
9.1 Debugging RIP .......................................................................................................520
Instructions ................................................................................................................521
9.2 Setting a Passive Interface......................................................................................528
About this lab ............................................................................................................528
9.3 Configuring RIP on entire network ........................................................................532
About this lab ............................................................................................................532
9.4 Using TFTP to save your Running Configurations ................................................535
About this lab ............................................................................................................535
9.5 Router Recovery .....................................................................................................538
About this lab ............................................................................................................538
9.6 Configuring Cisco Discovery Protocol...................................................................540
About this lab ............................................................................................................540
Hands-On Lab Session 10 ............................................................................................ 546
10.1 Changing from RIP to IGRP ................................................................................546
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About this lab ............................................................................................................546

10.2 Static Routes with IGRP.......................................................................................557
About this lab ............................................................................................................557
10.3 Ping and Traceroute..............................................................................................571
About this lab ............................................................................................................571
10.4 Setting IP Host Names..........................................................................................574
About this lab ............................................................................................................574
10.5 Removing Static Routes .......................................................................................576
About this lab ............................................................................................................576
Hands-On Lab Session 11 ......................................................................................... 584

11.1 File Server Access Problem.................................................................................584
About this lab ............................................................................................................584
Problem statement:....................................................................................................585
Desired Result: ..........................................................................................................585
Solution: ....................................................................................................................585
11.2 Loss of Connectivity............................................................................................589
About this lab ............................................................................................................589
Problem Statement: ...................................................................................................590
Solution: ....................................................................................................................590
11.3 Lost Connection...................................................................................................592
About this lab ............................................................................................................592
11.4 ISDN Outage ........................................................................................................595
About this lab ............................................................................................................595
Problem Statement ....................................................................................................596
Solution .....................................................................................................................596
11.5 No Communication...............................................................................................597
About this lab ............................................................................................................597
Solution: ....................................................................................................................598
Glossary ......................................................................................................................... 603
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Index............................................................................................................................... 628
Table of Figures
Figure 2-1. Sample network.............................................................................................. 40
Figure 2-2. Bus topology .................................................................................................. 43
Figure 2-3. Star topology .................................................................................................. 44
Figure 2-4. Ring topology................................................................................................. 44
Figure 2-5. Mesh topology................................................................................................ 45
Figure 2-6. NRZ signaling ................................................................................................ 47
Figure 2-7. Baseband multiplexing................................................................................... 48
Figure 2-8. FDM Multiplexing ......................................................................................... 49
Figure 2-9. RJ-45 connector ............................................................................................. 51
Figure 2-10. 10Base2 Network ......................................................................................... 54
Figure 2-11. BNC connector............................................................................................. 54
Figure 2-12. 10Base5 Network ......................................................................................... 55
Figure 2-13. 10Base5 AUI, MAU..................................................................................... 55
Figure 2-14. Interpreting IEEE LAN cable specifications................................................ 61
Figure 2-17. Networking MAUs....................................................................................... 68
Figure 2-18. Token Ring frame ........................................................................................ 69
Figure 2-19. FDDI Network ............................................................................................. 70
Figure 2-20. A hub............................................................................................................ 75
Figure 2-21. How a bridge works ..................................................................................... 77
Figure 2-23. ATM protocol stack ..................................................................................... 87
Figure 3-1. Encapsulation ................................................................................................. 99
Figure 3-2. Lower Layers of OSI model......................................................................... 101
Figure 3-3. HDLC frame (layer 2).................................................................................. 104
Figure 3-4. IEEE sub-layers............................................................................................ 104
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Figure 3-5. MAC Address............................................................................................... 106

Figure 3-6. Layer 3 packet .............................................................................................. 113
Figure 3-7. UDP packet format....................................................................................... 113
Figure 3-8. ATM cell structure ....................................................................................... 114
Figure 4-1. User EXEC mode prompt ............................................................................ 124
Figure 4-2. User Privileged EXEC mode prompt........................................................... 124
Figure 4-3. Configuration mode prompt......................................................................... 124
Figure 4-4. Exiting configuration mode and returning to Privileged EXEC mode ........ 125
Figure 4-5. Exiting Privileged EXEC mode and returning to User EXEC mode........... 125
Figure 4-6. CLI clock command example ...................................................................... 125
Figure 4-7. Example of router output for invalid command........................................... 126
Figure 4-8. Example of router output for misspelled argument...................................... 126
Figure 4-9. Example of error message............................................................................ 126
Figure 4-10. Example of error message for ambiguous command................................. 126
Figure 4-11. Router output for ? command entered in User EXEC mode...................... 127
Figure 4-12. Router output for ? command entered in Privileged EXEC mode............. 128
Figure 4-13. Router output for help command entered in User EXEC mode................. 129
Figure 4-14. Router output for show ? command entered in User EXEC mode ............ 130
Figure 4-15. Router output for show clock command entered in User EXEC mode ..... 130
Figure 4-16. Router output showing Word help ............................................................. 130
Figure 4-17. Router output showing Word help ............................................................. 131
Figure 4-18. Router output showing full usage of Word help system ............................ 131
Figure 4-19. Router output showing history buffer ........................................................ 133
Figure 4-20. Setting the history buffer size .................................................................... 133
Figure 4-21. Turning off advanced editing features ....................................................... 133
Figure 4-22. Tab key expansion example ....................................................................... 133
Figure 5-1. Organization of router memory.................................................................... 138
Figure 5-1. Viewing router version................................................................................. 141
Figure 5-2. CLI show memory command output ........................................................ 142
Figure 5-3. CLI show running configuration command output .................................. 143
Figure 5-4. CLI show protocols command output ...................................................... 145
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Figure 5-5. CLI show ip route command output ......................................................... 146

Figure 5-6. Showing a sub-interface............................................................................... 147
Figure 5-7. CLI show interfaces command output...................................................... 149
Figure 5-8. Determining number of valid interfaces for Ethernet .................................. 150
Figure 5-9. Examining Ethernet statistics using show interface command .................... 150
Figure 5-2. CLI show running-config output .............................................................. 151
Figure 5-3. Saving the running configuration to NVRAM............................................. 152
Figure 5-4. CLI write memory command ................................................................... 152
Figure 5-5. Rolling back to saved configuration ............................................................ 152
Figure 5-6. CLI configure memory command ............................................................ 153
Figure 5-7. Setting the router hostname.......................................................................... 153
Figure 5-8. Setting Message Of The Day (MOTD) banner ............................................ 154
Figure 5-9. Message Of The Day (MOTD) banner ........................................................ 154
Figure 5-10. Setting the enable password ....................................................................... 155
Figure 5-11. Setting the enable secret password............................................................. 156
Figure 5-12. Viewing password configuration in running configuration ....................... 156
Figure 5-13. Viewing encrypted password configuration in running configuration ...... 157
Figure 5-14. Setting console password ........................................................................... 158
Figure 5-15. Logging in to a router with console password set...................................... 158
Figure 5-16. Setting virtual terminal password............................................................... 159
Figure 5-17. Entering global configuration mode........................................................... 160
Figure 5-18. Selecting an interface and port................................................................... 160
Figure 5-19. Configuring IP on an interface................................................................... 160
Figure 5-20. Bringing up an interface............................................................................. 160
Figure 5-21. Adding a description to an interface .......................................................... 160
Figure 5-22. Configuring a serial interface..................................................................... 161
Figure 5-23. Configuring a token ring interface ............................................................. 161
Figure 5-24. Setup dialog................................................................................................ 166
Figure 6-1. TCP packet structure .................................................................................... 171
Figure 6-2. Dotted decimal notation ............................................................................... 182
Figure 6-3. Class B IP address showing Network and Host ID portions........................ 182
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Figure 6-4. IP Classfull addressing scheme.................................................................... 183

Figure 6-5. Subnetting in action...................................................................................... 189
Figure 7-1. CLI show ip route command output ......................................................... 199
Figure 7-2. CLI ip route command output showing static routes................................ 201
Figure 7-3. Setting a default route .................................................................................. 202
Figure 7-4. Viewing IP routes......................................................................................... 203
Figure 7-5. Configuring passive interfaces..................................................................... 206
Figure 7-6. Configuring RIP ........................................................................................... 209
Figure 7-7. Verifying RIP routes .................................................................................... 210
Figure 7-8. Verifying RIP routing .................................................................................. 211
Figure 7-9. Configuring IGRP ........................................................................................ 213
Figure 7-10. Verifying IGRP .......................................................................................... 213
Figure 7-11. Verifying IGRP routing.............................................................................. 214
Figure 8-1. Enabling IPX routing support ...................................................................... 219
Figure 8-2. Configuring an IPX address with SAP encapsulation.................................. 221
Figure 8-3. Monitoring IPX interfaces............................................................................ 222
Figure 8-4. Viewing routers IPX SAP table ................................................................... 223
Figure 8-5. Verifying IPX routing tables........................................................................ 224
Figure 8-6. Verifying IPX system status......................................................................... 225
Figure 8-7. Verifying IPX traffic statistics ..................................................................... 227
Figure 8-8. Setting IPX load balancing........................................................................... 227
Figure 8-9. Verifying IPX load balancing ...................................................................... 228
Figure 8-10. Debugging IPX routing activity ................................................................. 229
Figure 8-11. Debugging IPX SAP activity ..................................................................... 230
Figure 8-12. Extended CLI ping command to verify IPX network addresses ............ 230
Figure 9-10. CLI show cdp command output.............................................................. 235
Figure 9-11. CLI show cdp neighbors command output............................................. 236
Figure 9-12. CLI show cdp neighbors detail command output................................... 237
Figure 9-13. CLI show cdp entry command output .................................................... 238
Figure 9-14. CLI show cdp entry command output .................................................... 239
Figure 9-15. Global enabling and disabling of CDP....................................................... 239
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Hands-On CCNA
Figure 9-16. CLI show cdp interface command output............................................... 240

Figure 9-17. CLI show interface command output ..................................................... 241
Figure 9-18. CLI ping command output...................................................................... 242
Figure 9-19. Extended CLI ping command................................................................. 242
Figure 9-20. CLI ping using an IPX address command .............................................. 243
Figure 9-21. CLI trace command output ..................................................................... 244
Figure 9-22. Telneting into a device without a password set ........................................ 245
Figure 9-23. Telneting into a device with its password set............................................ 246
Figure 9-24. Telneting into a device by entering its IP address...................................... 246
Figure 9-25. Switching back to telnet source using Ctrl-Shift-6 X hot keys.................. 247
Figure 9-26. CLI show sessions command output ...................................................... 247
Figure 9-27. Resuming a connection using CLI resume command ............................ 247
Figure 9-28. Resuming a connection by connection number ......................................... 247
Figure 9-29. CLI show users command output ........................................................... 248
Figure 9-30. Disconnecting from a telnet session locally............................................... 248
Figure 9-31. Disconnecting from a telnet session remotely ........................................... 248
Figure 9-32. Using hostnames ........................................................................................ 249
Figure 9-33. CLI show hosts command output ........................................................... 249
Figure 9-25. Copying startup configuration to a TFTP host........................................... 251
Figure 9-26. Configuring router from a TFTP host using the CLI copy command .... 251
Figure 9-27. Configuring router from a TFTP host using the CLI configure network
command ................................................................................................................. 252
Figure 9-28. Copying running configuration to a TFTP host ......................................... 252
Figure 9-29. Pinging the TFTP server when preparing to back up the IOS ................... 252
Figure 9-30. Viewing contents of flash memory ............................................................ 253
Figure 9-31. Viewing IOS version to determine current IOS image file and location ... 254
Figure 9-32. Copying IOS flash image to TFTP server.................................................. 255
Figure 9-33. Upgrading to a new IOS version from a TFTP server ............................... 257
Figure 10-1. Examining the wildcard mask option of an access list. ............................. 262
Figure 10-2. Creating a standard IP access list ............................................................... 263
Figure 10-3. Viewing access lists ................................................................................... 264
Figure 10-4. Removing an access list ............................................................................. 264
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Figure 10-5. Applying an access list............................................................................... 265

Figure 10-6. Examining an interface to see its access lists............................................. 266
Figure 10-7. Excluding telnet (port 23) from TCP traffic. ............................................. 268
Figure 10-8. Allowing all traffic..................................................................................... 268
Figure 10-9. Creating an extended IP access list ............................................................ 270
Figure 10-10. Verifying an extended IP access list ........................................................ 270
Figure 10-11. Applying an extended IP access list......................................................... 271
Figure 10-12. Examining an extended IP access list on a port ....................................... 271
Figure 10-13. Creating a standard IPX access list .......................................................... 272
Figure 10-14. Creating and applying an IPX SAP access list......................................... 272
Figure 11-1. Serial WAN interface encapsulation methods ........................................... 277
Figure 11-2. Configuring HDLC .................................................................................... 279
Figure 11-3. Configuring PPP facilities.......................................................................... 281
Figure 11-4. PAP 2-way handshake................................................................................ 282
Figure 11-5. CHAP 3-way handshake ............................................................................ 282
Figure 11-6. Configuring PPP encapsulation.................................................................. 283
Figure 11-7. Configuring PPP authentication................................................................. 284
Figure 11-8. Setting the PPP username and password.................................................... 284
Figure 11-9. Configuring remote router for PPP connection.......................................... 285
Figure 11-10. Properly configured PPP connection ....................................................... 286
Figure 11-11. Improperly configured PPP connection ................................................... 287
Figure 11-12. Monitoring and debugging a PPP connection.......................................... 288
Figure 11-13. Configuring router for ISDN switch ........................................................ 290
Figure 11-14. Configuring BRI interface........................................................................ 291
Figure 11-15. Overriding global ISDN switch type on a BRI interface ......................... 292
Figure 11-16. Configuring DDR..................................................................................... 293
Figure 11-17. Configuring interesting traffic.................................................................. 294
Figure 11-18. Configuring static routes for DDR........................................................... 294
Figure 11-19. Configuring the dialer map ...................................................................... 295
Figure 11-20. Monitoring ISDN ..................................................................................... 296
Figure 11-21. Monitoring ISDN BRI channels and active calls..................................... 297
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Figure 11-22. Monitoring ISDN ..................................................................................... 297

Figure 11-23. Monitoring ISDN data link and network layers....................................... 298
Figure 11-24. Example of a frame relay network ........................................................... 299
Figure 11-25. Setting interface encapsulation for frame relay ....................................... 302
Figure 11-26. Assigning a DLCI to an interface............................................................. 303
Figure 11-27. Setting interface LMI ............................................................................... 303
Figure 11-28. Mapping a sub-interface to an IP address ................................................ 304
Figure 11-29. Examining frame relay pvc status ............................................................ 305
Figure 11-30. Examining LMI status for PVCs.............................................................. 305
Figure 11-31. Examining frame relay traffic .................................................................. 306
Figure 11-32. Examining frame relay static mapping .................................................... 306
Figure 11-33. Debugging frame relay............................................................................. 307
Figure 12-1. Switch Network.......................................................................................... 310
Figure 12-2. 1900 switch User Interface Menu .............................................................. 314
Figure 12-3. 1900 switch IP Configuration Menu .......................................................... 315
Figure 12-4. 1900 switch IOS CLI ................................................................................. 316
Figure 12-5. Configuring IP on 1900 switch .................................................................. 317
Figure 12-6. Configuring extended IP 1900 switch........................................................ 317
Figure 12-7. Switch network with a bridging loop ......................................................... 318
Figure 12-8. Switch network after STP blocks the redundant path ................................ 318
Figure 12-9. Viewing switch spanning tree status .......................................................... 321
Figure 12-10. Enabling VTP........................................................................................... 325
Figure 12-11. Selecting a Fast Ethernet port, and enabling trunking ............................. 326
Figure 12-12. Showing VTP trunk configuration ........................................................... 326
Figure 12-13. Showing VLAN status ............................................................................. 326
Figure 12-14. Adding switch ports to a VLAN .............................................................. 327
Figure 12-15. Showing VLAN member status ............................................................... 327
page 28 of 28

CCNA Student Guide Chapters 1-2 Networking Fundamentals

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Hands-On CCNA Student Guide

OSI Equipment Summary ...........................................................................................74

Key Facts Summary........................................................................................................89

Logical Link Control (LLC) Sub-layer .....................................................................105

Viewing Interface Configuration..................................................................................146

Static, Default and Dynamic Routing .......................................................................200

CCNA Objectives Covered in this Chapter...............................................................260

Data-Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) ..................................................................300

2.9 Configuring Router Interfaces ................................................................................396

3.4 Default Routes ........................................................................................................422

About this lab ............................................................................................................449

About this lab ............................................................................................................467

7.1 Networking with PPP .............................................................................................489

8.3 Viewing 1900 Switch Configuration......................................................................507

About this lab ............................................................................................................546

Hands-On Lab Session 11 ......................................................................................... 584

Figure 3-5. MAC Address............................................................................................... 106

Figure 5-5. CLI show ip route command output ......................................................... 146

Figure 6-4. IP Classfull addressing scheme.................................................................... 183

Figure 9-16. CLI show cdp interface command output............................................... 240

Figure 10-5. Applying an access list............................................................................... 265

Figure 11-22. Monitoring ISDN ..................................................................................... 297

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