UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN (UTAR) FACULTY OF SCIENCE UDEC 2194 CHEMISTRY LABORATORY III

EXPERIMENT No. : COMPONENT A, EXPERIMENT 2. TITLE : PARTIAL MOLAL VOLUME

LECTURER

: DR. SIM YOKE LENG

NAME OF STUDENT : NICOLE ANN FRANCIS FERNANDEZ ID NUMBER GROUP MEMBERS : 1003561 : TAN TAY YEE JACELYN MOHANA DASS CHONG WENG HSIANG

Objective: To determine the partial molal volumes of ethanol and water at a given composition by the method of intercepts.

Results: Dilution of ethanol could be calculated by the following equation: M1V1 = M2V2 where M1 = percentage of ethanol solution before next dilution by distilled water. V1 = volume of ethanol used. M2 = desire percentage of ethanol solution. V2 = total volume of ethanol + 50ml water For 100% by volume of ethanol, 50 ml of ethanol was used. For 80% by volume of ethanol, (100%)(V1) = (80%)(50ml) V1 = 40ml of ethanol Volume of water used = 50ml 40ml = 10ml For 60% by volume of ethanol, (80%)(V1) = (60%)(50ml)

V1 = 37.5ml of ethanol Volume of water used = 50ml - 37.5ml = 12.5ml For 40% by volume of ethanol, (60%)(V1) = (40%)(50ml)

V1 = 33.3ml of ethanol Volume of water used = 50ml 33.3ml = 16.7ml For 20% by volume of ethanol, (40%)(V1) = (20%)(50ml)

V1 = 25ml of ethanol Volume of water used = 50ml 25ml = 25ml

% by volume of alcohol, W2 (%)

Mass of ethanol + pycnometer (g)

Mass of empty pycnometer (g)

Mass of ethanol (g)

1 0 20 40 60 80 100

st

nd

Average 75.6160 74.3190 73.1073 71.2197 68.9698 65.8234 24.6037 24.6037 24.6037 24.6037 24.6037 24.6037 51.0123 49.7153 48.5036 46.6160 44.3661 41.2197

75.6304 74.3192 73.1075 71.2204 68.9716 65.8407

75.6285 74.3188 73.1070 71.2189 68.9679 65.8060

Temperature of surroundings = 25.0 oC

= specific gravity of solution

where

w = weight of alcohol w = weight of water D = density of water = 0.9971 gcm-3 d = density of air = 0.0011915

I)

20% ethanol =

= 0.9718 g cm-3

II)

40% ethanol =

= 0.9481 g cm-3

III)

60% ethanol =

= 0.9113 g cm-3

IV) 80% ethanol =

= 0.8673 g cm-3

V)

100% ethanol =

= 0.8059 g cm-3

% by weight of alcohol,W2 (%) 20 40 60 80 100

Specific gravity, (gcm-3) 0.9718 0.9481 0.9113 0.8673 0.8059

1/ (cm3g-1) 1.0290 1.0547 1.0973 1.1530 1.2408

Graph of 1/ against W2
1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

From the graph of 1/ against % by weight of alcohol, the interception point of tangent, W2 = 50% curve of the y-axis for 0% ethanol and 100% ethanol are 0.94 cm3g-1 and 1.18cm3g-1 respectively. Given: Molar mass of water H2O = 18 gmol-1 Molar mass of water ethanol = 46 gmol-1 Therefore: Partial molal volume of water = y- intercept at 0% ethanol x molar mass of ethanol = (0.94 cm3 g-1)(18 g mol-1)

= 16.92 cm3 mol-1 Partial molal volume of ethanol = y-intercept at 100% ethanol x molar mass of ethanol = (1.18 cm3 g-1)(46 g mol-1) = 54.28 cm3 mol-1

Discussion: Partial molar quantities relate changes in extensive properties of the solution to changes in concentration. Of all the extensive thermodynamic properties, the volume is easiest to visualize. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure at 1 atm. Partial molar volumes are applicable to real mixtures, where there is usually a contraction or expansion on mixing due to changes in interstitial packing and differing molecular interactions. The total volume is the sum over the partial molar volumes times the numbers of moles, because the volume is a homogeneous function of degree one in the amounts of the various chemical species present. Partial molar quantities can be defined for all the extensive thermodynamic variables in a system. The partial specific volume is useful for interconverting weight fractions (wt/wt) , concentration (wt/vol), and volume fraction (vol/vol). It also illustrates the whole concept of partial molar quantities, including the method of intercepts. As to determine how much a solution volume would change upon adding a gram of a given component, the amounts of other materials must be constant. Based on the graph of 1/ against W2, the partial specific volume of the water at W2 can be obtained from the y-intercept at percentage by weight of ethanol=0 of the slope of a line tangent to the curve of the plot. The partial specific volume of ethanol can be determined at

y-intercept of tangent line where percentage by volume of ethanol is 100%. In order to get partial molar volume, the partial specific volume is multiplied with its molecular mass. The partial molal volumes of water and ethanol were found to be 16.92 cm3 mol-1 and 54.28 cm3 mol-1 respectively. The determination of molarity only requires a good analytical balance, because the masses of both the solvent and the solute can be obtained by weighing. Using a balance is often more precise than working with volumetric flasks, burettes and pipettes. Another advantage of molarity is that it does not change with the temperature as it deals with the mass of solvent, rather than the volume of solution. Volume typically increases with an increase in temperature resulting in decrease in molarity. The molarity of a solution is always constant irrespective of the physical conditions like temperature and pressure.

Conclusion: The partial molal volumes of water and ethanol were found to be 16.92 cm3 mol-1 and 54.28 cm3 mol-1 respectively.