AP US History Foundations of American Society Chapters 1-4 Ch.

3: The British Empire in America 1660-1750 Big Picture Questions: I. Chapter Details A. The Politics of Empire, 1660-1713

Unit 1

* Restoration Colonies- Colonies established through the succession of the English king, Charles II. He gave out land to the people in return for obedience and loyalty. The Restoration Colonies assisted in the protraction of British influence into the American colonies. Through tight British control, many revolted through the Glorious Revolution. The revolution sprouted through the anger of the colonist of the Navigation Systems and the Dominion. This relates to the Big Picture questions in that it shows how Britain extended their influence into the American colonies in order to expand their kingdom. *William Penn- Was provided with Pennsylvania by King Charles II, who owed Penns father a quite significant amount of debt. He joined the Society of Friend, also known as the Quakers. The Society of Friends condemned acts of violence and extravagance. He established Pennsylvania as a safe place for his fellow Quakers to come due to persecution from the English Church. Similar to the Puritans, Quakers sought to preserve the pure religion. However, he did agree with the Puritans belief on Calvinism. They liked to belief all people had a light of comprehension. His Frame of Government established a government parallel to his policies. The Frame of Government allowed religious freedom and encouraged equal rights. Penn also made a treat with the local Indians. He refused to take their land, but was interested in trading with them. Many people fled to Pennsylvania for its humane society. To encourage immigration to Pennsylvania, Penn used advertisement through brochures to attract people from Europe and other colonies. He promised large and affordable lands and the freedom of persecution. Religious toleration, diversity and enlightened provisions made Pennsylvania prosperous and very democratic. This relates to the BPQs because it displays one catalyst in the expansion of the English colonies. *Quakers- Quakers, also known as the Society of Friends, were a group of colonist who sought a more peaceful and humane type of lifestyle. They were led by William Penn. They rejected war violence and thought everyone to be equal. Similar to the Puritans, they came to the Americas in search of simplicity of religion and purification; however, they did disagree with the Puritans on the belief of pre-destination and espoused the idea of inner-grace. This relates to the Big Picture Questions because it demonstrates one way the Pennsylvanians, a British colony, attracted

immigrants for their very open and democratic system of government; therefore, leading into the expansion of the British Empire. *Mercantilism- The practice of mercantilism was devised for English use to prevent other European countries, like the Dutch, to be a dominant force in the trading industry. They implemented mercantilism through the Navigation Acts. Via the Navigation Acts the English government acquired the ability to oversee colonial commerce and production. This policy also sought to benefit the English that it made ships pass through the English ports. The Revenue Acts were concocted to assist the English in creating a list of customs to establish the mercantile laws. Through mercantilism, the English actually achieved a considerable success. This relates to the BPQs because this also demonstrated a way that the English overpowered the other economically and superior European countries, like the Dutch. *Dominion of New England- When James II succeeded into the throne of England, he came into it with much admiration for an autocratic monarchy, which he experienced in France when he was in exile. He ordered colonies to be grasped tighter than normal. He took away charters from colonies such as Rhode Island and Connecticut. Then these colonies merged together with colonies such as Plymouth and the Massachusetts colony to form the Dominion. James II appointed Governor Andros, former governor of the New York colony, to oversee the Dominion. Soon New Jersey and New York fused ties with the smaller Dominion. People also despised the Dominion for it took away their representative governments. This relates to the Big Picture Questions because this led to the expansion of Britain in a way that it benefited the elite and had no consideration for the people. *Glorious Revolution- Called the Glorious Revolution because there was no bloodshed during the revolution. Started due the anger built up by the people who were ruled by James IIs authority. He was very disliked by his people in England, the American colonies and also other countries. He was especially despised by the Americans because he took away their legislative assemblies and elected officials. He corroborated autocratic ruling. He only followed the commands he made, never listened to any advice and opened Catholicism publicly, while England was at a more Christian state. The Glorious Revolution happened in order to stop James IIs son, a potential Catholic heir, from succeeding the throne. In order to follow through with the plan the church and government (parliament) led the Glorious Revolution. James was forced out of England and was soon replaced by his Protestant daughter and husband (Queen Mary and the Dutch William of Orange). Then the Declaration of Rights was established which assisted Parliament to create a government that waxed the powers of Parliament (House of Commons). Their government was also built off the ideas of John Locke, who rebuffed the idea of divine rights and espoused natural rights. This revolution protracted its influence to the colonies as well. Rebellions in Massachusetts, Maryland and New York sprung up. Puritan leaders of Massachusetts assailed Governor Andros, the appointed governor of the Dominion, and expelled him back to England. Due to the frequent complaints of the Americans, the Dominion

fragmented apart. However, the rejected order of returning to the Puritan system. As a result, the new monarchy formed a new royal colony which gave the king privileges and a depart from traditional Puritan systems. Rebellions in Maryland were caused because of unreasonable taxes established by Catholic officials. New Yorks rebellion was lead by Jacob Leisler. A prosperous merchant, Leisler assailed the power of the Dominion. He planned to put Lieutenant Nicholson into exile for he was appointed by Governor Andros. With the power Leisler acquired; he soon became the leader of the New York colony. However, Dutch merchants soon rebuffed his way of ruling and with a English ally, had him executed for treason. To supervise the new fragmented colonies, the Board of Trade was established but failed in being successful. Royal governments had failed to be inserted into each of the colonies. Government rule was very loose and not very meticulous. This relates to the Big Picture Questions in that it played a huge role in the systematic of early American colonial governments and development. *Leislers Rebellion- A rebellion started and led by the German John Leisler. He was very outspoken and fought for what he wanted. He was unhappy with the government and its rejection of a representative government. Many people corroborated in this and expelled a Androsappointed lieutenant. They happily welcomed the new protestant leader; Queen Mar and her husband William of Orange (Dutch). This relates to the BPQs in that it displays some of the hold backs in rapid British expansion. *Treaty of Utrecht- A result of the War of Spanish Succession and rapports between the colonies and the Native Americans. England (Britain) won most of the land fought over. England acquired the gamut of New Foundland, Acadia and Hudson Bay from the French. They also obtained a pass via Albany to the trades of the western Native Americans. Britain also obtained the Gibraltar fortress and thirty years worth of slaves from the Spanish. This treaty ended violence for around a generation. This relates to the Big Picture Question because it displays the supremacy the British achieved, which eventually helped their expansion. *Conflicts in Florida & Carolinas- Native Americans caused many disturbances in serenity and calmness. They thought of alliances as a way to benefit themselves. They attacked other European tribes due to their alliances with their own enemies. This relates to the BPQs because it caused the British Empire to expand in the Americas due to ship productions filled with colossal amounts of soldiers. *fee simple- A house in land that obtained the right of freehold ownership. This relates to the Big Picture Questions because it allowed more expansion as it let colonist settle in the Americas for a diminutive price compared to Europe. *John Coodes Rebellion- Had a major role in overruling the power of Marylands Catholic and autocratic government. This relates to the Big Picture Questions in that it led to the Britishs system of government was despised and had some restrictions to rapid development and expansion.

*Culpeppers Rebellion- A famous revolt which occurred in Carolina. This rebellion was a response to the absurdity of the Navigation Acts (established by the English) and mercantilism. The uprisings were led by John Culpepper and George Durant. They captured the governor and threw him in prison. Culpepper was then placed as leader, but was later killed for an accusation of treason. B. The Imperial Slave Economy, 1660-1750 *Atlantic Slave Trade- This trade drained African lands of affluence and population. Millions of Africans were extracted and sold to work on tobacco/sugar plantations. Contact with Europeans through this slave trade, African leaders learned about a centralized government and drifted away from traditional systems. They also used a lot of European-imported goods. As the demand for more sugar and tobacco turned for a rapid inclination, the number of slaves in the islands and colonies increased dramatically. They were in such high demand because (to the Americans/Europeans) they were extremely cheap and profitable. Many kingdoms in Africa sold slaves in order to increase supply and wealth. Dahomey had an army of women who sought captives to bring back to be sold. These raids performed by Africans themselves accounted for a colossal amount of the slaves that were sold into slavery. However, all African kingdoms were not like this. Kingdoms, such as the Benin, denounced the exporting of their own kind into slavery. There was also no equilibrium in the gender ratio. There were 66.6% more men than women, distorting the normal act of marrying several women. Even powerful leaders in Africa, such as Sultan Ismail, owned a mammoth amount of black slaves. Slavery derided the standard of living for Africans by a milestone. This relates to the Big Picture Questions in that it exemplifies the strong impact the tradings had on human life. *Tobacco Revolution- This economic revolution led to a more high demand for slavery. A colossal one-fifth of the Chesapeake colony population was covered by African Americans. As they saw how profitable tobacco and slavery worked together demand for slaves reached a rapid inclination. This relates to the Big Picture Questions in that this phenomenon led to the Glorious Revolution because of the unhappy poor farmers who did not benefit much. *Middle Passage- The passage the novel, chained-up slaves took into the New World. They made their way through the Middle Passage in tight, enclosed ships which carried hundreds of other slaves. The sight of the interior of the ships could not be ameliorated by the sight of that of a pigs. The ship floors were covered in human feces, vomit and handled in a very unsanitary fashion. The new-coming slaves ate like waifs. The conditions were well far from temperate. Some slaves even committed suicide, as the ship life was so unbearable. Due to the fear of death that might be performed by the Europeans, many diminutive revolts were aroused by the slaves. It is manifest that they were quickly put down, also leading to hundreds of deaths. Many also passed away due to diseases and egregious sicknesses. Life worsened when the slaves got pass the Middle Passage. They were forced to work under unbearable weathers and working

conditions. This related to the BPQs because it shows that the trading between the countries did have a strong impact on the standard of living for many Africans. *Southern Gentry- Started when William Byrd discovered that being rich in the colonies did not cut it for the elite of Europe. So built a system of elaborateness and built colossal mansions to dignify his status as elite. This also developed the system of a gentlewoman in the south. This helped bring up a elaborated, yet slightly unstable, class of prosperity and class. This relates to the BPQs because of its influences from Europe that helped to expand colonies and the standards of living. *Stono Rebellion- The largest slave uproar in South Carolina. The governor of St. Augustine negotiated with them freedom. The slaves escaped and assailed the English during the start of a war between the English and Spanish near a lake named Stono. Many were killed by the whites, leading to a more foreboding sense to the plantation owners. This relates to the BPQs because it shows the long term effects of the trading of slaves. *Northern maritime economy- The Bill of Exchanges acted as a unifier for the British colonies alongside the South Atlantic System. The BOE was a credit in which the Europeans used to purchase and buy. One of the first affluences of merchants was acquired through the West Indies trading. Due to the large increase in commerce, America also expanded as commercial ports. The superiors of the ports consisted of the wealthy and prosperous merchants. Shop owners made up the second class. The lower classes consisted of workers and their children. This relates to the Big Picture Questions because it shows how large of an impact the South Atlantic trade had. C. The New Politics of Empire, 1713-1750 *Salutary Neglect- After tensions about the government system, Walpole, the leader of the English Whig party, set up colonies to have a more self-representative government. While the colonies got to rule their own lands, governments caught up with trade and other affairs. This opened a door to more liberty and self-control. This relates to the BPQs because due to the content of government, British expansions were back on track. *Sir Robert Walpole- The leader of the English Whig party. He won corroboration due to his excessive giving of positions and compensations. As a Whig, he liked the idea of a self-ruling government. He wanted Britains wounds to heal and wanted slavery to be outlawed. His permission to a self-ruling government impacted the expansion of British government. *Radical Whigs- They believed that Robert Walpole strengthened his system and government through corruption. They were also the opposition of the Country party. This is relevant to the Big Picture Questions in that it explains that they used the established the idea of salutary neglect into it. *Navigation Acts- The English government passed this act in order to acquire more power in the trade and economic category. These acts were based off of the mercantilism theory. However, the American colonies did not like these acts as it cut off some trade with other foreign countries,

such as the Dutch. Even though these acts were established, many colonists smuggled goods with other desired countries such as the French. This is relevant to the Big Picture Questions in that it did actually help the British expand dramatically, enough to surpass the Dutch as most dominant traders. *Land Banks- A system in where paper was printed and offered as loans for farmers and other people such as. The debtors were to take a lien in order to confirm a repayment system. This was a basic system of the colonies that helped develop successful farms. This is relevant to the Big Picture Questions in that it also allowed some expansions in the British colonies because it let opportunists to have some capability in starting a successful life.

*English Whigs- they restricted the abundance of governmental power. They branched from England to Scotland and the colonies. They supported a constitutional monarchy. They were denounced by the Tories, nobles who espoused the king. They also thought that one should have more rights. They agreed with the idea of patriotism. This relates to the BPQs because it shows how the British colonies developed through influences, such as the Whigs. *Tory- Opposed the ways of the Whigs because the Whigs tried to limit the crowns powers. They liked the idea of a more powerful monarchy. The Tories relate to the big picture questions because they caused segregation in views of government which ultimately led to the result of the development of Britain. *War of Jenkins Ear- Included in the Austrian succession. It was ultimately a threat from the French. However, it was not successful on its assailment on the Spanish. It got its name when Captain Jenkins ear was shown to be amputated. He claimed that it was cut off due to the Spanish who trespassed his ship. This relates to the Big Picture Question in that it represents a certain change in the way the British handle and manage wars and tensions. *Molasses Act 1733- Was placed when American rum makers purchase molasses cheap from West India. This allowed the British to have a price advantage and exerted a unreasonable tax on the Frenchs. The Americans complained and continued to sneak in the cheap French sugars. This relates to the bpqs because it shows that the British did make every tactic in order to block other countries to overrule them. II. Tasks/Writing Assignments: Chapter 3 1. In the mercantilism system, the colonies (especially the English colonies) played the role in developing the items for trade. The colonies had made the agricultural goods and crops. After production distributed, the mercantilism-based merchants from England would then import them back to the mainland. The English colonies were to exclude the Dutch from trade in order to increase revenue for England. They were forced by the government to only ship via English ships. When the European colonist rejected mercantilism in their system because they were not royal colonies, they were soon established to be royal colonies and had their charter taken away.

2. The Glorious Revolution in England caused many uprisings in the American colonies because they felt that they had a chance to establish some of their personal necessities in the colonies. As the Glorious Revolution put King James II into exile, colonist jumped at the opportunity to overthrow their unruly governments (who were also unfavorably Catholic). The colonist despised the Dominion and wanted to break it up. In order to do so they first kicked out the Dominion governor, Governor Andros (also accused of being Catholic), and shipped him back to England. Protestors in Maryland fought back because of two reasons: economic and religious problems. They were overburdened by the unreasonable amount of taxes bestowed upon them by Catholic leaders (which worsened the deal). They wanted a more just and Puritan-based government system. When New Yorkers heard about James IIs single monarchy, they revolted. Unhappy about the cancellation of a representative government, people of all ethnicities and classes fought back. 3. The Native Americans were very clever in their ways of obtaining power. They used the help of their European allies to place themselves as dominant powers in the Native American society. The Indians allied with the European countries in order to take revenge on their long-time enemies. The Native American tribe, The Creeks, joined forces with the English in order to get back at the French-allied Choctaws and the Spanish-allied Apalachees (also the countries that the English had tension with). The Creeks attacked French missions and assailed a Spanish settlement, benefiting both the Native Americans and the English colonies. They killed many people and took many as slaves to sell. They also caused other Native American tribes (like the Tuscarora) to flee into the North. 4. The South Atlantic system presented the countries involved with either great benefits or extreme degrading. The Europeans took advantage of the sugar crave and established the South Atlantic System. European merchants received great affluence from these trades. The idea of cultivating sugar was introduced by the Dutch and was quickly expanded by the French and English. Sugar plantations were established in the West Indies and worked on by slaves. The high demand for sugar as a sweetener caused the sugar revolution. It was recorded that a massive one-fifth of the European calorie intake was sugar alone. It also accounted for fifty percent of English imports (due to the mercantilism system). Since plantations expanded and more plantation owners sought cheap, profitable labor; slaves were in high demand. Millions were transported from the Africas into the New World. Even African rulers would sell captives of the same nation into slavery, just for more profit. Although European traders and merchants prospered through the South Atlantic system, Africas standard of life was significantly lowered. 5. The Atlantic Slave trade expanded and waxed very rapidly. Both Africans and the Europeans were accountable for this phenomenon. Powerful African rules loved the luxuries of living wealthy. In order to maintain this status, they needed to sustain their affluence. In order to do so they took large part in the trading with the Europeans. Europeans demanded slaves, and the African rulers and merchants gave them what they wanted. They capture innocent people and

even kidnapped people into slavery. They also sold prisoners and captives of wars to obtain their wealth. With the help of the insiders, the trade grew even larger. Europeans played the role of expanding by presenting the Africans with desirable goods. The Africans wanted the European guns, alcohol and other goods. The Europeans also got the slaves at a very cheap price. With their cheap prices, they were predicted to make much more than their worth. For plantation owners, this was a huge profit bonus. This opportunity led to more demanding of slave; therefore, causing a wax in the Atlantic Trade system. 6. The desire for wealth caused a distortion of systems in Africa. Leaders were now loading slaves in tons to the New World in order to sustain their materialistic lives. Kingdoms such as the Dohomey promoted a centralized state in order to follow through. They also led very militarily-based governments in order to capture people from other kingdoms to sell into slavery. The class system was confusing because they would, for example, sell a noble and aristocratic person into slavery. Traditional ideas were broken as the gender ratio made it quite impossible for them to follow through with the policy of having several spouses (for men). Africans were now degraded in the Americans. Once an African remains a slave was their policy. It was very difficult for African Americans and their African descents to be a part of the privileged. 7. Traditional Africans never saw black people as one. They always lived in clans. They would usually only communicate with a related clan member and marry within the clan as well. With the loss of fragmented languages, the African American slaves created languages that mixed their own with the English language. Then soon later they were very fluent English speakers. Their lack of same clan members also made them marry with others, fading the clan segregations. The new African community that emerged was more of a departure from the traditional aspects of African life and was more of a mlange between the Europeans (the majority) and with partial African influences. 8. Plantation life in the West Indies and Islands differed from that of the colonies in the Americas, such as South Carolina and Chesapeake region. The West Indies and other islands had large plantations, therefore, having a large amount of slaves. With more slaves in hand, the plantation owner cared less about them and treated them more harshly. Also due to their enormous sizes, slaves tried to escape, but were punished. The slaves were treated more harshly and cruelly in the West Indies and large plantation fields. On the other hand, Virginia treated their slaves with less severity. They did not have as much slaves as their plantations were not so massive. This lead to more care for the slaves and less cruel punishments. Since demand for tobacco was low, they didnt earn enough money to afford more slaves, so they treated the ones they had gentler. One colonist claimed that it was rare to see a slave get brutally beat. The slaves in South Carolina faced more obtrusive conditions. Colonists imported hundreds of slaves. Their work and living conditions were egregious and dangerous. Disease killed many. The more density of slaves a plantation had, the more violence a plantation expected. Since more people could be a way of collaboration for assailment, plantation did experience few revolts and uprisings.

9. They provided the West Indies and England with constant goods and foods. They provided them with foods such as wheat and fish (salted mackerel and cod). They worked hard to raise these wheat and meats in order to maintain the constant flow of the trades between the colonies, islands (West Indies) and Europe. 10. The Whigs in England strived to control and decrease the power of the crown. They focused on a more representative and just government. They caused segregation in political beliefs. Their opposition, known as the Tories, believed exactly the opposite. The Tories corroborated the idea of a single, dominant force (the king) to be the leader and decision maker in society. The people against the king also won the ability to control the taxing of the government and appointing. The Radical Whigs also argued that a British Whig by the name of Robert Walpole was corrupting the systematic government. So the Whigs of England influenced many people to decrease the privileges and autocratic standards of the crown and his royal officials. 11. The British imposed the idea of salutary neglect on the American colonies because the common people started to be recognized and obtained a significant amount of say. Through revolts and arguing was the colonist able to break apart the Dominion. Soon the British began to give in to the common ideas. Pressure forced supervisors to release intensive grasps on the colonists. The colonist then became more lax self-governing colonies, also known as salutary neglect. This proposition of salutary neglect led to a decrease of British power on the American colonies. They loosened insight of colonial affairs and focused more on economic problems in the mainland. Also, when the colonies took more control for themselves, they began to deflate in strength. Walpole, the leader of the Whigs, was also accused of threatening British freedom through an inclination of taxes and a large royal government system. III. Big Picture Questions 1. The British sought to be a powerful and leading impact in the colonies of American as well as Europe. Expansion was the key to a greater, more prestigious country. To acquire a large expansion they had to protract their influence to the countries that encircled them. The policies and style of government also played to be a major role in the expansion of Britain. Through trading and interacting with other countries and tribes, did the British succeed in developing an expansion so large, that it was capable enough to surmount the powerful economic trade country of the Netherlands. Through time and meticulous hard work, the British was at the apex of their dominance and succeed well at it. In order to become a dominant, expanding power, the English had to surpass the great powers (of the time): the Dutch. The Dutch obtained laudable achievements in the trading world and were known widely in the trade systems. In order to overpass the Dutch as the leading economic country, the English established the Navigation Act. The Navigation Acts prevented imports from the Dutch and required all American imports to pass through England. It also imposed a tax for foreigners which highly benefited the English. This practically blocked all

access from the Dutch into the English/British trading systems. This forced them to engage in English trading activities only. This ultimately led to a more prosperous and affluent Britain. As their economy ameliorated, many came into the British colonies seeking for a new opportunity. Also, as the British colonist discovered the tobacco and sugar trades, their expanded to be a very wealthy state as well. The more people who came to be successful in the Americas waxed the population and, therefore, British influence extended even more. Another significant reason people did flee into the British colonies was due to religion. Many religious colonies were established as a response to the highly un-religiously tolerant English Church system. Many colonies still had a scent of the British system and led to more influence in the Americas. Colonies, such as Pennsylvania, were diffusions of the British society. James II also establish colonies under royal control in order to establish a more British-based system rather that a self-governing one. He garnered up all the colonies into the Dominion and had royal officials oversee them. This example proves that British influence extended to the Americans to further expand the British Empire and impact. 2. The South Atlantic systems role benefited the Europeans while the Africans standard grade of living plummeted. Its purpose was to bring prosper and affluence to the countries involved but African life turned for the worst. For the Europeans success and wealth were the only things in mind. Products that were high in demand flowed through this trade system which affected the people involved either positively or negatively. Once the Dutch introduced the cultivation of sugar to the other European countries, demand saw a significantly rapid inclination. Then the Europeans saw this as an opportunity to earn large profits, so then came the South Atlantic System. Sugars, fishes, tobacco and slaves were only few of the items traded in this system. As the English and French waxed their interest in sugar, plantations were formed in the West Indies and other islands. Sugar was one of the major reasons the South Atlantic trade system flourished. This significant interest for sugars became known as the sugar revolution. It was recorded that a whopping twenty-percent of all calorie intake in Europe was sugar. The new alternative to natural fruit sweeteners became a hit and its demand sky-rocketed. As sugar plantations became from sporadic to everywhere, demand for slaves increased as well. Slavery also assisted in producing the large profits the plantation owners sought. They were sold at a very low price and produced much more than their price. This led to an even more demand for slaves and became a huge way to increase in profit. The South Atlantic System transferred millions of slaves from Western Africa into the New World. The populations of the islands, such as the West Indies, consisted of a majority of African slaves. It was said that the Bahamas population was around eighty-percent African American slaves. The trading of slaves to help promote the cultivation of sugars was contagious. Many people came in hopes of obtaining riches through farms and plantations. This led to an even more waxed expansion of the trade system.

3. The Glorious Revolution was a turning point for both the colonies and the English/British Empire. The English Glorious Revolution impelled the Americans to perform a revolution in response. The colonies despised the government system the English aristocrats bestowed upon them. The successful response performed by the American colonies Glorious Revolution was a bona fide rebellion against the corrupt and unjust systems that the British/English forcibly lay upon them. As James II came out of exile in France with a admiration for an autocratic monarchy system, he began to distort the liberal systems of the colonies. He placed them under the control of his appointed officials and took away their charter grants. As he began to garner all the colonies under his control he created the Dominion. The Dominion was a fusion of all the English diffused colonies (Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and Connecticut). As the English royals tightened their grip on the colonies, discontent began to formulate. Their self-representative government was abolished and rights were taken away. On that note they did not hesitate to stay calm. They rebelled in most of the colonies. When James II was expelled (and replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and Dutch husband William of Orange) people in the colonies started to take action. As they heard the news of King James IIs exile, they began to target his royal officials. Colonies such as Maryland and New York got their royal Catholic officials to flee and restored their traditional systems. The rebellions and the exile of King James II helped replenish the colonists desired self-governing system and monarchy. The English government loosened their grip on the colonies. Although English parliament did establish a system in which they oversaw American settlements, called the Board of Trade of 1696, it ultimately failed. The colonies soon lived under a loose supervision of the English government.