Cell Feature

Type of Cell

Dry Voltage 1.5V

Lead-acid ~12V

Button 1.6V

Lithium 3.6V

Gratzel 0.76V

Anode

Zn Casing (Zinc) Zn(s) Zn2+ + 2e[oxidation] MnO2, C (Magnesum dioxide) (carbon) 2MnO2(s) + 2NH4 + 2e- Mn2O3(s) + H2O +2NH [reduction] NH4Cl and ZnCl2 Paste

Pb sheet (lead) Pb(s) +SO42- -> PbSO4(s) + 2ePbO2 powder on lead sheet (lead Oxide) PbO2 + SO42- + 4H+ +2e-> PbSO4 +2H2O H2SO4

Zn (Zinc) Zn(s) +2OH- Zn(OH)2+2eAg2O paste and C graphite (Silver Oxide) (Carbon) Ag2O(s) +H2O(l) 2Ag(s) + 2OHKOH paste , Zn(OH)2 paste

C (graphite) with Li+ ions (carbon) (Lithium) LixC6-> C6 + xLi+ + xe-

Anode half equation

Glass/transparent metal layer/TiO2 semi conductor Ru(dye) -> Ru(dye)++e-

Cathode

LiCoO2 (Lithiated metal oxide)

Glass/transparent SnO2 conducting layer / Pt catalyst I3-+2e- -> 3I-

Cathode Half equation Electrolyte

Li1-xCoO2 +xLi+ +xe LiCoO2 Li1-x or LiBF4

Energy Denstiy

Low

low

Low

High

Molten mixture of iodide-triiodide ions dissolved in organic solvent high

Cost and Practicality

Advantages - Inexpensive - Maintains a steady voltage

Advantages - long shelf life - rechargeable Disadvantages

Advantages - Produces significant amounts of

Advantages - Operates over a wide temperature

Advantage - TiO2 oxides are cheap - Simple to

Good for small currents of electricity - Easily transported Disadvantage - non-rechargeable - short shelf life - zinc casing oxidses during cell discharge resulting in leakage of acidic paste.

Expensive (lead) If charged to quickly combustible hydrogen gas forms Heavy

energy - Constant voltage through life - Long shelf life Disadvantages - Expensive (Ag) - Nonrechargeable -

range - Rechargeable - Low maintence - Low self discharge - Light and compact Disadvantages - Expensive - Fragile - Low memory effort - Long recharge times Lithium ion batteries are used mainly in laptops, mobile phones and satellite batteries. This indicates that the use of this battery has vastly increased over the years as technology has developed, the weight and size of the battery have resulted in the portable items we have today . There is no direct impact on the environment as there is no lithium metal within the battery.

construct - Only small amounts of expensive platinum used Disadvantage - High initial expense

Impact on society

As dry cell batteries have a low and constant voltage they are commonly used in low-drain appliances such as torches, toys and calculators. Their mobility allows energy dependent items such as torches to increase in use.

Lead acid cells are used in the start up process of car batteries, and provides a high energy current over time. Its high capacity is also useful as it can be used for other power needs as well, such as emergency lighting, and it can be recharged through solar panels Lead acid panels are can be recycled to retr

As button cells are small in size they can be used in a variety of everyday appliences such as hearing aids, cameras and watches. They are also non toxic and strongly insulated

Solar panels are made from these batteries they are used to capture the suns light and store it at a later date. This inivation has allowed for one of the largest green/clean energy sources in the world.

Environmental Impact

The paste used within the battery are non toxic and weak in acidity so they do not pose a major threat. Zinc and manganese

The silver used in the battery can be salvaged if recycled correctly for further use, this lessens the burden on silver

The oxides used within these batteries are non toxic. The use of these batteries in solar

however are heavy metals.In small quantities they due not pose a problem to the environment but in larger quantities they endanger the ecosystem around them.

deposits. However the KOH electrolyte is caustic meaning it is corrosive. This and also the mercury from mercury button cells can endanger the environment if not disposed off properly

panels helps to reduce green house gasses.