Practical 1 Title Date Introduction Fuel 9.6.

2009 The first step in refining is the separation of petroleum into fractions by fractional distillation in an oil refinery. Each fraction consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules that boils over a range of temperatures. For example, the kerosene fraction is a mixture that boils between 170 and 250 degrees celcius Aim Materials / Apparatus Investigating the fractional distillation of Petroleum Petroleum, anti-bumping granules ( porcelain chips ), filter paper, retort stand, thermometer ( -10 -360C ), distillation flask, Liebig condenser, conical flask, wire gauze, tripod stand, evaporating dish, Bunsen burner. Procedure A. Fractional distillation of Petroleum 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 1. 2. The petroleum is heated in the distillation flask. 3. The first fraction of petroleum is collected at 30C - 80C. 4. The heating is continued and the distillation is collected in separate conical flasks at different ranges of temperature at 80C - 120C, 120C 160 C and 160C - 200C. B. Characteristics of various fractions 5. The colour is observed of each fraction. 6. The viscosity of the fractions is observed by tilting the conical flask. 7. For each of the fractions, some of it was poured into evaporating dish and it was heated. The colour of the flame is observed and produced soot. 8. The observation is recorded.

Figure 1: Set-up Fractional distillation Result: Temperature Fraction Gasoline Benzene Range 30 C 80 C 80 C - 120 C Colour Colourless Yellowish Viscosity Very low Low (slightly Naphtha 120 C -160 C Yellow viscous) Medium Flammability Higher (Burn easily) High (burn with a little soot) Medium (burn with a more Kerosene 160 C - 200 C Dark brown high smoky flame) Low (burn with a very smoky flame) Table 1

Observation :

Yellowish and slightly viscous Figure 2

Colourless and non-viscous

Burn with a littler soot

Burn easily

Figure 3

Burn longer

Burn less longer

Produce more soot

Produce less soot

Discussions: 1. Discuss the flammability of the fractions of petroleum. The higher of the temperature, the flammability will be decreases. 3

2. Discuss the relationship between the boiling point of the fractions with the: a) colour of the fractions The higher of the temperature, the colour of the fraction wiil be darkness. b) viscosity of the fractions The higher of the temperature, the viscosity of the fractions will be increases. c) the amount of soot produced by fractions The higher the range of temperature, the amount of soot produced by fractions will be increases. 3. Fraction X has a formula of C6H14. Predict its colour ,viscosity and the amount of soot produced by X Fraction X Temperature range Colour Viscosity The amout of soot 80 C - 120 C Yellowish Low (slightly viscous) High (burn with a little soot)

4. Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the combustion of gasoline(C8H18). C8H18 + 25/2 O2 8CO2 + 9H2O

5. The incomplete combustion of gasoline results in emission of poisonous gasses such as carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the incomplete combustion of gasoline(C8H18). C8H18 + 19/2 O2 + N2 8CO + 2NO + 9H2O

6. What is biodiesel? Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases. It is safe, biodegradable, and produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel. Biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel. Common blends include B2 (2% biodiesel), B5, and B20. B2 and B5 can be used safely in most diesel engines. 7. What are the advantages of using biodiesel compare to petroleum fuel. . Domestically produced from non-petroluem, renewable resources Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides) and greenhouse gases Biodegradable Non-toxic Safer to handle

Conclusion: Petroleum can be separated into its fractions by fractional distillation. As the boiling point of the fraction increases,

a) The darker the colour it is, b) The more viscous it is, and c) The more difficult it is burn with more soot are produced.