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{ big bang story is not new to Indians } {Indians know more than big bang but search right places in India} {WHERE ENERGY IS CONVERTING TO MATTER AS A REGULAR EXERCISE} By:-------AMIT JOSHI Violating laws during big bang leads to the situation, where all are trying to understand what particle was present at that time 13 billion yrs agowhen universe is just a particlewe can say its an analogous component to a creator cell or creator gene which carry information about how this universe will look after its explosion, what are the forces and laws of nature will be present in this universe, and how these forces will decide the conversion of entities to first living cell after earth formation. I think better term will be saying it god cell or god gene or god genoenergy particle. We know very well that at present strong force + weak force + electromagnetic forces are combined with increment in our understandings of quantum mechanics which deals with dynamic arrangement inside sub atomic particles. Thats the fine particles inside the sub atomic ones are exchanging like its a game of passing minute balls to lot of hands for creating intimacy between these sub atomic ones. But at the beginning this genoenergy particle have all forces combined and we yet lack gravitational enegy to combine with the set of these above three sub atomic forces, as we all know that before explosion or translation of this information of space-time formation and what forces and set of laws will decide every thing in this fabric of space time , each and every of these four energies are interwound and creating great dynamicity or greater fluctuations inside and outer membrane of this genoenergy particle. Its the case where greater conversion of energy and mass reversibly occurring we dont know what the time and space inside it. Its the similar situation as human cell containing long DNA molecule inside it. But might be some internal signaling is needed to these genoenergy particle to promotes internalize division which creates explosion or translation of its internal information in to external formations of space time. If we are able to synthesize such an energy cell were lot of conversions of energy and mass reversibly taking and so it can able to signalize itself than that cell will decide super living beings and thats might be futuristic selection in population.As we study in our purans and shastra that vishvamitra creating his own universe thats due to his ability to convert his cell to perfect ones so that his cells were able to do external change of energy and mass conversions even far far away from its actual position. This is might be due to his cells have somewhat miniaturized analogy to genoenergy particle.
ZERO IS SELF DEFINING FOR ENORMOUS POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FORMS EQUILIBRIO CONCEPT
When there is nothing than also absorbing of one zero to another zero this can be explained by Kdb constant. Energy can be equalizing to space and time , so E=S*T*Kdb. Where S= space, T=time, Kdb=absorbing+ adsorbing constant, E=energy of genoenergy particle. So there is equilibrio at initial stages of forming such a particle, means there is an absorption as well as adsorption of zero quantity, let say absorption as positive form and adsorption as negative form. Example is very clear if one person A asks question to other guy B than person B gives answer to him, this answer accepted by person A is called absorption of nothingness as we know question was not a physical quantity. Similarly in nature we can hypothesized at beginning of universe there was such kind of absorptions in enormous level. Which forms the physical quantities like if same above person A is sitting in examination he can wrote that answer and now this answer is written in answer sheet ,so now question and answer both have physical appearance. Similarly energy forms from nothingness as universe is huge so this phenomenon might be yet running at some places or parts of this huge cosmos. May be there is something called zero line in universe which is yet involved in formation of energy, that can be Dark energy generation points. Various zero lines are present in universe which is involved in formation of energy, and this energy is interconvert able to matter and various forms of forces at present. Because universe is still random and spontaneous, its have lot of diversity meaning it can have zero lines, like it have dark energy and dark matter. This can be the concept in beginning there were only zero universe existence and after development of genoenergy particle and its explosion yet there be one thing which determines formation of universe that is there were some zero lines and zero patches left in universe which are yet
involved in formation of energy and particles and there explosions not like big bang but we cwn call them mini big bang type explosions{MBTE}.
MAXWELLS EQUATION IN CURVED SPACETIME In physics, Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime govern the dynamics of the electromagnetic field in curved spacetime (where the metric may not be the Minkowski metric) or where one uses an arbitrary (not necessarily Cartesian) coordinate system. These equations can be viewed as a generalization of the vacuum Maxwell's equations which are normally formulated in the local coordinates of flat spacetime. But because general relativity dictates that the presence of electromagnetic fields (or energy/matter in general) induce curvature in spacetime, Maxwell's equations in flat spacetime should be viewed as a convenient approximation. When working in the presence of bulk matter, it is preferable to distinguish between free and bound electric charges. Without that distinction, the vacuum Maxwell's equations are called the "microscopic" Maxwell's equations. When the distinction is made, they are called the macroscopic Maxwell's equations.
The reader is assumed to be familiar with the four dimensional form of electromagnetism in flat space-time and basic mathematics of curved spacetime. The electromagnetic field also admits a coordinate-independent geometric description, and Maxwell's equations expressed in terms of these geometric objects are the same in any spacetime, curved or not. Also, the same modifications are made to the equations of flat Minkowski space when using local coordinates that are not Cartesian. For example, the equations in this article can be used to write Maxwell's equations in spherical coordinates. For these reasons, it may be useful to think of Maxwell's equations in Minkowski space as a special case, rather than Maxwell's equations in curved spacetimes as a generalization.
where is the density of Lorentz force, is the reciprocal of the metric tensor , and is the determinant of the metric tensor. Notice that and are (ordinary) tensors while , , and are tensor densities of weight +1. Despite the use of partial derivatives, these equations are invariant under arbitrary curvilinear coordinate transformations. Thus if one replaced the partial derivatives with covariant derivatives, the extra terms thereby introduced would cancel out.
Electromagnetic field
The electromagnetic field is a covariant antisymmetric rank 2 tensor which can be defined in terms of the electromagnetic potential by
To see that this equation is invariant, we transform the coordinates (as described in the classical treatment of tensors)
which incorporates Faraday's law of induction and Gauss's law for magnetism. This is seen by
Although there appear to be 64 equations in Faraday-Gauss, it actually reduces to just four independent equations. Using the antisymmetry of the electromagnetic field one can either
reduce to an identity (0=0) or render redundant all the equations except for those with ,, = either 1,2,3 or 2,3,0 or 3,0,1 or 0,1,2. The Faraday-Gauss equation is sometimes written
where the semicolon indicates a covariant derivative, comma indicate a partial derivative, and square brackets indicate anti-symmetrization. The covariant derivative of the electromagnetic field is
Electromagnetic displacement
The electric displacement field, and the auxiliary magnetic field, form an antisymmetric contravariant rank 2 tensor density of weight +1. In a vacuum, this is given by
Notice that this equation is the only place where the metric (and thus gravity) enters into the theory of electromagnetism. Furthermore even here, the equation is invariant under a change of scale, that is, multiplying the metric by a constant has no effect on this equation. Consequently, gravity can only affect electromagnetism by changing the speed of light relative to the global coordinate system being used. Light is only deflected by gravity because it is slower when near to massive bodies. So it is as if gravity increased the index of refraction of space near massive bodies. More generally, in materials where the magnetization-polarization tensor is non-zero, we have
where the Jacobian determinant is used. If the magnetization-polarization tensor is used, it has the same transformation law as the electromagnetic displacement.
Electric current
The electric current is the divergence of the electromagnetic displacement. In a vacuum,
If magnetization-polarization is used, then this just gives the free portion of the current
This incorporates Ampere's Law and Gauss's Law. In either case, the fact that the electromagnetic displacement is antisymmetric implies that the electric current is automatically conserved
because the partial derivatives commute. The Ampere-Gauss definition of the electric current is not sufficient to determine its value because the electromagnetic potential (from which is was ultimately derived) has not been given a value. Instead, the usual procedure is to equate the electric current to some expression in terms of other fields, mainly the electron and proton, and then solve for the electromagnetic displacement, electromagnetic field, and electromagnetic potential. The electric current is a contravariant vector density, and as such it transforms as follows
which is a version of a known theorem (see Inverse functions and differentiation#Higher derivatives).
Lorentz force
where is the linear 4-momentum of the particle, t is any time coordinate parameterizing the world line of the particle, is the Christoffel symbol (gravitational force field), and q is the electric charge of the particle.
This equation is invariant under a change in the time coordinate; just multiply by chain rule. It is also invariant under a change in the x coordinate system. Using the transformation law for the Christoffel symbol
we get
Lagrangian
In a vacuum, the Lagrangian for classical electrodynamics (in joules/meter3) is a scalar density
where The four-current should be understood as an abbreviation of many terms expressing the electric currents of other charged fields in terms of their variables. If we separate free currents from bound currents, the Lagrangian becomes
which is trace-free
because electromagnetism propagates at the invariant speed. In the expression for the conservation of energy and linear momentum, the electromagnetic stress-energy tensor is best represented as a mixed tensor density
which says that the decrease in the electromagnetic energy is the same as the work done by the electromagnetic field on the gravitational field plus the work done on matter (via the Lorentz force), and similarly the rate of decrease in the electromagnetic linear momentum is the electromagnetic force exerted on the gravitational field plus the Lorentz force exerted on matter. Derivation of conservation law
which is zero because it is the negative of itself (see four lines above).
where is the covariant form of the Riemann tensor and d'Alembertian operator for covariant derivatives. Using
is a generalization of the
where
This the same form of the wave equation as in flat spacetime, except that the derivatives are replaced by covariant derivatives and there is an additional term proportional to the curvature. The wave equation in this form also bears some resemblance to the Lorentz force in curved spacetime where plays the role of the 4-position.
where
is the Einstein tensor, is the gravitational constant, is the metric tensor, and (scalar curvature) is the trace of the Ricci curvature tensor. The stress-energy tensor is composed of the stress-energy from particles, but also stress-energy from the electromagnetic field. This generates the nonlinearity.
Geometric formulation
The geometric view of the electromagnetic field is that it is the curvature 2-form of a principal U(1)-bundle, and acts on charged matter by holonomy. In this view, one of Maxwell's two equations, d F= 0, is a mathematical identity known as the Bianchi identity. This equation implies, by the Poincar lemma, that there exists (at least locally) a 1-form A satisfying F = d A. The other Maxwell equation is
where the curvature 2-form F is known as the Faraday 2-form in this context, J is the current 3form, the asterisk * denotes the Hodge star operator, and d is the exterior derivative operator. The dependence of Maxwell's equation (there is only one with any physical content in this language) on the metric of spacetime lies in the Hodge star operator. Written this way, Maxwell's equation is the same in any spacetime.
Mathematical form
The Einstein field equations (EFE) may be written in the form:
where is the Ricci curvature tensor, the scalar curvature, the metric tensor, is the cosmological constant, is Newton's gravitational constant, the speed of light in vacuum, and the stressenergy tensor. The EFE is a tensor equation relating a set of symmetric 4 x 4 tensors. Each tensor has 10 independent components. The four Bianchi identities reduce the number of independent equations from 10 to 6, leaving the metric with four gauge fixing degrees of freedom, which correspond to the freedom to choose a coordinate system. Although the Einstein field equations were initially formulated in the context of a fourdimensional theory, some theorists have explored their consequences in n dimensions. The equations in contexts outside of general relativity are still referred to as the Einstein field equations. The vacuum field equations (obtained when T is identically zero) define Einstein manifolds. Despite the simple appearance of the equations they are, in fact, quite complicated. Given a specified distribution of matter and energy in the form of a stressenergy tensor, the EFE are understood to be equations for the metric tensor , as both the Ricci tensor and scalar curvature depend on the metric in a complicated nonlinear manner. In fact, when fully written out, the EFE are a system of 10 coupled, nonlinear, hyperbolic-elliptic partial differential equations. One can write the EFE in a more compact form by defining the Einstein tensor
which is a symmetric second-rank tensor that is a function of the metric. The EFE can then be written as
The expression on the left represents the curvature of spacetime as determined by the metric; the expression on the right represents the matter/energy content of spacetime. The EFE can then be interpreted as a set of equations dictating how matter/energy determines the curvature of spacetime. These equations, together with the geodesic equation, which dictates how freely-falling matter moves through space-time, form the core of the mathematical formulation of general relativity.
Sign convention
The above form of the EFE is the standard established by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler. The authors analyzed all conventions that exist and classified according to the following three signs (S1, S2, S3):
The third sign above is related to the choice of convention for the Ricci tensor:
With these definitions Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler classify themselves as Weinberg (1972) is , Peebles (1980) and Efstathiou (1990) are Peacock (1994), Rindler (1977), Atwater (1974), Collins Martin & Squires (1989) are .
, whereas while
Authors including Einstein have used a different sign in their definition for the Ricci tensor which results in the sign of the constant on the right side being negative
The sign of the (very small) cosmological term would change in both these versions, if the + metric sign convention is used rather than the MTW +++ metric sign convention adopted here.
Equivalent formulations
which simplifies to
times this to the EFE, one gets the following equivalent "trace-reversed"
Reversing the trace again would restore the original EFE. The trace-reversed form may be more convenient in some cases (for example, when one is interested in weak-field limit and can replace in the expression on the right with the Minkowski metric without significant loss of accuracy).
The cosmological constant term was originally introduced by Einstein to allow for a static universe (i.e., one that is not expanding or contracting). This effort was unsuccessful for two reasons: the static universe described by this theory was unstable, and observations of distant galaxies by Hubble a decade later confirmed that our universe is, in fact, not static but expanding. So was abandoned, with Einstein calling it the "biggest blunder [he] ever made".For many years the cosmological constant was almost universally considered to be 0. Despite Einstein's misguided motivation for introducing the cosmological constant term, there is nothing inconsistent with the presence of such a term in the equations. Indeed, recent improved astronomical techniques have found that a positive value of is needed to explain the accelerating universe. Einstein thought of the cosmological constant as an independent parameter, but its term in the field equation can also be moved algebraically to the other side, written as part of the stress energy tensor:
The existence of a cosmological constant is thus equivalent to the existence of a non-zero vacuum energy. The terms are now used interchangeably in general relativity.
Features
Conservation of energy and momentum
General relativity is consistent with the local conservation of energy and momentum expressed as
.
The nonlinearity of the EFE distinguishes general relativity from many other fundamental physical theories. For example, Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism are linear in the electric and magnetic fields, and charge and current distributions (i.e. the sum of two solutions is also a solution); another example is Schrdinger's equation of quantum mechanics which is linear in the wavefunction.
The correspondence principle
The EFE reduce to Newton's law of gravity by using both the weak-field approximation and the slow-motion approximation. In fact, the constant G appearing in the EFE is determined by making these two approximations.
The solutions to the vacuum field equations are called vacuum solutions. Flat Minkowski space is the simplest example of a vacuum solution. Nontrivial examples include the Schwarzschild solution and the Kerr solution. Manifolds with a vanishing Ricci tensor, , are referred to as Ricci-flat manifolds and manifolds with a Ricci tensor proportional to the metric as Einstein manifolds.
EinsteinMaxwell equations
If the energy-momentum tensor is that of an electromagnetic field in free space, i.e. if the electromagnetic stressenergy tensor
is used, then the Einstein field equations are called the EinsteinMaxwell equations (with cosmological constant , taken to be zero in conventional relativity theory):
Additionally, the covariant Maxwell Equations are also applicable in free space:
where the semicolon represents a covariant derivative, and the brackets denote antisymmetrization. The first equation asserts that the 4-divergence of the two-form F is zero, and the second that its exterior derivative is zero. From the latter, it follows by the Poincar lemma that in a coordinate chart it is possible to introduce an electromagnetic field potential A such that
in which the comma denotes a partial derivative. This is often taken as equivalent to the covariant Maxwell equation from which it is derived. However, there are global solutions of the equation which may lack a globally defined potential.
Solutions
The solutions of the Einstein field equations are metrics of spacetime. The solutions are hence often called 'metrics'. These metrics describe the structure of the spacetime including the inertial motion of objects in the spacetime. As the field equations are non-linear, they cannot always be completely solved (i.e. without making approximations). For example, there is no known complete solution for a spacetime with two massive bodies in it (which is a theoretical model of a binary star system, for example). However, approximations are usually made in these cases. These are commonly referred to as post-Newtonian approximations. Even so, there are numerous cases where the field equations have been solved completely, and those are called exact solutions. The study of exact solutions of Einstein's field equations is one of the activities of cosmology. It leads to the prediction of black holes and to different models of evolution of the universe.
harsh conditions which are called Tapo vyavstha and it is maintained for several years and this knowledge passes from one generation to another. BLACK HOLES AND SINGULARITY We know when star ends it sucks up what the matter is present outside and become dense and dense but size declines enormously due to gravitational concept and one point inside it called singularity very minute enormous gravitation pull , but still we know some annihilating positive and negative particles are present in its outer side periphery where negative particles enter black hole and positive leaves them as radiation that can be the reason these black holes are glowing. Sometimes we realize things which we dont know exactly is singularity , might be something is after it some may say parallel universe and we know with string theory concepts multiverse is also kind of new explanation when extra dimensions are talked. Some physist saying universe popping out from one another and Membrane theory might be one of the concept Where membranes are dynamic they can collide. This makes Levels in universe and make understanding more complex. This is the example of probabilistic view. When people exactly dont know he creates mathematical views to be accept by physics. But this all is part of paranormal sciences. And it is not in range of present physicists. UNCERTAIN POSITION OF ELECTRONS WE know very well electrons in atom disappears in its path and reappears at some place , and even they can be at more than two places at a time, thats called uncertainity. This is possible only if energy is assembling to electron at new places and electron was disassembles at earlier postion. END IS NEW BEGINING At the end of days god will come and the living ones and selected ones will able to see new kind of atoms and compound which are just energy interactions and beyond the present periodic table. Even god and death both can be nearby to such yogis and aghoris according to their wish. We know they can only convert to present periodic table elements but some are disappearing now a days and they were able to construct there own universe but they are bounded to god and thats the reason if some OF THEM IS left they never try this.But this is not the end it is the beginning.
REFERENCES 1. Wikipedia as a source for Maxwell equations 2. Shrimad bhagvat geeta By:-A.C bhaktivedant swami ji 3. Bhagvat puran , Shiva puran 4. Molecular cell biology books 5. Advanced Astronomy and cosmology books 6. Theoretical Quantum physics and cosmology books 7. Thanks to google for help in searching several sites related to above matter