LIGHTING DESIGN QUESTIONS

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INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLANCHARDSTOWN SCHOOL OF INFORMATICS AND ENGINEERING

AWARD: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE PROGRAM T ITLE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SUSTAINABLE ELECTRICAL & CONTROL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME CODE: BN039/35

STUDENT NAME; MARTIN OSHEA CLASS/GROUP; BN035, GROUP 4

I HEAR BY DECLARE THAT THE FOLLOWING ASSIGNMENT IS ALL MY OWN WORK

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary

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Introduction

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Section A Part 1

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Section A Part 2

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Section B Part 1

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Section B Part 2

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Section B Part 3

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Conclusion

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References

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Lighting design was always an important part of a building. But in todays world it is more important to make sure that you make a building more efficient than ever. One of the ways is by making the lighting as efficient as possible. This is done by using calculations to make sure you dont put in too many lights fittings in and by picking the right light type also by putting in more efficient ways of turning lights on and off. By taking into account all these factors the building owners can reduce their carbon foot print which is better for the environment while also saving money for themselves.

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INTRODUCTION

As part of the electrical services module it is important to understand about lighting design. By answering these questions it will show that I have an understanding of lighting design and by using the course notes and my own research I have a greater knowledge of how important lighting design is not only on the college course but also in the working world.

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SECTION A, PART 1

SO

The number of light fittings needed.

The sum shows that 10 light fittings would be needed

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SECTION A, PART 2

The lighting in buildings can use up 20 45 % of their electricity cost in commercial buildings (1). By not using direct switching the cost of electricity can be cut down. This is due to the fact that you can have a light on only when its need and also that the lights can be left on by accident which can happen with direct switching. Some of the ways to switch lighting other than direct light are: PIR Switches These switches can be used inside and outside. They are very common on outdoor security lighting. The PIR sees infrared light and when a person passes by the field of vision of the PIR it can detect the person from the background because the of the different infrared light of the person and the background. An example of this switch would be the THRON SWITCHLITE MWA SLD IP64 BLK

Fig 1

Photo Cell SWITCHES The photo cell switch is light response which means that when there is daylight falling on the Photo Cell it will turn the lights off and when the daylight drops off the Photo Cell the lights will come back on. The Photo cell is suitable for offices, public buildings and the like. An example of this would be the THRON SwitchLite Photocell

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Fig 1 LUX SENSE SWITCHES The Lux Sense switch measures the level of sunlight coming into the room. The luminance level of the room is worked out and when the sunlight shines into the room the luminance of the sunlight is measured and if the sunlight reaches the desired level of luminance the lights will stay off and when the sunlight drops below the desired luminance the lights will come on but they will be dimmed. So with the sunlight and the dimmed lights this will make up the desired luminance level. This will keep happening until there is no sunlight and the lights will come on fully. An example of this would be the THORN Sensa Detectors - presence daylight switch.

Fig 3

Lighting control is always being developed as shown in the above sensor. The sensa detector by THORN not only measures the level of sunlight but also has a PIR built in. This means that if nobody is in the room the lights wont come on and if somebody enters the room and there is enough luminance from the sunlight the lights will stay off. Or if somebody enters and there is not enough sunlight the lights will come on with the dimmer. If you think that there is not enough light with the dimed lights and the sunlight you can override the sensor with a remote control to get the level of light you desire. By using non direct switching a company can reduce the amount of electricity it needs for lighting. This in turn saves the company money and reduces the companys carbon footprint which is better for the environment.

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SECTION B, PART 1 Low Pressure Mercury Vapour (MFC) Lamp The low pressure mercury vapour (MFC) lamp or are commonly known as fluorescent lamps are used in offices. They come in different sizes from tubes to compact fluorescent lamps. They are used because they are efficient from 34lm/w to 104 lm/w. they have good colour rendering CRI 68 85. The lifespan of the lamps is from 5000 10000 hours. The colour they give off ranges from cool white to warm white light.

Fig 4

High Pressure Mercury Vapour (MBF) Lamp The high pressure mercury vapour (MBF) lamp would be a suitable lamp for warehouses. The reasons that this lamp would be suitable is because usually in warehouses they leave the lights on for a long time, so they would be looking for an efficient lamp and enough light to read the packages. The MBF lamp gives off a white light and has an efficiency of 40 60 lm/watt usually the higher the watt the more efficient the lamp is. The lifespan of the lamp is about 10,000 hours which means you dont have to change the lamp as much. The colour rendering is low around CRI 20 60 but usually you dont need good colour rendering in warehouses.

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Fig 5

High Pressure Mercury Metal Halide (MBI) Lamp The high pressure mercury metal halide (MBI) lamp would be suitable for lighting up sport grounds at night. The MBI lamp gives off a very clean crisp white light. This light has very good colour rendering around CRI 80 100. The lifespan of the MBI lamp is around 6,000 hours. The efficiency of the lamp is around 60 110 lm/watt. The higher the wattage of the lamp the more efficient the lamp is. So the MBI lamp would be used for sport grounds because of the good colour rendering so that each team would be able to see each other jerseys.

Fig 6

High Pressure Sodium Vapour (SON) Lamp The high pressure sodium vapour (son) lamp would be suitable for flood lighting in front of buildings, the like of churches and museums. The SON lamp gives off a yellowish light which looks nice on buildings. The life span of the SON is around 10,000 hours which means that you wouldnt have to change the lamp very often. The efficiency of the lamp is around120 lm/watt which is a good efficiency. The colour rendering would be poor around CRI 20 30. The colour rendering is poor but because the lamp gives off a nice yellow light and the effect of lighting up the building is to show the comparison of light and shadows on the building more than the colour of the building.

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Fig 7 Low Pressure Sodium Vapour (SOX) Lamp The low pressure sodium vapour (SOX) lamp would be suitable for street lighting because the SOX lamp is the most efficient lamp 160 lm/watt. This means it is the cheapest lamp to run. Even through the colour rendering is very poor CRI 0. The efficiency and the lifespan which is around 10,000 hours means that it is a good lamp for street lighting as colour rendering is not that important. In hot counties SOX lamp is good for street lighting because the lamp does not attract mosquitos.

Fig 8

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SECTION B, PART 2

600 candela at 3 meters At normal screen surface

E=

I___ d

E=

600___ 3

E = 66.67 lux

600 candela at 3 meters At 45 to the screen surface

E = I.cos__ d

E = 600.cos45 3

E = 47.14 lux

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SECTION B, PART 3

Colour Rendering Colour rendering is how a colour will appear under a light source. Different lights will make a colour look different. An example of this would be if you bought a jumper in a shop and under the shop lights the jumper looked navy and then when you get home and looked at the jumper under the house lights the jumper now looks black. This is because the shop lights would have better colour rendering then the lights in the house. So good colour rendering will show the true colour of an object. So how does the shop keeper know which lights to use to give better colour rendering? The answer to this is that every light comes with a colour rendering index data sheet. The colour rendering index goes from 0 to 100. 0 is the worst colour rendering, and 100 is the best colour rendering. They use daylight as the reference for the scale. So when you buy a light the colour rendering data sheet will show where this light will fit in on the colour rendering index, so you will know if the light will be good at colour rendering.

Fig 9
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Maintenance Factor When light fittings are put in, over time the lamps of the lights fittings will reduce the amount of luminous flux they give out due to the amount of dirt that can build up on the light. In some places there would be more build-up of grime and dirt, for the likes of a clean room in a micro-chip factory compared with a welding work shop. So to help keep up a good level of maintained luminance in a dirty environment the lighting designer will have to take into account the maintenance factor. So the lighting designer will have to take into account the likes of how often the lamps will be changed, how much dirt is going to be in the air and on all the walls, floors, ceilings and work tops, how often the place is going to get cleaned. To help the lighting designer a reference table is available to get the maintenance factor. An example of this reference is :

Typical Maintenance Factor Values

Air Conditioned Office Clean Industrial Dirty Industrial

0.8

0.7 0.6

Fig 10

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Utilization factor When light comes out of a lamp not all of this light reaches the working plane. This is due to a number of factors. These factors are What type of light fittings is used What height the light fittings are placed at. How many windows in the room What colour the walls painted What colour the floor is The size of the room

The difference between the lumens coming out of the light fitting and the lumens hitting the working plane is shown by a ratio. This ratio is the utilization factor and is given in a percentage. The utilization is found using a utilization factor table given by the lighting manufactures. An example of a table:

UTILISATION FACTOR TABLE (for 2x36 bare batten) LOR: 88.1% Reflectance SHR NOM 1.75: 1.0 Room Index (K) Disregard SHR MAX.

Ceiling 0.50

Wall 0.30

Floor 0.20

0.75 0.30

1.00 0.37

1.25 0.42

1.5 0.46

2.0 0.52

2.50 0.56

3.00 0.59

4.00 0.63

5.00 0.66

Fig 11

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CONCLUSION Lighting is a very important part of life and can be expensive part of a companys electricity bill but lighting is here to stay. So it is important for companies to get the most out of their lighting but also trying to reduce the amount of lighting that they use. By using good lighting design a company can reduce the amount of lighting that they use. This in turn will reduce the cost of their lighting electricity bill. Because lighting is so important there is a lot of research and development by lighting manufactures to make switching and lamps more efficient this research will in turn reduce the amount of electricity needed for lighting. Lighting will use up less electricity this will be better for the environment because you are cutting down on carbon emissions. So you could say that the planets future looks brighter.

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REFERENCES (1) www.unep.org

Images and Tables Cover sheet image Google Images Fig 1 3 www.thorn.com Fig 4 8 Google Images Fig 9 11 www.cs.cdu.edu.au

Information Taken From

Section a part 1, section b part 2 Owen Floods notes Section a part 2, www.thorn.com Section b part 1, 3, www.cs.cdu.edu.au

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