Joint Stock Company

(1603-1625)-King James issued roaly charters for the colonization of the mid-atlantic region to joinstock companies. These companies rais capital by selling shares. Simply put, it was a business organization that allowed people to invest in the business. The investment was much like stock today where, if the business failed, the investor only lost what it invested into the company. These companies were crucial in funding the colonization in the western hemisphere and exploring. Example: Virginia Company

Virginia Company

(1607)- Was a group of investor in London that sent ships to the temperate latitudes the Chesapeak Bay. Once they arrived, one hundred men built the fort of Jamestown, named in honor of King James. This became the first permanent English settlement in North America. Later, the Virginia Company funded and supported the sailing of the Mayflower and was led by William Bradford (102 people in 1620.) In 1632, the company was bankrupted due to War and Virginia became a royal colony.

Jamestown

Was the first English Settlement in Northern America. It was funded by the Virginia Company. It was located in teh Chesapeak area dominated by the Algonquian and Powhatan people. In the first years, the colonists only survived due to the help of the Powhatans material assistance. Angered by the English presence not for trade, but for invading and conquering, the Powhatan starved the colonists in retaliation, and the colonists had to resort to cannibalism. The early years were tough- 60 out of the 900 colonists remained.

House of Burgesses

(1619)- Included representatives of Virginias boroughs. This was the first general meeting of assembly in America. The meeting was attended by the govenor, 6 citizens chosen by the govenor, and the representatives from the surrounding area. The goal was to enact legislation for the colony, but a lot of the ideas that were proposed, were, in a sense, over ruled by the powers in England.

Tobacco

Was known as a merchantable commodity. The revenue from the exporting sales of the crop was one of the first returns on the Virginia Companys investments. Tobacco was the most important cash crop and accounted for 20% of the colonial exports. The expansion of tobacco production required large slave labor because it needed hand labor. Tobacco farms varied in size. In Virginia, the slaves were cared for, whereas in Brazil, the slaves were worked to death. Soon, tobacco plantations began to spread though sea level coastal regions known as the tidewater extending from Delaware south through Maryland and Virginia.

Puritanism

Was a religion brought about by John Calvin. The followers wished to purify and reform the English church from within. The Puritans emphasized values such as enterprise and hard work. The religion was attractive to merchants, entrepreneurs, and commercial farmer who, during the final years of the reign of Elizabeth, were responsible for economic and social developments and change in England. Oddly enough, Puritans spoke out against the disruptive effects of such change. They argued for reviving communities by placing reformed Christian congregations at their core to monitor the behavior of individuals. Puritanism was not only focused on religious values, but social and political ones as well.

Mayflower Compact

The first English colony in New England was established by English Separatists known as Pilgrims. They left alongside William Bradford, Plymouth England in September 1620 upon the Mayflower. Two months later, unsettlement began to break out about pilgrim authority. Therefore, Bradford drafted the Mayflower Compact in which was the first document of self-government.

Mercantilism

Was created as a system to ensure that wealth derived from the colonies of a country benefited their states. It called for extended political control of colonial economy. This idea is near the opposite of a "Laissez-faire" styled economy-free operation of the marketplace. Mercantilists believed that the nation that accumulated the largest amount of wealth, would become the most dominant and powerful. Therefore, the mercantilist era was a period of intense and violent competition among European nation-states.

Dominion of New England

Following the death of Charles II in 1685, his brother James took the throne. King James believed that the colonies had grown to strong and were becoming disruptive (often colonial assemblies became involved in bitter disputes with their governors. King James eventually abolished charter governments altogether (NY, NE,NJ) and combined them into the Dominion of England.

Navigation Acts

The navigation acts were enforced during this time, which restricted colonial trade by preventing the colonies from trading directly with any nation other than England. This gave England a much tighter hold on the colonies because all economical business moved through the motherland rather than any direct trading between the colonies and other countries. Specifically, these acts defined the colonies as both suppliers of raw materials and markets for English manufactured goods. Merchants from other nations were forbidden to trade in the colonies, and all trade had to be conducted in ships built either in England or in the British colonies. The regulations specified a list of enumerated goods-colonial products that could only be shipped to England.

Salutary Neglect

Was the British policy up until the end of the French and Indian war, which allowed the American colonies to trade freely with other nations despite the Navigation acts restricting them to only trade with Great Britain. The removal of salutary neglect and the enforcement of the Navigations Acts angered many colonists who had been used to the original policy of free trade. This along with other factors was a factor that raised tensions and caused the Revolutionary war.

Anne Hutchinson

Was a woman who led religious discussion groups that criticized Boston ministers who she felt lacked piety. She felt that the ministers focused too much on good works, inferring that people could earn their way to heaven. She was then called to puritan court where she was excommunicated and banished from the puritan church because she had said that she had received a direct revelation from god. She then moved to Providence, Rhode Island in 1636.

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania in 1676 when he was given land as a repayment of a debt to his father by King Charles. Penn took the land and established it as a safe haven for Quakers. Quakers were a dissenting sect from the traditional Anglican sect of Britain, and they often persecuted. Penn wanted to create Pennsylvania to be a place with tolerance for all religions. Penn also made sure to work out fair deals

regarding the purchase and settlement of land with the Native Americans who occupied the lands. His capitol, Philadelphia became one of the most important cities of the revolution and it was nicknamed the city of brotherly love because of its religious tolerance. Virtual representation

Was parliaments justification for why the colonists lacked and colony representatives. Parliament argued that it did what it thought was best for all of the British Empire which included the 13 colonies, which essentially meant they were the colonies representatives. This angered American colonists because parliament imposed heavy import taxes on the colonies which the colonists had no say on. This led to the famous slogan of No taxation without Representation which the colonists rallied behind leading up to the revolutionary war.

Social Mobility in colonial America

The social classes in colonial America were very rigid. Slaves remained at the bottom of the social order and had no rights. The indentured servants who worked off their debts to their master could earn their freedom but many never reached the end of their contract because of death. The poor became poorer and the rich became richer as years went by. Governors were of noble birth and were appointed by the king to rule. Wealthy merchants and planters were usually from families of wealth.

Bacons Rebellion

Violent raids in 1675 took place led by the back-country settler Nathan Bacon. Angry over the war between the Susquehannock people and the tobacco planters expanding west, violent raids broke out. Bacon even burned and pillaged the town of Jamestown. The rebellion signified the ongoing aggression and tension between the settlers and the Indians.

Slavery

In the colonial era, slavery was a system of importing Africans from their native country by ship and forcing each slave into a life of unpaid-labor for his or her master who purchased the slaves. Crops in early colonial America were crucial for each colonys livelihood and slavery was so important in early colonies because they provided the manual labor needed to maintain these crops. Slavery from there grew as one of the most important parts of southern society in America because of the Souths reliance on slave labor for cash crops and house work which. Slavery would later become one of the most controversial topics in America and almost caused the dissolution of the union after a bitter Civil War.

John Locke Was an English philosopher during a cultural movement in Europe called The Enlightenment, who was renowned for his ideas on natural rights, and liberty that had a profound impact throughout Europe and the World. John Locke was important in the colonial era because his philosophical ideas such as his ideas on Natural rights greatly influenced the minds of colonists who were being denied the very ideas that Locke wrote about with their relationship with Great Britain. This influence in turn helped bring about the American Revolution in America, and gave a basis for of the colonials leaders first ideas for a government. Great Awakening Was a widespread religious revival In North America during the 1740s. It was important in Colonial America because it reinvigorated ideas of Christianity throughout the colonies but was most important because it banded other together and contributed a sense of American Identity. Halfway Covenant Was a practice among churches during Colonial America that allowed partial membership to a church which allowed for child baptism, but restricted halfway members in terms of communion. The Halfway Covenant was important because it attempted to draw in more religious participation in North America and eventually led to the Great Awakening.

Indentured Servitude: Was an institution made up of poor immigrants who couldnt afford the journey to America. They agreed to work for minimum or no salary for a predetermined number of years for a wealthier employer who had paid for the servants travel and living costs. Indentured servitude was the first example of an institution similar to slavery in the United States. Education in Colonial America: Started with the upper class; boys and girls were taught how to read, write, do simple math, etc. Boys would be taught to follow their fathers footsteps as a plantation owner, and girls, were usually taught more domestic skills such as sewing, cooking, nursing, and many other chores. Education in Colonial America not only taught younger generations, but also set a precedent for family life and the roles of men and women. Religion in the Colonies: Was very diverse because many different religious groups sought freedom of practice for their individual religions. Examples include the Puritans and Quakers. Puritans were the first to dominate by belief that the Puritan way was the right way, and that non-conformists should be banished. However, the persecution didnt last, and more religious groups began to appear such as the Quakers. This encouraged many more settlers to travel to the colonies in search of religious freedom. Restoration Colonies: Were six out of the thirteen colonies (New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and South Carolina). These colonies were run by proprietors, men who earned land grants from King Charles II. Proprietorships divided the land into tenants, gave away some to settlers, and promised religious freedom in the lands. The proprietors strategized to have complete control over these regions mainly to earn more money for themselves.

Navigation Acts:

(1650-1659) were laws prohibiting trade between foreign countries. The series of laws only permitted trade within the colonies and England, so that trade would be more beneficial to the mother country than any other region. The Navigation Acts hindered the colonies ability to expand their relations with foreign countries, and trade with other regions of the world. It was the start of promoting mercantilism, and its main purpose was to exclude the Dutch and their intimidating growth of trade.

French and Indian War: (1754-1763), the last of four North American wars waged from 1689 to 1763 between the British and the French. In these struggles, each country fought for control of the continent with the assistance of Native American and colonial allies. Was part of a "great war for empire," a successful attempt by the British to attain a dominant position in North America, the West Indies, and the subcontinent of India. Although the war began in America, it expanded into Europe as the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) The war not only stripped France of its North American empire, it also caused Britain to change its relationship to its colonies, a change that eventually led to the American Revolution.

The Acts: 1764 Sugar Act- tax on sugar from West Indies 1765 Quartering Act- colonists required to house/feed British soldiers 1765 Stamp Act- wills, documents, newspapers, cards require stamps; repealed 1767 Declaratory Act- British reserve power to make laws 1767 Townshend Revenue Acts- import duties on lead, glass, paint, paper, tea Boston Port Act: prohibited loading/unloading of ships in Boston Harbor until colonists paid back for the tea Massachusetts Government Act: annulled colonial charter of MA terminated self rule of the colonies Quartering Act 1774: legalized housing of troops in private homes at public expense

Administration of Justice Act: trials could be moved to Great Britain or British colonies Quebec Act: Quebecs territory expanded to take over part of the Indian Reserve

Boycotts: Beginning in 1764 the colonists tried non-importation of British goods. James Otis Jr. began the catch phrase, No taxation without representation. John Dickinson wrote the Letters from a farmer in PA protesting parliaments right to tax after the Townshend Revenue Acts. The Massachusetts Circular Letter was Samuel Adams controversial writing that drew British attention to rescind the letter. The Boston Massacre of 1770 left 5 dead after a conflict between British soldiers and colonists. In the Boston Tea Party colonists dumped tea into the harbor, and similar riots followed in NY and Annapolis. Inter-colonial cooperation began with Committees of Correspondence to help coordinate opposition to the British.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts passed by federalists were unconstitutionally asserting states rights to step up against an unconstitutional government

Sons of Liberty: Boston in early summer of 1765 a group of shopkeepers and artisans, who called themselves The Loyal Nine, began preparing for agitation against the Stamp Act. They eventually existed in every colony. Their most popular objective was to force Stamp Distributors throughout the colonies to resign. The groups also applied pressure to any Merchants who did not comply with the non-importation associations.

Declaration of Independence: June 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee of VA suggest declaring independence. Vote was postponed until July, but a committee formed with Jefferson in charge of writing. Asserted great principle of equality and the right of revolution, proclaimed independence and accepted treason against the King. July 4, 1776 approved without dissent.

First Continental Congress: (September 5, 1774) held in Philadelphia; called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts; Samuel and John Adams (known as the radicals of Massachusetts), Patrick Henry and George Washington from Virginia, Christopher Gadsden from South Carolina, John Dickinson and Joseph Galloway of Philadelphia, John Jay and James Duane from New York; passed the Declaration of Resolves; urged to also pass the Committee of Observation and Safety; not too much was completed, so a Second Continental Congress was called

Second Continental Congress: (opened May 10, 1775); began a little after the start of the Revolutionary War; represented 12 of the British colonies (excluding Georgia); from New Hampshire to South Carolina the Committees of Observation and Safety elected colony-wide conventions since the First Continental Congress; managed the colonial war effort, and helped the colonies to move towards independence

Alliance with France: France would play a major role in helping the Americans to succeed in the Revolutionary War; they were still upset about their defeat in the French and Indian War (Seven Years War) against the British (wanted revenge); while the French had continuously sent the U.S. supplies, France did not become their alliance on February 6, 1778British declared war on them on March 17, 1778; they did not join sooner because they wanted to ensure American Victory, which occurred when they won the Battle of Saratoga

Treaty of Paris (1783): signed on September 3, 1783; ended the American Revolutionary War; acknowledged the United States to be free, sovereign and independent states, and that the British Crown has to relinquish its claims to the government, territorial rights, and propriety contracts

Articles of Confederation: first written constitution of the United States; created a national government of sharply limited powers, an arrangement that reflected the concerns of people fighting to free themselves from a coercive central government; found it difficult to unite colonies and assemble the resources necessary to fight the war and win peace; created a national assembly (Congress) 1) Under the Articles there was only a unicameral legislature so that there was no separation of powers. 2) The central government under the Articles was too weak since

Northwest Ordinance: passed July 13, 1787; the outcome of this ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River; accelerated the speed of westward expansion in the United States

Land Ordinance of 1785: passed May 20, 1785; Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress did not have the power to tax the citizens, so the immediate goal of this was to raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped western territory; established the basis for the Public Land Survey System; land was to be systematically surveyed into square townships; Each township was divided and then further split for re-sale by settlers and land speculators; established public education

XYZ Affair: (1797) John Adams (now the President) sent other men on a peace mission to France (the French were upset about the American neutrality in the French-British conflicts, so continuously attacked their ships); This three-man commission, including Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, was immediately confronted by the refusal of French foreign minister to meet with them; instead, three Frenchmen (X, Y, and Z) met with the American representatives; they said that the Americans must pay the French foreign minister $250,000 before the French would even consider leaving American ships alone; this caused an uproar in the United States (they would NOT be bribed); many wanted to go to war, but Adams further negotiated and France treated America seriously and ended this conflict

Whiskey Rebellion rebellion by western PA farmers who had been selling their corn in the form of whiskey until Hamilton suggested putting a tax on the whiskey as part of his economic plan. When the protesting to the tax escalated, Washington sent the army to western PA to put down the rebellion and not look weak the Spanish and British.

Farewell Address Washingtons final speech to the American people after he ends his second term in office. Discussed his concerns with sectional loyalties, political parties, and foreign alliances. Feared all of these things would be detrimental to the state of the US

Jays Treaty treaty with Great Britain that established three key things: Britain would withdraw from the US completely by 1796, both Britain and the US would list each other as the most favored nation in trade status, and US trade in the British East and West Indies would be limited. This treaty was supported by Hamilton but opposed by Jefferson and was passed in the Senate but not the House. The House requested seeing the documentation but Washington refused, establishing executive privilege state matters

Rise of political parties two parties emerged after Washington stepped down: those who supported Hamilton called themselves Federalists and those who supported Jefferson called

Alien and Sedition Acts series of acts passed in 1798 that extended the process of becoming a citizen, as well as giving the president the power to imprison aliens and those who spoke out against the government in times of war

Louisiana Purchase purchase of all of the Louisiana territory by Jefferson from Napoleon on April 30, 1803 for $15 million. The territory doubled the size of the US and was sold at a price of roughly 4 cents an acre. Debated in its legality because Jefferson was a strict constitutionalist and the Constitution did not list the power to buy land under the executive branch authority

Constitutional Compromises They were created at the Constitution Convention in 1787. After much debate, the delegates at the meeting agreed that the first compromise should create proportional representation by population in the House and representation by states in the Senate. The 2nd compromise was created to bring together the delegates from the North and the South by creating the 3/5 rule which stated that 5 slaves would be counted as 3 freemen. The 3rd compromise was created because voters would never be sufficiently informed to select a leader properly. Instead, vote wouldnt actually vote but delegates created a plan where the president would be chosen from popular vote in the Electoral College.

Bill of Rights The first 10 amendments were proposed over the debates over ratification and adopted during the gathering of the new federal Congress. The 10 amendments were originally created as 200 amendments but in 1789, Congress only sent 12 amendments to the states for ratification and 10 were finally ratified. The first 10 amendments provided a restriction on the growth of the American government on its people. (The people have freedom of speech and press and the right to assembly and petition, right to bear arms, restrain government from unreasonable searches or seizures, legal right-no double jeopardy, cant testify against oneself, due process of law before life, liberty, or property).

Hamiltons Economic Program and Opposition In 1790, Hamilton submitted a Report on the Public Credit where he stated that the government should take over the obligations that the states have and redeem the national dept by agreeing to interest-bearing bonds. He recommended raising the tax on distilled liquor. This caused problems as peoples necessity forced them to sell off their notes, warrants and securities at huge discounts. For Hamiltons second part of his economic system, he proposed setting up a Bank of the US. The bank sparked debate amongst the people, such as Madison, and their interpretations of constitutional authority. In 1791,

Strict/Loose Interpretation of the Constitution A strict interpretation of the Constitution states that the government of the United States holds only the powers specifically granted to it by the Constitution and that its not open to interpretation. A loose interpretation of the Constitution argues that the government has all powers that are not specifically denied to it by the Constitution and that the Constitution must be interpreted during great times of social or political change.

Election of 1800 There was an electoral vote tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr at 73 votes each. Because of this, the House of Representatives got to decide who would be president and who would be vice president. Due to an intense campaign by Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson was selected over Aaron Burr after 35 ballots. The outcome of the 1800 election led to the passage and ratification of the Twelfth Amendment which was able to change the way the Electoral College functioned.

Lewis and Clark Expedition: Lewis and Clark were sent by Jefferson to investigate the western territories, including much of what was included in the Louisiana territory. They came back with notebooks filled with good reports, this caused many to follow and turn westward in search of more land and riches.

Embargo Act of 1807: This law shut down Americas export and import business. It was passed because Jefferson hoped that it would keep the British and the French from harassing American ships, but instead had catastrophic economic results. It also led to the development of American manufacturing in New England. New Englands economy collapsed, and smuggling became widespread.

War of 1812: The Native Americans sided with the British; Tecumseh tried to keep Americans from expanding westward both before and after the war. Americans were not well prepared for the war, and much of the fighting went badly. The British captured Washington, but most of the battles ended in stalemate. French-English hostilities ended when Napoleon was defeated, evaporating many of the issues, causing the sign of the Treaty of Ghent. The Battle of New Orleans was fought after the treaty was signed. This battle gave Andrew Jackson a rise to fame, because it was a clear U.S. victory.

Hartford Convention: Federalists had been opposed to the war because it disrupted trade, and at the end of the war, had a convention in Hartford to consider secession. However, the war was soon won, and therefore many considered the Federalists to be traitors and the party soon dissolved.

Marshall Court: The time that Chief Justice John Marshall was in office was long, lasting from 1801-1835. He strived to increase the power of the federal government, decrease the power of the states, and perpetuate the Federalist principle of centralization.

Missouri Compromise of 1820: Missouri was the first state to come from the Louisiana Territory, and when it applied for statehood, balance in the Senate was threatened. The compromise was by Henry Clay, who proposed to admit Missouri as a slave state, admit Maine as a free state, to create the 36 30 line across the Louisiana Territory, and to establish the southern border of Missouri as the northernmost point where slavery was allowed to exist, except for the actually state itself.

Monroe Doctrine: is a policy that states that efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. The Doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. This came at the time when Mexico received Independence from Spain. 2. Manifest Destiny: American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent. It was used by Democrat-Republicans in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico.

Transportation Revolution: The Transportation Revolution began in the early 1800's as an effort to dramatically improve transportation in America. The Transportation Revolution included greatly improved roads, the development of canals, and the invention of the steamboat and railroad. This allowed Americans to travel across the country and transport goods into new markets that werent previously available. Shipping costs were lowered as much as 90 percent in this era, which gave a big boost to trade and the settlement of new areas of land.

Factory system in Northeast: Resulted from the industrial revolution in the early 1800s. Manufacturers made products by dividing the tasks involved among the workers. The north also built factories to bring specialized workers together. This allowed products to be made more quickly than before. Eventually, factory workers used machinery to perform some of their work. Another important note was that the northern factories started using interchangeable parts to make production faster, more efficient, and cost less.

American System: This was an economic plan for America. The main advocates were federalists. The plan consisted of three reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture

Triumvirate in Congress: The Triumvirate in Congress was formed by the three most prominent members of Congress. Henry Clay of Kentucky, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, and Daniel Webster of New England (at different times he represented both New Hampshire and Massachusetts) combined to dominate American politics for decades. Sometimes allies, often rivals, the three men who formed this "Great Triumvirate" all sought but failed to win

the presidency at one time or another. But of all the actual presidents of the era, perhaps only Andrew Jackson could really rival the power or influence of these "Lions of the Senate." Tariff of Abominations: Tariff was passed so that Andrew Jackson would get more support in the North in the upcoming election. The tariff wasnt temporary and it was a way of increasing the current tariff; this caused the south to protest. The South believed it only helped a small section of the nation so they considered it unconstitutional. Their thought was that if Congress can pass harmful tariffs then whats to stop them from taking away slavery.

Nullification Crisis/Calhoun: The idea of Nullification was promoted by John C. Calhoun and the crisis arose in the early 1830s with the leaders of South Carolina. South Carolina rejected the tariffs, refused to collect taxes and called for a militia to form. Nullification is the idea that a state did not have to follow a federal law and could choose not to accept it.

National Bank: The National Bank provided a way for the government to handle its financial affairs. The bank was created due to the debt from the War of 1812, and after the 1st National Bank closed, inflation increased greatly. Basically Jackson vetoed the bank when Nicholas Biddle wanted a renewed charter. He said it gave a monopoly of the money to the rich.

Biddle, Panic of 1837: Nicolas Biddle, the director of the Bank of the US, asked early to renew the charter of the bank. Biddle thought that Jackson would let the plan expire, so he asked if they could renew it. When Congress approved, Jackson vetoed the plan because he felt that the bank was to make an elite society. Jackson enjoyed impressing constituents by appearing to support the average guy. Jackson ended up deciding to kill the bank and transfer $10 million to pet banks. Biddle then went to all the local banks and called in all loans. This led to a recession (Panic of 1837), which was a major economic problem.

Whig Party: The Whigs supported elements of Henry Clays American System. They were heirs of the federalists who believed in a strong national role in economy. They supported international improvements, were supported by merchants and bankers. Likewise, they supported tariffs.

Taney-Charles River Bridge: The Charles River Bridge Company had been granted a charter to construct a bridge connecting Boston and Cambridge. Then the Commonwealth of Massachusetts authorized another company to build another bridge that would be very close to the first bridge. The first company claimed that the second company had violated its contract. The Court ultimately sided with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Perfectionism: Charles Finneys Evangelical doctrine stating that all followers must directly follow Gods will so that they may be as perfect as God. This led to an increase in religious fervor and desire to convert others to Evangelicalism.

Second Great Awakening: Replaced the Puritan Religion with a more engaging and less dismal form of worship, called Evangelism. This incorporated the entire community, and quickly spread across the nation.

Dorothea Dix: Lobbied for asylum reform after seeing the inhumane conditions that insane women were kept in. As a result the Massachusetts Government instituted a public asylum system. She then led a campaign across the nation to improve asylums. By 1860, twenty-eight states had public asylums, as a result of her efforts.

Temperance Reformation: A movement that supported abstinence from alcohol. This movement was fueled by Evangelical Religion and was led by women. Attempted to improve society by warning of the dangers of alcohol and its supposed devastation on family life. Campaigns such as this led to 50% decrease in per capita consumption of alcohol.

Seneca Falls: Site of the first convention in American History dedicated to womens rights. Led to the higher acceptance of women in the work force and dramatically increased their rights.

Stanton/Mott/Anthony: Leaders of the womens rights movements. Stanton was more radical than Mott and proposed suffrage for women. Mott and Stanton travelled around the nation to address the wrongs of society. Later on, former temperance advocate, Susan B. Anthony would join with Stanton to lobby for womens rights.

Garrison/ Liberator: William Henry Garrison was a New England Militant abolitionist that became a key figure in the fight against slavery. Garrison began publishing The Liberator, a newspaper that was to become the leading anti-slavery messenger in 1831 through 1865. Garrison also founded the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833.

Abolitionism: The legal prohibition and ending of slavery of African Americans in the United States. Many abolitionists just wanted and expected everyone to acknowledge the immorality of slavery, knowing that they would not be emancipated right away. Some abolitionists wanted the emancipation of slaves for obvious moral reasons, while other abolitionists believed it would just harm the country as a whole (politically, socially, economically, etc.)

Stephen Douglas: Democrat from Illinois who beat the drum of manifest destiny, promising a glorious extension of democracy during the Texas Annexation and the Election of 1844. Stephen Douglas along with many other democrats approved of James K. Polks platform and also supported the Mexican War. Chiefly designed the Compromise of 1850 and proposed the Kansas- Nebraska Act, arguing that the people in this territory should decide for themselves whether or not to have slavery. Abraham Lincoln later challenged Douglas for his position in the Senate.

Horace Mann: Considered the father of public education, he helped to establish the first state board of education while he was a representative to the Massachusetts state legislator from 1827 to 1837. Mann insisted that to learn well, children needed schools with a pleasant and friendly atmosphere that grouped them with children their own age.

Utopian communities: Few people chose to join utopian communities in search of escape from the political activism and reform fervor of the 1830s. People attempted to create idealistic communities that practiced apocalyptic religions caused by events like the Panic of 1837. Examples of utopians: the Millerites and the Shakers (oldest utopian group)

Congressional gag rule: The term gag rule derived in the 1830s when the House of Representatives ceased a discussion of antislavery petitions. These rules ultimately prevented the discussion on the immoralities of slavery, especially by pro-slave forces. John Quincy Adams repealed the gag rule later on, stating that it was a direct violation of the First Amendment of petitioning the government for reform.

Mexican War Tensions with Mexico grew after the United States annexed Texas. President James K. Polk sent General Zachary Taylor south of the Rio Grande River where him and his forces got into a skirmish with Mexican forces. This was used to begin the war. The United States ended the war by surrounding the Mexican forces at San Jacinto. Mexico surrendered and the death tolls were 13,000 American and 50,000 Mexicans.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo Alamo This was a battle in which Mexican forces surrounded Texans in a mission in a long battle. Although the Texans fought bravely, they were decimated by the larger Mexican force. Even though the Texans lost this battle, Remember the Alamo became the rallying cry during the Texas revolt. Treaty between Mexico and the United States after the Mexican War. In this treaty, America received the Mexican Cession which is 30,000 square miles containing most of the south west section of the United States.

James K. Polk He beat Henry Clay to become the 12th president of the United States. He was a southern Democrat and believed heavily in expansion.

Franklin Piece He defeated Winfield Scott to become the 14th President. He was a Democrat. His last son, Benny, was killed in a train crash...R.I.P. Benny

Gadsden Purchase (1854) was the purchase of 29,670 square miles in the southwest in what is now New Mexico and Arizona. Franklin Pierce was the president at the time, and the total amount for the purchase was $10 million.

John. L. O'Sullivan was an American colonist and editor who used the phrase "Manifest Destiny" in order to promote the annexation of Texas. The phrase is traced back to O'Sullivan and became a term of importance when deciding and debating how much land the United States should have in North America.

Ostend Manifesto (1854) was a document rationalizing the United States purchase of Cuba from Spain. It also implied that the US should use force in taking Cuba if Spain did not cooperate.

Winfield Scott was a general in the army longer than any other general in American history. He also ran for president as a Whig in 1852 but was beaten by Franklin Pierce. He still remained an important American figure.

Settlement of Oregon was a large piece of land that was shared between the United States and Great Britain. The two countries managed to remain peaceful and establish a border at the 49th parallel.

Wilmot Proviso This doctrine was proposed in an amendment to a military appropriations bill. It proposed the banishment of slavery in all the territories acquired from Mexico. It was never passed.

California Gold Rush This was when gold was found in California and many Americans and foreigners rushed to California to mine the gold and become rich from it.

Compromise of 1850 An attempt to settle the slavery issue and make both sides happy. What it did: o California would enter as a free state o Mexican cession land opened to popular sovereignty o D.C slave trade ended o Texas had to cede land to New Mexico o Federal Government assumed $10 million of Texass debts o Fugitive Slave Law was enacted

Kansas Nebraska Act Proposed by Stephen Douglas because he wanted to finish his transcontinental railroad in Chicago but that required the railroad to have to go through unorganized territory. What it did: o Repealed Missouri Compromise o Nebraska divided into two: Kansas and Nebraska o Use popular sovereignty to decide slave or free state issue

Republican Party Founded in 1854, it attracted many northern Whigs (who opposed slavery) and northern Democrats and reformers, and free-soilers. It was a sectional party rather than a national party.

Popular sovereignty the ideal that the people of the state are who control the government and political power.

Know Nothing Party the American party that emphasized nativism during the mid-1800s which attempted to eliminate the German and Irish immigration patterns of the time.

Nativism the ideal that favors the ways and ideals of the people of a certain area or country.

Bleeding Kansas: the conflict between slave and anti-slave states within the Missouri and Kansas territories that ended in great bloodshed in the mid-1800s.

John Brown: a Northern abolitionist who led the abolitionist movements along with rebellions community. within the slave

Harpers Ferry raid A raid organized by abolitionist John Brown on October 16, 1859 on the Federal Arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown hoped to use the weapons in the arsenal to arm a slave revolt in Virginia. As a result, eight of Browns men died, Brown was captured, and no slave revolt occurred.

Dred Scott Case Supreme court case involving a slave who upon visiting a free state, sued for his freedom. The court decided in favor of the slave owner on the grounds that Scott was not a citizen and therefore could not legally sue.

Election of 1860 The Democratic Party was officially split into North and South when the convention ended in a deadlock and fielded two candidates. The Republican candidate Lincoln won in a landslide.

Lecompton Constitution Controversial constitution sent to congress by the Pro-Slavery faction of Kansas without the approval of the anti-slavery faction. It was rejected by Congress.

Crittenden Compromise A last ditch attempt to appease the South and prevent war. It was to extend the 36, 30 line westward, preserve slavery in the South and guarantee slavery in new western territories below 36, 30 line. Was Rejected by Lincoln.