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Turkish Politics How State Emerged?

First theory 1) Aristotle: considered states the natural condition of human society, requiring no explanation. 2) J.J Rousseau: speculated that states are formed by a social contract, a national decision reached when people calculated their interest come into agreement that would be better off in a state rather than in a simpler society 3) Hydrolic Theory: sets out from the undoubted fact that in both Mesopotamia, North China, Mexico , large scale irrigation system began to be constructed around the time that states started to emerged. The theory also notes that only big complex system for irrigation or HYDROLIC MANAGEMENT REQUIRES a centralized bureaucracy to construct to maintain it. 4) The size of a regional population is the strongest single predictor of societal complexity large or dense population arise only under conditions of productions. Intensified food production of societal complexity stimulate each other by autocatalysis . In population growths leads to societal complexity while societal complexity in turns to intensified food production are there by population growth complex centralized socialites are uniquely capable of organizing public works (including irrigation system ) Long distance trade+ activities of different groups of economic specialist such as feeding herders with farmers cereal to transferring herders livestock to farmer to use as plan animals THREE MORE CONTRIBUTION 1) More labor ( Egypt Pyramids) 2) Food surplus enable economic and political specialization and social stratification 3) Food production permits people to adopt sedentary living which is prerequisite for accumulative substantial possession, developing, elaborate, technology, construction public works. Slavoj zizek approaches that living the end times According to Serdar Turgut that Global capitalist system is approaching an apocalyptic zero point. POLITICAL HYPOTHESIS We are living in the end times. Our republic is approaching to a zero point, this could be Apocalyptic Zero Point. This can be with Florence Moment. This depends on the Turkish people: If the people of Turkey will pass from laiklik system into a secular system If Turkey will liquidate the deeps power If Turkey will become more democratic If the neighbor pressure will be eliminate than Turkey will be able to catch the Florence

FOUR RIDERS OF APOCALIPS 1) The ecological crisis 2) Biogenetic revolution 3) The imbalanced within the system itself. Problem with intellectual property , forth coming struggles over raw materials, food, water 4) The explosive growth of social division

FLORENCE MOVEMENT Proper accumulation of so many different variables which led to an explosion Florence moment is the moment of the explosion. MAIN POLITICAL DOCUMENTS OF TURKEY 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) Sened-I Ittifak (1808) by II. Mahmut Tanzimat Ferman (Glhane Hatt Hmayun) (1839) Islahat Ferman (1856) I. Constitution (Kanuni Esasi) (1867) main law 1877-1878 ( 93 Harbi) Second Legitimacy (1908) War Independence (1919-1922) The Constitution of 1921 (Teskilat-I Esasiye) The Constitution of 1924 The Constitution of 1961 (Founding Parlement) Chp- Republic Peoples Party in 1957 The Constitution of 1982 Law on political parties 2820 numbered 22/04/1983 Election Law 2839 15/06/1983

CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES OF THE REPUBLIC TURKEY 1) Republicanism as a form a state The Turkish State is a republic. Article 1. Sovereignty is vested not an individual or group but in nation as whole 2) Unitary State: The Turkish State with its territory + nation is an indivisible entity ( article 3.) 3) Respect for Human Rights: The state behave in a respectful, moderate, considerate manner in the context of human rights due to their value, superiority and divinity 4) Being Loyal to the nationalism of Atatrk. Article 66. Everyone bound to the Turkish State through the bond citizenship is a Turk. 5) Secular State: Basic social, economic, political, legal order of the state may not even partially rely on religious rules. Noone can misuse religious beliefs + sacred tenet of religion with the objective of obtaining political or personal advantages. A secular state also recognizes of protects the freedom of religious + beliefs but itself has no official religion 6) Social State 7) Rule of Law

SOLVING THE PROBLEMS In order to solve the problem In order to reach to your objectives by realizing targets From whom you are going to collect money (revenue) From whom you are going to spend that money ( expenditure) Three stages of politicians Conflict Confrontation Consensus

In 24 legislative period of Turkey. Turkish General National Assembly have opened on first October. The speaker of the parliament is Mr. Cemil Cicek They reached to a consensus that like name of commission should be consensus commission. Whether the commission should have constitutional Statute or what will be discussion. A temporary sub-commission is founded the prepare a draft on procedural matters. For ease+ healthy works no inside information will be given to pass. According to article4. The provision in the first + second + third articles are UNCHANGEABLE+ it cannot be proposed that they be changed. Article 1. The Turkish State is a republic. Article2. The Republic of Turkey is a democratic, secular +social state governed by the rule of law, bearing in mind the concept of public peace, national security, justice, respecting, human right ,loyal to the nationalism of Ataturk based on the fundamental tenets set forth in the preamble Article3. The Turkish State with its territory+ nation is on indivisible entity. Its language is Turkish, its flag the form of which is described by the relevant law is composed of a white crescent+ star on a red background. Its national anthen is the independence march. Its capital is Ankara. The shape of State of West and Ottoman Empire before modernization The forces that shaped that state in the West seem to vary significantly from those that shaped the Ottoman State before modernization set in. West: Because of feudal antecedents the process of centralization that created the modern state included a series of confrontations leading to compromises with what may be called the forces of the periphery , the feudal nobility, cities, the burgers and later industrial labor. Each time a compromise or even a one-side victory was obtained some integration of periphery force into center was achieved. Thus the feudal or privileges or the workers became integrated into the polity while at the same time obtaining some recognition of their autonomous status .

Ottoman Empire: In the Ottoman Empire before the 19. Century these characteristic of multiple confrontation and integration seem to be missing. Rather the major confrontation was undimensional always a crash between the center and periphery. Until recently the confrontation between center and periphery was the most important social cleavage underlying . Turkish politics and one that seemed to have survived more than a century of modernization . For West: The confrontation had been varied conflict between state and church between nation builders and localist between owners and non-owners of the means of production. These cross-cutting cleavages introduced a variety of political identifications which provided for much of the flexibility of modern West European politics.

CONSENSUS COMMSSON MEETING First commission meeting has done at 19.10.2011. The second are in 24 commission meeting want because of earthquake which is delay 1. Chairman will be the speaker of TGNA (Mr. Cicek) . In his absence, deputy chairman will be named by him. 2. The Commission is going to meet two times a week. Meeting can be made in other cities than Ankara 3. Decision will be taken unanimously from easy to difficult articles Quorum : for opening the meeting and taken decision . 4. There has to be at least 1 member from each parties. Chp- There should be a parallel line to the commission in order to clean laws+ decrees which had been enact between September 1980November 1983 688 laws 90 decrees having the forces of law enacted 10 laws should have priority %10 threshold has to be abolished STATES HAS DIFFERENT FUNCTIONINGS IN THE WEST AND OTTOMANS by Serif Mardin The Traditional System Reason why the opposition of Center and Periphery? 1. The incompatibility of urban dwellers with the always large contingent of nomads in Anatolia the core of Empire. The clash between nomads and urban dwellers generated that civilization was a contest between urbanization and nomadism .

2. Another component of the center and periphery cleavage was the suspicion of the center towards the remaining traces of pre- Ottoman nobility and number of powerful families in provinces. 3. The provinces were also hotbeds of intractable religious heterodoxy 4. As the empire expanded, The Ottoman dealt with the new social institutions, they encountered by giving the seal of legitimacy to local usages and by enforcing a system of decentralized accommodation toward ethnic, religious and regional particularism. No attempt was made for a more complete integration when loose ties proved workable . One may count among these sem.- autonomous groups the non- Muslim communities controlled by their own religious leaders For a long time, one of the distinguishing mark for a number of high and law officials was that many were recruited from non-Muslim groups. This practice was designed to establish an ideal pattern. That of the bureaucrats becoming that sultans slave friction also existed between kul and members of the religious establishment who were closer to the daily life of lower classes. The religious institution was on the border line between the center and periphery. During the modernization and because of secularizing policies of the center, it was increasingly identified with the periphery. The bases of the distinction between the official elite and the periphery were to be found in economic variables as well. Officials were not subject to taxation The confrontation between center and periphery was not due to a hereditary transmission of official status. On the contrary by and large, advancement was by merit. Cultural separation was the most striking feature of its existence. The rulers adopted languages Persian and Arabic that were foreign to the lower class. The periphery only benefited from the religious training institution with the decline of the empire ottoman officials became plunderers of their own society. OTTOMAN MODERNZATON DURNG THE 19. CENTURY Three outstanding problems demanding solution during the 19. Century 1) Integration of non-Muslim group with nation side 2) Accomplishing the same for Muslim elements of the periphery to bring some order into the mosaic structure of the Empire 3) These discrete elements in the national territory had to be brought into meaningful participation in the political system.

The first election in Ottoman Empire- 1908 who are the different ethnic groups. The parliament consist of Christian, Armenian, Slav, Arabs etc. We had 1911-1912 of Balkan wars and Ottoman have left force to leave to Edirne. Progress union was the mean leading party solving the state and benefit of the state . !919- we started our independence war. 1922 we won it. 29.10.1923- First TGNA was founded. One party administration CHP . In 1946- First multi election system (CHP won) 1950- Second party election was made DP (Celal Bayar) THE ANALYSES OF SYRIA The regime is a combination of Arab nationalist was Baath Party and the Nuseyri sect of Islam. The Baath ideology is strong the supporters of Esad Regimes got rich and strong in time and they are united among themselves unlike the case in Egypt and Libya. They have blindly strong solidarity. It may takes sometimes to collapse the change of regime is inequitable. The Syria regime will not explode but implode. Turkey will not take part n any military intervention aiming to change regime in Syria. But there are exceptions. Exceptions: 1) If the Syrian army advances toward a city close to Turkish border such as Aleppo. There by producing a flood of refugees. There would be hundreds of thousands refugees. We dont want to face with another Iraq flood like the one in 1991. In such a case Turkish army would enter Syrian territory solely to establish A Buffer Zone to both protect refugees and to keep them in South of Border. 2) If there are large scale massacres + the UN security council decides to approve a military interventions on a humanitarian bases. THE STATE TRADITION TURKEY BY PROF. METIN HEPPER The basic assumptions of the paper. The capacity of civil society to create consensus , not by imposition from above not arrived at once and for all but progressively as a regulations of conflicts about fundamental claims is closely related to the fortunes of state to the extent that if such consensus is not reached there emerges or reemerges, a state that is sovereign + autonomous vis-vis civil society. TWO TYPES OF POLITICAL CULTURE TRANSCENDENTALISM: (T)- transcendentalism refers to the beliefs that man primarily belongs to a moral community. The community is prior to its members , its interest express more than the aggregate of the interest of its members the association is taken to be uniformity . The law is seen as the expression of the collective reason the will of membership, politics is understood primarily or exclusively in terms of leadership of education (T) connotes..

The high ideas of duty, service sublimations of energy. Important one is society and Individual are there for allocate societys needs. Not just individual. Transcendentalism, the major goals for society are designed + state guarded by these who represent the state, independent of civil society. Extreme T: State is structured in the person of the ruler. The rule is of personal type civil servants are personal instruments of the morality. There is little institution Moderate T: A consensus is imposed upon society in the form of static norms. The state is institutionalized around those norms. In France, in the 17th+ 18th countries such values as order, hierarchy, secularism solidarism etc. gradually turned out to be norms around which led states was institutionalized. INSTRUMENTALISM: ( I) refers to the beliefs that man primarily belongs to an interest community. In I the groups existence and functions are external to individuals are not directly related to their moral feelings claims ; associations has no normal responsibility , law is conceived in terms of national agreement among the membership; politic is seen in terms of business; is the adjustment of private pursuits + reconciliations of various interest (I) connotes freedom+ diversity +plurality . Instrumentalism goal for society are set by civil society . Extreme I Moderate I No sovereignty state vis a vis civil society one comes across a consensus in the form of progressive resolution of conflict about fundamental claims. The bureaucracy does not attempt to substitute itself for the constitutional system. In turn the politicians respect the functional expertise of the bureaucracy. According to Metin Hepper ; Tukey has been a moderate transcendental polity . This particular feature of Turkish political life has been reviewed to full vigor during the recent Interregnum- 19801985 According to Halil Inanck ; Within the Islamic community of peoples. Turks have had a special at state tradition from the time they entered controlled the Islamic world in the 11th century. Originated in the steppe empires this tradition can be defined as recognition of the states absolutes right to legislate on public matters. Andrew Mango: Experience in statecraft respect for the state the importance of the state in Turkish culture, have all been specific steadying factors in the history of Turkish republic endowing it with a degree of political gravitas, absent from most new countries. Mango has suggested that Turkish politics can be best understood in terms of a cleavage between populist or democrats on the one hand + bureaucrats on the other. Ali Kazancgil: The young Turks, Kemalist although very different from the traditional Ottoman bureaucrats since they have trained in secular schools to become adopts of Western ideas of European style patriotism were the heirs to the old patrimonial tradition which assumed the

dominance of the state over civil society + reserved the monopoly of legitimacy + authority to state elites at the expense of social + economic elites. Serif Mardin Mardin has shown how in the Ottoman Empire multiple confrontations + integration were missing + how major societal conflict was unidimensional in other words a clash between the center + the periphery in which the latter did not have more Than a de facto autonomy Mardin adds that integrations from the top down by imposing regulations was the general approach behind Ottoman social engineering + that the characteristic features of kemalism show that this view of society was even than still preeminent. Engin Akarl: Akarl has used concept of the confrontation between the bureaucratic + the counter bureaucratic . Akarl has shown how the counter- bureaucratic elite tried to challenge the kemalist idea which were transformed by the bureaucratic elite into an ideology. According to Metin Hepper Some student of Turkish politics placed greet premium on some signs to the effect that beginning with late 1960s functional cleavages had perhaps already start led to replace cultural ones. Some even went on to predict that since Turkish voting was now class-voting + since the accelerated pace of urbanization+ industrialization had been importing into urban centers large numbers of the under privileged the prespect for the CHP were indeed bright for since the early 1970s this party had abandoned its earlier posture of being the guardian of the regime + had begun appealing to the underpriviladged However the 1919 by elections invalidated this analysis. Turkish republic seems to have inherited from the Ottoman Empire a strong state+ a weak society. As in Ottoman period, so during the republic, the bureaucratic elite continued to perceive the state as virtual fr holding together the community under the circumstances the opening- up of the system has not come about through multiple confrontation lie through the mechanism of politics + not even through a clear-cut recognition of respective legal jurisdiction. As is well known, even when transition to democracy take place through low + not through politics. 1946 First multy party election. 14.05.1950- Chp lost the election/ DP win the elections. 27.05.1960 Military coup

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