Egyptian Art Reviewed work(s): Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 41, No.

3, Egyptian Art (Winter, 1983-1984), pp. 1+3-56 Published by: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3269068 . Accessed: 20/11/2011 13:48
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Egyptian Art

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The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin / Winter1983/84

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Curator's

Foreword

instalthe marking Metropolitan's for somefiftyobjects thispublication Inselecting of by art, of collection Egyptian I wasimpressed theziches our lation its complete of yearsthrough fonnedoverthe pasthundred collection, The holdings. Museum's range Pieces and quality vatiety. outstanding and purchase, gifts,offers excavation, of made items from stonesculptures, everyday to gold from minute amulets colossal in is This for papyti thelifebeyond. variety shown thenew linen rushto painted and to in together order display are of whereobjects eachpeziod gathered installation, and art, ofEgyptian culture, history. thescope Newly visitors. to are Mostofthe itemsin thispublication wellknown Museum in last ofthenewgallezies June,theynowappear for or cleaned restored theopening these pages:sculpture, maybe absentfrom state. Somefavozites a refreshed items of a here, have and paintings, relief beenfeatured andonly sptinkling thesmall may objects be (The stonehasbeenincluded. smaller or of gold,faience, colored DailyLifeofthe Scott's and Guiele inNora published recently found theMuseum's in Associate The AncientEgyptians.) enttieswerewtittenby EdnaR. Russman, and Curator, myself. Assistant PeterDonnan, Curator, for occasion allofusinthe has of Theopening thenewgalleties beena momentous of and people the support thana thousand of the Through work more department. is collection nowonview. superb Wallace, entire the LilaAcheson Art of Department Egyptian Curator, Lilyquist, Christine

pieceofelefrom 1.Carved a single from handle the phant tusk,this knife whose Carnarvon, of collection Lord Tutankhamun's discovered expedition witha fitted was tomb, onginally boss The flint slender blade. protruding longitudiside, onthereverse pierced that indicates the nally suspension, for A with knife notequipped a sheath. was of product thecraftsmanmagnificent is Egypt,thehandle shipofpredynastic animals, with decorated rowsofvazious on favored ivonesof especially a motif B.C.). penod(c.3600-3200 theGerzean bird a register wading and Intheupper wadby are a giraffe followed ninemore

next,an withlongbeaks; ingbirds on treading twointerelephant Afncan leadsa fileofthreelions, cobras twined threeoxenand themstand andbelow date its lion. another Despite early and ennces already size, small thehandle art of charactenstics themonumental of into of division figures reliefs: Egyptian perspecformalized registers, separate and spacing, ngidonentative,careful ofthe the tion.Indeed, conventions relief two-dimensional representations durtimes ofpharaonic wereformulated PenodoncereingthePredynastic mace such objects as palettes, monial handles. P.D. and heads, knife
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began make images stonein to cult in thelatePredynastic Pexiod, however, themore ptimitive beastsstillreigned. Thisrecumbent deityis carved lion in glittenng, semitranslucent quartz. The hard stone,treacherously veined and crystaled, have may encouraged the sculptor suppress to anatomical details. Hehascarved taillooped the along the spine,ina manner peculiar archaic to Egyptian representationslions,and of hasdeliberately exaggerated sizeof the thehead.1bus, theproportions may suggesta cub,butthesculptor's intention,judging from sirnilar works, was rather convey senseofmassand to a power. Since thereseemsto beno mane, divine the beastis perhaps a lioness, forerunner numerous of later lion-headed goddesses. E.R.R.

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6. Xlth thegrowth govemment of and temple bureaucracies during course the ofDynasties and6, more more 5 and people wereableto commission tombs andtombsculpture. sculptors The ofthehugecemetery Saqqara at responded developingstyledevoid by a of individuality extremely but competent andattractive. statueofthegraThis naryforeman Nykairau hiswife with anddaughter a goodexample. is The facesofallthreearenearly identical. Thetombowner Nykainu,however, definitely pndeofplace. holds His

nakedlittle girlhangson to one leg, whilehis wife Nykainebty nestles besidethe other,in a charrliingly femininebut clearlydependent pose. The fnnge of curlson her forehead represents her ownhairbeneathher heavy wig. Thegreatdiscrepancy size ofthe in figures,common OldKingdom in art, was modified laterpenodsbut never in entirelyabandoned. Nykairau had severaltombstatues.Another, the in Metropolitan Museum, showshimas a scnbe. E. R. R.

7. Bold relief brilliant distinand color gliishthisunusually well-preserved relief Nebhepetra of Mentuhotpe II (c.2060-2010 whois portrayed B.C.), weanng White the Crown Upper of Egypt,a jeweled broad collar, a and whitegaament inplace a shoulheld by derstrap. Uncommon hasbeen care taken withthefinedetails thehiero of glyphs, subtle the shading theking's of eye,andtheminiature patterning the of rectangular infront theldng's panel of face.Thegoddess Hathor, whose damaged figure adomed the with horned diskstands thenght, sun at declares theaccompanying aI in text,

have united TwoLands you the for according whatthesoulsof to Heliopolis decreed." have Although the words purely are conventionalthe in context a religious of ceremony, Mentuhotpe is indeed II remembered the as founder theMiddle of Kingdom the and conqueror reunified who Egyptafter theturbulent Internediate First Penod.Theblock discovered was in 1906-7 Edouard by Naville therliins in ofMentuhotpe's fimerary temple at western Thebes. sceneonginally This decorated southem the outer ofthe waSl vestibule ofthesanctuary.P.D.
9

8, 9. Adequate provisioning the for werediscovered a small in chamber of afterlife a paramount was concern to Mekutra's inwestern tomb Thebes durEgyptians everysocial occupa- ingits reexcavation theMuseum of and by tional class.While funerary offerings Expedition 1920. in andactivities everyday weremost of life Theservant beasing girl provisions often portrayed relief in duiing Old from ofMekutra's the one estates carved is Kingdom, painted small models placed to halflifescalewithremarkable seninthetomb became increasingly preva- sitinty.Hereyesarelarge,hernoseis lentduring FirstInternediate the rather wideandflat,andhermouth is Period a more as effective ofperway drawn ina tightsmile features back petually ensuting necessities the and charactezistictheroyal of styleoflate pleasures life.Theelaborately of Dynasty Despite stiffness the 11. the of painted models Mekutra, chancellor conventional of a sttiding stance, slim her whoserved bothMentuhotpe and II torsois modeled unusual with subtlety, III, arethefinest preserved from andthefigure further is enlivened by ancient Egypt.Made painted of and theblilliant colors hercostume of and gessoed wood, linen,andcord, they jewelry. herhead balances tall On she a

pannier containing bread, vegetables, andchoice ofmeat,andshecaaries cuts a saclificial byits wings. duck Intheunderworld ineveryday as life, theNilewasthehighway commerce for andtravel, tivetine and craft were therefore necessary equipage the for deceased. Mekutra's traveling is boat faithfully recreated. cabin covThe is eredwithwoven matting decorated and withshields painted imitation cowin of hide; curtains rolled over mat are up thewindows. thecaptain As makes hisobeisance, Mekutra before sits the cabin door, inhaling fragrance a the of lotusbudandenjoying music a the of singer a blind and harpist. P.D.
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11 Rarelyis the mtimate interrelationship Egyptianart, architecture, of anduaiting expressedon sucha monumental wale as in the colsal falconpanelsthat oncedecorated the encloWsure of the pyramid vall complex of Senwoswt I at Lishtv paneLs Ttle are pnml,v a hieroglyphic devicefor the portion(f the myaltitulaly that identifies kingurith the Horus,wrho ix depictal a; a falconwearingthe Double C2nwrn symbelizesthe livingrulerJ an(l TheHerux namew Senw}S>t aIfi of pearson eachlBneltowther uith his coronation nameor hi>; er>;onalname.

Beneaththe hielvgl*s ir; })<lttelllled )h>; <l architectural faa(le mslsultirllXltely that denve from(iomestic builfling>; tlle of P dynastic Peri(xlan{lreI)lu nt; one se ithe mosten(ing motifslt Hpw})tian art. lbgether the;e element;((stllltiKse the royalsev#El,u h{}Se (K'((tII'I>'nt't' in earlytt4n mzeorfls elilleifle^s ith the u inception kinvhiI)in the} of Nilez scllle^Nt (c. 3150Xc. ). A smalle .Ss}A i11 l f 1 hie glyphicscaleaI)}wsl>; the lulief lxf 011 Mentuhotpeb (figo) <1llfl f.lleon 11 the wcurs in miniatllIr 0n the }xetlul<ll of SiithathoeruneXt 14),thio; (figv tiIneb the i1 guise of Ra-H<lI akhts: l+1).

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12. Perhapsthe most memorable fiwes in all of Egyptianart belongto the late Dynasty12rulersSenwosretIII (c. 1878-1843 B.C.) andhis son, Amenemhat (c. 1842-1797 III B.C.), who are represented worksof the in Museum's collection. Theyhavea father-son resemblance, theirlikebut nesses are quitedistinct.Senwosret III, shownhere as a sphinxwith his namewtitten on his chest, is characterizedby deep-set,heavy-lidded eyes, alld,in somecases, frownlinesbetween the brows.A senes of diagonal fulTows marksthe sunkencheeks,echoingthe slantedlinesofthe thinupperlip.The expressionseems brooding, almost weary,andcombined with the majestic andpowerful formofthe lion's body,it createsan almostdisturbing impression. Here andin otherrepresentations of this god-ing andhis successor, the rulersapparently choseto emphasize theirage-and by implication their mortality but we do not knowwhy.
E.R.R.

13.The stewardMontuwosre before sits an offelingtablein a classiccomposition used to portraythe deceasedon funerary monuments least as earlyas at Dynasty2 (c. 2890-2686B.C.). One handgraspsa foldedpieceof linenand the otheris outstretched receivethe to provisions presentedto the stewardby three membersof his family. Donatedto Montuwosre SenwosretI in year17 by of his reign,the stelais a product the of royalworkshop is characterized and by the consciously archaized poses of the figures.Despitethe pureformalism of the scene, the musculature Montuof wosre's shoulders,aams,andlegs is realistically modeled.Thelonginscnption is biographical, enumerating the officesthat the stewardexercisedon behalfof Senwosret,but typicallyfor

suchstelae,it is couched stereotyped in phrases donotdescnbe that specific events hislife.Nonetheless, in from information inthetext,Mongiven tuwosre's family be partially can reconstructed four for generations. can It alsobeinferred geographic from referencesgiven theinscnption the in that stelawascarved forthesteward's not tomb forhisoffexing but chapel at Abydos, which during Middle the Kingdomwasthought bethelegendary to butial place Osinsandwastherefore of a popular forpnvate site memonals.
P.D.

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Sithaof The 14-17. treasure Princess someofthefinest includes thoryunet from preserved jewelry of pieces royal of a Kingdom,period Egyp theMiddle for unsurpassed its eletianhistoxy in and gance workmanshiptheminor her arts.Ibjudgefrom titleofKing's never Sithathoryunet Daughter, of queen Egyptandwasburied became of complex in at Lahun thepyramid her II, Senwosret apparently father. hrom of Several theornaments hertomb III, of bearthecartouche Amenemhat into her presumably nephew, whose

and reignshesurvived whomusthave Her for arranged herfimeral. jewelry that niche was in wasdeposited a small plunby ignored ancient inadvertently by and derers waslaterinundated flood down openbulial the pouiing waters of elements the shaft.In1914 dislocated and girdles, bracediadems, pectorals, hrom recovered letswerepainstaltingly by a massofsediment GuyBrunton, methods archaeological carefill whose recent research -together withmore of the have enabled reconstructionthe jewelry. ptincess's

(fig. Thepectoral 14)is a masterpiece craftsmanand ofgoldworldng lapidary seventy-two hundred ship.Thme lapis bits carved ofturquoise, lazuli, into are and cazoelian, garnet inlaid fusedontoa gold cloisons individual motif thepectoral of base.Thecentral II, of is thecartouche Senwosret which by by is flanked twofilconssunnounted by sundisksandis supported a kneelstrips. two ingdeitygrasping palm

signs, up made ofhieroglyphic Entirely can thecomposition be readas a wish the forlonglife:aMay sungod[RaII grant Haralshty] thatSenwosret live The of of forhundreds thousands years." with chased side reverse is exquisitely wore Sithathoryunet thesamedesign. her around neck,attached thependant and beads ballbeads of to a chain drop and feldspar, of made gold,carnelian, turquoise.

18

motif the Elld catsform dominant of and girdle Sithathoryunet's (fig.15) its from allfashioned deepaccessozies, gold. and amethyst burnished purple of spacers gold Thehollow leopard-head in wereeachfashioned two thegirdle Of together. that halves werethenfused elements, thesevenlargedouble-head that tiny sixcontain stonepellets would jingling a producedseductive have

and walked, whentheptincess sound clasp. as fimetions a sliding theseventh with alternately seven are These strung and spacers quadruple-head smaller ball rows double ofamethyst beads. features A pairofwnstlets(fig.16) anMets lions; crouching matching and with (fig.17)areadorned goldclaws of in by aresecured a clasp theshape a knot. P.D. square

119

18

18-20. intheefficaciousness Belief of amulets magical and spellswasclearly widespread theMiddle during Kingdom. threeobjects, These which appear so disparate, nonetheless were created for samepurpose: invoke the to theaid of helpful deities to repelthemaligand nant influences symbolized various by animals byportraying beastsand those thus enlisting theirassistance. The ivory (fig.18)is incised a wand with
20

20

series offiercely beneficent figures wielding andbears inscnption knives an that proclaims role: their aprotection by day protection night." ameand by The thyst (fig.19)depicts riveramulet the ine lfionyx trnunguts, turtle whose secretive watery lifeand habitat represented concepts opposition the in to daily manifestation brilliance the and of sun Ra;inlaid ofturquoise, god bits lapis andredjasper lazuli, imitate the

spotted carapace thespecies. of Flanked sculptures frogs, bytiny of crocodiles, andlions, turtlealso the appears focus thecarved asthe of steatite (fig.20).Thebaseis carved rod in low withbaleful relief creatures, well as as protective symbols astheu,cljat such eyes thebaboons and sitting before flamingbraziers. P.D.

21.Themassive andplacid form expressionofthisfaience hippopotamus are familiar millions visitors the to of to Museum, Imow as 'ffillliam." who him Thebrilliant-blue glazed surface decis orated theblossoms theblue with of lotus,which represent animal's the naturalenviIx)nment, its corpulent and buLk givena slight is forward momentumbytheasymmetrical placement of its legs.Although hippopotamus such figurines popular are today, were they viewed lessaffection with during the

Middle Kingdom served purpose and a similar thatoftheamuletic to objects on theopposite page.A mythical enemy of theldng,thehippopotamus symbolized certain destructive forces nature in thatcould neutnlized be through the hannless portrayal theanimal. of This figunne oneofa pairdiscovered was in thebunalchamber thesteward of Senbi at Meir, where hadbeenplaced it in order extend apotropaic to its fimetion intotheafterlife. P.D.

21

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2:!. mummyithe chieftleasr IEe smplym lyers is Ukhhotpe wrapped by enclosed anouterEnen afbandages is shroudandthehead protRcidbya mask. conIn fwlerary wooden aurved of form^sthemask's trastto thestvlized and mouth ears,theeyesale strildngly apolished inLiys to brought lifevvith alabaster, and obsidian translucent and red are which tinted atthecorners Ttle sockets. sldnareas set intoebony gol(l uith areoverlaid mddish leaf,and ge and theheaddress beard painted oftheMi(l(lle typical blue.Ina burial was mummy Ukhhotpe's King(lom, X in place(l a rectangularoMencoffin u on (lecoIotefl theinterior ithselec22

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23.Thecoffin Puhorsenbu of belongs to a classofcoffins hlownbytheArabic word rwshi, meaning afeathered; they aredistinguished theintncate by patternofwingsdecorating lid.Rtshi the coffins essentially Theban are a phenomenon exhibit clumsiness, and the individuality, charrn provincial and of works. Puhorsenbu's smiling is face painted rarepink,andtheexecution a ofthewings,which depicted if are as viewed from dorsal the side,approaches anabstract design. Although many rwshi coffins hollowed oflogs, were out Puhorsenbu's constructed sycwas of amore planks. Rtshicoffins in were vogue onlytwohundred for years (c.1667-1450 nevertheless, B.C.); they area crucial inthedevelopment link of

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25,26.Thetreasure thethreeminor of wivesofTuthmosis (c.1504-1450 III B.C.), ofwhich onlya fewobjects are illustrated comprses most here, the spectacular corpus royal of jewelly ofDynasty prorto thereign 18 of Tutankhamun.is thought have It to beendsscovered 1916 a tomb in in located a deserted in valley western of Thebes local by inhabitants. The Museum purchased contents the the of treasure almost entirely themarket on overthecourse seventy-five of years. Theobjects include itemsthatwere made everyday for use andaccord-

inglyshowsignsofwear-as wellas equipment intended expressly the for tomb.Although names thethree the of queens Menhet, Merti, Menwai and occur oncertain only funeraly artiiicts, theirassociation Tuthmosis is with III assumed because theappearance of of hiscartouches someoftheevetyday on jewelry alabaster and unguent The jars. unusual spellings thenames of indicate a non-Egyptian andsuggest ongin that thequeens' mamagesto Tuthmosis may have strengthenednumber diploa of matic alliances foreign with lands.

Thehinged bracelets 25,nght) objects (fig. made thesinglepurpose for of arefashioned goldbeaten shape, adoniing mummy. a of to A unique goldplate,chased oval bumished a highgloss,andinLaid to with withaltemating piecesofturquoise, a palmette design, thecenterpiece is forthisreconstructiona magnificent of carnelian, a third and substance not headdress 26).Four (fig. identified. Inscnbed theintenor on hundwd fifty goldelements, graduated sizeand withtheroyal titlesofTuthmosis III, in inlaid rosette in pattetos theyaresldllfilUly chased thatthe so withcarturquoise glass,andclear glass, broad grooves reflect lightbrilliantly. neliall, Although bracelets apparently arestrung the were vertically jeweled in sttips intended bewozn a matched to as pair, thatdescend from oval the plateand cover wigbelow. discovery the The of thetextsdisplay number idioa of similar rosette elements thepurat syncracies indicating eachwas that ported findspot thetreasure of has donebya different hand. from Cut established archaeological be an link sheetgold,the sandals 25,left) (fig. P.D. closely imitate tooled leatherwork, but tweenthetombandtheheaddress. theirfragile constructiontypical is of

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statue representing a couple, almost byside their about with anns each other, front a slab in of inscribed the on back finerasy with invocationseach for ofthem. ofthe surviveR Parts text but their names lost.The are statue was made the for tomb Thebes. at
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ustogauge effACstusual tthel theWoman's yellow color contrasted the skin is with
adnrdkheirsbldOcokfytheeh,nmabnesrdwrebeulfashiOngs ofthe The day. large and eyes taut smiles a hentage Dynasty art, are of 11 very influential beginning atthe of Dynasty asis evident thefaces 18, when ofthiscouple compared that are with of theservantinfig.8.E.R.R.

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29.Board games, aly mtegnal elv ments uney equipment if befbre D9q1ast 1 (e. 31v B.C.), 8 ffie entire continuum Egyptian of civiZzation.llniswooden boF hastwoplaying 811S, onewithtwenty squares ontopforthegameoft1au, S or bers," appatently import Asia, an from andoneunth thirtOr squares theboton tomforsenS,which means sssing." Senet acqliiredfunerary duling a role theNewKingdom; obstacles the the of gaxne equated thehazanls were with of theafterlife, hlowledge its rules and of wasthought enable to victozious entry intotheunderworld. Ganiing pieces

werestoS m thedraserat oneenddf : theboarrd. P1 moves wewdeteS mined tossing by thmwsticlzsuch : asthesered-stained exatnpl, ieroly carved oneendmnth headofa at the jadkal attheother and witha fingemail, a visual reference theancaent to word forthrow stick,djeba, finger." or Ihe rulesforthetwogames, forgotten sinoe RomaJl times,have never beenentirely reconstructed. sidesandtopofthe The board inscribed funerazy are with formulas thename theoverseer in of of works andhisparents, at one hia and endldiais depicted seated withhiswife andhermother.P.D.

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31

32 'rnis head im a ue of Amenhotpe (c.1417-1a79 B.C.) B III a characiristic liken oftheldng whoruled therxchest o emp the world yetseen.Thefeatuxes had of Amenhotpe cunously are ohildlike: round cheeks a softiin; a and mouth a distinctively with shaped upper slightly lip 0}icker the than lower; large,slanted, elegantly outlined eyes; a pleasant somewhat and but enigrnatic apression Thepersonality behind faceremains this eluave, although have we coreiderable infoF rnation about AmenhotpeW reignX Heclaimed hawbeena mighthr to lion hunter hisyouth, m butto judgefrom statues theMetropolitan in Museum andelsewh@re- became he corpulent iIllateryears. EeR R

birth, she 33.Although wasnotofroyal exerTiye Great Queen seemsto have probably by influence, cisedunusual Like personaSity. virtue herforceful of of mostrepresentationsthecontempb king,herimages razies anyEgyptian of thoseofher to weremade resemble Amenhotpe withyouthIII, husband, face filly rounded andlargealmondshaped eyes.YetTiyehadherown a features, includingdeterdistinctive and at mined littlefrown thebrows an

contour but indescribable unmistaliable but to thefilllandgenerous faintly of mouth. Thus fragment a this pouting jasper, polished statue, beautifillly in as recogiizable Tiye. is immediately was the When complete, figure probawsth appropriwork, blya composite metals stones precious and atelycolored of elements hercosformlng various the in tumeandheaddress a masterwork and wealth brilliant a timeoflavish E.R.R. craftsmanship.
33

34.These threecarnelian plaques were 35.TheRoyal Scribe Senuappears at originally ingold set jewelry, probably thetightonthisstela,worshiping bracelets. stonewasprecious The and, Imsety Hapy, ofthefunerary and two beinghard, difflcult carve; to these deities known theFour as Sonsof ficts, andtheglorification allthreeof Horus. ownson,thelector-priest on His Amenhotpe indicate theywere Pawahy, III, that stands below, making prethe a product theroyal of workshops. They scribed gesture herecites his as for mayhave beenmade commemorate father funerary to the hymn wtittenin oneoftheking's seds important front him.Thefineworlunanship heb of and festivals royal of renewal-foronone suave stylearecharacteristicallthe of (left)heis shown twiceinhe1o cossed artsofAmenhotpe reign.The III's tume,accompaiied Queen by 15ye.On graceful figures, theirslightlimbs, with thesecond (right), Amenhotpe Tiye rather and largeheads, greatslanting and areattended twoprincesses. by The eyes,recall elegant vaguely the but third(below), virtuoso pieceof a little juvenile appearance theldnghimsel of openwork carving, shows as a Tiye Senuhada set ofthesestelaeforhis winged sphinx, weating floral a cult. crown. mortuary OneintheLouvre Herhuman annsareraised adoration shows greeting othertwoSons in him the ofthecartouche containing husher ofHorus, Duamutef Kebehsenuef. and balld's name. prominence Tiyeon Another, theMetropolitan's The of in collecallthreeplaques significant,signof tion,represents withOsiris. is a him hergreatimportance. E.R.R. E.R.R.

34

cW

thesefour with 36,37.Mlbrant color, of the vesselshave bnlliance small is jewels.Thecompanson notat allibseemto have for fetched, theEgyptians of glass regarded as a kind artificial valued. and gemstone, it wasequally inwas Glassmaldng apparently Asia.Theart in vented western 18, EgyptearlyinDynasty reached 1500 around B.C., anduntilat leastthe glassmanufacture endofthedynasty, were There monopoly. wasa royal of complex in glassworks thepalace and III Amenhotpe at Malkata, in at capital residential Akhenaton's of Dulingthereigns thesetwo Amarna. glassmaldngreached ldngs,Egyptian vesselslikethese, its peak,producing

and excellence clear, technical whose in are purecolors unsurpassed the world. ancient glassvessels of Theshapes Egyptian and from wereborrowed stoneware potand amphora two tery.Theminiature theirpro (nght)have kraters miniature jars.Thefooted in totypes largestorage (below) nbbing withholizontal bowl All examples. the alabaster imitates core, over vesselswerefonned a sandy out was which scraped whentheglass Additional and hadcooled hardened. on weretrailed and,whilestill colors to up soft,dragged anddown produce The patterns. whole and festoon feather to or wasthenmarvered, smoothed, the E.R.R. sheenofpolishedgemstones.

36

137

38. Generally restrictedto formal stylistic conventions repetitious and subject matter,Egyptianartisanswereneverthelesscapable creating of worksof startlingrealism.Thebodyof this gazelleis carvedfroma singlepieceof ivory,with hoovespaintedblackand hairsalongthe spinerendered small by scores;the missinghornswere proW ablyof anothermaterial, suchas ebony. Attachedto the woodenbase by tenons protruding fromits tiny hooves,the

gazelleis shownpoisedon a deserthillock,tail raisedandeyes alertto danger. The smoothed surfaces,slender legs, anddelicatecolonngcontnbuteto this consummate portrayal fragile of grace.As in the hippopotamus 21), (fig. reference madeto the animal's is environment: baseis incisedwith the desert florathat representthe natunl habitatof the gazelle,andthe hollows are filledwith Egyptian-blue pigment. P.D.

if

t'''''\'1;'

39. Thereliefsthat adotnedthe temples are el of the Atonat 1b11 Amarna some to of the most innovative havebeen producedin ancientEgypt. Designedto puiposesof servethe propagandist (c. Akhenaton 1379-1362 B.C.), the scenesthat complisedthe templedecoon rationswereplanned a monumental entirewalls, scaleandoftencovered by on enlivened the peziphery smaller figures.This vignettesor subsidiary accomspanof horses,undoubtedly paniedby otherteamsandgrooms,was detailin a chariotproa subordinate and cessionof whichAkhenaton his queen, Nefertiti,werethe primary focus.Thesehorsesaregivenunusual

of vitalityby the modeling theirdrooping muzzles,tapezingarchednecks, eyes. attentiveears, androunded Althoughtheirhindlegs are predictthe in ablyrendered doubleprofile, conventionsof Egyptianart are stunningly violatedin the simpleactionof one its horsethrowing headdownto gnaw has at its leg. Thelifelikemovement by reproduced the sculpbeen faithfully tor,who, ratherthandepictthe comimageof a synchronized monplace a team, has captured purelyephemeral moment.Thereliefis nowon loanto the of fromthe collection Norbert Museum Schimmel. P.D.

39

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40

of Royal 41.GeneraltheAnny, for Tutankhamun, and Deputy King inthe sits Haremhab cross-legged pose a scnbe, ofanordinary holdingscroll to a onwhich ltten hymn Thoth. is lips,andsweet,ratherdrowsyexpres of on sion modeled thefeatwes are govvirtually ofHaremhab-who of dunng reign the erned Egypt (c.1361-1352 B C.) and Tutankhamun lung iS one become who would day conveyed thesuperb by unmistakably a statue, major quality thislifesize of That royal work agreat atelier. from as should portrayeda be such man a to the accordedlitscribe shows respect eracy. pose also The was appropriate god dedicatedThoth, of to for statue a have a writing, it may had special and whose significe forHaremhab, on and inscnptionsthisstatue elseaspect the where stress administrative
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42.Thepandemonsum battlefield ofthe andtheangiishofthewounded porare trayed thissandstone on block, which oncefonned ofa largewarrelief part Thescenemaynotrefer anhistoncal to event, maybea conventionalized but representationthe Egyptian trof king umphant hisfoes,identifiable over as northerners theirdistinctive by dress andhairstyles. lhnsfixed bythefeatheredshafts pharaoh's of arrows, several

dying Asiatics entangled a heap, lie in trampled beneath hooves the the of ldnWs chanot team,whose underbellies arevisible along upper the border. One ofthefallen enemy, yellow with sldn anda whitelong-sleeved garment, is apparentlymanof social military a or mnkdifferent fromthatof the red-sldnned soldiers shortembroiin dered kilts,whose longer is bound hair byfillets. Although carving curthe is

soryandthepainting imprecise, the hastyexecution therelief of seemsto suittheconfilsion annedconflict. of Onginally ofa battle part sceneina temple Ramesses theblock of II, was reused Ramesses (c.1166-1160 by IV B.C.) inthefoundationshismortuary of temple western in Thebes, where it wasdiscovered the Metropolitan by Museum 1912-13. in P.D.

42

43. Smooth limestone flakes from the excavation rock-cut of tombs wereoften usedbydraftsmen sclibesfor and practicing professional their freehand sldlls wellas foridledoodling. as This ostracon, discovered theValley the in of Kings, bearssketches bothserious of andhumorous intent, doubtless drawn byoneoftheworkrnen engaged decoin rating royal the tombs. firstsketch The is thatofa Ramesside whose king, almond-shaped andgracefully eyes curved werecompleted a few nose with confident strokes; dome the the of crown, however, apparently required correction. artistalsodrew The two standing figures whose names appear above: andhiswife,Meresger. Pay Pay seemsto be drinking from jar beer a through tube,andhisthinphysique a andconventional areanamusing dress contrast thecorpulence nearto and nakedness Meresger. hair, of Her which nonnally would beencovered a have by longwig,is close-cropped, her and shoulders beenrendered clumsy have in foreshortening comic for effect. P.D.

43

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a of 44. The coffins Amenemope, memfamilyduxing ber of a prestly Theban the reignof RamessesXI (c. 1113-1085 of B.C.), aremasterpieces coloril detail design.By the andstylizedreligzous twilightyearsof the New Kingdom, that muchof the essentialdecoration tombwallshad hadonceadorned to beentransferred the nestedcoffins of the that contained mummies the deceased.Depositedin barerock-cut were now shafts,these receptacles floralcollarsand paintedwith elaborate

vignettes, and headdresses,miniature texts covenng hieroglyphic cramped everyinchof suriee. Thisintenor repoutercoffin detailof Amenemope's I, resentsAmenhotpe one ofthe first ldngsof Dynasty18,whowas later deifiedas one ofthe patronsofthe and villageof Deir el Medina worEnen's who by the end ofthe New Kingdom of possesseda number localshnnes Garbed the around Thebannecropolis. and in the BlueCrown a beadedtunic, graspsa maceandan ankh Amenhotpe

sign;on eitherside kneelsa green Nile god, stnped in the zigzaglinesthat representwaterandbearinga heavily is table. Amenhotpe ladenofEerng vultures by alsoflallked two crowned representing perchedon the hieroglyph the West.Thebnght colors,applied to with suchprecision this stylized by intenorscene, are not dimmed the vatnishthat coatsthe extenor of the coffin. P.D.

45

in arranged all of the 45.Despite variety its content, withthetextsapparently of The order. papyrus thesongthe random served literature fimerary Egyptian duling who Nany, lived stressofAmun the of purpose providing fimdamental B.C.), displays 21 of with deceased a compendiummagical Dynasty (c.1085-945 were spells with thefreedom which entryinto facilitate that spells would often and From theunderworld. theNewKing- interrningled abridged, with above The results. textpictured werewritten garbled thesespells domonward, and hieroglyphs is is wnttenincursive and on mostfrequently papyrus in71 of as compositions wellas comptised partsofChapters and otiginal cluded forth for Ibxts 72,spells acoming by dayand Pynamid of dexivatives theearlier is the the opening underworld"; fonner lExts.Thespellsandtheir andCoffin eye. uxljat The by are vignettes collectively illustrated a winged accompanying a around lakeof seated baboons four only of as known theBook theDead; a 125, to firebelong Chapter recorded on occurs anyonepapyrus, selection

The on elsewhere thepapyrus. other theircorrewithout ngnettesappear texts:thesceneofNanyprossponding to sun the tratebefore rising pertains of the 17, Chapter while sketches a the represent and swallow a phoenix Nanyto transfonn that spells enable The into herself thesebirds. papyrus in by wasfound theMuseum 1929 deposequipment, butial Nany's among Mexitof tomb Queen itedIntheearlier Thebes. P.D. in amun western
45

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(c. Nespekashuty 656 48.Thevizier in to B.C.) plarened be buredat Thebes of with a tombcovered relief thebest The quality. tombandits decoration however finished, werenever died the because owner prewhether to he or maturely because wasforced we the abandon project, donotknow. is in matter thisdetail traThesubject bearers offenng with ditional, female for to produce thetombowner blinging in But hisafterlife. whilethesubject tomb Sobekhotpe's (fig.2n ofeight graceful is yearsearlier maxle hundred

coswigs,elegant of bymeans fancy brushstrokes, tumes,andtransparent poses, thissceneis rigid,withstolid and cut sharply outlines, flatrelief were drawings The planes. preliminary and more lively, a hintofthatvitaSity canbe seenintherightleg ofthe of woman theleft:thecontour the on in have legwould beendeleted thefinal of smoothing thestone.Thepreference B.C. century was fora intheseventh in crsplyexecuted formula, readable of limestone the thefinecrystalline Thebanhills. C.L.

48

wooden panel formed 49.TEscurved anthropoid theheadendoftheouter official, Doorthe coffin a temple of of keeper theHouse Amun, of Anundthebase,a Peldlerldlonsu. naw niches dooror band stylized of architectural motif, ways,a traditional final marks boxas themummgs the goddess home. Above, kneeling a of annsina gesture spreads winged her the head. protection around occupant's the of Sheis Amentet, goddess the West, where sunset andthedead the

Amentet drawn is with werebutied. linear styleof authority, theprecise, in at in painting favored Thebes thesevB.C. carefully enthcentury Thecolor, the is applied within outlines, subordieven nateto thedrawing; theunearthly s}dn greenofthegoddess's seemssuS to dued compaxisonthecomplicated in ear. drawn branches herelaborately of a that It is noteworthy Peldlerldlonsu, was iVirly minor official, ableto comfor mand finework hisfimerary such equipment.E.R.R.

49

50.Carved graywacke, Metterof the nichStelais thefinest mostelabo and rateexample a genreofmagical of stelaethatoxiginated thelateNew in Kingdom. child The Horus standing on twocrocodiles thedominant is motif ofthesemonuments, which wereinsctibed magical thatwere with texts recited cureailments to protect to and against animal bites.Thegemlike vignettes thisstelaportray number of a ofgodscounteracting influences the of snalies, crocodiles, scotpions. and Above, sungodis worshiped four the by baboons a kneeling and Nectanebo II (360-342 B.C.), to whose reign the monument dated. textexplains is One thecentrality Horus magical of on stelaebyrecounting young the god's cureofpoisonous bythegod bites Thoth. Apparently erected a nein cropolis sacred bytheptiest of bulls Esatum, stelawasfound Alexthe at andria presented 1828 Prince and in to Metternich, whose by name is now it known. P.D. 51.Thiskneeling statue represents the Overseer Singers Amun Luxor, of of of Amenemopiemhat. histitleand Both hisname indicate hewasclosely that associated a cultofAmun Luxor with of inornearMemphis. statue The was designed a Memphite for temple, probably main the temple thecity's of major deities,PtahandSelimet, whoarenamed theinsctiptions. in Amenemopiemhat a cultobject holds of thecow-eared goddess Hathor. proThe portions hisfigure, musculatity, of its andsuchdetails theslanted as rdges of thecollarbone theshallow and depressiondown center thetorso the of represent conscious a attempt the in LatePenodto emulate classic the works theOld Middle of and Kingdoms. E.R.R.

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god, the 54.Horus iilcon,theroyal the gzasp in hovers flight.Hisclaws shen, hieroglyph a broken) (now umversa Lar clrcu slgnslgmIymg carto and doIIiinion, related theoval were names royal in touche which in wtitten.Horus thisposewasusually the above king,as pr directly shown of and tector guarantor theroyal is This person. plaque oneofa partially
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that inlays of group iVience preserved object, a decoratedlargeelaborate shnne.Theredand a probablywooden of are details theprsduct a dark-blue for very technique unusual champleve were depressions cutintothe bience: with and bodyoftheplaque filled main was pastes.Thewhole then vitreous polished suriace fi>d, andtheinlaid jewel. E.R.R. likea great

54

<A
55

Credits
1. GerzeanPeriod. Ivoly, l. 4Ys inches. Purchase, EdwardS. HarknessGift, 1926(26.7.1281) 2. Dynasty 1. Graywacke,l. 67/8 inches, w. 53^'4 inches. Rogers Find, 1919(19.2.16) 3. Dynasty 0. Quartz,h. 43^t4 inches, l. 97/8 inches. Purchase,Fletcher Find and The GuideFoundation Inc. Gift, 1966(66.99.2) 4. Dynasty 4, from Saqqara.Limestone, h. 38 inches. Purchase,fundsfromvariousdonors 1958 (58.123) ' 5. (Detail).Dynasty 5, from Saqqara.Painted limestone,h. of mainfigure, 393o'4 inches. Rogers Find, 1907(08.201.2) 6. Dynasty 5, c. 2456-2345 B.C. Paintedlimestone, h. 22Y2 inches. Rogers Fbnd,1952(52.19) 7. Dynasty 11,fromThebes, Deir el Bahri, temple of MentuhotpeII. Paintedlimestone, 14Ys 38% x inches. Gift of Egypt ExplorationFlund, 1907 (07.230.2) 8. Dynasty 11,c. 2009 1998B.C., fFomThebes, tomb of Mekutra(MMA1101). Paintedwood, h. 44Ys inches. Rogers Find and EdwardS. HarknessGift, 1920(20.3.7) 9. Dynasty 11,c. 2009 1998B.C., fFomThebes, tomb of Mekutra(MMA1101). Gessoedand paintedwood, linen, and cord, 1.50Ys inches, h. 14% inches, w. 12 inches. Rogers Find and EdwardS. HarknessGift, 1920(20.3.1) 10. Dynasty 12, c. 1962-1928B.C., from Lisht, South Pd cemetely. Gessoedand paintedwood, h. 227/8 inches. Rogers Fundand Edwar1d S. HarknessGift, 1914(14.3.17) 11. Dynasty 12, c. 1962-1928B.C., from Lisht, South Pd. Limestone, h. 13ft., 1137/8 inches. Rogers Fund,1934(34.1.205) 12. Dynasty 12, c. 1878-1843B.C. Gneiss, l. 283^t4 inches, h. 163^/4 inches. Gift of EdwardS. Harkness, 1917(17.9.2) 13. Dynasty 12, c. 1955B.C. Paintedlimestone 41 x l9Ysinches. Gift of EdwardS. Harkness, 1912 (12.184) 14-17. Dynasty 12, c. 1897-1878B.C., from Lahun, tomb 8. Pectoral:gold, amethyst, turquoise feldspar,carnelian,lapis lazuli,and garnet;girdle, wtistlets, and anklets:gold and amethyst. Pectoral: 1.3Y4 inches, h. 13M4 inches;circumference clasped of girdle, 317/8 inches-wtistlets: l. 53M4 inches-anklets: 1.7Ys inches. Purchase,Rogers Fundand Henry WaltersGift, 1916(16.1.3); (16.1.6)(16.1.14,15)(16.1.7AB,55) 18. Dynasty 12-13. Ivory,l. 133H8 inches, w. 2 inches. TheodoreM. Davis Collection,Bequest of Theodore M. Davis, 1915(30.8.218) 19. Dynasty 12-13. Amethyst, turquoise,redjasper, and lapis lazuli,l. 17/8 inches. Purchase,EdwandS. HarknessGift, 1926(26.7.1359) 20. Dynasty 12-13. Steatite, l. 103M4 inches. Purchase, EdwardS. HarknessGift, 1926(26.7.1275A4) 21. Dynasty 12, fromMeir,bunal of Senbi, B3 pit 1. Blue faience,l. 77/8 inches, h 43H8 inches. Gift of EdwardS. Harkness, 1917(17.9.1) 22. Dynasty 12, fromMeir.Wood,gold leaf, alabaster,obsidian,and variousorganicmatetials, 1.6 ft., 5 inches, w. 1 ft., 7 inches. Rogers Fund,1912 (12.182.132C) 23. Dynasty 17-18, c. 1668-1450B.C., fromThebes, Asasif Paintedsycamorewood, 1. 763M4 inches, w. 187/8 inches. Rogers Find, 1930(30.3.7) 24. Dynasty 18, c. 1503-1482B.C., fromThebes, Deir el Bahri. Paintedinduratedlimestone, h. 76Y4 inches. Rogers Fund, 1929(29.3.2) 25. Dynasty 18, c. 1482-1450B.C., bom Thebes WadiGabbanetel Qurud.Sandals:gold, 1.10inches W. 3N4 inches. Bracelets:gold, carnelian,and turquoiseglass, 1.7N4 inches, w. 23H8 inches. Fletcher Fund, 1922(26.8.146AB),(26.8.125,127) 26. Dynasty 18, c. 1482-1450B.C., fromThebes, WadiGabbanetel Qurud.Gold,carnelian,turquoise glass, and clear glass, max. diam. 12inches, h. 9Y2 inches. Purchase, FrederickP. Huntley Bequest, 1958;Lila Acheson WallaceGifts, 1982,1983; Joseph

PulitzerBequest, 1966-Fletcher FUnd 1922(58.153.1 [selective]);(58.153.2,3); (1982.137.1); (i983.1-13); (66.2.77);(26.8.117A) 27. Dynasty 18, c. 142>1417B.C., fromThebes. Painton mud plaster,287/8 21inches. Rogers Fund, x 1930(30.2.1) 28. Dynasty 18, c. 1504 1425B.C. Painted sandstone, h. (left) 14Ys inches, (right)17Ys inches. Rogers Fbnd, 1913(13.182.1AB) 29. Dynastyl8, c.1450-1360B.C. Wood,blue faience, and ivoly; gameboard: x 17/8 37/8 5Y4 x inchesdraughtsmen: %inch and lYsinch, diam. 7/8 h. inch; throw sticks:w. Y2 inch, l. 3Y4Y2,and 7/8 inches. Rogers Find, 1912and 1919(i2.182.72); (19.2.19-27); (OC3014A-H, J-Q) 30. Dynasty 18, c. 1570-1379B.C., fmm Thebes, Asasif (MMA815).Paint on leatherJ x 6Y4 7Ys inches. Rogers Find, 1931(31.3.98) 31. Dynasty 18, c. 142>1417B.C., fromThebes Valleyof the Kings, tomb 43. Cedarwood, h. 97/8 inches. TheodoreM. Davis Collection,Bequest of TheodoreM. Davis, 1915(30.8.45A-C) 32. Dynastyl8, c. 1417-1379 B.C.. Quartzite,h. 133^'4 inches. Rogers Fbnd, 1956(56.138) 33. Dynasty 18, c. 1417-1379 B.C. Yellow jasper, h. 5Y2 inches. Purchase, EdwardS. HarknessGift, 1926 (26.7.1396) 34. Dynasty 18, c. 1417-1379 B.C. Carnelian, 23^48 x 1%,2Y2x 13^/4, x 13^/4 2Y2 inches. Purchase,Edwar1d S. HarknessGift, 1926(26.7.1339,1340, 1342) 35. Dynasty 18, c. 1417-1379 B.C. Limestone, 29Y2 x 12% inches. Rogers iind, 1912(12.182.39) 36. Dynasty 18, c. 1370-1320B.C. Glass, h. 57/8, 2Ys, 3Ys inches. Purchase, EdwardS. Harkness Gift 1926;Rogers Fund, 1944(26.7.1177,1181); (44.4.48) 37. Dynasty 18, c. 1370-1320B.C. Glass, h. 23^'4 inches, diam. 4Y2 inches. Purchase,EdwardS. HarknessGift, 1926(26.7.1178) 38. Dynasty 18, c. 1379-1362B.C. Ivory,wood, and Egyptian-bluepigment, l. 37/8 inches, h. 4Y2 inches. Purchase,EdwardS. HarknessGift, 1926(26.7.1292) 39. Dynasty 18, c. 1373-1362B.C. Limestone, 9 x 20Y2 inches. Collectionof Norbert Schimmel (L.1979.8.19) 40. Dynasty 18, c. 1365B.C., fromThebes, Valleyof the Kings, tomb 55. Alabaster,obsidian,and blue paste, h. 20Y2 inches, diam. 9Y2 inches. Jar:Gift of TheodoreM. Davis 1907(07.226.1)- TheodoreM. lid: Davis Collection,Bequest of TheodoreM. Davis, 1915(30.8.54) 41. Dynasty 18, c. 1361-1352 B.C. Graygranite, h. 46 inches. Gift of Mr.and Mrs. V. Event Macy,1923 (23.10.1) 42. Dynasty 19, c. 1304 1237B.C., fromThebes Asasif, temple of Ramesses IV. Paintedsandstone 24 x 45Y4 inches. Rogers Fund, 1913(13.180.21) 43. Dynasty 19-20, fromThebes, Valleyof the Kings. Limestone, lOY4 8Ys x inches. Gift of TheodoreM. Davis, 1913(14.6.191) 44. Dynasty 20, c. 1113-1085 Gessoedand B.C. paintedwood, 1.76Y4 inches, w. 207/8 inches. Rogers Find, 1917(17.2.7A) 45. Dynasty 21, c. 103W991 B.C., fromThebes, Deir el Bahri, SAE 358 (MMA65). Paintedand inscribed papyrus,h. 133M4-14Ys Rogers Find, 1930 inches. (30.3.31) 46. Dynasty 22. Gold,h. 67/8 inches. Purchase EdwardS. HarknessGift, 1926(26.7.1412) 47. Dynasty 22. Fiience, h. 5Y4 inches. Purchase, EdwardS. HarknessGift, 1926(26.7.971) 48. (Detail).Dynasty 26, 656-610 B.C., fromThebes, Deir el Bahti, SAE 312(MMA509).Limestone, total h. of figures, c. 16M2 inches. Rogers Find, 1923 (23.3.468A) 49. Dynasty 25, c. 690-656 B.C., fromThebes, MMA 832. Paintedwood, h. 22 x 227/8-263H8 inches. Rogers Fund, 1928(28.3.53) 50. Dynasty 30, 36W342B.C., Graywacke, 327/8x lOYs inches. Fletcher Find, 1950(50.85) 51. Dynasty 26, 664-610 B.C. Graywacke, 25Y4 h. inches. Rogers Fund, 1924(24.2.2) 52. Dynasty 30 or PtolemaicPeriod. Bronze,h. 77/8 inches. Rogers Fund, 1925(25.2.11)

53. PtolemaicPeliod, 50-30 B.C. Basalt, h. 36Ys inches. Purchase,Lila AchesonWallaceGift and Rogers Fund, 1981(1981.224.1) 54. Macedonian-Ptolemaic Period,332-30 B.C Polychrome iVience,l. 113^/8 inches. Purchase,Edward S. HarknessGift, 1926(26.7.991) 55. RomanPeriod, A.D. 150 61. Encausticon wood h. 153^/4 inches. Rogers Fbnd,1909(09.181.3)

EgyptianChronology
Paleolithic Period c. 300,000-6000B.C. Neolithic Period c. 6000-4300 B.C. Predynastic Period c. 4300-3000B.C.
Badanan Amratian Gerzean Dynasty Culture Culture Culture c. 4300-4000 c. 4000-3600 c. 3600-3200 B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C.

0 c. 3200-3100

Archaic Period c. 3100-2686 B.C.

Dynasty Dynasty2 1 c. 3100-2890 C.2890-2686B.C. B.C.

Old Kingdom c. 268s2160

Dynasty3 Dynasty Dynasty Dynasty6 Dynasty Dynasty C.2686-2613B.C. 4 c. 2613-2498 5 c. 2498-2345 C.2345-2181B.C. 7 c. 2181-2173 8 c. 2173-2160 B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C.

B.C.

First Intermediate Period c. 2160-2060 B.C.

Dynasty Dynasty 9 c. 2160-2130 1O c. 2130-2040 B.C. B.C.

Middle Kingdom c. 2060-1786 B.C.

Dynasty Dynasty 11 12 c. 2133-1991 c. 1991-1786 B.C. B.C.

Second Intermediate Period c. 1786-1570B.C.

Dynasty Dynasty Dynasty Dynasty Dynasty 13 14 15 16 17 c. 1786-1668 c. 1700-1668 c. 1667-1559 c. 1667-1570 B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C.

(Hyksos) c. 1667-1559

New Kingdom c. 1570-1085 B.C.

Dynasty Dynasty Dynasty 18 19 20 c. 1570-1320 c. 1320-1200 c. 1200-1085 B.C. B.C. B.C.

Third Intermediate Period c. 1085-656 B.C.

Dynasty Dynasty22 Dynasty Dynasty Dynasty 23 24 21 c. 1085-945 C.945-715B.C. c. 818-715 c 730-715 B.C. B.C. c. 760-656 B.C. B.C.

25 (Kushite)

Late Dynastic Period 656-332 B.C.

Dynasty Dynasty Dynasty28 Dynasty29 Dynasty30 Second 26 (Saite 27 (First Perlod) Persian 666525 DomInation) B.C. 525-404 B.C.

404-399B.C. 399-380B.C. 380-342B.C. Persian Domination 342-332

B.C.

Macedonian Period 332-305 B.C. Ptolemaic Period 305-30 B.C. Roman Pleriod 30 B.C.-A.D. 325 Coptic Pleriod A.D. 325 641

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