White paper

Liquid Radio Let traffic waves flow most efficiently

Executive summary
Contents 2. Executive summary: Reconstructing radio access in a new way Rising traffic volumes and more demanding customers Network vision Liquid Radio 6. New architectures include compact radio access points for small cells 6. Highly efficient, ultra-compact multipurpose hardware platforms 7. Heterogeneous networks and traffic offloading Reconstructing radio access in a new way The popularity of tablets, smartphones and mobile broadband connections has contributed to an explosion in data volumes in mobile networks. Customers can enjoy high data speeds on the move and value the wide-area availability of quality broadband connectivity. The pace of traffic growth will continue to rise, driven by ever higher penetration of smartphones, new applications, laptop connectivity and machine-tomachine communication (M2M). New design criteria are needed to develop radio networks that can match these broadband speeds and rising data volumes. Network design must be flexible enough to scale to meet the demand of up to 1 GByte per user per day and data rates beyond 1 Gbps. The answer to this challenge is Nokia Siemens Networks Liquid Radio. Liquid Radio breaks up traditional network architecture and provides a far more flexible way to build radio access networks. It allows macro cells to be complemented with a layer of small cells bringing added capacity directly to end users. Available frequency spectrum or existing infrastructure can be used or re-used, together or separately. The concept of a traditional base station disappears. Instead the radio can be hidden behind active macro antennas on rooftops or tucked into a small space in any building. Functionality is determined entirely by software running on versatile, flexible and scalable multi-purpose hardware. The same hardware that supports LTE software can equally well support GSM, HSPA or LTE Advanced, either separately or concurrently. Furthermore, Liquid Radio shares resources such as baseband processing power across a broad area of the network. It allows radio coverage to flow to wherever users need it. Liquid Radio also allows communications service providers (CSPs) to link 3GPP radio access seamlessly with 802.11 Wi-Fi. End users require high-speed, low-latency, secure and reliable transparent network connectivity. CSPs want to use their existing investments and minimize new expenditure while guaranteeing quality of service (QoS) to their customers. Liquid Radio improves network efficiency by boosting capacity with beam steering, small cells and by offloading. The high energy efficiency is the result of low power consumption of the products, integration of RF to the antenna to minimize RF losses and by an adaptive and cognitive radio network that can proactively align the active cells in the network with user demand to save energy. Liquid Radio is the most advanced way to address the challenges of evolving radio access networks today while preparing the network for the future. It pushes network capacity with the latest multi-radio, active antenna technology and by unifying heterogeneous networks with coordinated multi-point transmission (CoMP) and awardwinning self-organizing network (SON) functionalities. Liquid Radio boosts efficiency by simplifying network operations and network utilization with baseband pooling. It also enhances the end user experience by optimizing the connectivity between different network layers, offloading traffic onto Wi-Fi, or seamlessly blending HSPA+ and LTE.

3.

4. 5.

8. Baseband pooling 9. Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP) 10. Active Antenna Systems 10. Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 11. Summary: A step up in radio network efficiency

Liquid Radio

Rising traffic volumes and more demanding customers

Traffic volumes in mobile networks have increased tremendously in recent years. Growth has been driven by the popularity of USB modems for laptops using mobile networks and the success of smartphones and, more recently, larger-screen, video-rich tablets, M2M and in the next five years the arrival of the connected vehicle. At the same time, evolving radio technology provides ever higher data rates for customers. The peak rate will increase from the first version of HSDPA at 1.8 Mbps to LTE-Advanced offering 1 Gbps, and this is driving further growth in data volumes. Figure 1 shows that global mobile Internet traffic will reach 43 Exabytes by 2015. So far, the growth has been driven mainly by laptops, but the fastest relative growth is now coming from handheld smart devices and tablets. Figure 2 illustrates typical traffic behavior. Traffic peaks occur at different times of the day depending on the area. So business areas have high traffic during the morning and afternoon while residential areas experience peak traffic during the evening.
Global Mobile Traffic Forecast 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 Annual traffic (PB) 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2010 2011 2012 Mobile tablet 2013 Mobile laptop 2014 2015

Mobile voice (16kbps)

Mobile handheld

Figure 1. Expected heavy growth of data volumes

Business area

Suburban area

Residential area

2am 4am 6am 8am 10am 12am 2pm 4pm 6pm 8pm 10pm

2am 4am 6am 8am 10am 12am 2pm 4pm 6pm 8pm 10pm

2am 4am 6am 8am 10am 12am 2pm 4pm 6pm 8pm 10pm

Figure 2. Capacity demand vs time of day is like a wave in modern networks

This paper outlines the overall network vision for supporting future traffic requirements and how Nokia Siemens Networks Liquid Radio fundamentally redefines the architecture of radio access networks. By combining several advanced technologies to increase network quality and capacity that carry higher traffic volumes more efficiently, Liquid Radio enabled networks will deliver superior connectivity for end users.

Liquid Radio

Network vision matching the requirements

Future mobile networks need to be more versatile in order to support growing capacity and user data rate requirements and incorporate additional spectra as they become available. The macro-cellular network is the basis of current networks and will remain the important component of future networks. Macro network capacity will be further enhanced to make the most of existing base station sites and available spectrum. New spectrum allocations plus small cells and advanced antenna solutions will be exploited to provide increased capacity and enhanced coverage, especially at the cell edge. Site solutions no longer need to exist in their current format. The component parts can be re-engineered, combined in different ways and made far more compact to fit easily into radio access point installations. Baseband processing power can be pooled and shared across a large number of radio access points and technologies. Multistandard user devices and intelligent, software-defined and softwarecontrolled SONs will bring together the component parts into a seamless blend of connectivity that matches the precise needs of the end user. One fundamental driver for Liquid Radio is that end users should neither need to know nor care which air interface their device is using; they will be offered a seamless, high quality and high speed connection using the best available resource. Small cells can provide additional capacity and data rates that are beyond macro-cellular capabilities. Small cells include micro, pico, Femto and Wi-Fi deployments. All the different cell sizes can be deployed selectively where traffic demand is not being met by the macro layer. The small cells and macro cells can co-exist on the same frequency. The macro layer gives ubiquitous coverage, especially for high-speed moving users, while smaller cells cater to stationary and heavy users in dense areas. Small cells can also use Wi-Fi radio as a way of offloading traffic from
450 700-900 1800-1900 2100 MHz 2600 3600 >5 GHz

Figure 3. Future networks grow in complexity to include multiple layers, bands and standards

themacro layer. The end user will be best connected using any or all of the different cell layers and radio technologies, coordinated by network control. The number of frequency bands and radio access points is set to increase by many orders of magnitude. There will be access points deployed by individual users or to boost connectivity for businesses. This increased complexity leads to more challenging interference scenarios. Network configuration and optimization needs to be automated to maximize radio network performance and minimize network operating cost. Indeed, in this multi-layer, multi-purpose network vision, nonautomated systems would not be practical or viable. Optical fiber will spread out to carry the growing data volumes from the radio access points to the Internet. Optical fiber also provides new options for splitting network functionalities between the local antenna and central facilities, in both the macro and small cell layers.

The main elements of network evolution are illustrated in Figure 3 and can be summarized as follows. Macro networks will provide ubiquitous umbrella coverage. Macro cell capacity can be enhanced with active antenna beamforming and six-sector sites. Selective small cell deployment adds affordable capacity and speed that can be activated dynamically when needed. Macro cells and small cells interact seamlessly over the same spectrum. The network adjusts capacity and coverage patterns to suit instantaneous traffic requirements. End users can be connected seamlessly using multiple radio technologies and advanced network control. Network operating costs decline and network performance improves thanks to increased automation. Increased flexibility and agility will be a fundamental requirement in network deployments.

Liquid Radio

Liquid radio
Nokia Siemens Networks Liquid Radio is a network architecture built using highly efficient, ultra-compact multi-purpose hardware platforms, in which functionality is determined by software. These platforms are linked by high-capacity, low-latency transport networks in a nonhierarchical, meshed architecture. They will self-configure to use the available hardware, interconnects and air interfaces in the best way. Processing power can be pooled, or shared, across multiple hardware platforms and network layers, rather than being dedicated to one location or function. Furthermore, these networks are able to adapt dynamically and steer capacity in line with demand. They are also self-optimizing and self-healing. Liquid Radio paves the way for software-defined networks, which are a fundamental and natural step forward for software-defined radio capabilities. The Nokia Siemens Networks term Liquid capacity describes the ability to use the available network capacity for any purpose in any application, wherever required. This architecture is embodied in Liquid Radio, which addresses the ebb and flow of capacity demand across a network and is built on leading platforms, including the Nokia Siemens Networks Flexi family. This ensures a smooth evolution for CSPs towards a more modern technology while maintaining backward compatibility with existing systems. Liquid Radio is not a disruptive technology that challenges freshly deployed networks. Rather it is the natural evolution of a multi-standard platform that Nokia Siemens Networks has designed progressively, developing hardware, software and transport that is extremely adaptable to meet the aggressively demanding and evolving needs in todays mobile broadband network. The Liquid Radio vision is now a reality, with the main elements and technologies available for network deployments in 2011. The Nokia Siemens Networks Flexi Multiradio family is the result of our visionary R&D thought leadership and execution in delivering commercially available solutions that address the needs of CSPs today and into the future. Flexi Multiradio 10 Base Station (BTS) offers a high-capacity pool or site solution featuring several technologies (GSM, HSPA, LTE/ LTE-A) within one 25-liter baseband module. Advanced and proven Systemon-a-Chip (SoC) design enables Concurrent Mode capabilities. Flexi Lite Base Stations in an allin-one form factor for micro/pico deployments. Delivering unified heterogeneous network solutions that combine small cells with the macro layer in a unified way, complemented with advanced features (CoMP). Smart WLAN connectivity that provides integrated Wi-Fi offload mechanisms enabling CSPs to add value to the connection with their mobile core. Baseband pooling delivering more than 10 Gbps liquid capacity that can be shared across 100 cells. Coordinated multipoint transmission (CoMP) capabilities in the baseband pool enabling improved end user experience and paving the way in the network for this feature in R11. The Flexi Race based on Nokia Siemens Networks unique understanding of building commercially available active antenna systems is representative of our continuous advances in the miniaturization of existing solutions, making it the key building block for next-generation base station form factors. Flexi Multiradio Antenna System for Active Antenna offers beam forming capabilities. The Nokia Siemens Networks integrated NetAct network management and SON suite adds the ultimate liquidity to multitechnology networks. The following sections describe in more detail how these technologies give CSPs a unique ability to enhance the end user experience in the industrys most cost-effective way.

Liquid Radio

New architectures include compact radio access points for small cells Liquid Radio splits up traditional base station architecture and allows radio coverage to be built by combining elements in new ways. SoC technology means that the RF and power amplifiers can be hidden behind small cell antennas or stacked into active antenna arrays providing active (horizontal and vertical) beamforming. Baseband processing can be pooled across multiple cells and linked by optical fiber to the RF. Small cells can also be connected with fiber to the macro baseband pool as shown in Figure 4. Baseband can also be appended to the RF and linked by lower-quality high-speed transport links to the core network. This vastly extends the range of sites that can be used for radio access points and the range of transport media that can be used. Any notions of street-side cabinets, air-conditioning units, moving fans, single points of failure, dedicated hardware or capacity being fully utilized only at peak times disappears completely. Liquid Radio creates a radio network that seamlessly and dynamically blends and steers: Coverage and capacity using any or all available spectrum Macro cells above the roof tops and small cells below the roof tops All 3GPP with 802.11 Wi-Fi technologies precisely matched to user needs.
Macro baseband

Highly efficient, ultra-compact multi-purpose hardware platforms The high hardware efficiency delivered by Flexi Multiradio 10 results from advanced SoC technology. SoC integrates multiple computer or other electronic system components into a single integrated circuit or chip. It includes digital signal processing (DSP) for maximum software flexibility, combined with hardware acceleration for computationally intensive calculations. SoC architecture offers new flexibility in designing highly compact and scalable radio access points, which enables multi-radio implementation on a single platform. Scalability is achieved simply by adding more of these chips. The same SoC design can be adapted to small configurations, such as a mono-sector pico base station for a few dozen users, to large configurations, such as a baseband pool with hundreds of cells. Furthermore, it enables networks to use the same set of features for micro cells or high-capacity baseband pooling configurations. This is a key consideration for achieving simple network maintenance and upgrades. The use of SoC enables extremely compact and scalable architecture for modern base station design. Nokia Siemens Networks has been designing software-based flexible solutions since the very first WCDMA deployments began 10 years ago, providing unrivalled credibility and experience.

The flexible design allows networks to use the same hardware for running any radio technology GSM, HSPA, LTE or LTE-Advanced requiring only different software uploads. The concurrent mode enables two or more standards to run at the same time on the same hardware, thus making the migration between the technologies easy and simple. The high level of integration can provide more than 10 Gbps of processing power, which can process a large number of high capacity cells. Figure 5 illustrates the main benefits of the Flexi Multiradio 10 base station. The Flexi Multiradio 10s SoC-based design and extremely compact form provide liquid capacity whenever and wherever in the network users demand it.

Very high capacity

Third generation System-on-Chip (SoC) technology

Fiber

Fiber

Small RF

Small RF

10x more site capacity

Software defined radio

Figure 4. Connecting new small cells into macro baseband pool

Figure 5. Flexi Multiradio 10 Base Station offers a high-capacity solution featuring several technologies and deploys System-on-a-Chip (SoC) technology for huge scalability

Liquid Radio

Heterogeneous networks and traffic offloading Mobile network traffic is increasing faster than the amount of available spectrum and macro cell spectral efficiency combined. Even the most advanced active antenna solutions and the combination of MIMO and beamforming from macro sites will not deliver enough capacity. The addition of a large number of small cells can provide a major boost in capacity. Macro cells provide ubiquitous coverage while small cells provide high capacity in specific areas. The two solutions are complementary in heterogeneous networks, where they operate on the same frequency with the help of interference mitigation and coordination capabilities. Heterogeneous multi-radio access allows users to move between networks and geographical areas while still being able to access their services and enjoy uninterrupted coverage. Heterogeneous multi-radio access ties CSP network access offerings together and capitalizes on network interoperability. For CSPs looking for cost optimizations, heterogeneous multi-radio access makes efficient use of existing network investments via intelligent mobility control. This complex combination of cells and layers requires smart optimization and network management solutions. Network configuration and optimization must be automatic, as it is in the Nokia Siemens Networks integrated NetAct network management and SON Suite. Nokia Siemens Networks leadership in this area was recently recognized with an LTE Award for our SON Suite at the Amsterdam LTE summit 2011. We are extending this leadership further with even more advanced intelligent distributed interference management and flexible low-cost front-haul and backhaul solutions to address the requirements of small cell deployments. The Nokia Siemens Networks Smart WLAN connectivity solution is the ideal complement, enabling integrated Wi-Fi offload. It offers CSP-controllable traffic offloading to WLAN networks using standard interfaces. The concept of heterogeneous networks is shown in Figure 6.

Indoor (<10m) Hot spots (10-100m)

Medium area (100-300m) Wide area (>300m)

Figure 6. Heterogeneous networks

Mobile network

Mobile core

PS services

WLAN
Figure 7. Smart WLAN connectivity

Internet

Services

The typical power of an outdoor micro or pico cell is up to 10W. This provides clear areas of dominance and good outdoor-to-indoor signal penetration. A Femto cell can be used in homes or in enterprise premises with an output power typically less than 0.25W. The resource use between macro cells and small cells should be coordinated to get the maximum benefit from small cell deployment. Macro and small cells use the same frequency and the coordination happens both in time and in the power domain. Liquid Radio provides solutions for coordination between the cell layers. Smart WLAN connectivity uses server and client software to guide the terminal to the WLAN when needed or desired by the CSP. WLAN offloading is a viable and practical option since most smart devices, tablets and

laptops are supplied with built-in WLAN capability and conform to the ANDSF standards, which allow controlledaccess switching. For CSPs there are two operational modes of Smart WLAN, either directly to the Internet or through the mobile packet core. Many CSPs prefer the latter, with the ability to bundle together additional features in the WLAN offering such as device management, authentication and accounting. This enables the ability to add value to the end user experience, leveraging existing mobile network functionality such as QoS, security, policy enforcement and mobility, even when end-users are switched to WLAN, by integrating WLAN access into the existing mobile core network. An overview of Smart WLAN connectivity is shown in Figure 7.

Liquid Radio

The complexity of managing heterogeneous networks will increase considerably compared to typical current networks with only two layers: HSPA for data and voice and GSM mainly for voice. That complexity is reduced drastically by ad-hoc SON features, which handle traffic steering across different layers, as well as interference/handover optimization. All the SON elements combine with a portfolio of high-capacity macro solutions and small cells to enable heterogeneous networks to work in a unified way. They hide the underlying complexity of multi-sized cells, multiple bands and multiple technologies from subscribers and simplify operations and maintenance for CSPs. The adaptable, liquid aspect derives from the ability to manage these highly complex networks in a simple, unified way. For instance, the OPEX related to energy consumption can be minimized by automatically switching off network layers in low load situations, such as during the night.

Distributed baseband processing

RF BB RF BB RF BB

RF BB

Centralized baseband processing

BB BB BB BB

Baseband pooling
High-capacity, modular base stations allow signal processing power to be shared between multiple cells in a concept called baseband pooling. The baseband pool can be connected to RF transceivers remotely via fiber optics. This is in contrast with a more conventional distributed architecture, which co-locates each RF transceiver and its associated signal processing on the same site. The change is possible thanks to the increasing availability of fiber connections to carry the baseband signals. The architecture options are illustrated in Figure 8. The optimum solution depends on a trade-off between the costs of installing the fiber that enables baseband pooling and the costs of adding baseband processing capacity to sites where fiber is not installed. Co-located baseband and RF transceivers enable a wider range of backhaul solutions to be used,

RF

RF

RF

RF

Figure 8. Distributed baseband (BB) processing and Centralized BB processing

such as microwave or cable links. Fiber connections between the RF and baseband are recommended to be limited to a few tens of kilometers in order to provide the sub-millisecond latency needed to achieve the highest LTE speeds and maximize the efficiency of the radio resource management scheduler. One possible deployment scenario might be to piggyback fiber-connected small cells comprising only the RF

and antenna on top of an existing macro site that already has baseband capacity and traditional transport links. This option enables resources to be coordinated between the macro and small cells in an optimal way. The criteria for choosing the transmission technology would mainly be cost, latency and capacity. The best choices are therefore likely to be either direct point-to-point connections or passive CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) connectivity.

Liquid Radio

ta rate ll due to rference

Centralized baseband can save a substantial amount of baseband processing resources. Figure 9 illustrates the main factors contributing to gains from pooling, namely unequal traffic distribution between the cells and the unequal data rate across the cell due to inter-cell interference. Baseband pooling is an efficient way to enhance network utilization using liquid capacity redistribution. This gives CSPs a better return on investment. A full-scale implementation of baseband pooling also requires changes in the traditional business model and makes it even more attractive to explore how managed services might be deployed to control costs.

Unequal traffic distribution between cells

Unequal data rate across the cell due to inter-cell interference

f the

Average baseband utilization is just a fraction of the peak data rate requirement

Figure 9. Baseband pooling gains

Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP)

LTE Release 8 is based on a distributed network architecture where the data is transmitted to the terminal via one cell at a time. The other cell signals are just interference that makes signal reception more challenging. The CoMP concept is based on the idea that multiple cells can transmit data to a single terminal with optimized multi-antenna beams. The main benefit of CoMP is improved cell edge data rates, which provides more consistent radio performance for users. The CoMP concept is illustrated in Figure 10. CoMP is currently in 3GPP standardization and is likely to become part of LTE Release 11. Coordinating transmissions from multiple base stations has great potential for Liquid Radio baseband pooling using the Flexi Multiradio 10 Base station. The flexible Nokia Siemens Networks solution also scales from full intra-site CoMP with light inter-site CoMP using low-cost backhaul methods right up to full CoMP clusters with largescale fiber distribution.

No CoMP

CoMP

Signal

Interference

Signal

Signal

Interference

Signal

Figure 10. Coordinated multipoint transmission

Liquid Radio

Active Antenna Systems

The traditional base station solution uses passive antennas connected via thick (and lossy) RF cables to the cabinet containing the RF modules and baseband processing. The more recent remote radio head (RRH) or antenna-integrated radio designs place the RF module next to the passive antenna to reduce cable losses. The ultimate solution integrates RF components directly into the antenna. This is not just an RF head in the same housing as the passive antenna. An active antenna comprises many RF elements distributed inside an antenna array together with a common control unit that steers and shapes the beam. The active antenna provides two major benefits. The small RF units can be independently steered to create dynamic beams that improve network capacity. The Nokia Siemens Networks Flexi Multiradio Antenna the active antenna - can deliver up to 65% more capacity, together with better coverage and higher data rates. The other benefit is compact site solution. The need for a traditional base station to be installed on a site disappears and is replaced by an antenna. All it then needs is a power connection and a fiber connection to the centralized baseband or a variety of data connection types to decentralized baseband. Furthermore, 3GPP Release 10 supports in-band or out-of-band self-backhauling, which offers the possibility of a relay radio access point that requires nothing more than a power connection. A local renewable energy source could even be used. SON support for active antenna allows dynamic steering of the beam to exactly where needed, thus distributing capacity precisely to where and when users need it.

TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX

Figure 11. Beamforming with active antenna

Self-Organizing Networks (SON)

SON is an industry standard term for managing network capacity in LTE, HSPA and GSM networks. Nokia Siemens Networks integrated NetAct management system and SON capabilities have been optimized for managing the Liquid capacity in heterogeneous networks and that includes our active antenna solutions. Our SON solution comprises three building blocks: self-configuration, self-optimization and self-healing. Self-configuration automates the integration of a new radio access point into the network by auto connection and auto configuration. After installation, self-optimization tunes the network with the help of end-user device and base station measurements. This is different from self-planning, which is a dynamic re-computation of the network plan following changes in capacity, traffic monitoring or optimization. In our CSP operational networks, self-healing supports the automatic detection, location and solution of

issues. At its most advanced it can even be predictive and fix problems before any alarms are triggered. The increased automation in Nokia Siemens Networks SON removes the need for people to deal with repetitive, manual tasks and frees them to focus at a higher level on jobs such as monitoring and designing workflow policies. Jobs that are performed manually today will be carried out in a closed loop in order to test that designed policies are functioning properly. SON is also a cornerstone of cognitive networks, which have the capacity for self-analysis. They are context-aware and able to learn and tune the network automatically - and proactively - for optimal performance. Nokia Siemens Networks R&D is actively addressing the future needs of cognitive networks today - addressing cognitive radio requirements and broader topics such as content delivery networks, traffic management, and extending our demonstrated leadership with our Flexi family of mobile broadband solutions in reducing energy optimizing network utilization.

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Liquid Radio

Summary: A step up in radio network efficiency

Nokia Siemens Networks Liquid Radio redefines how radio networks are built. The limitations of the traditional base station architecture are eliminated and new options open up, such as mixing small cells with the macro layer, seamlessly combining technologies, deploying radio access points in previously impossible locations, sharing network resources and developing software-defined networks. Liquid Radio combines the benefits of multiple advanced technologies, which are not just a vision but are commercially available now. These include the Flexi Multiradio 10 Base Station, small cell products such as the Flexi Lite Base Station, the Flexi Multiradio Active Antenna System, the revolutionary Flexi Race, the SON Suite and Smart WLAN connectivity. More enablers will be added to the portfolio to ensure that CSPs can combine solutions to best fit their evolving networks and traffic demand. Nokia Siemens Networks Liquid Radio pushes radio network efficiency to the next level, enabling cost-efficient delivery of 1 GByte average daily subscriber traffic. It can provide the best end-user experience by managing terminal connectivity in a multi-layer, multi-technology and entirely software-defined network. Nokia Siemens Networks has the portfolio of products, tools and competence to manage increasing network complexity and share and utilize all the capacity of deployed hardware in a highly flexible - liquid - way. Liquid Radio redefines radio network architecture, allowing capacity, coverage and services to flow to meet mobile broadband user needs wherever they go, whenever they need it.

Abbreviations
3GPP ANDSF BB BTS CoMP CSP CWDM GSM HSDPA HSPA Third Generation Partnership Project Access Network Discovery and Selection Function Baseband Base Transceiver Station Co-ordinated Multipoint Communications service provider Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing Global System for Mobile communications High Speed Downlink Packet Access High Speed Packet Access LTE M2M MIMO OPEX QoS RF RRH SON SoC USB WLAN WCDMA Long Term Evolution Machine-to-machine Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Operational expenditure Quality of Service Radio Frequency Remote Radio Head Self-Organizing Networks System-on-a-Chip Universal serial bus Wireless Local Area Network Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

Liquid Radio

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