Harvard Referencing and Citations

Learning Centres & HE & International Academic Coaching and Employability Skills (ACES)

Jeannie Alderdice

Revised August 2011

Harvard Referencing and Citations

Contents Why Harvard Referencing? References Citations Citing Images Citing a Website Other Stylistic Conventions

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This referencing guide has been put together for the use of staff and students at ncn New College Nottingham. This is the definitive guide, replacing all previous versions and models - students should not use any other referencing model. One college-wide model of referencing ensures quality and standards across all of our courses. This guide uses British Standards BS 1629 and BS 5605, however as these standards do not cover electronic sources this model has been adapted to meet the standards as closely as possible. Our expectations are that students on higher level courses (for example, foundation degrees) should adopt this model as closely as possible. Remember that marks are awarded for the quality of your referencing. Students on top-up degrees will be expected to make minimal errors and will be assessed accordingly.

Section One: Why Harvard Referencing?

What is the Harvard Referencing system? Harvard referencing is a citation system developed by Harvard University in the USA. Works are cited or mentioned in your writing by using an author-date system (Author, 2005) and are given as full references at the end of your piece of work. Every citation should correspond to a reference. It is a convention that is used to acknowledge sources of information that you have used in your assignment that uniquely identifies their source. You may have read books, journal articles, consulted web sites, watched videos or used online databases while working on your assignment. All these sources must be listed as references at the end of your assignment (in a List of References). A bibliography is a list of books you have read in addition to those listed in the references. You may not need both a bibliography and a list of references. Check with your tutor if you are in any doubt. The Harvard Referencing system provides a convention for listing each type of resource.

You might wonder why so much emphasis is placed on the process of referencing and ensuring that you always use the referencing conventions accurately. It shows that you understand the importance of: Enabling anyone who reads your work to identify and locate your sources quickly and efficiently Acknowledging the work of the writers whose works you have read for the assignment Demonstrating the range of resources upon which your research is based. Avoiding plagiarism.

Think of referencing as a way of adding authority and value to your work. All over the world students on higher level courses are required to use a referencing system. It is a useful skill demonstrating academic rigour, attention to detail and discipline that will stand you in good stead in the workplace. N.B: Failure to give credit for ideas, images or words that you copy can lead you to be in breach of the Law of Copyright and is intellectually dishonest. Plagiarism using someone elses information or ideas without referencing them - is the worst possible offence in the academic world. In addition, you will find that a proportion of your marks are awarded for accurate referencing, so, a well laid out list of references will give you a better grade for your assignment! Dont worry it may appear complicated at first glance but if you use this guidance information whenever you are undertaking any academic writing, you can follow the templates and you wont go far wrong! The most important thing at FdA level is to be consistent and make a good effort.

How does it work? Its simple. Whenever you use a resource while you are working on your assignment, make a note of the bibliographic information you need from that resource to put in your list of references. Dont forget to do this students who later return to the Learning Centre looking for that elusive big green book they used for their essay dont often have much luck! It is much easier to make the notes as you go along! This guidance has been collated to show you exactly what sort of information you should collect for each of the main types of resource you might use. You need the following pieces of information Author(s) and/or Editor(s) Date Title and subtitle Publication details (place of publication, name of publisher) Edition (where relevant) Magazines and Journals require Volume and Number Make a note of any page numbers you use. If you cannot find the date you can use n.d. (no date). If you can surmise a date because of the material within your source you can question a date (2008?). The following sections tell you how to record your source material in the LIST OF REFERENCES. This comes AFTER your essay, report or dissertation. CITATIONS or the way you record sources in your written work - can be found on page11 of this guide.

Section Two: References

Books or Reports Use the title page as the source of your information do not take it from the cover of the book as this sometimes differs from what appears on the title page. Write the author surname in CAPITAL LETTERS. If there are 2 or 3 authors, list each one in the order in which they appear on the title page. Use initials for the forename(s). In your citations, if you have three or more authors you can use the abbreviation et al after the first author to mean and the others e.g. (Williams et.al, 2004). You should list all names in your reference. If the book has an editor or editors rather than an author, use the abbreviation ed." or "eds. after the name and before the date. If you cannot find details of any author or editor on the title page, use the abbreviation ANON in place of the authors name. The year of publication should follow the Author. The title should be highlighted this can be in bold, underlined or in italics but should not be a combination of these. We recommend you put the title in italics. If the book has run to more than one edition then record the number of the edition after the title and before the place of publication, using the format 2nd edn., 3rd edn., 43rd edn. etc. Punctuation marks should be used as set out in the order and format of information for each media type. A full stop is used wherever you shorten a word or a name, for example, ed. instead of editor, p. instead of page, edn. instead of edition, an initial instead of a full name (J. T. Kirk or Kirk, J. T.). Please follow the guidance notes closely and use them as a template for punctuation when you are putting together your own list of references. Books Order and format of information: AUTHOR(S)., Date. Title. Edition. Place: Publisher. GOODENOUGH, A., 2001. An introductory guide to community care. London: Age Concern. JOHNSON, G., and SCHOLES, K., 2002. Exploring corporate strategy. 6th edn. London: Prentice Hall. BEST, R. and de VALENCE, G., eds., 2002. Design and construction: building in value. London: Butterworth Heinemann. ANON., 2000. National structural concrete specification for building construction. Crowthorne: British Cement Association.

NOTE: Book title and subtitle Many academic books have both a title and a subtitle. Within a reference these are separated by a colon (:). CREME, P., and LEA, M.R., 1997. Writing at university: A guide for students. Bristol: Open University Press. Book official publications and corporate authors Official publications include books that have been written by government departments. The author will be the department and the publisher may be HER MAJESTYS STATIONERY OFFICE (HMSO) or increasingly it is the governmental department itself. DEPARTMENT FOR EDUCATION AND SKILLS, 2006. Sure Start Children's Centres: Practice Guidance. London: DfES. ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF SOCIAL SERVICES & COMMISSION FOR RACIAL EQUALITY, 1978. Multi-racial Britain: the social services response. London: Commission for Racial Equality. TESCO PLC, 2009. Annual report and financial statements 2009. Cheshunt: Tesco PLC. HSE., 2003. An introduction to health and safety. Health and safety in small businesses Leaflet INDG259(rev1). Suffolk: HSE Books. Chapter or paper in a book Order and format of information AUTHOR(S) of chapter/paper., Date. Chapter/paper title, in, EDITOR or AUTHOR of book, ed(s)., Book Title. Place: Publisher, year if different, page numbers. GUNN, C.A., 1997. A perspective on the purpose and nature of tourism research methods, in, TEARE, R., & BOWEN, J., eds., New Directions in Hospitality and Tourism: Annual Review of Hospitality and Tourism Trends. London: Cassell, pp. 312. Journals Order and format of information: AUTHOR(S)., Date. Article title, in, Journal title, the volume details (issue/part/number), page numbers. BOTTERILL, D., 1999. Mature students in danger: an evaluation of the survival of older hospitality management undergraduates in the UK, in, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 18 (1), pp. 3-15.

Newspapers Order and format of information: AUTHOR(S)., Year. Title of article, in, Title of Newspaper, day month, page number(s). CHRISAFIS, A., 2008. ebay hit with 30 million fine for sales of fake luxuries, in, The Guardian, 1st July, p.1. Highlight the journal/newspaper not the article title. You can abbreviate months, e.g. Jan. for January, Sept. for September etc. If no author appears with your source simply record as follows: ANON., 2008. Oiling Iraqs Revival, in, The Times, 1st July, p.2. N:B: Always italicise the name of newspapers, magazines, journals and books etc when you use them in your writing. Reference Work Dictionary (if you use paper based rather than web based sources) Order and format of information: Title of work. Date. Volume/s (if there is one). Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. Concise Oxford English Dictionary. 2006. 11th Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Electronic Databases Order and format of information: NAME of DATABASE, [format, e.g., online or CD-ROM]. Year. Place: Publisher. BUSINESS SOURCE PREMIER, [online database]. 2008. Ipswich, MA: EBSCO Publishing. LEXISNEXIS EXECUTIVE, [online database]. 2007. London: LexisNexis Butterworths Tolley. If citing specific articles from databases please see below. Electronic journal articles Order and format of information: AUTHOR(S) or EDITOR(S)., Date. Article title, in, Journal title [online], Volume details (issue/part/number). Available at: <URL> [date accessed]. BRONNER, S. and OJOFEITIMI, S. and ROSE, D., 2003. Injuries in a modern dance company: effect of comprehensive management on injury incidence and time loss. The American Journal of Sports Medicine [online], 31 (3). Available at: http://web5.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/62/320/38690097w5/purl=rc1_ITOF_ 0_A102946940&dyn=11!xrn_10_0_A102946940?sw_aep=ncnc [accessed 5 August 2003].

Websites Order and format of information: AUTHOR(S)., Date. Title [online]. Place: Publisher. Available at: URL [date accessed] KPMG., 2002. Review of additional learning support costs final report 13 December 2002. [online]. London: Learning and Skills Development Agency. Available at: http://www.lsda.org.uk/files/PDF/UnpRevAdLearnSup.pdf [accessed 4 August 2003] The very nature of websites means that often the author is unknown or that many authors contribute to the same website. In this case it is sensible for you to use the company, individual, corporation or organization as the author(s). It is safe to assume that these people are happy with the views expressed on their official websites. Most websites will also tell you when they were last updated so use this date as the publication date and dont forget to record when you accessed the website. BBC NEWS UK EDITION, 2005. Police arrested over murder case [online]. Wales: BBC News. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4439595.stm [accessed 13 April 2005]. You can use the organisation that is responsible for hosting the website as the publisher too, if need be. The place of publication is optional. Most reputable sites will provide most of the information you need. However, if you are really struggling, use the following method: Title. Year. [Online]. Available at: http://www.website address. [date accessed]. Small is the Nu Black. 2007. [Online]. Available at: http://www.extrememusic.com. [accessed 29 June 2007]. The URL and the date accessed are the most important pieces of information. If the website does not appear to have an author, reference the website by title but look carefully at how you will cite it. The publication details are less important because the URL tells us where the information has come from.

Email (including personal emails, discussion lists and blogs) Order and format of information You may, on occasion, use email as a source of information for coursework. For a personal email, use the following template: AUTHOR(S). , (email address) year. Message title, day and month. Email to: recipients name., (email address). BARKING, D., (Dave.Barking@hareandhounds.co.uk) 2010. Effects of smoking ban, 20th June. Email to: Reynolds, B., (smartiepants@yahooby.com).

If the email emanates from a discussion list, use the following as a template: AUTHOR., Year. Title of message. Discussion list [online], day and month. Available at: email address or web address [Accessed Date]. SMITH, D., 1997. UK unemployment definitions/figures. European-Sociologist [online], 13 June. Available at: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/Europeansociologist.html [Accessed 18 November 2002]. AZIZ, K., 2010. 'What's the colour of money?'.Daily Blog [online],12th March. Available at: http://www.ukbloggersonline.co.uk/azizk/ [Accessed 16 March 2010] Blog Entry Order and format of information: Author, Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog title, [medium] Blog posting date. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date]. Sample, I., 2011. Why you should avoid getting pregnant on the way to Mars. Guardian.co.uk Science blog, [blog] 14 February, Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2011/feb/14/pregnant-mars [Accessed 23 June 2011].

If you are referencing comments made on a blog entry, use the following as a template: Comment Author, Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog title, [medium] Comment posting date. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date]. GilbertTheAlien, 2011. Why you should avoid getting pregnant on the way to Mars. Guardian.co.uk Science blog, [blog] 18 June, Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2011/feb/14/pregnant-mars [Accessed 23 June 2011].

Personal Interview Order and format of information: INTERVIEWEE NAME., Year. Interview with Whomever at Wherever. [Day.Month.Year]. BRUSSELS, S., 2010. Interview with Steve Brussels at Sainsburys Supermarket. [09.04.07]. You will see from the above examples that whatever the type of resource, the approach to referencing follows a standard pattern of author, date, title, edition, place and publisher. There may be some other bits in between for electronic and multimedia resources, but if you follow this pattern you wont go far wrong.

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Videos, films, television broadcasts Order and format of information: Title. Date. Media type. Director. Place: Company. Who framed Roger Rabbit? 1988. Film. Directed by Robert Zemeckis. USA: Touchstone. Business Administration: Office Skills. 1999. TV. London: BBC2. Podcast or archived television programme (for example, from iplayer) Order and format of information: Broadcaster/Author, Year. Programme title, Series Title. (if relevant) [type of medium] date of transmission. Available at: include web site address/URL [Accessed date]. National Gallery, 2008. Episode Seventeen (March 2008), The National Gallery Monthly Podcast. [podcast] March 2008. Available at: http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/podcasts [Accessed 23 June 2009].

YouTube Video Order and format of information: Screen name of contributor., Year. Video Title, Series Title. (if relevant) [type of medium] Available at: include web site address/URL [Accessed date]. Lifesforsharing, 2011. The T-Mobile Royal Wedding. [video online] Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kav0FEhtLug [Accessed 23 August 2011].

Music and Sound Order and format of information: ARTIST. Year of release. Title of song on Title of Album (if any). Place: Record Company. For single songs with no parent album: M/A/R/R/S. 1987. Pump up the Volume. London: 4AD. For singles released with an attendant parent album: WHO, THE. 1965. The Kids are Alright on My Generation. New York: Brunswick. WONDER, STEVIE. 1972. Superstition on Talking Book. Los Angeles: Motown.

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For releases with no specified or corporate record company, including students own recordings: DJ DANGERMOUSE. 2004. The Grey Album. Self release. ANDERSON, NEIL. 2010. 'My Heart'. Self release. Published Music STRAVINSKY, I., 1920. Three pieces for clarinet solo. London: Chester, Ltd. Performance Order and format of information: Title of play. Year of performance. Theatre/venue. Exact date of performance seen. Significant performers. The Woman in Black. 2007. Fortune Theatre: London. 31 December, with Sean Baker and Ben Porter. Individual Works - on CD-ROM Order and format of information: AUTHOR or EDITOR, Year. Title [CD-ROM]. Place of Publication: Publisher. ALBERS, J., 1994. Interaction of color [CD-ROM]. New Haven: Yale University Press. ANDERSON, L., 1995. Puppet motel [CD-ROM]. New York: Canal Street Communications, Inc.

Illustrations and images Images from printed sources (journals/books/websites etc) The sources of the images cited in your work should have bibliographical references to allow them to be located whether they are reproduced within your assignment or not. The reference is the source in which the image was seen. So when referencing an image seen in a book, the book would be referenced in exactly the same way as if you were citing text from a book. ITTEN, J. 1975. Design and Form: The Basic Course at the Bauhaus. London: Thames and Hudson. When referencing an image seen in a journal, the journal would be referenced in exactly the same way as if you were citing text from a journal. AMIR-EBRAHIMI, S., 2009. Printmaking in Iran, in, Printmaking Today, Volume 18 (3), p.22

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Image from a website Order and format of information: AUTHOR OF THE IMAGE (IF KNOWN)., Date. Title of image [online]. Place: Publisher. Available at: URL [date accessed] ANON., 2002. Mouse Fresco challenges Mickey [online]. BBC News. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2481749.stm [date accessed 09.07.08].

Images from works of art seen in museums/art galleries Order and format of information: ARTIST/AUTHOR., Date. Title. Format. Place it can be found. STILLMAN, MARIA SPARTALI., 1889. The Enchanted Garden. Watercolour. London: The Pre-Raphaelite Trust. CONSTABLE, J. 1821. The hay wain. Oil on canvas. London: National Gallery. To reference an EXHIBITION Order and format of information: ARTIST., Year of exhibition. Title of exhibition. Location of gallery or museum: Name of the gallery or museum. Dates of the exhibition in full. HOPE, T. 2008. Thomas Hope: Regency Designer. London: Victoria & Albert Museum. 21 March 22 June 2008.

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Section Three: Citations

This is the way you refer to the resources (the things you have read or looked at books, journals, websites, newspapers, artwork, music, etc) that you have used within your assignment. For example, when you are demonstrating a point and you refer to someone elses work (their writing, illustrations and so on) in order to support the point you are making, you must give them a mention. Its very straightforward. All you need to do is refer to the author and date of the publication. If you are quoting directly from a work, you should include the page number. Your tutor can identify your source from the citation and the corresponding reference in your list of references at the end of your assignment. Here are some examples Walker (2008) argues that the main features (paraphrase) Sampson et al (2011) have suggested that (paraphrase from a book with more than two authors or editors) Gregson (2010, p. 25) has argued that schools and businesses often assess candidates logical reasoning as part of their selection processes. (direct quotation) The work of McCleod (2009), Humpheson (2010) and Jones (2011) concluded that (useful for a general paraphrase of several peoples writing who are all in agreement in this case you can record three books in your list of references and your tutors will be impressed with your depth of research). however the results of this survey were inconclusive (see Badger 2009). It doesnt matter how many citations you have from one source, all references are listed once and in alphabetical order at the end of your piece of work. Citations using ANON It is preferable that rather than ever using ANON in your written work you find an author or attribute the information you are using in some way. For example you may be reading a newspaper and an article has no journalists name attached to it. In this case you can say something like; but more rain fell in the Summer of 2008, and according to a recent Sunday Times article (Times Travel Supplement, 23. 02.09, p.6) the Summer of 2009 will see an increase in elsewhere it has been shown that there has been a growth in bucket and spade holidays in the UK (The Independent, p.4).

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What does it look like in practice? If you are quoting a short phrase then it is best to keep the quotes within the text, just like this. This is because many academics (such as Bitumen, 2009, p.115) feel that it looks neater and improves the flow and rhythm of your writing. You do not need to use italics or emphasise your quotation in any other way. You should use single inverted commas when you are quoting from a text based source and double inverted commas (speech marks) when you are quoting directly from speech. If you are quoting a long passage, indent the whole quotation and then include the citation at the end of the passage. Just like the following! Writing for many students, is not simply about placing hands upon the pen or fingers upon a keyboard, but about putting their head on the block. Writing assignments signify judgment moments of truth, a possible betrayal of inner stupidity, a potential loss of tutor approval, maybe even final damnation and exit from the course (Cottrell 2001, p.127). As a general rule you can indent a quotation when it is twenty-five words or more or when it consists of more than one sentence. You do not need to use italics or inverted commas for long quotes that have been indented. You only ever highlight your quotations once and indentation is a form of highlighting along with underlining, bold, italics or inverted commas.

More than one work by the same author If you have to cite more than one work by the same author this is not a problem. If the publications are in different years your tutor will be able to tell the difference between (Badger, 2006) and (Badger, 2008). However, if your author/editor has published more than one item in the same year, use small case letters after the date when you are citing from it and in your corresponding reference (Badger, 2006a) and (Badger, 2006b). In your list of references simply follow the date with the letter allocated and your tutor will understand which work you were using. For example in your writing you might say something like; Beaver (2009a) has drawn parallels with the amazing engineering feats of a dam built in Sweden; however, he is at his best when showing us how to clog up the Trent with sticks (Beaver, 2009b). Your list of references would then include the following. BEAVER, B., 2009a. Dam Building in Europe. 3rd edn. Nottingham: Riverside Books. BEAVER, B., 2009b. Dam Building for Fun. Nottingham: Riverside Books.

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Citing from a source you have not read Quite often you will find a really useful quotation in a text you have been reading that actually does not originate with the author themselves. In other words, your book is quoting someone elses work! You must not include material in your list of references or bibliography that you have not read. Consequently you must show that you have read the quote by Person A in the book/Journal/Website etc by Person B. Here are some examples; Rose (2006, in Khan 2008, p.16) has found that hundreds of young people felt where Khan is the book you have read In his book How to Debate, Dunbar (1995, p.67) notes that Plato suggested older beliefs about honor and dishonor (sic) which he was brought up to accept as right will be overcome by others once held in restraint where Dunbar is the book you have read It has been noted that recruitment and selection can pose serious problems in a start up business (Jones 2001, in Cooper 2007, p.414) where Cooper is the book you have read In the above examples your list of references would include Khan, Dunbar and Cooper in their entirety and not refer to Rose, Plato or Jones as you have not read their work in its original form

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Section Four: Citing Images

Referring to illustrations: figures, tables, graphs etc. in your work Every time you use a figure, a photograph, graph, table or appendix etc. in your work you must refer to it. No images or illustrations or quotes should ever appear in your work without an explanation. Do not assume that your lecturers will automatically know why you wanted to include them. As described in further detail below, you should treat each mention as a citation. Directly underneath the illustration give it a label with a number (figure 1, figure 2, table 3, table 4), show the 'author'/or originator of the illustration, the date (if known) and give it a name. Underneath this you need to quote the source (this is the citation part). So for example if you were writing about the earliest sighting of Mickey Mouse, the whole thing would work something like this: However it is questionable that the idea of a mouse in a cartoon was an entirely original idea. An early fresco (see figure 3: Ancient Mickey Mouse?) has been discovered in Austria that depicts a mouse like human figure.

Figure 3: Anon, n.d. Ancient Mickey Mouse? Source: BBC News Online, 2002 [accessed 09.07.08]. Complete the whole thing by placing a full reference in your list of references at the end of your work. Citing an image/ diagram/ graph/ table in the text of your work When referring to an image/ diagram/ graph/ table in the text of your work, a citation must be made to the source that it came from, including the page number (if relevant). For example: The adult learning cycle diagram describes the four stages of learning as: experience, observation, conceptualisation and planning (Westbrook et al., 2007, Figure 6.1. p.80). ...as can be seen in Klimts The Kiss (Baumer, 1986, Plate 37, p.102).

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If the diagram/ graph/ table you are referring to in the text of your work is not the authors own, this needs to be shown. For example Kolb (1984 cited in Westbrook et al. 2007, Fig. 6. p.33) The source where you located the table/diagram should be listed in your reference/bibliography in full as a book/journal/website etc reference. Reproducing an image within your assignment (e.g. scanned or downloaded) If you reproduce an image from any source (book, journal, website) in its entirety, you should treat this as a citation. Label the image (figure 1, figure 2, table 3, table 4) and give it a title. The title must include the author of the image/ artwork, the date that the image/ artwork was created and the name of the image/ artwork. For example Figure 1: Klimt, G. 1907-08. The Kiss. Directly underneath the image you need to quote the source where the image was taken from (this is the citation part). For example: Reproducing an image in its entirety from a book (scanned)

Figure 1: Klimt. G. 1907-08. The Kiss Source: Baumer, 1986. p.102 Then in your list of references you would use the following because this is a book citation and reference: BAUMER, A. 1986. Gustav Klimt: Women .London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd.

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Reproducing an image in its entirety from a journal/ journal article (scanned):

Figure 2: Tubbs, C. 2008. Hotel Paticulier, Paris. Source: Elle Decoration, 2008 Then in your list of references you would use the following because this is a journal citation and reference: EDWARDS, N., 2008. Art House, in, Elle Decoration, March 2008 (187), p.36.

Please note: although Chris Tubbs has been cited as the author of the image (he took the photograph), he is not the author of the article from which the image has been sourced. Because the author of the written article is Natasha Edwards, she would be listed as the author within the list of references.

Reproducing an image in its entirety from an online source (downloaded):

Figure 3: Anon, n.d, Ancient Mickey Mouse? Source: BBC News Online, 2002 [accessed 09.07.08]. Then in your list of references you would use the following because this is a website citation and reference: ANON., 2002. Mouse Fresco challenges Mickey [online]. BBC News. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2481749.stm [date accessed 09.07.08].
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Citing an image that you photographed yourself:

Figure 4: Rose, 2010, Interior of Thai Temple Source: Personal digital photograph Then in your list of references you would use the following because this is a personal citation and reference: ROSE, S., 2010. Interior of Thai Temple. Personal Digital Photograph.

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Section Five: Citing a Website

Try and avoid the use of ANON when you are citing a reference from a website. Using ANON too often is meaningless and your writing will lack the necessary authority. It is more meaningful to point out that your information is from a specific website. By their very nature, websites do not have just one author they are a collaboration - but they do represent a company/corporation viewpoint. For example Portsmouth United Football Club was furious when they found out that the local newspaper had been spreading rumours about their inability to complete their new stadium. Refuting the story that appeared on the front page the club announced that we would like to reassure fans that we are still on track for an August 2011 opening and we remain totally committed to an extremely exciting project that will benefit both Portsmouth FC and help regenerate the City as a whole (Portsmouth FC Online, 25.05.2007). At all times you should be trying to provide evidence that your writing is based on authoritative research. Note: if you tell your tutor its a website when you create a citation, they wont expect a page number. In all other cases they will expect page numbers for quotations.

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Section Six: Other stylistic conventions

Take a look at this citation Beard (2006, p.27) has noted that the process of learning can negatively affect a person ... It is sometimes the case that the person has had a negative experience [in the past] and does not wish to repeat it. The indicate that you have taken some of the original text out (you only need three dots and only in the middle of the quotation not at the end or the beginning). The [square brackets] indicate that you have inserted some of your own words into the quotation. You can use the little word (sic) in brackets, within a quote to show where incorrect spelling, typos or strange phrasing do not belong to you. For example; In 2008 Alex was removed from the Big Brother house after apparently making threats against the other housemates. Alex is claimed to have said I just can't wait to see my mans and them and see what their plans are, who they got -- I'm not talking about those mans, I'm talking about my gangster friends. They got some instructions to follow out (sic) (see Brandrepublic Online, 2008). And finally ... you can find more information about writing and formatting assignments on the Student Intranet via the Virtual Library and Study Skills section or by contacting the Academic Coaching and Employability Skills (ACES) Team who are always happy to help.

Good luck! Should you have any queries or if you want to reference a type of resource not listed here, post your query to the Ask a Librarian service on the NCN Virtual Library website or pop into your local NCN Learning Centre and ask for help. Alternatively email HEStudyskills@ncn.ac.uk for a quick check or ask a member of the HE and International Academic Coaching and Employability Skills (ACES). Contact HE & I ACES if you are an HE and/or an international student who requires an individual tutorial to help you with citations and referencing. We are happy to see you on any campus by appointment. HE & Intl ACES D127 Adams 0115 91004538 aces@ncn.ac.uk

Or visit the HE and International Office D123 Adams to make an appointment.

Please submit any queries regarding this referencing guide to Jeannie Alderdice (jeannie.alderdice@ncn.ac.uk) or contact via HE & International Office D123 Adams. Many thanks!

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