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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
This example deals with the design of a low pitch roof truss. The truss is part of the roof structure in a 72 m long single storey building and spans 30 m. The spacing of the trusses is 7,2 m and the roofing is an insulated steel sheeting on purlins. The building where the truss is situated is based on that shown in worked example SX016. In the Figure below, one frame from the building is shown.
[m]
SX016
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6,0
7,3
30,0
The truss is symmetric about its centre. In the figure below a more detailed geometry of the truss is shown. The inclination of the upper chord of the truss is = 5. The roof is providing lateral restraint for the top chord, either by a wind bracing or by diaphragm action of corrugated sheeting in structural class I or II according to EN 1993-1-3.
[m]
1,5
1 12
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
6
1,5
7
1,5
8
1,5
9
1,5
10
1,5
11
1,3 1,0
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
0,84 1,51
1,51
1,51
1,51
1,51
1,51
1,51
1,51
1,51 0,57
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
SX017a-EN-EU
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
Partial safety factors G = 1,35 or 1,0 Q = 1,5 M0 = 1,0 M1 = 1,0 M2 = 1,25 Loads Permanent loads Roof and insulation Purlins
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EN 1990 EN 1993-1-1
Snow load The imposed load from snow, qs, is shown in the figure below. In SX016 a detailed description of how to calculate this snow load can be found. qs = 4,45 kN/m
[m] qs
7,3
30,0
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
SX017a-EN-EU
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
Wind load The wind load, when wind on the side is considered is shown below. The details of how to determine this load can be found in SX016. qw1 = 9,18 kN/m qw2 = 5,25 kN/m e = min(b; 2h) = min(72,0; 14,6) = 14,6 m In this context qw1 is negligible.
[m] qw1 qw2 qw2
See SX016
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7,3
e/10 30,0
Member forces The roof is attached to purlins fixed at every second joint of the truss, implying that all loads will be applied at the truss joints, as shown in the figure below.
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
The member forces are calculated under the assumption of pinned joints. This simplification is allowed when the compression chord is in cross section class 1. The calculations are performed by means of a computer, meaning that only the member forces will be shown here. Two different load cases were considered; Dead Load (DL) + Snow Load (SL) and Dead Load (DL) + Wind Load (WL). DL + SL
G g + Q qs = 1,35 g + 1,5 qs
DL + WL
G g + Q qw = 1, 0 g + 1,5 qw
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All member forces under these design loads are shown in the table below. Forces are in kN and negative sign means compression.
Member 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 DL+SL -139 -344 -487 -588 -653 -695 -715 -721 -711 -693 233 418 530 622 668 708 714 720 701 684 DL+WL 52 126 179 213 238 252 260 262 260 253 -84 -151 -189 -221 -237 -250 -252 -253 -246 -239 Member 1-12 12-2 2-13 13-3 3-14 14-4 4-15 15-5 5-16 16-6 6-17 17-7 7-18 18-8 8-19 19-9 9-20 20-10 10-21 21-11 DL+SL 214, -189 183 -164 119 -108 106 -96 56 -52 51 -47 9,0 -8,4 8,3 -7,8 -29 28 -28 26 DL+WL -77 68 -66 59 -41 37 -36 33 -19 17 -17 16 -2,3 2,1 -2,1 2,0 11 -11 11 -10
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
SX017a-EN-EU
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
Member design
Channel sections will be used for all members. The upper and lower chords each consist of two profiles and are designed as uniform built-up members when out of plane deformations are considered. Buckling resistance of member in compression
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1
N b,Rd =
A fy M1
1
=
where
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+ 2 2
1, 0
= 0 ,5 1 + ( 0 , 2 ) + 2
and
A fy N cr
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
SX017a-EN-EU
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
Resistance of uniform built-up members in compression Out of plane buckling for a built-up member
EN 1993-1-1 6.4
N cr =
2 EI eff
L2 cr
where Ieff for a battened strut should be calculated as I eff = 0,5 h02 Ach + 2 I ch in which Ach is the area of one chord Ich is the second moment of area of one chord Eq. (6.74)
Table 6.8
Except for this it is designed for buckling as described above. Check of the chords in a built-up section For a member with two identical chords the design force Nch,Ed should be determined as N ch,Ed = 0,5 N Ed + where
M Ed =
I N Ed e0 + M Ed N N 1 Ed Ed N cr Sv
M Ed h0 Ach 2 I eff
in which
Sv =
e0 =
2 2 EI ch a2
L 500
(stiff battens)
Eq. (6.73)
I M Ed is the design value of the maximum moment in the middle of the chord
a is the distance between battens L is the distance between lateral supports or the buckling length, Lcr
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
The shear force that the battened strut should be designed for is
VEd =
M Ed
L
Eq. (6.70)
This shear force causes a moment in the chords distributed according to the figure below.
Nch,Ed VEd/2 Nch,Ed VEd/2
a/2 VEda/h0
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VEda/2 VEda/4
VEd/2 Nch,Ed h0
VEd/2 Nch,Ed
The individual chords should be checked for axial force, bending moment and shear force according to the figure above. Resistance of members in tension The tension resistance is determined as EN 1993-1-1 6.2.3
N b,Rd =
A fy
M0
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
Upper chord The member in the upper chord that carries the highest force is member 8-9. Compression force: Tension force: NEd = -721 kN (under dead load and snow load) NEd = 262 kN (under dead load and wind load)
Only this member will be checked since if this member has enough resistance then the other members in the upper chord will as well. Two UPE 160 S355 are used as upper chord. Battens of the same section as the web members are used. fy = 355 106 Pa E = 210 109 Pa
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A = Ach = 2,17 103 m2 (one profile) Iy = 9,11 106 m4 (one profile) Iz = Ich = 1, 07 106 m4 (one profile) Wpl = 40, 7 106 m3 (one profile) h0 = 0,1254 m (UPE 80 in between)
h0
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.2
E g
CALCULATION SHEET
i y
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
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Checked by
In-plane buckling
p
2 EI y
L2 cr
= 0,947
N b,Rd =
o l
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
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Design of battened strut The upper chord is designed with battens with length 200 mm at a distance of a ~ 1,0 m, meaning that at every purlin position a batten is attached and two in between those positions. Purlins that work as lateral support are attached at every second joint, i.e. the out of plane buckling length is between two joints.
= 1,0
N cr = Sv =
M Ed =
N Ed e0 + M N N 1 Ed Ed N cr Sv
I Ed
N ch,Ed = 0,5 N Ed +
Nch,Ed = 405,9 kN
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
SX017a-EN-EU
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
The shear force that the battened strut should be designed for is
VEd =
M Ed
L
6, 6
3, 01
and the moment from this shear force at the position of the battens is
M ch,Ed = VEd a 6,9 1, 0 = 1,7 kNm = 4 4
Lcr = a = 1,0 m N cr =
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2 EI ch
L2 cr
= 0,792
N b,Rd =
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
SX017a-EN-EU
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
Both axial force and shear force occur simultaneously. If the design shear EN 1993-1-1 force, VEd, does not exceed 50% of the plastic shear resistance no reduction of 6.2.10 (2) the resistance to axial force is needed.
Vpl,Rd = Av f y / 3
M0
where Av is the shear area, in this case the flange area of the U-section Av = 2 hf tf = 2 (70 5,5 12) 9,5 106 = 9,975 104 m2
Vpl,Rd
0,5 Vpl,Rd = 0,5 409 = 204,5 kN > 6,7 kN = VEd No reduction of the buckling resistance of the chord needs to be made. At the batten position, the combination of moment and axial force needs to be checked. Equation (6.62) in EN 1993-1-1 can for this case be reduced to EN 1993-1-1 6.3.3 (4) N ch,Ed M ch,Ed + kzz 1, 0 N b,Rd M z,Rd
M z,Rd = M pl,Rd =
Wpl f y
M0
6.2.5
Annex B
(sway buckling)
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
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Wpl =
Vb,Ed
V a 6, 7 1, 0 = Ed = = 53,4 kN h0 0,1254
Av = l tw = 0, 20 0, 004 = 8 104 m2
Vpl,Rd
M Ed =
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M pl,Rd =
Wpl f y
M0
Mpl,Rd = 14 200 Nm = 14,2 kNm > 3,35 kNm = MEd Tension resistance of the upper chord
N b,Rd =
A fy
M0
Web members The most utilized web members are Compression force: 12-2 NEd = -189 kN (under dead load and snow load) Tension force: 1-12 NEd = 214 kN (under dead load and snow load)
The web members are attached with their weak direction in the plane of the truss and their strong direction out of plane.
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
UPE 80 is used for the web members. A = 1, 01103 m2 Iy = 1, 07 106 m4 Iz = 25 10 8 m4 From trade Literature EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.2
2 EI
L2 cr
= 0,554
N b,Rd =
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
N cr =
2 EI
L2 cr
= 0,828
N b,Rd =
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Nb,Rd = 297 000 = 297 kN > 189 kN = NEd Tension resistance of the web members
N b,Rd =
Web members of UPE 80 are enough. Lower chord The most utilized member in the lower chord is the member 19-20. Compression force: Tension force: NEd = -253 kN (under dead load and wind load) NEd = 720 kN (under dead load and snow load)
Two UPE 140 are used for the lower chord. Ach = 1,84 103 m2 (one profile) Iy = 5,99 106 m4 (one profile) Iz = Ich = 79 10 8 m4 (one profile) h0 = 0,1234 m From trade literature
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.2
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
N cr =
2 EI
L2 cr
= 0,925
N b,Rd =
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Nb,Rd = 1 208 000 N = 1208 kN > 253 kN = NEd Out of plane buckling (lateral buckling) of the battened lower chord In this case the lower chord does not have any lateral supports and should be designed with a continuous elastic lateral restraint. This lateral restraint depends on the stiffness of the purlins kp, the screws between purlins kc and upper chord and the web members kw. A Z250x2,0 section is used as purlins I z = 7,33 106 m4 h = 1,9 m lp = 7,2 m Stiffness, kp, for the purlins (height of truss in the most utilized section) (distance between trusses)
SN027
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
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M = 3 h
with purlins at every 3 m. The corresponding angel of rotation, , from this moment is
M lp 2 EI p
= h = h
kp =
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= 1,9
M,
kp
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
SX017a-EN-EU
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
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e = 190 mm
250
Stiffness of the connection between the purlins and the upper chord
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Four self tapping screws with diameter, d = 6,3 mm, are used for the connection. Screw force
Fs =
3 h 3 1, 9 = = 15 N 2 e 2 0,19
The shear deformation, v, in the connection can be calculated according to the following equation from the Swedish handbook for cold-formed sections and sheeting. (Force in N, d and t in mm)
v= Fs d t 10
3
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
SX017a-EN-EU
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
Stiffness, kw, of the web members Only the web members that are connected to the joints with purlins are used in the calculations of the stiffness, i.e. two web members are used. I w = 1, 07 106 m4 l1 = 3,0 m (distance between purlins) lw = 2,2 m (length of web member)
SN027
kw = 2
ks =
=0
The effective second moment of area will give a new value of the wave length, lc
lc = 4
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
SX017a-EN-EU
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
N cr = ks EI eff
SN027
= 0,216
N b,Rd
Nb,Rd = 282 000 N = 282 kN > 253 kN = NEd Check of battened strut in the lower chord for compression and bending Sv = 3275 kN
I N e + M Ed = Ed 0 = N Ed 1 N cr
253
M Ed
SN027
N ch,Ed
M Ed h0 Ach 20, 4 0,1234 1,84 103 = 0,5 N Ed + = 0,5 253 + 2 I eff 2 14, 0 106
Nch,Ed = 292 kN
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
SX017a-EN-EU
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
The shear force that the battened strut should be designed for is VEd =
M Ed
lc
20, 4
12, 4
= 5,2 kN
and the moment from this shear force at the position of the battens is
M ch,Ed = VEd a 5, 2 1, 0 = 1,3 kNm = 4 4
Lcr = a = 1,0 m
N cr =
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2 EI ch
L2 cr
= 0,766
N b,Rd =
Nb,Rd = 500 000 N = 500 kN > 293 kN = Nch,Ed From the upper chord it could be concluded that the shear force in the chord is not important for this case. At the batten position, the combination of moment and axial force needs to be checked.
N ch,Ed N b,Rd
+ kzz
M ch,Ed M z,Rd
1, 0
M z,Rd = M pl,Rd =
Wpl f y
M0
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
CALCULATION SHEET
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
Cmz = 0,9
(sway buckling)
OK
The battens are of the same type as for the upper chord and they can carry the forces without any problems.
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Two battened UPE 140 as lower chord is sufficient. Joints The web members are welded to the upper and lower chords. Only one joint will be designed here but the procedure is the same for all joints. Joint 1
[mm]
85 31
NEd
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
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Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 & EN 1990 Jonas Gozzi Bernt Johansson
Date Date
The force in the web member is NEd = 214 kN This force needs to be transferred through the weld into the upper chord. The weld will be a fillet weld with a = 4 mm fu = 510 106 Pa The resistance of the weld is determined according to Fw,Rd = f vw.d a where EN 1993-1-8 4.5.3.3
f vw.d =
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fu / 3 w M2
Table 4.1
With the design according to the figure above the weld length on one side of the web member is l = 85 + 31 = 116 mm As the upper chord consists of two sections, the web member will be welded to both yielding a symmetric joint. The total length of the weld is
l = 2 116 =232 mm
which is sufficient. The truss has two UPE 160 as upper chord, UPE 80 as the web members and two UPE 140 as lower chord.
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords SX017a-EN-EU
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RESOURCE TITLE Example: Single span truss and post frame for a low pitch roof using battened section chords
Reference(s) ORIGINAL DOCUMENT Name Created by Technical content checked by Editorial content checked by Technical content endorsed by the following STEEL Partners: 1. UK 2. France
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3. Sweden 4. Germany 5. Spain Resource approved by Technical Coordinator TRANSLATED DOCUMENT This Translation made and checked by: Translated resource approved by: