Cementing Catalog

Cementing Services and Products Catalog
Cementing Services and Products Catalog
Schlumberger 2003 Schlumberger 225 Schlumberger Drive Sugar Land, Texas 77478 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without prior written permission of the publisher. TSL-4274 An asterisk (*) is used throughout this document to denote a mark of Schlumberger. is a mark of NExT. is a mark of Den norske stats oljeselskap a.s. (Statoil). Netscape is a registered trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation. Window is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.
InstanSeal NExT
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Reservoir solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Quality, health, safety and environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Key cementing technology highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Deepwater cementing products and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Deepwater slurries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 DeepCRETE deepwater cementing solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 FlexSTONE Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 DeepCEM additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Well stress analysis software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 CemCADE software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Advanced plug placement module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Offshore cementing skids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 DeepSea EXPRES offshore plug launching system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Surface dart launcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Subsea tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 A gas migration control serviceGASBLOK service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Gas flow risk analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Routes for gas migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 CemCADE softwareplacement and postplacement risk analysis . . . . . . . . . . 10 Cement slurry design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 High risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Low risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Slurry properties for gas migration control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Cement placement design and execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Lost circulation systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Lost Circulation Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Cementing Services and Products
Contents
iii
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . InstanSeal system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . InstanSeal Cement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ShearSEAL lost circulation fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PERMABLOK system for plugging zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CemNET advanced fiber cement to control losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZONELOCK S sealing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZONELOCK SC permanent system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mud removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WELLCLEAN II engineering solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipe centralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Displacement regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fluids design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WELLCLEAN II simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WELLCLEAN II advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical washes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MUDPUSH spacers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . InterACT wellsite monitoring and control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14 14 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 22 24 24 24 25 25 25 26 27
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Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CemCADE cementing design and evaluation software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stress analysis model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i-Handbook oilfield data handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CemCRETE concrete-based oilwell cementing technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LiteCRETE low-density slurry system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DeepCRETE deepwater cementing solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DensCRETE advanced cement technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SqueezeCRETE remedial cementing solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CemSTONE Advanced Cement Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FlexSTONE Advanced Cement Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DuraSTONE Advanced Cement Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cementing slurry systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lightweight cements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LiteCRETE cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D049 lightweight cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foamed cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29 29 29 30 30 32 33 33 33 33 39 40 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 45 45 45 45 46 46 46 47 49 49 49 50 51 51 51 51 53 53 54 54 54
Contents
Improved bonding cements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FlexSTONE cementadvanced flexible cement technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WELBOND cementimproved bonding cement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SALTBOND cementcement system for cementing across salt zones . . . . . . RFC regulated fill-up cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SELFSTRESS expanding cement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fast strength development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DeepCEM Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARCTICSET cementcement system for use through permafrost . . . . . . . . . . Right-angle set cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cements for harsh environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acid-resistant cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carbon dioxide-resistant cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Synthetic cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UniSLURRY cement systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UNIFLAC unified fluid-loss additive for cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UNISET set control additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cementing additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antifoam and defoam agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antigelation agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DeepCEM additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dispersants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expanding additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fluid-loss control additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gas migration control additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lost circulation control materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retarders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surfactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suspending and antisettling agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thixotropic additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UniSLURRY additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighting agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spacers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical washes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 55 55 55 56 56 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 58 59 60 60 60 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65
vi
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CemSTREAK land cementing unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CPF-376 double-pump cement trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CPT-372 double-pump cement truck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Offshore cementing skids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optional equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAS liquid additive system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CemCAT cementing computer-aided treatment software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SFM-C process control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonradioactive densitometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Execution analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postcementing analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cement evaluation services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sonic services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SlimAccess tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCMT Slim Cement Mapping Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ultrasonic services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77 77 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 80 81 81 81 81 82 82 83 83 83 83 84 84 84 84 84 85 86 87 87 87 88 88 88 89 89 89 89 90 90 90 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 92
Contents
vii
92 92 92 93 93 93 95 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Marks of Schlumberger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
USI UltraSonic Imager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cement integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipe integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonstandard environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
viii
Preface
Reservoir solutions
Schlumberger has been supplying products and services to the oil and gas industry for more than 75 years. Our trained, highly qualied professionals team with operating companies to maximize asset values with reservoir solutions that combine best practices and advanced oileld technologies with service quality and environmentally sound operations. As exploration and production activities have expanded, our relationships with operating companies have evolved. Today, we provide many services which help in nding hydrocarbons, constructing and completing wells to produce them, and stimulating the wells to maximize their production. We do this from service locations in all oil- and gas-producing areas of the world. We are committed to providing real-time solutions that make the nding and production of oil and gas more cost effective and that maximize recoverable reserves. With the movement toward a more holistic approach to oil and gas development, geoscientists and engineers gain a thorough understanding of the reservoir by using exploration and production product technology, eld services, and project management skills along with software and information management services integrated with information technology (IT). Using this approach, the value of the reservoir is increased and the capital expenditures and negative cash ow are minimized.
Exploration
Delineation
Development
Maximize production
Maturity
Accelerate production
Maximize recovery
Cash flow
Time
Minimize opex Defer abandonment
Minimize capex
Reservoir optimization Traditional development
Preface
ix
Cementing plays a role in this process by providing zonal isolation in the wellbore. Highquality zonal isolation allows more accurate well testing to dene the reservoir, maximizes recovery at the least cost (reduced costs for produced water and its disposal), and provides more effective stimulation through placement focused on the reservoir, more effective enhanced recovery and reduced abandonment costs.
Research and development

Research has been a fundamental commitment since Schlumberger was founded in 1927. Despite uctuations in business activity, our long-term commitment to research and development (R&D) is unwavering. During the market turndown in the late 1980s, we continued to spend heavily in R&D and we now invest nearly $1 million a day in research for oil and gas applications. Schlumberger employs top-level scientists, engineers and support personnel recruited from the best technical universities worldwide. Our research teams are multidisciplinary, embracing physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics, statistics, computer science, signal processing, instrumentation, earth science, and solid and uid mechanics. Our global R&D network provides a stimulating environment for the development of advanced technologies. This network includes Schlumberger-Doll Research, Ridgeeld, Connecticut, a center of excellence for oileld research since the 1940s Schlumberger Cambridge Research, Cambridge, England, which has been developing new concepts and techniques to help oil and gas companies nd and produce hydrocarbons since 1981 Schlumberger Austin Research, Austin, Texas, at the leading edge of information technology development since 1989 Schlumberger Stavanger Research, Stavanger, Norway, established in 1999 as our rst research satellite to conduct research activities at strategic locations around the world Moscow Research, established in Moscow, Russia, in 2002 Dhahran Research, established in Dhahran in 2001 Schlumberger Reservoir Completions Center, near Houston, Texas, launched in 1999 to develop products and services for intelligent completions.
Quality, health, safety and environment

At Schlumberger we strive to continually improve the quality of our products and services; to protect the health, safety and property of our employees, our customers, our contractors and third parties; and to safeguard the environment in communities where we live and work. This proactive approach results in greater efciency; reduced accidents, pollution and waste; and a more healthful workplace. Quality, health, safety and environment (QHSE) training, provided through state-of-the-art learning techniques, is mandatory for all Schlumberger personnel. All new employees receive both general and job-specic QHSE orientation prior to their rst work assignments, and employees transferring to new positions or locations receive formal orientation about specic QHSE issues related to their new work environment. Our suppliers and contractors are evaluated, qualied and selected based on their ability to deliver a quality product or service in a safe, healthy and environmentally acceptable manner. Schlumberger practices go beyond environmental compliance. As stewards of the environment, we take proactive steps toward recognizing and eliminating detrimental practices. QHSE requirements are incorporated into all stages of product design, development and delivery. Prior to initiating a project or delivering a service, a formal assessment is conducted to ensure that all QHSE aspects have been addressed.
Training
Schlumberger training is continuousemployees receive both formal and on-the-job training throughout their careers. We periodically assess all our training programs for content, quality and effectiveness, and we employ the latest technology to ensure that our training remains best in class. Our training emphasizes the use of IT. We have developed on-line and CD-ROM training modules and achieve full use of IT by providing worldwide connectivity to the internal Schlumberger communications network and to the Internet. Both new employees and those studying for advancement can use the Internet for their training courses. Schlumberger technical training programs sponsor on-line, in-house and eld training in all phases of equipment selection, application and operation, as well as effective design, execution and evaluation. Structured training programs and seminars provide the latest information and technical knowledge, and we conduct directed learning programs and seminars around the world. Within Schlumberger, no education is ever really complete. Methods and techniques change, as do market conditions and regulatory guidelines. Following formal university and in-house training, employees continue to gain knowledge through experience and pre- and postjob sessions in which principles and practices are continually improved. The NExT Network of Excellence in Training, an alliance of Heriot-Watt University in Scotland, Texas A&M University, the University of Oklahoma and Schlumberger, provides training that lls a learning gap for working professionals, both within and outside the company, to help them diversify their skill sets and learn about emerging technologies. Delivery methods include traditional classrooms, mentor-supported on-line distance learning, CD-ROM self-study programs and custom on-site courses. Our policy is to attract the very best graduates, then train and develop them. The majority of Schlumberger managers started in the eld directly after graduating.
Preface
xi
Key cementing technology highlights

Our high-quality cementing solutions are based on application of best practices, environmentally sound wellsite operations and innovative technology with safety as a highest priority. That technology includes Advanced Cement Technology, CemSTREAK* rapid deployment cementers, deepwater cementing with DeepCRETE* cement and DeepCEM* additives, and UniSLURRY* cement systems. Advanced Cement Technology increases the solids content of slurries by optimizing blends of several particles with different sizes in which the smallest particles ll the spaces between larger particles. Because of the higher solids content, the cement has greater strength, reduced permeability and greater resistance to corrosive uids. The CemSTREAK unit is a lightweight, low-maintenance truck with four-wheel drive. It can handle almost any cementing application, even in hard-to-reach well locations. Equipment design makes rig-up, rig-down, cleanup and movement to next location fast and efcient. This design allows a single unit and crew to cement as many as six wells in one day. In deepwater cementing, DeepCRETE slurries, with their excellent slurry and set-cement properties, are combined with DeepCEM additives, providing improved rheology, rapid strength development and high strength. Compared with conventional cement technology, these technologies reduce the risk of shallow ow and shorten the waiting-on-cement (WOC) time and its associated high cost. UniSLURRY systems can be used for all types of cementing operations, including casing, liner, squeeze and plug cementing. Similarly, the additives are functional throughout the range of application conditions. This versatility simplies the logistics of offshore cementing by reducing the number and quantity of additives that have to be transported and stored.
xii
Introduction
Schlumberger provides high-quality services for well construction and remedial applications. These services are based on best practices, environmentally sound wellsite operations and innovative technology and always have safety as a rst priority. Cementing is a process used to support and protect the casings in a well and to achieve or renew zonal isolation. Zonal isolation is required to prevent liquids or gases from owing from one zone to another within the wellbore. This isolation allows the completion and production and subsequent abandonment of the well at the lowest possible cost. Isolation allows more accurate well testing to dene the reservoir, maximum recovery at the least cost (reduced costs for produced water and disposal), more effective stimulation through placement focused on the reservoir, more effective enhanced recovery and reduced abandonment costs. Without isolation, the cost of each of these processes is increased and its effectiveness is reduced. When isolation is not achieved by the primary cement job (cementation of the casing string) a squeeze job is required to correct the deciency. Squeeze jobs are also used during the wells life to meet changing objectives as the well and eld age. Occasionally, cement plugs are set in the well to allow changes in drilling. Plugs are also used to isolate intervals within the well when it is depleted and abandoned. All these cementing treatments require careful design of the cement systems to provide the required properties of the slurry before setting and of the cement once it is in place and set. Designs must consider the conditions in the well at the time of cement placement as well as conditions that may occur at any time during the life of the well. In addition to the design of the slurry and set-cement properties, the mechanics of the placement process must be designed to accomplish optimal mud removal and cement placement. On location, the cement must be properly mixed to achieve the required properties and pumped into place, maintaining the integrity of the well. To achieve the cementing objectives, various additives can be used to modify the slurry and set-cement properties. Specic cement slurry systems are employed to meet especially demanding applications. A new, innovative approach to cementing is Advanced Cement Technology. This technology utilizes principles from the concrete industry, specially adapted for oileld use, to formulate slurries with lower water content. These advanced principles eliminate the problems of conventional slurries, which require high water content for optimal pumpability that ultimately reduces the compressive strength of the set cement. This Advanced Cement Technology has two families; CemCRETE* concrete-based oilwell cementing technology and CemSTONE* technology. CemCRETE technology increases the solids content of the slurry using a custom-designed particle-size distribution. More solids in the cement mean greater compressive strength, reduced permeability and greater resistance to corrosive uids. CemSTONE technology uses this high solids content together with particles having specic properties to modify the set-cement performance (such as durability, exibility and expansion) to the needs of the well. Using stress analysis modeling software, cements can be designed with properties to provide isolation for the life of the well.
Introduction
Our cementing software is used worldwide by Schlumberger engineers. CemCADE* cementing design and evaluation software, which allows simulation based on well data and formation conditions, is used to plan the proper placement of the slurries and ensure the integrity of the well is not compromised. DESC* design and evaluation services for clients improves communications and solutions development by placing a dedicated Schlumberger engineer in the client's ofce with access to information hubs, technology centers and the most complete family of application software in the industry. Purpose-built and highly specialized mixing and pumping equipment is employed to properly execute the treatment, while the CemCAT* monitoring and recording system provides a record of the treatment. Use of the CemCAT record, along with design parameters and placement and isolation evaluations such as those provided by USI* UltraSonic Imager logs, allows the design engineer and service team to make performance enhancements and use principles of continuous improvement to enhance the value of the cementing process.
Services
Deepwater cementing products and services
Deepwater drilling poses unique challenges for cementing. Large-diameter casings are set in poorly consolidated formations, frequently with a narrow pore-fracture pressure window and high potential for shallow-ow hazards (water or gas). Compounding the problems is the low temperature found at the sea bottom and the rst few thousand feet below mudline. With subsea wellheads, launching cement wiper plugs is also more complicated. Logistically, the distance from shore makes versatility in cement slurry design an important consideration. Add to this the difculty of remedial work in the deepwater environment, and annular sealing throughout the life of the well becomes more critical. Abnormally pressured sands, with a high probability of shallow-water or gas ow, characterize many deepwater geological environments. Such ows present problems in cementing operations, affecting the integrity of the well. Consequences of uncontrolled shallow ows include subsidence, compromised seaoor stability, loss of well support and buckling of structural casing, and compromised wellbore integrity, resulting in well control problems and potential loss of the well and supporting structures. Schlumberger provides innovative products and services for solutions to deepwater cementing challenges. DeepCRETE slurries, DeepCEM additives and GASBLOK* gas migration control slurries deliver the properties necessary to provide rapid setting, control of potential ows and the long-term isolation needed to ensure the integrity of the well and protect the environment. The DeepSea EXPRES* offshore plug launching system allows the efcient release of bottom and top wiper plugs in subsea cementing heads to prevent cement contamination and control displacement. Engineers use CemCADE software, proven over two decades, for placement design and to assure well security and control. Offshore cementing skids, built for performance and reliability, provide the means to efciently mix and pump the high-quality slurries required in this tough cementing environment.
Innovative deepwater cementing solutions provide effective and efcient cementation of wells drilled in deepwater.
Services
Deepwater slurries
DeepCRETE cement slurry systems are based on CemCRETE Advanced Cement Technology. DeepCEM additives minimize risk of shallow ow, enhance strength development, reduce WOC time and provide low permeability of the set cement. When needed, FlexSTONE* Advanced Cement Technology slurries can be employed to provide set-cement durability, with annular cement sheaths able to withstand changing downhole stresses without failing.
DeepCRETE deepwater cementing solution

The DeepCRETE deepwater cementing solution is a combination of efcient technologies producing slurries that let you cement weak deepwater zones where low temperature and potential shallow ow exist, yet quickly return to drilling. DeepCRETE technology, which provides lowdensity slurries with excellent strength and low permeability, is ideal in the environment encountered in deepwater well construction. Without requiring special equipment or personnel, DeepCRETE slurries isolate the formation with a light cement that develops strength rapidly. This is done using the CemCRETE concept and DeepCEM liquid additives to deliver short transition time and rapid setting at low temperatures. With CemCRETE technology, permeability and strength are independent of slurry density and superior to those of conventional cements. See page 40 for additional information on CemCRETE Advanced Cement Technology.
FlexSTONE Cement
FlexSTONE systems offer mechanical properties that can be engineered to meet the changing stresses in the wellbore; excellent exibility and chemical resistance while maintaining lower permeability and good compressive strength. FlexSTONE systems, with these properties customized to the well, will resist stresses and maintain isolation. These slurries also expand to seal any microannulus. FlexSTONE cements are engineered to be more exible than the formation they seal, and expansion of the cement sheath occurs both outwards (toward the formation) and inwards (toward the casing), thus assuring complete hydraulic isolation. See page 48 for additional information on FlexSTONE Advanced Cement Technology.
DeepCEM additives
DeepCEM liquid cementing additives were created for short transition time and early compressive strength development. Such properties are necessary for isolation and early casing release to ensure successful cementation in the unconsolidated, low-temperature environment of the surface and conductor casings in deepwater wells. When combined with Schlumberger GASBLOK gas migration control technology, DeepCEM slurries provide the solution to shallow gas or water ow control. These additives can be used in foamed cement slurries. Use of these systems allows elimination of the special blends often needed to overcome challenges related to low temperature in deep ocean drilling. DeepCEM additives include the nonretarding dispersant (D185) and cement set enhancer (D186). The nonretarding dispersant provides the dispersion required for good slurry design without retardation at low temperatures. Even at the low temperatures encountered in deepwater wells, D186 set enhancer is more effective for early strength development than standard cement accelerators such as calcium chloride.
Well stress analysis software

Stress analysis modeling software is used to identify potential well stresses and their magnitude throughout the life of the well. Engineers then design the appropriate set-cement properties to withstand these stresses. Where required, FlexSTONE systems are designed with the properties identied using this software. FlexSTONE systems are purpose-built to offer control over properties not possible with conventional oilwell cement. These include such set properties as exibility and expansion for continuous well integrity and zonal isolation for the life of the well.
CemCADE software
CemCADE software can be used to design all primary cementing operations, from large-diameter conductor casing to the deepest liners. Use of CemCADE software helps the engineer ensure that well security is respected at all times and at all points in the well during the cementing treatment. By coupling centralization calculations with a numerical uid placement simulator, CemCADE software allows easy ow regime and annular ow rate selection. It also aids in design of wash, spacer and slurry for optimum displacement of mud and cement placement. Displacement optimization helps to prevent channeling, ensuring zonal isolation. The program utilities and underlying physics are enhanced continually to reect the latest developments in cementing technology. Of particular interest for deepwater operations are the temperature simulator, gas migration predictor, and swab and surge pressures calculator. The temperature simulator allows a calculation of uid and wellbore temperatures that considers wellbore environment parameters such as seawater temperature and current. Better knowledge of the temperature makes selection of retarder or accelerator concentration more accurate as well as allows WOC time determination based on modeled wellbore temperatures.
Advanced plug placement module

Due to the high operating cost in deepwater, time for any operation must be minimized. This is especially true when setting cement plugs. A module assists engineers in designing plugs to minimize contamination during placement, resulting in much higher plug-setting success. This success minimizes the need for repeat plugging operations, thus saving valuable rig time. See page 29 for additional information on CemCADE software.
Offshore cementing skids

The performance and versatility of Schlumberger skid-mounted cementing units make them the best option for offshore, high-pressure pumping services. These state-of-the-art units, capable of delivering up to 1490 kW [2000 hhp] of power, can be used as backup or supplemental mud pumps as well as efcient cementing units. Power to drive the pumps comes from high-performance diesel engines or air-cooled electric motors. These units are tted with state-of-the-art sensors for data acquisition and monitoring, and an optional remote control system permits operation of the unit from an adjacent control room. When a Schlumberger SLURRY CHIEF* cement mixer is used in combination with the skid, cement-mixing rates of more than 1.9 m3/min [12 bbl/min] can be achieved for optimal job execution. See page 83 for additional information on offshore cementing skids.
Services
Cement mixing and pumping units are specially designed for use on offshore drilling rigs.
Liquid additive metering systems provide versatility in the ability to adjust cement slurry properties right up to the time of the cementing treatment. This is especially benecial in deepwater operations, because the requirements may not be known until the hole section is drilled. If dryblended cements were used, there would be considerable time spent waiting for testing, blending and delivery if requirements are not known until the section is drilled.
DeepSea EXPRES offshore plug launching system

The Schlumberger DeepSea EXPRES offshore plug launching system is a remotely operated system for releasing cementing wiper plugs from a subsea tool. It combines a design for safety with highly functional, high-quality plugs to provide a reliable system for launching plugs in a subsea system. This system uses solid plugs, which are more reliable than the ow-through type. Plugs are released with minimum or no shutdown of the cementing operation.
Applications

Casings hung from subsea hangers Top and bottom plug operation in casing sizes from 244 to 508 mm [958 to 20 in.]
Benets

Dart release takes only seconds, reducing rig time. Uninterrupted pumping improves mud removal. High pumping rates allow improved mud removal. Casing pressure test can be combined with bump. Casing running tool can be activated without removing treating lines. Remote operation improves safety.
Features

Wiper plugs are efciently designed. Fluids are not pumped through the plugs. Plugs do not contact casing wall during rig-up. Surface pressure provides positive indication of each plug release. Plug launch qualied at ow rates up to 1.9 m3/min [12 bbl/min]. Optional three plugs separate up to four uids.
Surface dart launcher

A surface dart launcher (SDL) holds the darts, which are launched during the cementing operation. When they reach the subsea tool, these darts release the casing wiper plugs. The standard conguration can hold two darts up to 610 mm [24 in.] long. The SDL is modular, so additional hardware can be added to launch more darts. Fluids are pumped around the outside of the dart holder. To launch a dart, the EXPRES* system power pack, operated from the rig oor, rotates the valve a quarter turn. This rotation aligns a hole in the valve body with the dart and launches the dart. The SDL offers full top-drive compatibility. The uid inlet swivel provides two 50.8-mm [2-in.] WECO connections and permits pipe rotation with the treating lines attached. The 114.3-mm NC50 [412-in. IF] connections at top and bottom allow the entire string to be supported and rotated. Both circulating mud and displacement uid can be pumped through the topdrive. Darts offer several advantages over free fall balls. The darts wipe the inside of the drillpipe and separate the uids to prevent contamination. They also provide positive uid displacement. The time and uncertainty spent waiting for a ball to reach the downhole assembly are eliminated.
DeepSea EXPRESS offshore plug launching system is a reliable tool for releasing cement wiper plugs when subsea hangers are used.
Services
Subsea tool
The subsea tool (SST) retains the casing wiper plugs until they are released by the arrival of the darts. Hydraulic pressure acting through the dart and a rod releases the plugs. The SST accepts up to three plugs for 219- to 340-mm [858- to 1338-in.] casing or two plugs for 406- to 508-mm [16- to 20-in.] casing. The deepwater cementing products and services portfolio of Schlumberger provides all the components required to provide zonal isolation for the life of the well.
A gas migration control serviceGASBLOK service

Gas migration, or annular gas ow, is a problem that has plagued the industry for many years. There is no one cause of gas migration, nor is there any one solution to it. To effectively control gas migration, the nature of the problem must be understood so that the proper techniques can be applied. This implies a careful analysis of the potential for ow as well as an integrated approach to its control. During this analysis, one must consider not only the potentially productive intervals, but also the intervals that may not be economically productive, including gas stringers, which can exist behind any casing string. Among the reasons for gas migration are an uncemented channel, failure to maintain overbalance pressure before and during cementing, loss of overbalance pressure after cement placement, development of ow paths after cement setting, and insufciently low permeability to prevent gas from owing through the set-cement matrix. Obviously, each of these arises from different mechanisms. Therefore, control of gas migration must address the totality of the sources for ow. Controlling gas migration takes much more than just complex cement slurry design. Slurry design addresses only one facet of the complex problem, albeit a very key one. An element of the overall process of controlling gas ow is achieving zonal isolation through the intervals containing the gas. An additional element is maintaining overbalance pressure during the critical transition period. The nal element is preventing gas from migrating along the annulus. The GASBLOK service considers these elements as three phases of the process: remove the drilling uid to provide the proper environment for zonal isolation, delay gas entry, impede propagation of the gas.
Each of these phases requires careful analysis and design to achieve the desired overall resulta well that is free of gas migration. The rst step, that of achieving zonal isolation, is accomplished by the cement, but only after the drilling uid has been removed from the wellbore to allow cement to fully occupy the annulus between the borehole and the casing. Mud removal is accomplished by techniques that have been developed by Schlumberger through the years, culminating in the WELLCLEAN II* engineering solution for mud removal. This solution considers the factors that impact mud removal and provides a systematic approach to removal of mud. The second step is to design the placement process so that an overbalanced condition is maintained until late in the transition of the cement from a liquid to a solid. The nature of the setting process makes it difcult to maintain overbalanced pressure; after placement, cement undergoes a gradual gelation, resulting in loss of hydrostatic pressure. Ideally, the pressure is maintained above formation pressure until the cement is set. In practical terms, this is extremely difcult to do. Another option is to minimize the time between development of gel strength and setting while maximizing the overbalanced pressure (without risking breaking the well down). This is done by analyzing the pressures in the well and employing options that maximize the overbalanced pressure. Several tools in CemCADE cementing design and evaluation software assist in this step. Obviously, a component of this step is the design of the slurry. The third step, impeding propagation of the gas, depends on the use of slurries with special properties so that gas cannot invade and migrate along the cemented annulus. Special properties, such as those provided by GASBLOK slurries, are required during the critical transition period as well as after setting. Additionally, to maintain isolation for the life of the well, CemSTONE Advanced Cement Technology may be required.
Applications

Zonal isolation in gas wells Prevention of annular gas migration from nuisance gas stringers
Benets

Minimized risk of gas migration Long-term solution Reduced exposure to hazardous gas ow More trouble-free operations
Features

Tailored to specic well conditions Effective at any density Effective at any temperature Compatible with CemCRETE and CemSTONE technologies Integrated solution employing materials and techniques Materials with low environmental impact Engineering tools to assess risk and tailor treatment to severity
Services
Gas ow risk analysis

A risk analysis is an important element in the design for gas migration control. Such an analysis incorporates knowledge of all the gas sources (from openhole logs and drilling logs), the potential for gas ow from each source and the potential routes through which gas can migrate.
Routes for gas migration
Gas migrates in a well when the pressure becomes underbalanced. If the cement is in place and set when this occurs, the potential for ow depends on the integrity of the cement, both its complete lling of the annulus and its mechanical durability. Paths for gas ow develop as a result of incomplete mud removal (a mud channel), free uid development in the cement slurry, or an interfacial gap (microannulus) at the cement-pipe or cement-formation interface. An additional path can be created if the cement fails mechanically, producing a crack along its length. These paths can also be created by changing mechanical stresses in the well. A path can be created if the well becomes underbalanced before the cement has developed sufcient strength to prevent its propagation through the column; that is, while the cement is unset. In this case, gas can migrate through the unset cement, forming a channel.
CemCADE softwareplacement and postplacement risk analysis
CemCADE cementing design and evaluation software has two tools that aid in preventing gas invasion of the cement before it has developed adequate strength to control gas ow. The rst is a tool common to most cementing simulators, an analysis of the uids and pressures in the well during and after the cementing process to determine well security and control. If an underbalanced condition develops during cement placement, a warning is given and the uids and/or placement process are redesigned. A second tool, called postplacement analysis module, provides the design engineer with an indication of the relative risk of gas migration based on the degree of overbalance and the well geometry. The engineer can then assess variations in slurry placement and treatment execution variables to propose the lowest-risk method of cementing the well. In cases where the risk is judged to be small, less-aggressive solutions can be proposed; conversely, if the risk is judged to be high, more aggressive solutions should be considered.
Very critical 25 Pa 50 lbf/100 ft2
Critical
Moderate 75 Pa 150 lbf/100 ft2 150 Pa 300 lbf/100 ft2
Low
Very low 250 Pa 500 lbf/100 ft2
Postplacement analysis provides the design engineer with a relative degree of risk for use in selection of methods of controlling gas migration.
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Cement slurry design

Slurry design for controlling gas migration requires attention to the entire realm of slurry and setcement properties. These include free uid, uid loss, rheology, thickening time, gel strength development, setting prole and set mechanical properties including permeability. In wells with a high risk of ow, slurries with special properties to stop gas invasion and ow may be required. Their use is normally based on the perceived risk of gas ow. After assessment of risk, the design engineer develops the slurry design and placement accordingly. For scenarios with low risk, control of free uid, rheology, gel strength development and uid loss may be adequate to control gas ow. Where the risk is higher (or uncertain), the use of more complex slurries with special properties to contain the gas are required.
High risk
Schlumberger slurries for high-risk gas migration scenarios have very special properties. These slurries are called GASBLOK slurries, proven for over two decades. GASBLOK slurries are part of the overall GASBLOK technology, a systematic approach to solving the gas migration problem. These slurries use either a specially designed and patented latex additive or a customized microgel polymer. The latex provides unique properties to cement slurries and the set cement. Being a suspension of solids, the latex provides excellent rheological properties and control of gelation without affecting the hydration process. Free uid is easily controlled and setting is rapid. The nely divided latex particles provide efcient pore-blocking in the developing cement matrix during the transition from liquid to solid and in the set cement. This pore-blocking minimizes the invasion of the cement by gas and prevents its movement. Microgels provide similar effects, but with specially designed hydrated polymer particles. The GASBLOK family of additives includes D500 GASBLOK LT additive, D600G GASBLOK MT additive, and D700 GASBLOK HT additive for low, moderate and high temperatures, respectively. A surfactant, D701 GASBLOK stabilizer, is used to control transition time and setting in certain cases. These additives, used so successfully in controlling gas migration for the past two decades, have been modied to make them acceptable in more environmentally sensitive areas, such as the North Sea.
Low risk
When the risk of gas migration is judged to be low, less-aggressive designs are required. Slurries can be designed with more conventional uid loss additives in place of the GASBLOK latices or microgel. Besides uid loss control, excellent slurry and set properties must still be maintained.
Slurry properties for gas migration control
Laboratory and eld evaluations have demonstrated that several properties of cement slurries are critical in controlling gas migration.
Services
11
Poor mud removal (rheology)
Free fluid
High fluid loss
Cement hydration
Gel strength development
Bulk shrinkage
Chemical contraction
Gas channeling along interfaces
Result Interzonal communication Pressure-charged formations Gas to surface Blowout
Gas channeling within cement matrix
Unplanned costs Remedial work Lost production Damage to equipment and facilities Many slurry properties must be correctly designed for success in cementing across gas-bearing formations.
Fluid loss control is important, because maintaining the proper ratio of water to solids is critical to maintaining the rheological properties for effective placement of the slurry as well as preventing premature gelation. Premature gelation will lead to long transitions to a set matrix and result in unacceptably early hydrostatic pressure decay. Such hydrostatic pressure decay would in turn lead to an underbalanced condition. If occurring before the cement develops a solid matrix, this situation can easily lead to gas invasion of the cement and migration along the annulus to points of lower pressure. Simultaneously, the proper water/cement ratio must be designed and maintained to control slurry stability. An unstable slurry can allow the development of free uid and/or solid sedimentation. Free uid can create a water channel in the column of cement, leading to gas ow. Sedimentation can lead to changes in density of the slurry and result in inadequate uid pressure to control the formation pressure. An additional impact of the water/cement ratio is that of the slurry and set-cement permeability. As the water/cement ratio increases, so does the permeability of the cement matrix. A permeable cement matrix makes control of gas more difcult; if permeability is sufciently high, there may be migration through the matrix after setting.
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The setting behavior of the cement is important for several reasons. Initially, early setting determines the relationship of strength development to hydrostatic pressure decay (and underbalance and gas ow initiation). Subsequently, permeability, shrinkage, expansion and long-term durability are controlled by the setting behavior. As discussed previously, permeability must be kept low to minimize or prevent gas ow through the set-cement matrix. Shrinkage can result in the development of microannuli between the cement and pipe or wellbore wall. Shrinkage can also result in radial cracking of the cement, which provides another path for gas to ow. Long-term durability can be enhanced with CemCRETE and CemSTONE Advanced Cement Technology. CemCRETE and CemSTONE slurries are highly effective in achieving the properties necessary for gas migration control. CemCRETE slurries provide low-permeability cement, even at very low densities. They also have excellent slurry properties (stability, rheology, etc.). CemSTONE slurries have very high durability and, if required, can be designed to expand. When coupled with GASBLOK technology, both slurry systems provide excellent properties to meet the demanding requirements for gas migration control.
Cement placement design and execution

The control of gas migration requires more than special slurries. Successful control involves many elements. Mud removal designMud removal is critical to achieving zonal isolation. Schlumberger engineers use the advanced WELLCLEAN II technology for designing the ow regime, uids and pumping schedule to achieve mud removal. Coverage of zone of interestThere must be adequate slurry covering all the gas-bearing formations, not just the pay zone. Maximize overbalanced pressurePressure decay, an unavoidable consequence of the change from slurry to set cement, results in loss of overbalance. By maximizing the overbalance pressure, the age and therefore the strength of the cement is greater at the time an underbalanced condition is reached. The Schlumberger engineer uses the postplacement tool in CemCADE cementing design software to optimize the overbalanced pressure. Gas migration riskThe Schlumberger engineer uses the postplacement module of CemCADE software to evaluate design and operational effects to lower risk of gas ow. Application of pressure on the annulus following placement, as well as other operational procedure changes, can reduce the risk. Well security and controlThroughout the cementing process, the pressures in the well must be sufcient to control the gas yet not be so high as to cause lost circulation. The U-tube simulator in CemCADE cementing design software provides a plot showing the pressures at all times during the cementing treatment and aids the engineer in maintaining security and control in the well. Hydrostatic-pressure-relieving devicesAt times, openhole casing packers are used to isolate sections of the wellbore. Care must be taken with these devices because they have the effect of preventing full hydrostatic pressure transmission and can aggravate the problem. Any loss of volume below the packer (such as by uid loss) can result in very rapid hydrostatic pressure loss and subsequent rapid gas migration through the entire section isolated by the packer. Gas pressure can build up beneath the packer and cause failure of the packer. Well designAlthough not a common approach to solving gas migration, changes can be made to the well design to change the level of risk. Using the postplacement module of CemCADE software, the Schlumberger engineer can work with the well design team to evaluate parameters and redesign the well for the lowest risk for gas ow. An example of a well parameter that plays a part in gas migration risk is the annular gap size. Increasing the annular gap will lower the risk of gas migration. Schlumberger engineers integrate all the elements of gas migration control. The risk analysis, the complete placement design and the optimum design of the cement slurries minimize the risk of gas migration, providing zonal isolation and well integrity.
Services
13
Lost circulation systems

Lost circulation is a frustrating, costly and time-consuming problem. Some of the major consequences of lost circulation include increased cost resulting from

poor or no removal of cuttings, requiring additional wiper trips stuck drill pipe excessive mud lost remedial work to cure losses rig time required to cure losses. lack of zonal isolation caused by poor cement coverage formation damage resulting from mud losses blowout after a drop in hydrostatic pressure.
Reservoir damage and loss of well are also possible as a result of

To select the correct technique to effectively solve lost circulation, it is necessary to know the reasons for the losses; i.e., the type of loss and the drilling history. Very often lost circulation treatments fail because of a lack of information such as the types of losses and their relative depths. A lack of knowledge can lead to selection of the wrong treatment, which usually results in poor success, excessive costs and time, and the frustration caused by repetitive failures. Lost circulation can occur at any time in the life of the well. During construction, lost circulation can be encountered while drilling and while cementing. These problems are solved by different methods. A tool for identifying the best solution is the Lost Circulation Advisor.
Lost Circulation Advisor

The Lost Circulation Advisor is software developed jointly by Schlumberger and M-I, LLC. It is a case-based reasoning tool, used to analyze lost circulation problems and recommend the best treatment to control the losses. The advisor is a knowledge-management software based on the eld experience and the lost circulation expertise of eld engineers. Regardless of the loss type (partial or complete) and the operation (drilling or cementing), the advisor guides eld personnel toward the best lost circulation treatment. Based on the input data that include well data, previous lost circulation treatments, operation (drilling or cementing), estimated loss rate and openhole stratigraphy, the advisor identies the type of loss and its depth. Finally, the Lost Circulation Advisor recommends the best lost circulation treatment from a list of generic and specialized systems available from M-I, LLC and Schlumberger. Once the best lost circulation treatment is identied, complete technical data are provided for the design of the treatment.
Applications
All types of lost circulation
Benets

A simple software based on knowledge management, not complicated mathematical models A systematic and analytical approach to lost circulation A guide to the best lost circulation treatment and the relative depths Validated cases for more precise solutions A low-cost solution to complex problem
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Features

Uses case-based reasoning Identies whether the losses are to permeable formations, natural or induced fractures, vugs, or cavernous formations Estimates the depth of losses Identies the best lost circulation treatment based on the operation (drilling or cementing) Provides technical information for use in designing the recommended treatments
InstanSeal system
The InstanSeal system is a unique technology for combating high mud losses. It is often more time- and cost-effective than other lost circulation control methods. The InstanSeal system uses shear activation to trigger formation of a rigid gel. This unique activation method saves crucial drilling time and money over other lost circulation methods. The base uid for InstanSeal lost circulation control is an emulsion. The emulsion contains gelling polymer and crosslinker in separate phases. The emulsion is converted when the slurry is pumped through the nozzles in the bit, crosslinking the polymer. This results in rapid action and excellent control of polymer placement into the loss zone.
Water phase containing high concentration of polymer Oil phase Crosslinker particle Cement Emulsion Activation of the InstanSeal system is by shearing force rather than chemical action. This technology makes placement across the loss zone more certain. 500 psi Set gel
Applications
Severe lost circulation
Benets

Internally activated Valuable rig time savings Downhole mixing of uids not required
Features

Use to 95C [200F] Set time independent of bottomhole temperature (BHT) Can be weighted to 1440 kg/m3 [12 lbm/gal] Requires no tripping Set time short and adjustable Is acid-soluble when set Can be mixed up to 3 weeks before use
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Services
InstanSeal Cement system

The InstanSeal Cement system is similar to the InstanSeal system, but has powdered cement added to the oil phase. Once the emulsion is broken and the system forced into the loss zone, the cement will become wet with water and will set. This system is used when a more permanent solution is required. InstanSeal Cement is stable to 110C [230F].
ShearSEAL lost circulation uid

ShearSEAL* shear-activated, high-temperature lost circulation uid is a highly innovative lost circulation solution. The system can be used at temperatures to 163C [325F]. If necessary, it can be weighted to 2040 kg/m3 [17 lbm/gal]. It can be mixed using batch-mixing techniques or continuously with a static, in-line mixer. The crosslinked gel is not shear sensitive, has improved elasticity, exhibits no syneresis and is removable with light acid. The base uid for ShearSEAL lost circulation control is an emulsion. The emulsion contains gelling polymer and crosslinker in the oil phase. The emulsion is converted and the polymer crosslinked when the slurry is sheared through the nozzles in the bit. For activation, only a 1725-kPa [250-psi] pressure drop at the bit is required. Activation at the bit results in rapid activation and excellent control of placement of the gelling polymer into the loss zone. In addition to use for lost circulation control, ShearSEAL system can be used to create support beneath a cement plug and to ll the rathole during cementing of the casing.
Applications

Severe lost circulation Support for cement plugs
Benets

Internally activated Rig time savings No downhole mixing of uids
Features

Use to 163C [325F] Set time independent of BHT Can be weighted to 2040 kg/m3 [17 lbm/gal] Requires no tripping Set time short and adjustable Is acid-soluble when set Can be mixed up to 3 weeks before use
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PERMABLOK system for plugging zones

The PERMABLOK* uid system to permanently plug a zone is used to solve lost circulation problems (either during drilling or before cementing), plug high-permeability zones and provide consolidation of weak formations. Such high permeability can appear as interconnected porosity within the matrix, or micro- or macrossures including vugs. PERMABLOK systems are internally activated solutions with very low initial viscosities. The solutions have controlled gelling (pumping) times and set to form a rigid, drillable gel. With a temperature limit of 79C [175F], these solids-free liquids have many applications, including pumping through the bit. PERMABLOK systems can also be used to permanently plug formations and to consolidate loose formations that threaten, slow or halt drilling.
CemNET advanced ber cement to control losses

When cement is pumped downhole, some of the cement can be lost into natural fractures, ssures, vugs or highly porous zones even when the fracture pressure is not exceeded. CemNET* advanced ber cement is composed of an inert, brous material capable of forming a network across the loss zone, allowing circulation to be regained. The CemNET bers are engineered to an optimal size for sealing such loss zones. CemNET ber (D095 or D096) is compatible with most cementing systems and additives and does not affect the cement properties. CemNET ber is added to the slurry in the mixing tub or a batch mixer. If CemNET bers to be used only in the portion of the slurry to be pumped downhole where losses are expected to occur. Once dispersed in the slurry, the CemNET bers create a physical network that forms a bridge when owing past loss zones, resulting in control of losses and improved ll of the cement during treatment. CemNET bers seal formations having potential for losses during treatment, reducing both the amount of cement used and disposal during cleanup. If CemNET bers are not used, operators often pump excess cement in anticipation of losses to fractures, ssures, vugs or highly porous zones. By adding CemNET bers to the existing cementing program, well costs are lowered. These cost reductions are a result of smaller excesses of cement needed to achieve returns, reduced disposal of large excesses returned to surface and, more signicantly, reduced remedial cementing in the event that cement is not returned to surface. In some cases, the use of CemNET ber in the cement has resulted in regained returns.
CemNET bers are inert and require no special handling. They can be readily dispersed in water-base uids such as cement. An interlocking network is formed, allowing the cement to bridge and resume circulation.
Services
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Applications

Regain circulation while cementing Most cement slurry formulations All temperatures Any slurry density
Benets

Minimizes losses during cementing Raises cement tops Helps prevent cement fallback Reduces the need for costly remedial operations Reduces excess cement requirement Makes cement returns more predictable, thus decreasing disposal costs Provides coverage of loss zones during cementing operations
Features

Fibers added directly to the slurry during mixing, without dry blending No effect on cement properties Compatible with most cementing systems and additives Forms bridging network in the slurry
ZONELOCK S sealing system

The ZONELOCK* S permanent zone sealing system is a solution of silicate that forms a rigid, semipermanent gel when in contact with a heavy calcium or sodium brine. The system is composed of two solutions: one silicate and one calcium chloride. This system is very effective and works independently of temperature. It can be used to effectively seal problem zones of brine production or lost circulation. The solutions can be pumped in multiple stages to cover the zone more effectively.
ZONELOCK SC permanent system

The ZONELOCK SC system includes the ZONELOCK S system followed by a spacer and then cement. When the cement contacts the gel resulting from the silicate-calcium brine solution, the cement sets very rapidly. This ZONELOCK SC system forms a permanent seal that can only be removed by drilling.
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Mud removal
WELLCLEAN II engineering solution
Effective mud removal is considered the most basic requirement for cementing success. Failure to achieve removal of mud can result in failure to isolate productive intervals, allowing production of unwanted uids, misapplication of stimulation treatments, and chronic issues of sustained casing pressure and gas migration. When such conditions exist, additional costs and efforts are incurred.
Applications
Mud removal in oil and gas wells, including deviated, extended-reach, horizontal and injection wellbores Oil-base mud (OBM) or water-base mud (WBM)
Benets

Enhances zonal isolation Eliminates production of unwanted downhole uids Reduces occurrence of sustained casing pressure Minimizes casing corrosion through improved cement bonding Reduces remedial operations and their associated costs
Features

An engineered approach using specialized tools and products Ability to assess the effect of all relevant parameters on the mud removal process A wide range of exible preush systems for all application conditions Proven results in the eld Environmentally friendly spacers
Recognizing that effective mud removal cannot be achieved without considering the effect of all relevant parameters, the WELLCLEAN II engineering solution utilizes innovative products and tools to design cement placement for effective zonal isolation. These products and tools include optimized chemical wash systems

a wide range of custom spacers for all applications WELLCLEAN II simulator, CemCADE software and WELLCLEAN II advisor engineering tools a testing methodology focused on evaluating the effectiveness of preushes in removal of drilling uids
Pipe centralization
Because uids in the annulus tend to ow more freely on the wide side, casing centralization is critical to ensure continuous ow all around the annulus. Schlumberger engineers use the centralization module of CemCADE software to design the optimum degree of standoff to meet the requirements for mud removal.
Services
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Displacement regimes
Complete mud removal can be achieved using either laminar or turbulent ow regimes. The choice between the two regimes depends on several parameters and conditions, including well geometry and uid properties. The design engineer must analyze all the relevant parameters to make the right selection. The WELLCLEAN II simulator is a powerful tool for showing critical results with the chosen uids and ow regimes. These include such parameters as the percentage of cement coverage, the risk of leaving a mud lm or channel at the end of the cement job, and for turbulent ow, the contact timeall as a function of depth and time.
Fluids design
Knowledge of cement and spacer uid properties is essential to ensure proper zonal isolation. The effectiveness of each uid to displace the uid ahead of it can be checked using the WELLCLEAN II simulator. Output will clearly predict channeling that exists between the uids. WELLCLEAN II simulator output guides the design engineer to improve mud displacement through modication of spacer and cement properties and ow parameters.
WELLCLEAN II simulator
Ensuring complete zonal isolation is the ultimate goal of cementing operations. However, frequently this goal is not achieved. Because incomplete mud removal is a repeated source of unexpected costs for operators, every effort should be made to ensure critical zonal isolation on the primary cement job. A two-dimensional numerical simulator, the WELLCLEAN II simulator uses computational uid dynamics to predict the process of cement placement. Based on well geometry and trajectory, downhole uid properties, volumes, pump rates, and casing centralization, Schlumberger engineers predict the efciency of mud removal and identify whether a mud channel will be left. Using the WELLCLEAN II simulator, engineers can make the necessary design changes to optimize the operation and achieve zonal isolation. The design engineer uses visually displayed displacement patterns produced by the WELLCLEAN II simulator as a guide to the most efcient and complete form of mud removal.
Applications
Mud removal and cement placement to achieve zonal isolation in vertical, extended-reach and horizontal wells
Benets

Enhanced zonal isolation Reduced costs associated with mud removal through optimized job design Predictable results validated by physical experiments and eld performance
Features

Accurate rheological description of uids (Herschel-Bulkley model) Simulation of uid placement in turbulent and laminar ow Maps of uid position and concentration in annulus Maps of uid velocity and ow regime Animated view of uid displacement process as a function of job time View of potential detrimental contact between mud and cement during displacement
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Fluids concentration map 4600 5000 Depth (ft) 5400 5800 6200
Mud risk on the wall 4600 5000 Depth (ft) 5400 5800 6200
Fluids concentration map
Mud risk on the wall
Wide Narrow Wide Wide Narrow Wide
Wide Narrow Wide Wide Narrow Wide
Mud Spacer Cement
High Medium Low None
Modeling allows the engineer to analyze various mud removal scenarios and select the best one to achieve zonal isolation.
WELLCLEAN II advisor
The WELLCLEAN II advisor design tool greatly facilitates the selection and adjustment of additive concentrations in spacer uids for the optimal rheological properties to achieve the ultimate goal of mud displacement and zonal isolation. This software reduces engineering and laboratory time through recommendation of additive concentrations for the specic mud removal scenario (ow regime, required uid properties) at the temperature of the well.
Chemical washes
Chemical washes are used if increased density is not needed for well control and turbulent ow is required. These uids have a density and viscosity close to those of water or oil. When pumped ahead of the cement slurry, they assist in mud removal by diluting, thinning, and dispersing mud and by water-wetting the casing surface, improving the quality of the bond between the cement and the casing and formation. When oil-base uid is used for drilling, base oil is often the rst preush uid and is followed by chemical washes containing surfactants and/or solvents. Schlumberger offers a comprehensive line of MUDCLEAN* chemical washes for all applications.
Table 3-1. Schlumberger Chemical Washes

Name MUDCLEAN WBM MUDCLEAN OBM Function Disperse and thin drilling uids Disperse, thin and invert the emulsion of OBM drilling uids; water-wet the casing for better bonding Type Mud Removed WBM OBM
Services
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Applications
Cementing jobs where a light preush is pumped in turbulent ow
Benets
Improved bonding and hydraulic isolation
Features

Displace mud by thinning, turbulence and erosion Preushes for any type mud Compatible with cement slurries Compatible with WBM and OBM Leave surfaces water-wet Easy to mix in the eld
Chemical washes are lightweight, thin uids that remove mud by turbulent ow.
MUDPUSH spacers
Spacers are weighted uids that provide a compatible buffer between the drilling uid and the cement slurry and offer control of rheological and ow properties. They can be designed for turbulent or laminar ow regimes. Performance of the spacer is optimized using engineering tools such as the WELLCLEAN II simulator. Their effective use results in displacement of drilling uid around and along the annulus for effective zonal isolation.
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MUDPUSH II spacer properties are engineered in the laboratory to optimize mud removal in the eld.
To provide effective mud removal, Schlumberger offers a wide range of MUDPUSH* spacer uids to suit zonal isolation criteria under all well conditions. Schlumberger offers a comprehensive line of MUDCLEAN chemical washes for all applications. Depending on well conditions and on the uid properties, the spacer is designed to be pumped
Table 3-2. Schlumberger Spacers
Name MUDPUSH II MUDPUSH WHT Base Fluid Water (up to 20% salt) Water (any salinity) Density (kg/m3 [lbm/gal]) 12002400 [1020] 15602400 [1320] Flow Regime Turbulent or laminar Laminar Temperature Limit (C [F]) 149 [300] 232 [450] Type Mud Removed WBM or OBM WBM or OBM
in either turbulent or laminar ow. Performance of the spacer is optimized using engineering tools such as the WELLCLEAN II simulator. The MUDPUSH II spacer properties are specially formulated to address environmental concerns. Properties include lower toxicity, better biodegradation and lower bioaccumulation to produce a minimal impact on the environment. MUDPUSH II spacers have less retarding effect on the cement than earlier versions of spacers. Any contaminated cement slurry is subject to less delay in strength development. This proves critical, especially at tops of liners when relatively fast strength development is required. In wells drilled with an oil-base drilling uid, the proper surfactant and, in some instances, a solvent, are tailored to the base oil. These surfactants and solvents are added to basic MUDPUSH spacer to disperse the oil phase into water and provide a water-wet surface for better bonding to the cement.
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Applications
All cementing operations to 232C [450F]
Benets

Turbulent or laminar ow displacement Predictable displacement along the entire cemented interval Good uid loss control over a wide density and temperature range
Features
Density range from 1200 to 2400 kg/m3 [10 to 20 lbm/gal] or 1560 to 2400 kg/m3 [13 to 20 lbm/gal] for MUDPUSH WHT spacer Compatible with cement Excellent suspension properties Compatible with fresh water, salt water or seawater Compatible with all drilling uids (water- and oil-base) Stable rheological prole with increasing temperature Excellent reproducibility between laboratory and eld performance Extremely stable Easy to mix in the eld
In the upper log, a conventional spacer resulted in poor isolation in the permeable section (140-mm [512-in.] liner at inclination of 55 with 1800-kg/m3 [15-lbm/gal]) cement. The lower log shows a 178-mm [7-in.] liner in a horizontal well cemented with lightweight cement and using MUDPUSH II spacer for mud removal.
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InterACT wellsite monitoring and control system: Remote real-time data delivery for cementing and pressure testing operations
The InterACT* wellsite monitoring and control system provides Web-based data delivery with secure real-time, two-way communication that makes oileld data and information available anywhere desired by the user. By allowing authorized personnel easy access to project information through an online Internet workspace, the InterACT system promotes teamwork and collaboration in the decisionmaking process. Files of all standard data types and formats can be exchanged, including drilling reports and programs, mud logs and reports, wireline and logging-while-drilling logs, well stimulation data, and surface and subsurface production data. Using this system, engineers can prepare precise, timely cementing designs by gathering data from the historical le of the well. The cementing proposals can then be communicated to all operating company personnel who need the information. Data from wireline logs and well parameters can be easily collected by the design engineer and communicated to others involved in the cementing operation. Data can be easily communicated to laboratory or operations personnel with minimal effort and error-free. Data from many sources, including openhole logs, cementing operations and cement evaluation logs, can be viewed simultaneously. An evaluation based on all the data makes the decision on zonal isolation easier and faster in what is often a critical point in the operation.
Applications

Remote data transmission Remote monitoring of wellsite operations Two-way communication and distribution of real-time cementing, leakoff test (LOT), formation integrity test (FIT) and completion test information Cement evaluation Remote monitoring and decision-making on squeeze cementing Sharing of data among selected parties Supervisory control of remote assets Distribution of cementing laboratory reports
Benets

Secure connection to condential data Real-time worldwide access to data through the Internet or an intranet Speedy communication of well data such as caliper and survey information for cementing design Simultaneous review of data from many sources for cement evaluation Real-time decision-making Promotion of teamwork and collaboration Real-time access to Schlumberger experts Time and expense of travel to wellsite saved Fewer safety and environmental hazards
Services
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Features

No communication infrastructure or specialized software required Alarm notication services Access to complete well data for use in cementing design User-dened acquisition of data, either streamed or polled Compatible with CemCADE cementing design and evaluation software Comparison of actual job with design Proprietary software for autorecovery and compression to manage network outages and expensive bandwidth Customizable graphics Congurable levels of accessibility for partners and third parties Acceptance and display of wellsite information transfer specication (WITS) or WITS markup language (WITSML) data from any source
The InterACT system allows user to select preprogrammed graphics or customize graphics to display data of interest.
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Personnel participating in an operation, whether it be cementing or testing, can easily view the data during the operation. Users analyze real-time graphical or digital data that are easily uploaded to the InterACT Web site by the wellsite engineer. By viewing the data remotely, personnel at different locations can participate in the operation without the time and expense of traveling to the wellsite. Remote observers can provide responses and instructions throughout an operation. By allowing teams to participate, better decisions can be made in real time, resulting in a more efcient operation. Because it works through the Internet or intranet using a standard Web browser, the InterACT system is inherently easy to use. Data can be viewed from a variety of computers or handheld PCs; data les can also be produced for import to other local applications for further manipulation and interpretation. Numeric displays ensure access to real-time data, even if users are accessing the system over slow connections. Predened log displays or simple pulldown menu congurations allow users to quickly display data in the desired format, zoom in, change scales and curve attributes, or even switch between scales. Customized displays can be saved and made available to other users. The InterACT system supports common digital formats such as American Standard Code Information Interface (ASCII), Digital Log Interchange Standard (DLIS) and Log ASCII Standard (LAS). The InterACT system also supports all graphical data types, including Picture Description System (PDS) and Tagged Image File Format (TIFF).
System requirements

Minimum 200-MHz personal computer 32-MB random access memory Windows NT Windows 98, ME, 2000, or XP Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer browser Internet connection using transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) over local area networks, wide area networks, or modem-to-modem over Ethernet, telephone, cell phone or satellite. There are no restrictions regarding types of Internet access, but a high-speed connection will enhance system performance. A minimal 9600-bps link is required to upload realtime data.
Services
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Software
CemCADE cementing design and evaluation software
Cementing in todays challenging wells is a complex task. Wells may have depleted intervals, resulting in narrow windows between pore and fracturing pressures. Deviations can make casing standoff by centralizers hard to determine. Mud removal may be difcult as a result of the standoff and exotic drilling uids. CemCADE software provides tools to assist the engineer in evaluating all the parameters and in designing cementing slurries and procedures to cement the well and achieve the required zonal isolation. The software is used for all types of wells and casings, from land to offshore in deepwater and from large-diameter conductor casing to the deepest production liner. Tools assist in calculation of centralizer placement, pump rates and spacer properties to achieve mud removal and cement placement; calculation of densities and pumping parameters help maintain well control. Additional tools evaluate the risk of gas migration and allow the engineer to select appropriate solutions to minimize this risk. A module assists engineers in designing plugs to minimize contamination during placement, resulting in much higher plug-setting success. A simulator aids in determining the temperatures to expect during cementing, providing better data for cement slurry design and better schedules for thickening-time tests and compressive-strength tests to determine optimum WOC. A key use of CemCADE software is the optimization of the mud removal process for effective mud displacement and zonal isolation using WELLCLEAN* mud removal technology. This optimization requires knowledge of the stresses placed on the mud by displacing uids. These stresses, which contribute to displacement of the mud, depend on uid densities, viscosities, ow regimes and uid velocities. An additional factor is the degree of casing standoff in the open hole, which has a large effect on localized uid velocity and ow regime. CemCADE software provides tools that integrate the standoff calculation, the uid properties, the pump rate and the U-tube phenomenon to assess the ability of a combination of uid properties and ow rates to achieve the mud removal required for zonal isolation. A proprietary placement simulator, WELLCLEAN II software, assists the engineer in evaluating the potential effectiveness of mud removal by the chosen uids.
Applications

Primary cementing on land and offshore wells Centralizer selection and centralization optimization Mud removal optimization Gas migration risk assessment and optimization Temperature simulations Preparation of cement slurry testing schedules Foamed cement design Postjob analysis Plug cementing
Software
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Benets

Optimized design for effective zonal isolation Well security and control Minimized risk of annular gas migration Optimized plug design Postjob analysis for continuous improvement Real-time comparison of treatment parameter plots with design plots
Features
The uid placement simulator evaluates well control and pipe integrity by computing and comparing hydrostatic and dynamic pressures with the formation fracture and pore pressures, and tubular burst and collapse ratings. This is done for all points in the well during the cementing process.

Fluid test data (e.g., rheology and thickening time) are managed in a database. Standoff is optimized using caliper and directional survey data and properties of the centralizers. Forces to run the casing in the hole are calculated. WELLCLEAN technology and uid-uid displacement theory is used to predict mud removal and help ensure zonal isolation. Temperatures in the well during conditioning and cementing are determined, enabling slurry design for specic conditions. Schedules for thickening-time tests are constructed using temperature simulator. Temperature schedules are generated to avoid premature setting or excessive WOC time resulting from over-retardation. Postplacement analysis aids in analysis and minimization of the risk of gas migration after cement placement. Postplacement analysis aids in selection of operational procedures and slurry properties for minimization of risk of gas migration. Surge and swab calculations check well security during running and moving casing. Tables are generated to schedule and monitor foamed cement job. Foamed cement job optimization. Well data and cementing parameters are exported to external software, such as SoniCalc acoustic log calculator. Postjob evaluation is performed using quality assurance and quality control plots from data recorded during the treatment. Pressure signature evaluation of unanticipated events. Designs for balanced plug minimize chance of contamination during placement. Volumes for balanced uids are calculated. Well control and pipe integrity are checked during forward or reverse circulation following plug cementing.
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CemCADE simulator computes well security and control pressures experienced for all depths during the cementing process.
Temperature plots show a prole of the temperature in the casing and in the annulus at selected times during the cementing process.
Software
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Stress analysis model

Wells are exposed to many changing conditions that create mechanical stresses on the casing and the cement sheath behind it. These stresses can come from pressure changes; uid weight changes during drilling and completion; pressure testing and pressure treating such as squeeze cementing or high-pressure stimulation treatments; changes in well pressures caused by reservoir pressure depletion. Temperature changes, especially in upper portions of a well producing high-temperature uids, can also generate mechanical stresses. FlexSTONE cement is designed to prevent cement failure caused by these mechanical stresses. This exible and expansive cement can survive the mechanical stresses and maintain isolation in the wellbore, when properly designed. A proper design requires knowledge of the current stress conditions in the well as well as the future conditions that will occur over its life. Stress analysis model software was developed by Schlumberger to predict the stresses to be experienced by the cement sheath throughout the life of the well. By analyzing the changing conditions of the well, the mechanical stresses are determined. The software also assesses the mechanical properties of the cement to determine if the cement will survive these stresses. If not, the mechanical properties of the cement can be modied so that the cement will survive to provide isolation for the life of the well.
Using stress analysis model software, set-cement properties are matched to formation properties and future well conditions.
Mechanical properties of FlexSTONE cement are adjusted through static testing.
FlexSTONE design process.
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Applications
Any primary cementing application
Benets

Isolation for the life of the well Cement designed for the conditions of the well
Features

Evaluates well stresses based on anticipated well operations Evaluates cement behavior under anticipated stresses Allows selection of minimum cement mechanical properties to maintain isolation
i-Handbook oileld data handbook

Oileld-related engineering calculations are dependent on well and treatment-specic information, such as details on well tubulars, hardware, well or equipment on site. During any well operation, the on-location supervisors are required to make many decisions as conditions change. Accurate information is critical to the evaluation of the situation, and real-time calculations of volumes, pressures or rates are often required. Prior to development of the i-Handbook* oileld data handbook, engineering data were only available in physical handbooks or in a static electronic format. Taking a different approach, the i-Handbook tool is interactive, providing not only the data lookup features of previous products but also simple-to-use calculators for commonly used computations, such as tubular or tank volumes, cementing load quantities, and hydrostatics.
Applications

Pipe and cementing data lookup Cementing computations Typical fracturing calculations Coiled tubing calculations Basic materials formulation (cement, hydrochloric acid, brines) Volume calculations for tanks, pits, tubing and annulus Engineering calculations Unit conversions in multiple standards Field quality checks
Benets

Faster, more consistent computations through user-friendly calculators Fewer calculation errors Intuitive extrapolation of computations from single-point entry Faster, more accurate volume calculation for intricate geometries and hanger scenarios Rapid access to database Better understanding of forces through enhanced graphics and animations Archiving of data and calculations for future use
Software
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Features

Pipe data for both API standard and non-API tubulars Exchange of data among users Useful calculators to assist in multiple well operations such as drilling and workover, cementing, fracturing, acid, oil and brines and coiled tubing Library of predened wellbore diagrams Engineering data with source equations Data from tables can be copied and pasted into other applications such as spreadsheets or word processing software View of page can be copied into other applications to use in reports or presentations
The Schlumberger i-Handbook tool retains the familiar appearance of a book, making use of the program intuitive. A right click on the section tab displays a table of contents for the section. Clicking on an item in the list opens that part of the book. Standard oileld and metric units are supported, and changing the units is as simple as clicking on the displayed unit and selecting the alternate. Users can also save a particular units format under the custom units option, thus having the exibility of using multiple units systems. Tubing and casing data tables can be expanded so that additional physical properties may be viewed. Data entered in any calculator or wellbore conguration can be saved and sent to another user, thus facilitating quick and accurate exchange of information.
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Information and calculations unavailable in printed handbooks can be found in the i-Handbook tool. These include tubular data supplied by the vendors and several calculators for common fracturing and cementing computations. Presentation of comprehensive engineering data, complete with source equations, and rapid interactive calculations offer substantial time savings throughout a project. For drilling and workover operations, pipe stretch, free point and critical buckling forces can be calculated by the i-Handbook tool. Typical cementing calculations include slurry formulation, volumes and properties of cement slurries, bulk plant load quantities, displacement volumes, balanced plug volumes, and pressures to land the plug and casing lift forces. For fracturing operations, calculations can be made for slurry density and proppant ll, proppant gate settings for blenders, proppant settling, screenout, sand plugs, and pressure drop. Acid density and dilution tables, API density, and hydrostatic pressures for oils and brine density requirements can be calculated. Ovality of coiled tubing can be calculated as well. For general use, units conversions can be made, and hydrostatic pressures and gradients and volumes in tanks (strap conversions) can be calculated. The i-Handbook tools interactive wellbore diagram enables the user to build a graphical view of the wellbore by dragging and dropping data from the tubular tables. After drawing the wellbore, the user can dene various ow paths in the well and the volumes of dened sections will automatically be calculated and displayed on the diagram. Congurations can be saved and modied as conditions change during the operation.
Wellbore diagrams can be created by dragging and dropping the elements, and the i-Handbook tool automatically calculates volumes.
Software
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A thorough understanding of the treatment and effects of recommended actions are communicated through visual, sometimes animated, schematics. Using various input, the user can prepare diagrams illustrating the various combinations of strings and sizes, thus creating multiple realistic design options in one session. With a zoom feature, wellbore features can be examined closely. Wellbore elements are automatically labeled, and the user can color code volumes pertaining to different sections in the wellbore. The completed wellbore schematic can be presented as a picture le pasted in a report by using copy feature. In addition to providing views of various uid positions during the job, the i-Handbook tool can be used to generate congurations corresponding to hangers and wellbore geometries associated with washouts and under-reaming. An automated check corrects elements of the well scenario or alerts the user to an inconsistency so that corrections can be made. For example, the system issues an alert if the input for the outer diameter of a pipe is greater than the wellbore diameter. The i-Handbook tool includes data not included in printed versions of the engineering handbook and each section has been updated with new content. Supplier databases have also been updated and expanded. New offerings include the following.
General (pipe, tubing, casing, tanks)
Enhanced casing and tubing database with a wide range of pipe diameters and with mechanical properties Drillpipe, drill collar and coiled tubing database Calculator to compute effects of axial loading on collapse pressure Connection interchange list for various thread types Enhanced list of drill bits and clearance Stretch and free-point tables Buckling force calculations for deviated wells Visual and tabular data on tanks of various geometries Visual and tabular information on ange and ring specications
Volume

Annulus and tubular volume calculation Volume-to-depth conversions
Fracturing

Expanded proppant database Slurry density tables and proppant ll tables Calculation of gate settings for various blender types Proppant settling rates in various uid types Calculation of ow of gas through chokes Calculation of pressure drop across an orice Calculation of perforation friction
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Cement

Quick estimation of borehole circulating temperatures Ofcial Schlumberger cementing materials database Calculations for preparation of cement slurry Bulk-plant loading quantities for cementing materials Calculations for balanced plug Pressure to land plug Casing lift calculation
Acid, oil, brines

Brine formulation by percent weight or density Calculator for computing salt requirements for various types of brine Calculator for densities and dilutions of hydrochloric acid Calculator for API gravity of oils Calculation of hydrostatic pressure and gradient based on uid density Calculation of buoyancy factor
The i-Handbook tool makes it easy to calculate volumes for a balanced cement plug.
Software
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Materials
Introduction
In todays remote areas and extreme environments, exploration puts increasing demands on the technology required for developing new reserves. No new technology is better tailored to these demands than Advanced Cement Technology from Schlumberger. Incorporating 10 years of R&D, Advanced Cement Technology provides a range of cement alternatives, tailored to the well, to achieve zonal isolation for the life of the well. CemCRETE Advanced Cement Technology decouples set-cement properties from slurry density. With CemCRETE systems, properties such as permeability and strength are superior to those of conventional cements. Slurries can be lighter (or heavier) than ever, without compromising properties of the set cement. CemSTONE systems, the newest generation of Schlumberger Advanced Cement Technology, offer set-cement properties that can be adjusted to meet the requirements of the well. They are purpose-built to withstand mechanical stresses and changes in temperature and pressure that damage conventional cements. CemSTONE systems offer control over properties never possible with conventional oilwell cement, allowing you to meet your requirements for such set properties as exibility, expansion and impact resistance.
Standard cement slurries require water to ll the void between particles. CemCRETE slurries ll the interparticle void with more solids, giving superior cement properties.
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CemCRETE concrete-based oilwell cementing technology

CemCRETE slurries are systems that allow deeper casing points, better high-pressure, hightemperature (HPHT) wells or reduced time WOC in deepwater. Special formulations enable repair in wells where microcements are ineffective. CemCRETE slurries are available in different formulations for various applications. LiteCRETE* slurry systems provide the high strength and low permeability, even at densities as low as 900 kg/m3 [7.5 lbm/gal], necessary to cement across weak formations. DeepCRETE slurries let you cement shallow, weak zones in wells drilled in deepwater, minimize the risk of shallow water ow and return to drilling in a short time. DensCRETE* technology gives you very high-density cements (to 2880 kg/m3 [24 lbm/gal]), for well control with low viscosity. SqueezeCRETE* remedial cementing slurries are specically designed to solve problems by penetrating narrow gaps more efciently, without bridging or dehydrating during placement. CemCRETE Advanced Cement Technology is a high-performance alternative to conventional oilwell cement slurries that changes the fundamental rules for cementing. Casing strings can be set deeper without worrying about lost returns. Cements in HPHT wells can be placed at lower circulating pressures and higher rates. Channels and failures in primary cement too small for repair using microcement slurries can be repaired. CemCRETE slurries produce new answers for todays tough problems, providing zonal isolation for the life of the well. Unfortunately, in conventional cementing slurries, the amount of water needed for mixing and pumping is much more than is optimum for set cement. CemCRETE technology disconnects these two phases of cement performance to give both optimum slurry properties and excellent set-cement performance. CemCRETE technology increases the solids content of the slurry by using engineered particlesize distribution. Smaller particles ll the void space between larger ones, resulting in a slurry requiring less water, yet retaining good uid properties. Putting more solids into your cement provides greater compressive strength, reduces cement permeability and increases resistance to corrosive uids. Choosing solids with different properties allows slurry designs to meet the requirements of the application. CemCRETE designs mean cements for production casing can be lower density while maintaining optimum properties for isolation. You can set lighter, longer cement columns. Casing points can be deeper. The set cement performs better than standard cement for the life of the well. In remedial operations, increasing solids content improves the penetrating ability of the slurry and decreases placement pressures.
0.25 0.20 0.15 Permeability (mD) 0.10 0.05 0.00 12.0 lbm/gal 12.0 lbm/gal 15.8 lbm/gal 17.5 lbm/gal Conventional LiteCRETE Conventional DensCRETE cement cement cement cement Properties of CemCRETE cements are superior to those of cement made using conventional technology. 40 Cementing Services and Products
LiteCRETE low-density slurry system

When cementing across weak formations, it can be difcult to place sufcient cement behind the casing without using extended, low-density cement slurries or multiple-stage cementing operations. A simple, low-density slurry that performs like conventional-density cements can eliminate these restrictions and allow you to set casing deeper or perhaps eliminate a casing string. The new LiteCRETE high-performance system enables you to redesign your casing program. LiteCRETE technology, a member of CemCRETE Advanced Cement Technology family, provides production-quality cement properties at extended-slurry densities. LiteCRETE slurries can be mixed from 900 to 1560 kg/m3 [7.5 to 13 lbm/gal] for effective placement across weak zones. Once set, these cements provide compressive strength and permeability that are superior to properties of other lightweight systems and even comparable to those of 1900-kg/m3 [15.8lbm/gal] cement.
Foamed cement LiteCRETE cement 3500 3000 2500 Compressive strength (psi) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 8 9 10 11 12 13 Density (lbm/gal) 3 2 1 Permeability (log mD) 0 1 2 3 4 8 9 10 11 12 13 Density (lbm/gal) Strength and permeability of LiteCRETE slurries are superior to properties produced by foamed cement.
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Low-density LiteCRETE slurry frequently eliminates stage cementing in long intervals. With performance similar to higher-density slurries, you can get exceptional perforation quality without reducing cement integrity. LiteCRETE systems are even strong enough for hydraulic fracturing treatments or setting kickoff plugs. In some cases, special properties may be built into CemCRETE slurry systems to meet specic performance criteria. For instance, casing strings through permafrost zones must be cemented with slurries having protection from freezing. For this application, Schlumberger developed Arctic LiteCRETE cement.
Applications

Across weak formations where high-performance cement is required Slurries with densities as low as 900 kg/m3 [7.5 lbm/gal] Alternative to stage cementing or topping out Alternative to foamed cement Across completion intervals Kickoff plugs
Benets

Production-quality zonal isolation across easily fractured formations Longer cement columns without losses caused by hydrostatic pressure Elimination of two-stage cementing Less damage to completion intervals resulting from slurry or ltrate invasion Whipstock plugs at lower densities with less tendency for contamination or falling downhole
Features

Cement with low density but that has completion-quality properties Slurry preparation without special equipment or additional personnel Set-cement properties vastly superior to those of other lightweight systems at equivalent densities
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DeepCRETE deepwater cementing solution

DeepCRETE slurries let you cement weak zones in deepwater wells, minimize risk of shallowwater ow and return to drilling in a short time. Drilling in deepwater environments means higher costs. Weak formations can fail under the hydrostatic load of the cement column, causing incomplete zonal coverage, additional delay and more expense. Slow-setting cement can allow ow of shallow water or gas, risking the integrity of the well and potentially the surface location. Low BHT can delay compressive strength development, increasing WOC time. When cementing operations are completed, every minute spent WOC costs money. DeepCRETE technology is a combination of efcient technologies for cementing in the difcult deepwater scenario where the temperature is low and shallow ows may exist. It is a part of the Schlumberger deepwater drilling solution. The DeepCRETE solution isolates the formation with a lightweight cement slurry (12001650 kg/m3, 1014 lbm/gal) that develops strength faster than conventional cement systems without requiring special equipment or personnel. DeepCEM additives, which facilitate rapid strength development in the low temperatures, are combined with CemCRETE technology to form a highly effective system that provides the short transition time, early strength development and good uid-loss control necessary to cement the surface and conductor casing in deepwater wells with risk of shallow ow. The lighter weight allows placement across weak formations. DeepCRETE systems, with a lower heat of hydration, are the right choice in areas where gas hydrates are a concern. DeepCRETE cement is less permeable than conventional cements and therefore protects the casing from corrosive brines. DeepCRETE systems mixed at 1500 kg/m3 [12.5 lbm/gal] develop sufcient compressive strength to return to drilling in less than 24 hr even at 4C [40F]. When combined with Schlumberger gas migration technology, DeepCRETE systems provide the right solution for shallow water or gas-ow problems.
Applications
Placement of full columns of cement for complete coverage across weak, shallow formations in deepwater Potential shallow water or gas ows
Benets

Cement circulation to surface across weak shallow formations WOC time minimized in low-temperature environments Control and isolation of shallow water or gas formations Low-density, low-temperature cementing without complicated equipment setup or additional personnel on the rig
Features

Rapid compressive strength development even at 4C [40F] Low density with compressive strengths comparable to those of higher-density cement Low density with low permeability Slurry preparation without special equipment or additional personnel Compatible with Schlumberger gas migration technology
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3500 3000 2500 2000 Pressure (psi) 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 Time (hr) At low temperatures, 1500-kg/m3 [12.5-lbm/gal] Deep CRETE slurry develops strength faster than conventional Class G cement with density of 1895 kg/m3 [15.8 lbm/gal]. WOC time is reduced, saving rig time and reducing costs. 20 25 30 At 65 F DeepCRETE at 12.5 lbm/gal Class G at 15.8 lbm/gal
DensCRETE Advanced Cement Technology

When working on HPHT wells, the fewer unplanned concerns there are, the smoother the operation runs. An ideal cement system offers a simple robust design, lower viscosity and the versatility of slurry density that can be easily increased on location. Using unique engineered-particle-size technology, DensCRETE systems give you very highdensity cements, up to 2880 kg/m3 [24 lbm/gal], with low viscosity. Because of higher compressive strength and lower permeability, DensCRETE slurries outperform conventional high-density slurries to provide high-pressure zonal isolation for the life of your well. The primary applications for DensCRETE technology include high-pressure primary cementing, well control plugging, whipstock or kickoff plugging, and grouting operations.
500 450 400 350 300 Friction pressure (lbf/1000 ft) 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 3 5 7 Pump rate (bbl/min) 9 Conventional cement DensCRETE cement
CemCRETE technology results in slurry formulations that have excellent ow properties. Friction pressures are much reduced, so slurries can be placed at greater ow rates to reduce placement time and enable better mud removal. 44 Cementing Services and Products
High-pressure drilling can require sudden changes in mud weight. With DensCRETE technology, you can quickly increase the slurry density by 120 kg/m3 [1 lbm/gal] on location. With reduced risks, shorter placement times and lower costs, DensCRETE systems offer the highdensity cementing alternative with higher performance.
Applications

High-pressure primary cementing High-density slurries to 2880 kg/m3 [24 lbm/gal] Well control plugs Sidetrack and whipstock plugs Grouting
Benets

Easier slurry placement in narrow fracture-pressure/pore-pressure windows Reduced costs and risks associated with long WOC High-density cements that can be continuously mixed
Features

High-density cement slurry with lower viscosities Greater density differentials with high-density drilling uids Shorter placement times, allowing use of slurries with shorter pumping time, and consequently shorter WOC time Stability at high temperatures without special additives Easy design of high-density systems Reduced additive requirements Ability to increase the density at the wellsite using special additives
SqueezeCRETE remedial cementing solutions

Oil and gas wells, old or new, can develop isolation problems that normal cements or even microcement cannot repair. Microannuli, leaking liners and old perforations are just some of the problems that may remain even after multiple cement squeeze attempts. SqueezeCRETE technology is specically designed to solve these problems by enabling more efcient slurry penetration into narrow gaps without bridging or dehydrating during placement. It even penetrates farther and more efciently than microcement. In laboratory testing, SqueezeCRETE slurry has been injected into gaps as small as 120 micrometers [0.005-in.]. SqueezeCRETE slurry develops more than 13.8-MPa [2000-psi] compressive strength and extremely low permeability. This system can seal liner tops, microannuli or other areas where primary isolation has failed. SqueezeCRETE systems are resistant to acid and corrosive brine, allowing the cement to seal old perforations even when future acid stimulations are planned. SqueezeCRETE systems can be prepared using conventional cementing equipment.
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Syringe containing the slurry to be injected
Transparent plate Filter paper Spacer medium, delimiting a channel Porous plate
Injection point
Injection point
Well-dispersed microcement slurry
SqueezeCRETE slurry
In this 120-micrometer [0.005-in.] slot test, well-dispersed microcement bridged immediately after entering the slot. SqueezeCRETE slurry penetrated and lled the entire length of the slot, providing a complete, effective seal.
Applications

Microannulus repair Repair of leaking liner tops Repair of leaking perforations Squeeze of small channels Plugging and sealing of old gravel packs
Benets

Improved penetration into difcult-to-repair and difcult primary isolation problems Superior channel-lling properties for complete isolation repair Low placement pressures for improved uid placement Restoration of zonal isolation or well integrity
Features

Superior injectivity compared to other remedial systems, including microcements Superior slurry properties, including low viscosity, low uid loss Superior set-cement properties, including high compressive strength and low permeability
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CemSTONE Advanced Cement Technology

CemSTONE systems provide reliable, long-term zonal isolation despite changing downhole conditions. These systems control set-cement properties, such as exibility, expansion and impact resistance, so the cement can withstand stresses that destroy conventional oilwell cements. The following systems are included in the CemSTONE family. FlexSTONE systems provide mechanical properties that can be adjusted to match the wellbore stresses and provide permanent zonal isolation to seal wellbore uids behind casing. ThermaSTONE* chemically stabilized cement for ultrahigh-temperature applications combine the patented engineered-particle-size technology with new cement blend chemistry to produce cement having excellent strength, long-term durability, and corrosion resistance in geothermal and steamood wells. DuraSTONE* Advanced Cement Technology systems are tougher and have better impact resistance than conventional cements, so they are more durable and provide better isolation under rugged drilling and completion conditions. Even when conventional cement is properly placed and initially provides zonal isolation, changes in downhole conditions can induce stresses that cause the cement sheath to lose its integrity. Large increases in wellbore pressure, temperature or tectonic stresses can crack the sheath and can even reduce it to rubble. Radial movement of casing caused by temperature changes, pressure changes or cement bulk expansion can cause the cement to lose its bond to the casing, and bulk shrinkage can cause the cement to lose its bond to the formation. In either case, a microannulus is created. Changes in mud weight during drilling and completion can contribute to these pressure changes. Temperature or pressure changes can also generate tensile stresses that can cause cracking of the cement sheath and loss of zonal isolation. Proprietary additives, combined in proven engineered-particle blends, enable CemSTONE systems to meet specic mechanical property requirements: elasticity, expandability, compressive and tensile strength, durability, and impact resistance. As a result, these systems can withstand downhole stresses for the life of the well, providing long-term wellbore integrity that conventional cement cannot. This long-term integrity reduces remedial cementing costs, ensures isolation for stimulation treatments, and reduces the possibility of annular pressure during a gas wells producing life. It can also extend the productive life of steam injection wells and wells in tectonically active areas. Durable, impact-resistant systems substantially improve success when setting problematic kickoff plugs, leading to rig time savings and ultimately lower drilling cost. These systems also improve the stability of the cement sheath across other areas subjected to high drilling impacts, such as multilateral junctions. Combined with stress analysis model software, these CemSTONE slurries provide powerful engineered solutions. Engineers can model changes that will occur in the cement sheath over the life of the well and optimize the mechanical properties of the set cement to compensate for these changes. The result is zonal isolation for the life of the well.
Materials
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Microannuli are created by changing the fluid weight. CemSTONE systems can expand to reseal the well.
Temperature shock that occurs when hot produced fluids pass through lower-temperature surface casings causes stress cracks in conventional cement. CemSTONE systems are very resistant to thermal and mechanical stresses.
Complicated completion techniques such as multilaterals shatter conventional cement. CemSTONE systems provide better durability.
Any changes in wellbore stresses can cause loss of isolation. Stress analysis model software can help optimize design parameters to improve well life.
Modern well construction techniques can destroy conventional cements. CemSTONE systems have superior mechanical properties.
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FlexSTONE Advanced Cement Technology

For years cements were designed based on the optimal properties necessary for slurry placement. The set-cement propertieshigh compressive strength and low permeabilitywere assumed to be sufcient for all well conditions. Today, the importance of an isolation material that will last under complicated well stresses is better understood. The set cement must withstand stresses caused by changes in temperature and pressure in the wellbore throughout the wells life. This reliability is especially relevant considering the expense and difculty of repairing wells. Changes in pressure caused by production, injection or high-pressure treatments can impose stresses on the cement through the casing. Isolation is always needed across the productive intervals, but it is also needed in other intervals that may protect valuable surface waters or prevent movement of corrosive or hazardous liquid or gas behind the casing. Changes in temperatures resulting from production of high-temperature uids or injection of hot uids, such as steam, can expand the casing and create great stresses in the cement sheath. These changes can cause tensile stresses that crack the cement. FlexSTONE Advanced Cement Technology systems offer mechanical properties that can be engineered to meet the changing stresses in the wellbore: lower permeability than conventional cements, good compressive strength, better exibility and better chemical resistance. With these properties customized to the well, the system will resist stresses and maintain isolation. FlexSTONE systems also expand to seal any microannulus. Because FlexSTONE cements are engineered to be more exible than the formation they seal, this expansion of the cement sheath occurs both outward (i.e., toward the formation) and inward (i.e., toward the casing), thus assuring complete hydraulic isolation. With FlexSTONE systems, you will have a seal in your well that provides long-term protection from microannuli formation, stress cracks, corrosive uid invasion, annular gas pressure and uid migration. As part of the new Advanced Cement Technology solution, FlexSTONE systems offer zonal isolation for the life of the well.
Applications

HPHT gas wells Casings subjected to changing stress loading Casings isolating gas, either productive or nuisance Steam injection wells Areas with high tectonic stresses
Benets

Zonal isolation during and after stimulation treatments Extended productive life of steam injection wells Long-term isolation and casing protection in dynamic stress environments Long-term isolation and casing protection in corrosive environments Protection from annular gas and uid migration Prevention of sustained casing pressure Prevention and healing of microannuli resulting from decreases in pressure or temperature while drilling and completing
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12 10 8 Well isolation properties 6 4 2 0 T/E ratio Bond strength Permeability (MPa after 4 weeks set time) (D) Conventional cement FlexSTONE system
Properties of conventional cements are not adequate for difcult well isolation. FlexSTONE systems have higher ratios of strength to Youngs modulus (T/E) and higher bond strength while maintaining low permeability.
Features

Mixed and pumped with conventional equipment Flexibility adjusted to the requirements for the life of the well Linear expansion two to three times greater than possible with conventional cement systems Lower permeability than conventional cementindependent of slurry density Resistance to corrosive uids
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DuraSTONE Advanced Cement Technology

Previously, oilwell cements were designed to be pumped, to develop strength and then to remain relatively undisturbed behind casing, thereby providing isolation and pipe support throughout the production cycle of the well. Mechanical shocks during further drilling or other well operations that can destroy the integrity of the cement sheath were not considered, although they could impair zonal isolation. Modern reservoirs require more complicated technology. Complex drilling programs call for bicentered bits, multilaterals or milled windows, and difcult sidetracks. Completions use larger perforations or higher perforation densities in ever thinner producing intervals. Isolation in these situations is critical; it requires a tougher material with better tolerance to vibration and impact. DuraSTONE Advanced Cement Technology systems are more durable or tougher than conventional systems. DuraSTONE systems have all the desirable properties of production-quality cement, but they survive exural stress, vibration and impact. With DuraSTONE designs, you can maintain zonal isolation across sections of the well that will be subjected to extreme mechanical impact stresses. Drilling tests have shown DuraSTONE systems to be two to three times tougher than conventional cements; this allows faster kickoff in less distance, even in hard formations. As part of the new Advanced Cement Technology solution, DuraSTONE systems offer zonal isolation for the life of the well.
Applications

Multilateral completions Reentry wells Sidetrack plugs, especially in hard formations Across shoes where impacts are high during subsequent drilling
Benets

Zonal isolation integrity across multilateral junctions Improved security against failure of the cement sheath in high-impact areas Better isolation in high-density, precision perforating Improved success in setting sidetrack plugs
Features

Engineered mechanical properties Mixed and pumped with conventional equipment Increased durability High resistance to impact Lower permeability than conventional set cementindependent of slurry density Broad density range (12003360 kg/m3 [1028 lbm/gal]) Greater drilling resistance for faster sidetracks
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DuraSTONE Advanced Cement Technology systems are more durable and have better impact resistance than conventional cements, so they provide better isolation under rugged drilling and completion conditions. The conventional cement (top right) failed after 6 impacts while the DuraSTONE cement (bottom right) held up to more than 82 impacts.
16 15X 14 12 10 DuraSTONE system performance 8 6 4 3X 2 0 Drilling resistance Impact Energy for resistance flexural failure Conventional cement performance 3.5X
DuraSTONE systems are tougher than conventional cement. They have better drilling resistance and impact resistance, and signicantly more energy is required to cause exural failure.
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Cementing Slurry Systems

Portland cements that conform to American Petroleum Institute (API) Specication 10A (ISO 10426-1:2000) are supplied where available or by request. These cements are supplied as Ordinary (O) grade (Classes A and C), Moderate Sulfate Resistant (MSR) grade (Classes B, C, G and H), or High Sulfate Resistant (HSR) grade (Classes B, C, G and H). Sulfate resistance is necessary to protect against attack of the hydrated (set) cement by soluble sulfates. Where several grades exist, local requirements determine the grade that is available.
Lightweight Cements
Lightweight cements are used to control losses to weak or high-permeability formations. In most cases, cement extended by the addition of water and additives to prevent water separation are adequate to control the losses. These cements generally have low strength and high permeability. However, when low density with either high strength or low permeability is required, special formulations are necessary to meet those requirements. Applications for lightweight cements include very weak, fractured, and highly permeable or vuggy formations. Such cements can be used in primary, squeeze or plug cementing.
Low-density LiteCRETE cement or foamed cement can oat on water. After a short period, the high-porosity foamed cement sinks as a result of water absorption. LiteCRETE cement continues to oat as a result of its low porosity and permeability, which is benecial for preventing gas ow and damage to the cement or casing by corrosive uids.
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LiteCRETE cement
LiteCRETE cement is a special formulation using patented technology to produce very low permeability and high strength. LiteCRETE cement is discussed in detail in the section on CemCRETE cements.
D049 lightweight cement
D049, TXI lightweight oilwell cement is a special cement with lightweight components interground to provide an economical low-density, high-yield slurry. Because of the composition, the low specic gravity and the particle size of the grind, slurries can be mixed over a wide density range without extenders. This feature gives high versatility and exibility to D049 lightweight cement. By varying the mix water-to-cement ratio, slurries can be mixed over a density range of 1440 to 1700 kg/m3 [12.0 to 14.2 lbm/gal] without excessive free uid or high rheology. Because of the chemical composition and particle size, D049 lightweight cement provides excellent strength. Strengths at low densities are superior to those of conventionally extended cements. In most cases, the strength of D049 lightweight cement is adequate for completion, making a tail slurry unnecessary. Elimination of a separate tail slurry can simplify the cementing operation and improve the quality of the isolation. D049 lightweight cement requires no blending and no special additives. Properties of D049 lightweight cement can be adjusted to meet almost any performance criteria needed to cement a well.
Foamed cement
Cement is foamed by adding a gas (generally nitrogen) and surfactants. Foamed cement has been very effective in controlling losses when very weak formations are cemented or where formations are highly permeable. The thixotropic nature, in addition to the low density of the cement, makes it highly effective in these scenarios. In addition to their low density, foamed cement slurries provide excellent strength and relatively low permeability compared with low-density cements prepared by conventional means. Foamed cement has greater durability than conventional cements. This cement can be made at virtually any density, depending on the density of the base slurry and the amount of gas. Virtually any cement used in the oil eld can be used as the base slurry. A further advantage of foamed cement is that the density at which it is mixed can be selected immediately prior to the job, unlike the case of preblended cements. Additionally, by merely adjusting the gas ratio, the density can be changed during the job to provide slurries with different properties in different parts of the well.
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Improved bonding cements

FlexSTONE cementadvanced exible cement technology
FlexSTONE cement systems provide mechanical properties that can be adjusted to match the wellbore stresses. When designed with the assistance of stress analysis model software, exibility and expansion properties provide permanent zonal isolation to seal wellbore uids behind casing. See page 48 for details on FlexSTONE cement.
WELBOND cementimproved bonding cement system
WELBOND* improved bonding cement systems were developed to improve zonal isolation through better bonding. They improve the cement-to-pipe and cement-to-formation bonds by controlling uid loss and by adhesion properties provided by latex additives. Furthermore, their low permeability when set prevents uid movement behind the casing. For optimal bonding properties, the latex concentration is adjusted to control uid loss below 70 mL/30 min. When bonding is not an issue but uid-loss control is a necessity, the latex is adjusted to control uid loss to less than 100 mL/30 min. This formulation provides a costeffective alternative to polymeric uid-loss agents, particularly at high temperatures. WELBOND slurries can be used over the entire range of temperatures, densities and depths that normally occur in oil and gas wells.
SALTBOND cementcement system for cementing across salt zones
The cementing of wells penetrating massive salt formations poses a number of problems. Frequently, cementing across salt formations makes it necessary to use slurries containing high concentrations of salt. Historically, salt-saturated cement slurries have had technical limitations. Many additives cannot tolerate saline environments or are degraded in the presence of salt. Other additives, which can tolerate the salt, often result in undesirable performance. Effects of the salt and additives used with it have led to poor early strength development, especially when conventional uid-loss additives were used. The unusually high plasticity of salt causes it to deform, or ow, when it is subjected to stress. Thus, under normal overburden pressures salt zones will typically encroach upon a well drilled through them. The nonuniform nature of this ow results in point-loading on casing strings, often causing their failure and collapse. To reduce this risk it is essential that the cement slurry develops good early compressive strength, thereby preventing the movement of the salt formation into the wellbore. One of the key performance problems in high-salinity cements is obtaining sufcient control of uid loss. Many polymers do not perform well in high-salinity systems. Thus, standard uid-loss additives could not provide the level of uid-loss control needed and drastically increased slurry rheology. Additionally, formulations for cementing through salt greatly delayed strength development, leading to operational delays and exposure to hazards while waiting for the cement to set. SALTBOND* slurries are specially designed for use across salt zones. They use a special additive that provides uid-loss control and dispersion in salt-rich slurries. API uid-loss values as low as 40 mL/30 min are obtained as are good rheological characteristics, short controllable thickening times, and good early strength. The normal temperature range over which these slurries can be applied is 49 to 121C [120 to 250F] BHCT. SALTBOND slurries contain 18 to 37% (based on the weight of water) salt and exhibit the following properties: uid loss as low as 40 mL/30 min

very low rheological characteristics short controllable thickening times good early strength development.
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With a low rate of uid loss and low rheology values at high salinities, the SALTBOND service also provides controllable thickening times and high early compressive strengths. The result is valuable protection against casing collapse. SALTBOND slurry offers these advantages: good uid-loss control (less than 100 mL/30 min)

low placement (friction) pressures to help prevent loss of circulation high early compressive strength to help prevent casing collapse predictable slurry properties attained with only one additive (and one retarder, if required) good bonding against salt formations no potential dissolution of the salt formation while cementing.
RFC regulated ll-up cement
RFC* regulated ll-up cement slurries are highly thixotropic, forming a rigid gel structure shortly after slurry movement has stopped. They also expand. RFC slurries provide a number of distinct advantages over conventional cement slurries because of their thixotropic and expansive properties. Thixotropy minimizes losses and provides better bonding and zonal isolation through expansion. RFC cement is a mixture of Portland cement and plaster. With minimized losses, RFC slurries provide more predictable ll-up in the well. RFC slurries are advantageous in any application in which it is desirable for the slurry to quickly become immobile after placement. In addition to primary cementing where losses are minimized, these systems can also be used to provide a gelled barrier to prevent further penetration during squeeze cementing, thus improving success of squeeze cementing. An important property of RFC cement is the expansion of the set cement. The plaster reacts with the tricalcium aluminate in Portland cement to provide expansion during the early strength development. This expansion acts to compensate for slight dimensional changes in the pipe resulting from thermal or pressure changes following cement placement. Thus, the expansion helps prevent microannulus development, resulting in improved zonal isolation.
SELFSTRESS expanding cement system
SELFSTRESS* expanding cement provides improved bonding. The maximum application temperature is 85C [185F] BHST. SELFSTRESS cements can be used where thixotropic properties are undesirable. SELFSTRESS cement is composed of Portland cement, plaster and salt or dispersant, depending on the application. Other additives, such as retarders, uid-loss agents, dispersants, and extenders may be used as required.
Fast strength development

DeepCEM Cement
When cementing at shallow depths below the mudline in deepwater wells, rapid strength development is critical to prevent water ow and to provide adequate strength to continue operations, avoiding costly waiting time. DeepCEM cement additives provide the dispersion needed to minimize adverse gelation effects, minimize friction pressure and to enhance compressive strength development. DeepCEM dispersant D185, unlike most dispersants, does not retard at the very low temperatures encountered at shallow depths below the mudline. This property, coupled with the rapid set-enhancement offered by D186, the DeepCEM set enhancer, provides the rapid strength development needed in this tough cementing environment. DeepCEM set enhancer provides much more rapid strength development than standard accelerators.
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Slurries formulated with DeepCEM additives are simpler and easier to design than other slurry formulations for deepwater cementing. When used with DeepCRETE Advanced Cement Technology slurries, these benets are provided in a system that has low density, avoids losses and sets rapidly. This same technology is used in land operations where fast strength development at low temperatures is required.
ARCTICSET cementcement system for use through permafrost
ARCTICSET* cements are designed for low-temperature applications across permafrost zones. They will not freeze but will set and develop adequate strength in wells having temperatures as low as 9C [15F]. ARCTICSET cements have low free-water separation, low permeability, excellent durability to temperature cycling, and controllable pumping times and gel strength properties. To ensure that the mix water does not freeze before the cement hydrates, a freeze depressant is used. Heat of hydration is low to prevent thawing of the permafrost. ARCTICSET formulations are available for a variety of wellbore conditions including normal density, lightweight and with lost circulation materials (LCM).
Right-angle set cement
At low temperatures, conventional accelerators like calcium chloride often do not provide either early setting or rapid strength development. This is especially true below 20C [68F]. Right-angle set cement systems are designed for use at low temperature, between 0C [32F] and 30C [86F], where short WOC time and/or short transition time are required. Application at temperatures to 122F [50C] is possible. Regardless of the temperature, a compressive strength of 500 psi can be obtained 1 to 2 hr after the setting begins, while the slurry transition time from 30 to 100 Bc consistency is only a few minutes. The thickening time can be adjusted easily between half an hour and several hours, without impairing this right-angle setting property. Right-angle set cement is known by several names, depending on the application, including surface-set cement and quick-setting cement.
Materials
57
Cements for harsh environments

In some situations, cement with special resistance properties is required. This is true in wells with soluble sulfates that can attack the cement (generally controlled by the chemistry of the Portland cement during manufacture) or when other chemical compounds may contact the cement. Sulfate resistance is imparted to the cement in moderate- and-high-sulfate resistant cements during manufacture. Resistance to attack by other chemicals is controlled by selection of the components added to the cement or by using special cements, such as synthetic cement.
Acid-resistant cement
In some situations, cement is exposed to acid. Portland cement is acid soluble, although in most cases acid treatment does not cause failure to the cement sheath. When large volumes of acid are pumped at high rates and expose old perforations that have been sealed with cement, the plugs in the perforations sometimes fail. Acid-resistant cement can prevent such failures. Acid-resistant cement is made from conventional API cement with a special formulation of latex that reduces the permeability of the cement and imparts acid resistance. When used for plugging perforations, this formulation has been effective in wells where acid treatments have caused failure of the plugged perforations in other cement formulations. When complete resistance to attack by acid or other chemicals is required, synthetic cement can be used.
Carbon dioxide-resistant cement
Carbon dioxide-resistant cement was developed for completions in wet carbon dioxide environments. Applications include source, injection and production wells in carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery projects or oil and gas wells with high levels of carbon dioxide. Under these conditions, wet carbon dioxide chemically attacks cement. The end result is a loss of strength and structural integrity in the casing sheath. This cement is 45% more resistant to carbon dioxide leaching than either conventional cement or typical y ash-cement blends of equivalent density. Although the carbon dioxide corrosion rate is dependent on the amount of water present and is difcult to predict, the use of carbon dioxide-resistant cement translates into improved performance with respect to completion life at approximately the same cost per sack as conventional cement. These systems are applicable in the temperature range of 16 to 93C [60 to 200F]. Because of their low permeability, the cements of Advanced Cement Technology, CemCRETE and CemSTONE cements are well-suited for such use, either on their own or supplemented with the special treatments used to prepare the acid-resistant cement or carbon dioxide-resistant cement.
Synthetic cement
Synthetic cement is designed for completing waste-disposal wells. It is characterized by high corrosion resistance and high compressive and shear-bond strength. Synthetic cement is resistant to attack by strong acids and bases, such as 37% hydrochloric, 60% sulfuric and 50% sodium hydroxide, at elevated temperatures. However, it is not resistant to organic solvents such as acetone or chlorinated solvents. The system density can be adjusted from 1140 to 1560 kg/m3 [9.5 to 13.0 lbm/gal]. The upper temperature limit of synthetic cement is between 93 and 104C [200 and 220F], depending on the required pumping time. Remedial cementing is another application for synthetic cement. Computer modeling shows that it can enter microleaks and microannuli at low differential pressures.
58
UniSLURRY cement systems

The UniSLURRY cement system concept is a new methodology for designing cement slurries in which the additives use chemistry designed to perform specic functions. Because they are builtfor-purpose, they are highly effective and have minimal effects on properties other than those for which they are intended. Only a few universal additives are required to work in the entire range of well conditions, from conductor casing to production liner. Additionally, UniSLURRY additives work together synergistically. These features improve the entire cementing process, from prejob laboratory testing to execution in the eld. The innovative, superior chemistry common to all UniSLURRY additives provides technical and economical advantages, such as reduced additive consumption and shorter WOC times. Prejob laboratory testing is shorter and more efcient because a few reliable and predictable UniSLURRY additives have taken the place of many less-efcient additives. Stocking of materials at the warehouse and on location is more efcient because fewer additives are needed to complete all cement jobs. Mixing on location is improved because smaller quantities of additives are required. UniSLURRY systems can be used for all cementing operations, including casings, liners, plugs and squeeze jobs. The UniSLURRY concept can be used over a wide temperature and density range, addressing most oileld cementing requirements. The UniSLURRY family consists of four members: UNIFLAC* S solid and UNIFLAC L liquid unied uid-loss additives and UNISET* LT and UNISET HT liquid unied retarders. These versatile, unied additives cover all cementing conditions and bring to everyday cementing operations a quality previously found only in highly technical areas such as deepwater or HPHT wells. Their versatility simplies the logistics of cementing operations by reducing the number and quantity of additives that have to be transported and stored at the wellsite. The environmentally friendly UniSLURRY products are used for both land and offshore operations. They are the rst choice when logistics are an issue; e.g., on offshore or remote locations. Conventional cementing additives have addressed a particular range of temperature and set of conditions, such as maximum water salinity or cement type, making them highly specialized. This specialization has made the design of cement slurries both time-consuming and complicated. The UniSLURRY products perform over a broader range of temperatures and salt concentrations and work in any application; cementing casing or liner, squeeze or plug. Their performance is consistent and practically independent of the cement type or brand. UNIFLAC additives and UNISET additives work synergistically, allowing reduction of additive concentration while maintaining slurry quality. The benets of the UniSLURRY additives extend to every aspect of the cementing operation: Laboratory testingUniSLURRY additives make the laboratory-testing process more efcient. Consistent and predictable, the UniSLURRY additives work with simpler and more reliable designs (both UNIFLAC additives and UNISET additives exhibit nearly linear dependence on temperature and other parameters). LogisticsWhen cementing with traditional additives, the temperature limitations often make it necessary to use different sets of additives on different strings of pipe. This makes it necessary to stock numerous additives, both at the warehouse and at the wellsite. Because UniSLURRY additives can be used on all casings from conductor to liner, surplus additives from one job can be used on the next cementing job. Unnecessary handling between jobs is avoided, precious space on the rig is conserved, and waste is reduced, thus reducing the overall cost and enhancing operational safety and efciency. Job executionUniSLURRY technology simplies cement job execution at the wellsite. Fewer additives are required to obtain the needed slurry properties. This benet simplies the mixing operation, especially in remote locations using liquid additives. All UniSLURRY additives share some common benets and features.
Materials
59
Benets

Simplied slurry design Cost-effective Minimized rig time Fewer additives for simplied wellsite logistics Low sensitivity to cement variations for reduced slurry-design time
Features

Universal uid-loss and retarder additives for any condition Low sensitivity to cement brands Low sensitivity to temperature and concentration variations Lower concentrations needed Highly predictable concentration and thickening time Minimized WOC time Environmentally friendly chemistry
UNIFLAC unied uid-loss additive for cement

Inadequate uid-loss control can lead to serious problems during cementing operations. Loss of uid from the cement slurry can result in friction pressure increases, shorten thickening time and increase the risk of microannulus and loss of zonal isolation. UNIFLAC additive is a universal and cost-effective solution for uid-loss control in all cementing applications. The additive is a custom-made, third-generation polymer that is available in liquid (D168) or solid (D167) form. The solid additive can be dry-blended with the cement or predissolved in the mix water. Its robust properties make slurry design very simple and produce predictable results in the eld, from the conductor casing to the liners. Test results demonstrate the very low sensitivity of UNIFLAC additive to variations in temperature or concentration. It also has a low sensitivity to cement brands. The same additive is used at all temperatures, from 10 to 260C [50 to 500F]. Synergy between UNIFLAC additive and Schlumberger UNISET retarders provides additional operational benets. When used with UNIFLAC additive, the concentration of UNISET retarder required to achieve a desired thickening time is reduced and early compressive strength development reduces WOC time.
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 UNIFLAC L (gal/sk) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 50 150 250 Temperature (F) 350
13.0 lbm/gal 16.2 lbm/gal 18.5 lbm/gal
450
UNIFLAC L additive concentration to achieve API uid loss of 50 mL/30 min is easily predictable at different temperatures and slurry densities. 60 Cementing Services and Products
Applications

All cementing applications Wells with temperatures from 10 to 260C [50 to 500F]
Benets

Economical Savings from less WOC time Simplied slurry design Simplied logisticsfew additives required
Features

Low sensitivity to cement brands Low sensitivity to temperature All densities Fresh to salt-saturated mix water Compatible with all additives, including calcium chloride accelerator and silicate extenders Synergy with Schlumberger UNISET retarders Low concentration requirements Excellent slurry rheology
UNISET set control additives

Schlumberger UNISET set control additives provide a unique set of properties that are not available with conventional retarders. Cement retarded using UNISET additives exhibits a rapid setting behavior, even with longer thickening times for increased safety factors. Their synergistic behavior with UNIFLAC additives allows lower concentrations (as much as two-thirds reduction), thus improving economics.
Use of UNISET retarder with UNIFLAC additive results in synergy that allows much reduced concentrations.
Materials
52.0
02.0
)ks/lag( noitartnecnoC
51.0
771D
861D dna 771D
01.0
50.0
00.0 2
21 01 )rh( emit gninekcihT
61
Excessive retardation by conventional retarders impairs strength development, extending WOC time and making the cement vulnerable to invasion by well uids or mechanical damage from changing stresses in the well. In extreme cases, some cementing treatments must be done in several stages to avoid excessively long setting times. This complicates and increases the overall cost of the operation. UNISET HT additive retards to provide sufcient time to place the cement, yet promotes early and rapid strength development to minimize WOC time. UNISET HT additive is also much less sensitive to temperature variations than other cement retarders. It is the preferred retarder for the most challenging situations when temperature is not well dened or if there is a large difference between temperature at the top of the liner and the bottom of the cement.
Applications
All cementing operations
Benets

Simplied slurry design Much reduced risk of problems from inherent temperature errors Cost benets from simplied logistics, reduced additive usage and shorter WOC time Lower concentrations required due to synergy with UNIFLAC additives
Features

Full range of temperature All densities Fresh water and seawater Highly reliable and predictable concentration and thickening time response Only two additives needed for entire temperature range Synergistic with UNIFLAC uid-loss additives Rapid setting and compressive-strength development
7
16-lbm/gal slurry
6 5
D121/D28
Ratio of time to reach 50 psi at 320F (hr) to thickening time at 350F (hr)
4 3 2 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Thickening time at 350F (hr)

D121/D28
When UNISET HT additive is used, extended thickening times do not result in the excessive WOC times found with conventional retarders.
62
UNISET additives are available for low- to moderate-temperature and high-temperature applications. UNISET LT additive covers applications to about 120C [250F], and UNISET HT additive can be used from about 80 to 260C [180 to 500F]. UNISET retarders are compatible with most other Schlumberger cementing additives.
1.0 0.8 0.6 Concentration (gal/sk) 0.4 0.2 0.0 180
200
220
240 260 Pump rate (bbl/min)
280
300
320
The relationship between concentration and temperature is linear, making concentration selection simple when using UNISET HT retarder. The graph shows the concentration required for a thickening time of 4 to 5 hr.
Cementing additives
The following paragraphs and tables describe the performance of cementing additives by functional group. Some materials are discussed in more detail in sections on specic functional systems. The Cementing Additive Quick Guide and Cementing Additive List provide descriptions of additives listed by functional group and by code, respectively. The list gives general application conditions for each additive. These application conditions reect those tested during product development. In many cases, the products can be used outside the quoted conditions with testing appropriate to specic applications.
Accelerators
Accelerators are materials that cause cement to hydrate and develop strength earlier and faster. They are commonly used to provide improved strength at low temperatures and to counteract the retarding effects of other additives. Accelerators also shorten the thickening time.
Antifoam and defoam agents

Antifoam agents prevent or reduce the foaming tendencies of cement when it is mixed. This is necessary because the properties of cement slurries and the set cement depend on the water/cement ratio. Most eld mixers determine the ratio by measuring the density of the slurry, so entrained air causes the slurry to be mixed at improper ratios. Some materials can be used as antifoam agents, but not as defoamers. Other materials act as either defoamers or foam preventers.
Antigelation agents
In some cases gelation is caused by the chemical makeup of the cement. Many times this gelation can be controlled by dispersants, but special materials may be required.
Materials
63
DeepCEM additives
DeepCEM liquid cementing additives were created for short transition time and early compressive-strength development. Such properties are necessary for isolation and early casing release to ensure successful cementation in the unconsolidated, low-temperature environment of the surface and conductor casings in deepwater wells. They are also useful in other low-temperature situations. DeepCEM additives are discussed in detail on page 56.
Dispersants
Dispersants act to reduce the viscosity of cement by breaking up aggregates of the ne cement particles. This reduction in viscosity allows mixing at lower water/cement ratios for higher density, improved uid-loss control and pumping at reduced pressures.
Expanding additives
Expanding additives react chemically after hydration (setting) to produce an increase in the bulk volume of the cement. This reaction provides benets in zonal isolation and protection of the casing. When used across soft formations, exible systems may be required to prevent microannulus formation.
Extenders
Extenders allow the production of a greater volume of slurry from the powdered cement. This feature can result in reduced cost and, where the extenders are lightweight (or they allow additional water to be used), lower density. The advantage of reduced cost is obvious. Reduced density is important where weak formations are to be cemented. Such weak formations could part and allow loss of the slurry during the cementing operation. A variety of extenders are available to provide for different requirements of lower density, lower cost and other performance parameters.
Fluid-loss control additives

Fluid-loss control additives minimize the loss of water from the slurry into permeable formations. This helps to maintain the properties of the cement slurry during placement and until the cement sets.
Gas migration control additives

Gas migration control additives are used to reduce the risk of gas invading the cement and migrating into the wellbore. Gas migration in discussed in detail in the section on gas migration control on page 8.
Lost circulation control materials

Materials used to prevent or halt losses of slurry from the wellbore are called LCM. In addition to LCM added to the cement, special lost circulation control products are available for combating lost circulation during operations other than cementing. They are discussed in the section on lost circulation systems on page 14.
Retarders
Retarders are used to lengthen the time that a cement slurry can be pumped or remains uid so that other operations (such as pulling pipe after spotting a cement plug) can be performed. They are required at elevated temperatures or when large volumes of slurry require a long time to pump at lower temperatures.
64
Surfactants
Surfactants are used in chemical washes and spacers with OBM and to create stable foam when adding a gas to make foamed cement.
Special additives
There are a number of additives that do not t neatly into functional groupings. Fibers are used for controlling lost circulation (see section on CemNET advanced ber cement). Special types of bers also improve the impact resistance and tensile strength of cement (see section on DuraSTONE cement). The exibility of cement can be improved by the use of special additives. This increase in exibility provides increased resistance to failure by mechanical stresses imposed on the cement during well operation. (See section on FlexSTONE cement.) Granular salt (sodium chloride) and potassium chloride are used primarily to change the ionic nature of the water in the slurry, which helps to minimize adverse formation interactions. In cases where the formation is salt, high concentrations of salt, up to saturation, are commonly used to prevent leaching salt from the borehole wall. Silica is used to combat strength retrogression. Strength retrogression is a change in the hydration products that are formed when cement is exposed to high temperatures (>110C [230F]). Silica is available in coarse or ne grades for cementing.
Suspending and antisettling agents

Occasionally, segregation can occur in a cement slurry. This segregation may be in the form of water separation (known as free uid) or in solid particle sedimentation. In either case, a material to suspend the solids is used to maintain slurry integrity.
Thixotropic additives
Thixotropic additives produce an intentional gelation of the cement to aid in placement of the cement. Thixotropic cement is discussed as RFC cement on page 56.
UniSLURRY additives
UniSLURRY additives have unique and synergistic properties. These additives have been purpose built to perform their function and have properties that distinguish them from other uidloss or set-control (retarder) additives. UniSLURRY additives, UNIFLAC uid-loss additive, UNISET LT retarder and UNISET HT retarder are discussed on pages 5963.
Weighting agents
Weighting agents are used to increase the density of the cement when needed for well control.
Spacers
Spacers are generally thickened, weighted uids used to aid in mud removal and to separate the mud from the cement to prevent any compatibility problems.
Chemical washes
Chemical washes are generally thin uids with surfactants to aid in mud removal and to separate the mud from the cement to prevent any compatibility problems. The following tables list additives by functional category (Cementing Additive Quick Guide) and by additive code (Cementing Additive List).
Materials
65
Cementing Additive Quick-Guide

Code Accelerators
D044 D077 D186 S001 S002 S L L S S Sodium chloride Calcium chloride Set enhancer Calcium chloride Calcium chloride No limit Below 55C [130F] 755C [45130F] Below 55C [130F] Below 55C [130F]
Form, Liquid (L) or Solid (S)
Material and/or Application
Application Temperature Range (BHCT except where noted)
Antifoam Agents
D046 D047 D144 D175 M045 S L L L L Foam preventer Foam preventer Defoamer Defoamer Defoamer No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit
Chemical Washes
D122A D191 D192 L L L Chemical wash concentrate Surfactant for washes and spacers Chemical wash concentrate No Limit Maximum 250C [482F] No Limit
DeepCEM Additives
D185 D186 L L Low temperatures; nonretarding Set enhancer Maximum 57C [135F] 755C [45130F]
Dispersants
D065 D065A D080 D080A D121 D145A D185 D604AM D604M S S L L S L L L L Freshwater systems SALTBOND additive for high-salinity systems Liquid equivalent to D065 SALTBOND additive for high-salinity systems Dispersant, retarder, uid-loss additive Low temperature Low temperature; nonretarding SALTBOND additive for high-salinity systems Easy-to-disperse cement Maximum 121C [250F] Maximum 121C [250F] Maximum 121C [250F] Maximum 121C [250F] 121274C [250525F] Maximum 85C [185F] Maximum 57C [135F] Maximum 121C [250F] Maximum 121C [250F]
Expanding Additives
D053 D174 D176 S S S Additive for RFC and SELFSTRESS systems Low to moderate temperatures High temperatures Maximum 85C [185F] Maximum 110C [230F] BHST 80204C [176400F] BHST
Extenders
D020 D035 D048 D056 D072 D075 D079 D124 D125 D128 D132 S S S S S L S S S S S Bentonite Class F y ash Class F y ash Diatomaceous earth Expanded perlite Sodium silicate Sodium metasilicate LITEFIL* ceramic microspheres Expanded perlite Attapulgite Class C y ash Maximum 232C [450F] BHST Maximum 232C [450F] BHST Maximum 232C [450F] BHST No limit Maximum 232C [450F] BHST Limited by ability to retard Limited by ability to retard Maximum 232C [450F] BHST Maximum 232C [450F] BHST Maximum 232C [450F] BHST Maximum 232C [450F] BHST
66
Cementing Additive Quick-Guide (continued)

Code Extenders
D152 D154 D155 D602 S S L S Premium bentonite Microsilica Microsilica Diatomaceous earth Maximum 232C [450F] BHST Limited by ability to retard Limited by ability to retard No limit
Fluid-Loss Additives
D008 D059 D065A D080A D112 D167 D168 D300 D604AM S S S L S S L L L Fluid loss control High-salinity systems SALTBOND additive for high-salinity systems SALTBOND additive for high-salinity systems Low-density systems UNIFLAC additive UNIFLAC additive Low to moderate temperatures, nonretarding SALTBOND additive for high-salinity systems 85232C [185450F] 3893C [100200F] About 121C [250F] About 121C [250F] 493C [ 40200F] 0204C [32400F] 0204C [32400F] Maximum 121C [250F] About 121C [250F]
Gas-Control Agents
D500 D600G D700 D701 L L L L GASBLOK LT additive for low temperatures Latex GASBLOK MT additive for moderate temperatures Latex GASBLOK HT additive for high temperatures GASBLOK stabilizer for high temperatures Maximum 71C [160F] 66121C [150250F] 121191C [250375F] Maximum 191C [375F]
Lost Circulation Materials

D024 D029 D042 D095 D096 D130 S S S S S S Gilsonite granules Cellophane akes KOLITE* LCM CemNET ber CemNET ber Polyester akes Maximum 149C [300F] BHST Maximum 132C [270F] 538C [1000F] BHST Maximum 150C [302F] Maximum 232C [450F] Maximum 70C [158F]
Retarders
D008 D013 D028 D081 D093 D110 D121 D150 D161 D177 D800 D801 S S S L S L S L L L S L Moderate temperature; also controls uid loss; used mostly with high-salinity systems Low temperatures High temperatures Low temperatures Retarder aid; high temperatures High temperatures Retarder aid; high temperatures High temperatures UNISET additive for high temperatures UNISET additive for moderate temperatures Moderate temperatures Moderate temperatures 54104C [130220F] Maximum 85C [185F] 104149C [220300F] 204C [400F] (with aid D121) Maximum 85C [185F] 149204C [300400F] 79149C [175300F] 191C [375F] (with aid D121) 110177C [230350F] 104149C [220300F] 204C [400F] (with aid D121) 85232C [185450F] 60121C [140250F] 52121C [125250F] 154C [310F] (with aid D121) 52121C [125250F] 154C [310F] (with aid D121)
Materials
67
Cementing Additive Quick-Guide (continued)

Code Spacers
D182 D190 S S Additive for MUDPUSH II spacer MUDPUSH WHT additive Maximum 149C [300F] Maximum 232C (450F)
Special Additives
D030 D044 D053 D066 D111 D140 D606 J120 M117 S S S S L S S S S Coarse silica; strength retrogression control Salt Additive for RFC and SELFSTRESS cements Silica our; strength retrogression control Additive for RFC cement Activator for PERMABLOK plug Gelation suppressant Polymer for polymer plug Potassium chloride No limit No limit Maximum 85C [185F] No limit Maximum 85C [185F] Maximum 80C [176F] 107C [225F] No limit 200F No limit
Surfactants
D139 D607 F040 F057 F078 F103 F104 U066 U100 L L L L L L L L L Stabilizer for foamed cement Wash or spacer for OBM removal Aid in OBM removal Aid in OBM removal Foaming agent for foamed cement Aid in OBM removal Foaming agent for foamed cement Solvent for OBM removal Solvent for OBM removal Maximum 232C [450F] Maximum 232C [450F] Maximum 232C [450F] Maximum 232C [450F] Maximum 232C [450F] Maximum 232C [450F] Maximum 232C [450F] Maximum 232C [450F] Maximum 232C [450F]
Suspending Agents
D153 D162 S L Antisettling agent Antisettling agent Maximum 149C [300F] Maximum 149C [300F]
Thixotropic Agents
D053 D111 S L Additive for RFC and SELFSTRESS cements Additive for RFC cement Maximum 85C [185F] Maximum 85C [185F]
Weighting Agents
D018 D031 D076 D151 D157 D165 D166 S S S S S S S Ilmenite Barite Hematite Calcium carbonate Micromax Additive for DensCRETE slurries Additive for DensCRETE slurries No limit No limit No limit No limit Maximum 232C [450F] No limit No limit
68
Cementing Additive List

Code D008 Name Retarder/ uid-loss additive Application Moderate temperatures Description White powder SG Primary Purpose Used primarily with high-salinity slurries. Strong viscosier; provides some uid-loss control. Concentration: 0.051.0% BWOC. Temperature: 54104C [130220F] as retarder; to 232C [450F] as uid-loss additive. 1.23 Temperature: to 60C [140F] when used alone and 85C [185F] with a dispersant. Concentration: 0.10.5% BWOC. Can be used in fresh water and seawater.
D013
Retarder
Low to moderate temperatures
Brown powder
D018 D020
Ilmenite Bentonite
High-density slurries Cement extender
Black granules Light tan to gray powder
3.504.50 High-density slurries and spacers to 2300 kg/m3 [19 Ibm/gal]. 2.65 API untreated bentonite. To 25% BWOC when dry blended. About one-fourth as much is required when prehydrated. Minimum density: 1380 kg/m3 [11.5 Ibm/gal]. Attapulgite (D128) is used in salt water. LCM. Concentration: 10.6106 kg/t [110 lbm/sk]. Temperature to 149C [300F]. Temperature: 104149C [220-300F]; to 204C [400F] with a retarder aid. Concentration: 0.051.0% BWOC. Can be used in fresh water and in high-salinity systems. LCM. Concentration: 1.35.3 kg/t [0.1250.5 Ibm/sk]. 100-mesh silica sand. Prevents strength retrogression at temperatures above 110C [230F]. Concentration: 35-50% BWOC. D030 is preferred to D066 (silica our) in dense, low-water-ratio slurries. High-density slurries and spacers (to 2300 kg/m3 [19 Ibm/gal]). Class F y ash. Normally substituted for a portion of the cement on an absolute volume basis (e.g., in USA, 35:65) or blended on a bulk volume basis (e.g., in Canada, 1:1). LCM. Granular material of controlled particle size distribution. Concentration: 10.6106 kg/t [110 lbm/sk]. Sodium chloride. Used where formations are sensitive to fresh water. Accelerates cement set when used at concentrations to 15% BWOW (by weight of water). At 18% BWOW, its effect is essentially neutral and thickening times are similar to those obtained with fresh water. Above 18% BWOW, D044 retards setting of cement. Used above 18% to minimize leaching of salt formations. General purpose solid foam preventer. Typical concentration: 2 kg/t [0.2 Ibm/sk].
D024 D028
Gilsonite Retarder
Lost circulation control High temperatures
Black granules Dark brownish Can be used
1.07 1.25
D029 D030
Cellophane ake Silica
Lost circulation control Strength retrogression control
Clear thin akes White to tan granules
1.45 2.65
D031 D035
Barite LITEPOZ 3 extender
Weighting agent Cement extender
Grey or tan powder Tan to gray powder
4.33 2.48
D042
KOLITE lost circulation additive Granulated salt
Lost circulation control Accelerator; inhibit clay swelling; facilitate bonding in salt formations
Black angular granules White granules
1.30
D044
2.16
D046
Antifoam
Control foaming of cement slurries
Tan solid
1.50
Materials
69
Cementing Additive List (continued)

Code D047 Name Antifoam Application Control foaming of cement slurries Description Colorless liquid SG 1.00 Primary Purpose General purpose liquid foam preventer. Typical concentration: 4.5 L/t [0.05 gal/sk] for cement slurries and 6 L/m3 [0.25 gal/bbl] for spacers. Class F y ash. Normally substituted for a portion of the cement on an absolute volume basis (e.g., in USA; 35:65) or blended on a bulk volume basis (e.g., in Canada, 1:1). Additive for RFC cement and SELFSTRESS cement. Thixotropic slurries (RFC cement) are used for lost circulation control and their expansive properties. SELFSTRESS cement is used for its expansion. Effective up to 85C [185F]. Diatomaceous earth. Fluid-loss control additive for salt slurries. Can be used in fresh slurries with dispersant. Temperature range: 3893C [100200F]. Typical concentration: 0.5 to 1% BWOC. Retards at low temperatures. Powerful cement dispersant. Concentration: 0.11.5% BWOC. Can be used with seawater. Temperature to 121C [250F]. Dispersant and uid-loss additive for highsalinity slurries when difcult-to-disperse in salt cement is used. Temperature to 121C [250F]. Fine silica our (ner than 200 mesh). Prevents strength retrogression at temperatures above 110C [230F]. Concentration: 3550% BWOC. Preferred over D030 in lightweight slurries and at very high temperatures. Expanded volcanic glass. Used in shallow wells; collapses at high pressure (signicant at 20.7 MPa [3000 psi]). Silicate-based liquid extender. Preferred for seawater applications. When used with fresh water, requires calcium chloride addition to the mix water. Typical concentration: 1854 L/t [0.20.6 gal/sk]. Minimum density: 1380 kg/m3 [11.5 Ibm/gal]. Accelerates set. High-density slurries and spacers to 2300 kg/m3 [19 Ibm/gal]. Liquid form of calcium chloride. Used in fresh water or seawater. Maximum concentration of 35.5 L/t (0.4 gal/sk). Sodium metasilicate extender. Most applicable for low bulk-storage requirements, such as remote locations and offshore. Typical concentration: 0.253% BWOC. Minimum density: 1380 kg/m3 [11.5 Ibm/gal]. Accelerates set.
D048
LITEPOZ 6 extender
Cement extender
Gray to tan powder
2.01
D053
Cement agent Thixotropy and expansion
White powder
2.70
D056 D059
Extender FLAC* uidloss additive
Cement extender Salt cement slurries
Light gray granules White powder
2.10 1.36
D065
TIC* dispersant SALTBOND additive
Freshwater or low salinity slurries Fluid-loss control for high salinity slurries
Light brown powder
1.43
D065A
Light brown powder
1.43
D066
Silica our
Strength retrogression control
White to tan granules
2.65
D072
Perlite
Cement extender
White, uffy powder
2.40
D075
Sodium silicate Cement extender
Colorless liquid
1.38
D076 D077
Hematite
Weighting agent
Reddish brown powder 4.95 Clear to straw colored liquid White solid 1.38
Liquid calcium Cement slurry chloride accelerator Sodium metasilicate Cement extender
D079
2.40
70

Code D080 Name Application Description Dark brown liquid SG 1.24 Primary Purpose Liquid equivalent of D065. Concentration: 236 L/t [0.020.4 gal/sk]. Temperature: to 121C [250F]. Dispersant and uid-loss additive for high-salinity slurries when difcult-to-disperse in salt cement is used. Temperature: to 121C [250F]. Concentration: 2781 L/t [0.30.9 gal/sk]. Liquid equivalent to D013. Temperature range: to about 60C [140F] when used alone and about 85C [185F] with a dispersant. Concentration: 29 L/t [0.020.1 gal/sk]. Can be used in fresh water and seawater. Synergistic effect with all retarders, increasing their effective range. Most useful above 149C [300F]. Detrimental effect on most uid-loss control additives. Controlling and preventing lost circulation. Maximum temperature: 150C [302F]. Concentration: to 7 kg/m3 [2.5 lb/bbl]. Controlling and preventing lost circulation. Maximum temperature: 232C [450F]. Concentration: to 6 kg/m3 [2.1 lb/bbl]. Temperature: 79-149C [175300F]; to 190C [375F] with D093. Concentration: 245 L/t [0.05-0.5 gal/sk]. Concentration: to 72 L/t [0.8 gal/sk]. TIC dispersant Dispersant
D080A
SALTBOND additive
Fluid-loss control for salt slurries
Dark brown liquid
1.24
D081
Liquid retarder Low to moderate temperatures
Brown liquid
1.26
D093
Retarder aid
Increase performance range of retarders Lost circulation control Lost circulation control High temperatures
White powder
1.73
D095
CemNET ber
Fibers
2.55
D096
CemNET ber
Fibers
1.27
D110
Retarder
Brown liquid
1.13
D111
RFC additive
Liquid additive for thixotropic cement slurries
Light green liquid
1.26
D112
FLAC uid-loss Low-density slurries additive
Tan powder
1.15
Control uid loss, primarily in lightweight slurries. Temperature: to 93C [200F]. Concentration: 0.53.0% BWOC. Can be used in fresh water and seawater. Strong viscosier. Temperature: to 177C [350F]. Concentration: 0.52.0% BWOC. Effective in fresh water and high-salinity systems. Typical concentration: 12 L/m3 [0.5 gal in 41.5 gal] in water.
D121
TIC III tri-functional additive Chemical wash concentrate LITEFIL extender
Dispersant, retarder and aid for uid-loss control Mud thinning, dispersing and removal Ultralightweight cementing additive
Dark brown powder
1.38
D122A
Brown liquid
1.03
D124
Gray powder
0.65- 0.85 Hollow ceramic microspheres allowing slurry density as low as 1080 kg/m3 [9 Ibm/gal]. Temperature: to 232C [450F]. Pressure limit owing to crushing of spheres: about 35 MPa [5000 psi].Application ranges may be extended with testing. Expanded volcanic glass used in shallow wells; collapses at high pressure (signicant at 20.7 MPa [3000 psi]). Clay extender for saline waters (including seawater).
LCM. Concentration: 1.35.3 kg/t [0.1250.5 Ibm/sk].
D125
Perlite
Extender
Off-white, uffy powder 2.40
D128
D130
Attapulgite
Extender for salt cement slurries
Light tan to gray powder

Clear thin akes
2.65
1.06
Polyester ake Lost circulation control
Materials
71

Code D132 D139 Name Cement agent Foamed cement stabilizer Hardener Application Carbon dioxideresistant cement Foamed cement Description Tan to gray powder Clear to hazy yellow liquid Yellow liquid SG 2.67 1.07 Primary Purpose Class C y ash; component of carbon dioxide-resistant cement. Used to maintain downhole stability of foamed cement. Usual concentration: 9 L/t [0.1 gal/sk]. Hardener for PERMABLOK rigid gel system. Temperature: to 80C [176F]. May be extended through laboratory testing to 107C [225F]. Concentration: 520% by volume of solution, depending on temperature, required gel time and rigidity. General purpose liquid foam preventer and defoamer. Added to the mix water. Typical concentration: 15 L/t [0.010.05 gal/sk] for cement slurries and 2.4 L/m3 [0.1 gal/bbl] for spacers. Dispersant, much less retarding than D080. Temperature: to 85C [185F] in freshwater systems. Usual concentration: 4 to 27 L/t [0.05 to 0.3 gal/sk]. Liquid equivalent to D028. Temperature: 104149C [220300F]; to 204C [400F] with a retarder aid. Concentration: 236 L/t [0.020.4 gal/sk]. Graded calcium carbonate. Weighting material for spacers, especially where acid solubility is required. Premium grade of bentonite having better uid-loss control properties when used at high concentrations (>12%). Maintains slurry stability at downhole temperature conditions. For all densities. Temperature: to 149C [300F]. Concentration: 0.11.5% BWOC. Microsilica. Improves performance of most set cement formulations; better strength and lower permeability. Useful for lightweight systems to 1320 kg/m3 [11 Ibm/gal], especially at low temperatures (to 85C [185F]). Concentration: 520% BWOC. Suspension of microsilica in water. Improves performance of set cement; usually gives better strength and lower permeability. Useful for lightweight systems to 1320 kg/m3 [11 Ibm/gal]. Concentration: 90360 L/t [14 gal/sk]. Compatible with freshwater and highsalinity slurries to 232C [450F]. Applicable 19202640 kg/m3 [1622 lbm/gal]. Very small particle size (5 micrometers) enables addition directly to mix water, allowing last-minute density increases.
D140
Hardener for PERMABLOK lost circulation plug
1.24
D144
Antifoam additive
High-salinity slurries White liquid and spacers (efcient in any uid)
1.00
D145A
Liquid dispersant
Low temperatures
Viscous liquid
1.24
D150
Retarder
High temperatures
Dark brown liquid
1.11
D151
Calcium carbonate Premium bentonite Antisettling additive
Weighting agent for spacers Extender
White powder
2.70
D152
Light tan to gray powder White to gray powder
2.65
D153
Suspending additive
2.53
D154
Extender
Low temperatures
Gray powder
2.20
D155
Extender
Low temperatures
Gray liquid
1.40
D157
Weighting agent
High-density slurries Red brown powder
4.80
72

Code D161 Name UNISET HT retarder Application High temperatures Description Clear liquid SG 1.08 Primary Purpose Compatible with freshwater slurries and salinities to 25% salt BWOW and any density. Works synergistically with UNIFLAC uid-loss additives. Concentration: 9225 L/t [0.12.5 gal/sk]. Effective temperature: 85232C [185450F]. Compatible with freshwater and highsalinity slurries. For all densities. Temperature: to 149C [300F]. Concentration: 0.452.3 L/t [0.0050.025 gal/sk]. Special grade of hematite for DensCRETE slurries. Special grade of silica for DensCRETE slurries. Compatible with freshwater and high-salinity slurries. Temperature: to 204C [400F]. All densities. Typical concentration: 0.1 to 0.8% BWOC. Liquid version of D167. Compatible with freshwater and high-salinity slurries. Temperature: to 204C [400F]. All densities. Typical concentration: 981 L/t [0.10.9 gal/sk]. Temperature: 27110C [80230F]. Typical concentration: 35% BWOC. General purpose liquid foam preventer and defoamer. Added to the mix water. Typical concentration: 15 L/t [0.010.05 gal/sk] for cement slurries and 2.5 L/ m3 [0.1 gal/bbl] for spacers. Temperature: 80204C [176400F]. Typical concentration: 15% BWOC. Can be used with fresh water or seawater. Concentration: to 26 L/t [0.3 gal/sk]. Low sensitivity of thickening time to changes in temperature or concentration. Maximum temperature: 121C [250F] if used in combination with UNIFLAC additive (D167 or D168). Concentrate for preparing MUDPUSH II spacer; used with freshwater, seawater, or high-salinity spacers. MUDPUSH II spacer density can be designed to 2400 kg/m3 [20 lb/gal]. Temperature: to 149C [300F]. DeepCEM additive for cold environment of deepwater. Nonretarding. Temperature: to 57C [135F]. Rheology is not affected by salt (D044) or calcium chloride (S001).
D162
Liquid antisettling additive CemHD CemD UNIFLAC S additive
Sedimentation control Off-white liquid
0.84
D165 D166 D167
DensCRETE slurries DensCRETE slurries Fluid-loss control
Reddish powder White powder White powder
4.95 2.65 1.32
D168
UNIFLAC L additive
Fluid-loss control
Colorless to yellow liquid
1.08
D174
Expanding cement additive Antifoam additive
Tan powder
3.22
D175
High-salinity slurries White liquid and spacers (efcient in any uid)
0.99
D176
Expanding cement additive UNISET LT additive
High temperatures
Tan powder
3.54
D177
Light green liquid
1.10
D182
MUDPUSH II spacer additive
Red brown powder
1.32
D185
Dispersant
Low temperatures
Colorless liquid
1.04
Materials
73

Code D186 Name Set enhancer Application Low temperatures Description Green liquid SG 1.35 Primary Purpose DeepCEM additive for cold environment of deepwater. Enhances the set prole of cement; accelerates cement hydration resulting in early compressive strength development. It is especially effective with GASBLOK LT additive (D500) and D185 dispersant. D186 can be used with DeepCRETE systems. Preferred temperature: 755C [45130F]. Compatible with fresh water or seawater. Concentration: to17.8 L/t [0.2 gal/sk]. Viscosies to suspend weighting agents and control uid loss in MUDPUSH WHT high-temperature spacer, which has a temperature limit of 232C (450F). Density: to 2400 kg/m3 [20 lb/gal]. Environmentally friendly surfactant used in washes and MUDPUSH spacers for removal of OBM, low-toxicity OBM or synthetic OBM. Temperature: to 250C [482F]. Typical concentration: 48 L/m3 [2 gal/bbl]. Environmentally friendly surfactant used in washes. No limit on temperature. Nonretarding. Compatible with calcium chloride. Compatible with salinity to 10% BWOW. Temperature: 27120C [80250F]. Concentration: 32117 L/t [0.351.3 gal/sk]. Only dispersants D145A and D185 can be used with D300 uid-loss additive. Nonretarding liquid additive. Temperature: to 71C [160F]. Density: 12601970 kg/m3 [10.516.4 lbm/gal]. Compatible with fresh water and seawater. Typical concentration: 45180 L/t [0.52.0 gal/sk]. Latex additive. Temperature: 66121C [150250F]. Concentration: 130260 L/t [1.53.5 gal/sk] in GASBLOK slurries; 90180 L/t [12 gal/sk] as WELBOND cement. Lower concentration is required when used for uid-loss control only. Naturally occurring material used as extender. Salt system dispersant and uid-loss additive. Temperature: to 121C [250F]. Concentration: 2781 L/t [0.3-0.9 gal/sk]. Formulated to minimize overdispersion. Temperature: 121C [250F]. Concentration: 0.99 L/t [0.010.1 gal/sk]. Eliminates primary gelling tendency of cement with improperly balanced sulfate. Typical concentration: 0.51.0% BWOC.
D190
MUDPUSH WHT additive
High temperatures
Colorless powder
1.23
D191
Surfactant
For spacers and washes for removal of OBM
Clear opalescent liquid 0.98
D192
Chemical wash concentrate Fluid-loss additive
Mud thinning, dispersing and removal Low to moderate temperatures
Dark brown liquid
1.18
D300
Green liquid
1.00
D500
GASBLOK LT additive
Gas migration control at low temperatures
Yellow liquid
1.01
D600G
GASBLOK MT Gas migration additive control additive
White liquid
1.02
D602
Diatomaceous Cement extender earth Fluid-loss control for high salinity slurries Easy-to-disperse cements Antigelling additive
White to gray powder Dark brown liquid
2.10 1.21
D604AM SALTBOND additive D604M Dispersant
Dark brown liquid
1.21
D606
Gelsuppressing additive
White crystals
2.68
74

Code D607 Name Surfactant Application For spacers and washes for removal of OBM Description Yellow liquid SG 0.99 Primary Purpose Typical concentration: 210% by volume.
D700
GASBLOK HT additive
Gas-migration-control White liquid additive for high temperatures
1.02
Latex additive. Typical temperature: 121191C (250375F). Concentration: 177310 L/t [23.5 gal/sk]. The addition of D701 (high-temperature latex stabilizer) may be required. Used to stabilize D700 GASBLOK slurry; necessary. Typical concentration: 5% by volume of D700. Lignosulfonate retarder with reduced tendency for gelation. Temperature: 52121C [125250F] BHCT; can be extended to 154C [310F] when used with a retarder aid. Compatible with fresh water or salt water (to saturation). Concentration: 0.252% BWOC. Liquid version of D800. Temperature: 52121C [125250F] BHCT; can be extended to 154C [310F] when used with a retarder aid. Compatible with fresh water or salt water (to saturation). Concentration: 4.5-36 L/t [0.05-0.4 gal/sk]. Typical concentration: 210% by volume.
D701
GASBLOK stabilizer Retarder
Stabilizer for GASBLOK slurries Low to moderate temperatures
Clear yellow viscous liquid Dark brown powder
1.05
D800
1.26
D801
Retarder
Dark brown liquid
1.18
F040
EZEFLO* surfactant Surfactant
For spacers and washes for removal of OBM For spacers and washes for removal of OBM For spacers and washes for removal of OBM For spacers and washes for removal of OBM Foamed cement
Clear liquid
1.04
F057
Yellow liquid
1.07
Typical concentration: 210% by volume.
F078
EZEFLO surfactant
Clear amber liquid
0.89
Typical concentration: 210% by volume. Also used for foaming cement slurries with nitrogen or air. Typical concentration: 1918 L/t [0.10.2 gal/sk]. Typical concentration: 210% by volume.
F103
EZEFLO surfactant Foaming additive
Clear colorless liquid
0.94
F104
Clear amber liquid
1.01
For foaming cement slurries with nitrogen or air. Also used in washes and in MUDPUSH spacers for removal of OBM. Typical concentration: 210% by volume. Typical concentration: 918 L/t [0.10.2 gal/sk]. Polymer for use in Polymer Plug lost circulation control system. Typical concentration: 6 L/ m3 [0.25 gal/bbl]. General purpose liquid foam preventer and defoamer. Added to the mix water. Typical concentration: 5 L/t [0.05 gal/sk] for cement slurries and 2.5 L/m3 [0.1 gal/bbl] for spacers.
J120 J237A M045
Polymer Fluid-loss additive Antifoam additive
Polymer Plug White powder lost circulation system Fluid-loss control in chemical washes Creamy liquid
1.00 1.06 1.00
Washes and spacers White liquid
Materials
75

Code M117 Name Potassium chloride Application Clay stabilizer Description White to gray crystals SG 1.98 Primary Purpose Used in washes and spacers as a clay stabilizer. Typical concentration: 3% BWOW. Sometimes used in cement slurry to control swelling shales. Calcium chloride 77%. Typical concentration: 1 to 2% BWOC. Increases temperature of slurry when dissolved. Calcium chloride 95%. Typical concentration: 1 to 2% BWOC. Increases temperature of slurry when dissolved. Used in washes and in MUDPUSH spacers for removal of OBM and particularly environmentally safe OBM. Typical concentration: 210% by volume. Used in washes and in MUDPUSH spacers for removal of OBM and particularly environmentally safe OBM. Typical concentration: 210% by volume.
S001
Calcium chloride Calcium chloride Mutual solvent
Accelerator
White solid
1.75
S002
Accelerator
White solid
1.75
U066
For spacers and washes for removal of environmentally safe OBM For spacers and washes for removal of environmentally safe OBM
Colorless to white liquid
0.90
U100
Mutual solvent
Colorless to white liquid
0.90
Note: Temperatures, concentrations and other conditions of application are typical. Testing may allow extension of ranges.
76
Equipment
Introduction
Cementing requires specially designed equipment. Equipment may be high-powered like the CPF-376 double-pump cement trailer or CPT-372 double-pump cement truck or highly versatile to accomplish numerous cementing operations each day, like the CemSTREAK cementing unit. Even more specialized equipment is required for use offshore, with the skids designed to deliver high power with high reliability. In many cases, offshore cementing is done using liquid additives and LAS* liquid additive systems are used for precise delivery of the additives to the mixing system. When subsea heads are used, the DeepSea EXPRESS plug launching system is used for reliable wiper plug launching. Monitoring and recording of the cementing operation is done using the CemCAT computer-aided treatment software and a portable computer. Innovative mixing control is accomplished using the SFM* Solids Fraction Monitor.
CemSTREAK land cementing unit

The CemSTREAK land cementing unit is a lightweight, low-maintenance truck with four-wheel drive that can be used for almost any cementing application. Its rugged, compact design enables operation even in hard-to-reach locations. The simplicity of design and extensive test program provide a high level of reliability over rough terrain and in bad weather and allow quick rig-up, rig-down and cleanup. This unit enables as many as six jobs to be performed in one day.
The compact CemSTREAK unit can service wells in difcult-to-reach locations. Designed for fast rig-up and rig-down, the unit can perform multiple jobs in one day.
Equipment
77
The CemSTREAK unit is equipped with one triplex pump and two 1.1-m3 [6.9-bbl] displacement tanks, one of which doubles as the mix tank. The hydraulically driven triplex pump allows control of ow rates and pressures and delivers 127 kW [170 hhp] of power. Two centrifugal pumps enable high-energy mixing, pressurizing the triplex pump as well as bringing water onto the unit. The unit carries 38 m [125 ft] of treating hose, rated to 20.7-MPa [3000-psi] working pressure, to serve as the high-pressure conduit to the well. The hose is stored on an automated reel for fast deployment and retrieval. A nonradioactive mass-ow meter provides accurate measurements of slurry density, ow rate and uid volume even during U-tubing of uids in the well. Cleaning of the unit starts with the displacement tanks, which minimizes wastewater and hence environmental impact.
Applications

Cementing services Low- and intermediate-range pumping services Remedial cementing operations requiring very low pump rates Low-range pressure testing
Benets

Ability to reach difcult locations Savings in rig time through rapid rig-up and rig-down Minimal environmental impact Weight compliant with various road ban rules Crew of only two operators for improved logistics, reduced risks and costs Downtime probability reduced or eliminated by reliability of equipment Ability to mix all slurry types
Features

Four-wheel drive 127-kW [170-hhp] triplex pump Rating of 20.7-MPa [3000-psi] working pressure 38 m [125 ft] of 50.8-mm [2-in.] hose rated to 20.7-MPa [3000-psi] working pressure Powered reel for hose storage, deployment and retrieval 1.11-m3/min [7-bbl/min] pump rate Nonradioactive densitometer SLURRY CHIEF Mark III cement mixer Oileld or metric gauges Integrated data-acquisition system Two 1.1-m3 [6.9-bbl] displacement tanks CemCAT real-time monitoring Four separate systems for pressure relief Self-sufcient unit, including cement head and extra treating iron
78
CPF-376 double-pump cement trailer

This cement trailer is a state-of-the-art mixing and pumping unit for land operations. The highpower unit allows mixing and pumping cement at rates to 2.7 m3 [17 bbl/min] and at pressures to 68.95 MPa [10,000 psi]. Pumps are available with rating to 137.9 MPa [20,000 psi]. The unit is fully redundant, allowing operations to continue in the event of failure of one of its components. A SLURRY CHIEF mixer with automated density control is used in conjunction with a
The CPF-376 double-pump cement truck delivers high reliability in high-pressure pumping operations.
0.95-m3 [6-bbl] mixing tub and a 2.2-m3 [14-bbl] averaging tank. This arrangement produces superior density control and separates the critical mixing stage from downhole pumping. It also provides the ability to mix 3.2 m3 [20 bbl] of cement in batch mode for squeeze and plug operations. The CemCAT system is used to monitor and record treatment parameters and to provide a job report.
Applications

Cementing services High-power pumping services Remedial cementing operations
Benets

Full redundancy ensures ability to complete job Downtime reduced or eliminated by reliability of equipment Ability to mix all slurry types
Equipment
79
Features

194-kW [260-hhp] power per triplex pump, for a total of 388 kW [520 hhp] 2.7-m3/min [17-bbl/min] pump rate Working pressure rating to 137.9 MPa [20,000 psi] Fully redundant for high reliability SLURRY CHIEF Mark III cement mixer Automatic density control system Two nonradioactive densitometers Oileld or metric gauges Underdrive for pumping at low rates Direct drive centrifugal pumps for reliability Integrated data-acquisition system CemCAT real-time monitoring Self-sufcient unit, including treating iron
CPT-372 double-pump cement truck

The CPT-372 truck is a high-power cement mixing and pumping unit that allows mixing and pumping at rates to 2.7 m3 [17 bbl/min] and at pressures to 68.95 MPa [10,000 psi]. The unit is fully redundant, allowing operations to continue even if one component fails.
The CPT-372 double-pump cement truck delivers high reliability in high-pressure pumping operations.
80
A SLURRY CHIEF mixer is used in conjunction with a 0.95-m3 [6-bbl] mixing tub. This arrangement produces superior density control and separates the critical mixing stage from downhole pumping. It also provides ability to mix a maximum of 3.2 m3 [20 bbl] of cement in batch mode for squeeze and plug operations. The CemCAT system is used to monitor and record treatment parameters and to provide a job report.
Applications

Cementing services High-power pumping services Remedial cementing operations
Benets

Full redundancy ensures ability to complete job Downtime reduced or eliminated by reliability of equipment Ability to mix all slurry types
Features

Power to 388 kW [520 hhp] Pump rate to 2.7 m3/min [14 bbl/min] Working pressure rating of 68.95 MPa [10,000 psi] Fully redundant for high reliability SLURRY CHIEF Mark III cement mixer Nonradioactive densitometer Oileld or metric gauges Integrated data-acquisition system CemCAT real-time monitoring Self-sufcient unit, including treating iron
Offshore cementing skids

Schlumberger provides a versatile line of CPS* cement pumping skids specially designed to meet all offshore cement mixing and pumping requirements. These skids can produce up to 1490 kW [2000 hhp] for high-pressure pumping. Two triplex pumps equip the unit for simultaneous high-energy mixing and downhole pumping or for parallel downhole pumping. Two engines (diesel or electric) power the unit. The design focuses on reliability, redundancy and noise reduction. The units are typically controlled from a local console but optional remote control packages are available. Optional marine cooling kits and a helicopter lift unit are available. Cement slurries are mixed using the SLURRY CHIEF recirculating mixer tted with an SFM quality control monitor or an SFM-C* process control unit for automatic density control. The SLURRY CHIEF unit mixes consistent slurries at rates to 1.75 m3/min [11 bbl/min]. Equalizing tubs provide excellent slurry uniformity (3 m3 [19 bbl]).
Equipment
81
CPS cement pumping skids are available in a number of congurations to t any requirement.
Offshore cementing skids are tted with all sensors necessary for direct connection to the CemCAT data-acquisition and monitoring system. The CemCAT system monitors and records the critical job parameters including rate, pressure and slurry density. Batch mixers, such as the CBS-961 twin 50-bbl mixer, are available for mixing of cement slurries or other uids. The CBS-961 unit features two centrifugal pumps for picking up uids from remote tanks, recirculating for mixing and for delivering uid to high-pressure pumps.
Standard equipment

SLURRY CHIEF cement mixer Nonradioactive densitometer Two triplex pumps Stainless-steel displacement tanks Slurry pump Recirculation pump Two mixing water pumps Full selection of uid ends
Optional equipment

SFM package Automatic density control Zone II-certied engine package Remote control package Split skid with bulkhead Optional loose equipment skid Marine cool kit Liquid additive metering system Soundproof enclosure (for CPS-601 and CPS-665 units)
82
Applications

All cementing jobs High-pressure pumping services Fluid pickup from remote sources Metering of mixing uids Metering and pumping of displacement uids Downhole pumping using one or both triplex pumps
Table 6-1. Dimensions of Offshore Cementing Units

CPS 361 Length (mm [in.]) Width (mm [in.]) Height (mm [in.]) 6,511 [256] 2,578 [102] 3,043 [120] CPS 601 7,710 [304] 3,011 [119] 3,467 [136] 32,180 [70,960] CPS 665 7,863 [310] 2,898 [114] 3,333 [131] 33,840 [74,600] CPS 763AC 8,180 [322] 3,007 [118] 3,339 [132] 37,360 [82,380] CPS 763DC 7,823 [308] 3,150 [124] 3,323 [131] 38,010 [83,810] CPS 2000 7,164 [282] 3,841 [151] 3,267 [129] 46,795 [103,180]
Operating weight (kg [lbm]) 20,658 [45,550]
Table 6-2. Performance of Offshore Cementing Units

CPS 361 Power (kW [hhp]) Max. rate at 41.4 MPa [6000 psi] (m3/min [bbl/min]) 410 [550] 1.6 [10] CPS 601 626 [840] 3.1 [19.7] at 46.9 MPa [6800 psi] CPS 665 1044 [1400] 2.9 [18.3] CPS 763AC 1194 [1600] 2.9 [18.3] CPS 763DC 1194 [1600] 2.9 [18.3] CPS 2000 1490 [2000] 3.8 [24.0]
LAS liquid additive system

Modular systems, such as the CMP-351 unit, deliver metered amounts of liquid additives to the cement slurry as it is mixed. Metering of liquid additives adds versatility to the mixing process, enabling the mixing of various slurry systems from bulk storage of neat cement. Metering can be manual, or automatic when the CMP-751 LAS metering unit is used. With the CMP-751 unit, electromagnetic ow meters control the additive metered into the displacement tanks.
Applications

Offshore cementing operations Operations in remote areas
Benets

Allows use of neat (unblended) cement for all operations Provides high versatility in slurry designs Simplies logistics Enables last-minute design without regard to time of transport from base Eliminates waste of unused blended cement Enables decisions on treatment volumes at time of job
Equipment
83
Features

Meters up to four different additives into mixer Stainless-steel construction for durability Remote control of additive addition Certied for Zone II operations Electromagnetic ow meters
CemCAT cementing computer-aided treatment software

The CemCAT system is a quality control (QC) and data-acquisition software for acquiring, recording, displaying, and reporting cementing and related pumping treatment data in real time. CemCAT system real-time displays and plots present detailed job information to decision-makers. User friendly and quickly accessible, the CemCAT system provides enough defaults for the system to be used quickly with a minimum of user input, or it can be completely customized. By acquiring data from existing hardware on cementing units, the CemCAT system provides efcient data transfer between the Wellsite Reporting System and Schlumberger CemCADE cementing design software. Integration of up-to-the-minute data with design and evaluation software results in precise treatment design and execution. During the job, the CemCAT system tracks the design and displays actual job parameters compared with planned values. With the CemCAT system, quality assurance (QA)/QC plots can be generated at the end of each treatment to determine if a job was pumped within the designed density range. Internet connectivity allows the transmission of data from a remote wellsite to anywhere in the world for real-time analysis. The CemCAT system also provides the means to easily archive job data for future use.
Applications

Primary and remedial cementing operations Miscellaneous high-pressure pumping services for testing blowout preventers or for leakoff or formation integrity tests Matrix acidizing and coiled tubing services
Benets

Superior QC during all treatment phases Precise treatments that follow job design Immediate data for job-critical decisions, thus reducing risk Exceptional exibility, performance and reliability
Features

Complete integration with CemCADE design and evaluation software Clear, customizable digital displays and plots of job data Real-time data transmission from wellsite to any location worldwide Detailed postjob plots including QA and QC plots and reports Archive of job data for future use
84
SFM-C process control

An important element of successful low-density slurry placement and ideal set-cement properties is QC. A key measure of quality in cement slurries is the solids fraction, which is the percent of dry components in the slurry. In a conventional cementing operation, densitometers measure slurry density, and the solids fraction can be calculated from the density measurements. Variation in the solids fraction of the slurry affects all the cement properties. Too many solids and the slurry will be too viscous and set early. Too few solids and free uid will be high and the compressive strength will be low and develop late. For certain slurries, such as very low density slurries, slurry quality cannot be determined using density measurements. In ultralightweight slurries, the densities of the dry blend and the mix water can be nearly the same, so density measurements cannot discriminate between water and solids. The density would be the same, even if the slurry consisted entirely of water. For example, a slurry designed at 1020 kg/m3 [8.5 lbm/gal] with 57% solids content and monitored using only a densitometer with a variation of 12 kg/m3 [0.1 lbm/gal] in density will have a solids content ranging from 24% to 84%. The SFM-C process control system provides a new method for real-time slurry QC that accurately determines and controls solid/liquid ratios without making density measurements. The system measures the rate of mix water and slurry ows and calculates the solids fraction from those measurements. From this determination, the uid density is easily computed. The solids fraction is automatically maintained by process control of the water and cement ow into the mixer.
SFM-C system instantly displays critical data in convenient, readable formats. Equipment 85
Slurry density Slurry rate Solid fraction
Solid fraction (%)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Time (min) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40

88% of volume 2% of the solid-fraction target 99% of volume 0.2 lbm/gal
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Slurry density (lbm/gal) Slurry rate (bbl/min)
Volume (%)
50
60
70
80
90
100
Solid fraction (%) The SFM-C system controls the solids fraction, which in turn controls the density.
The SFM-C system is a complementary technology, designed to provide QC for very low density LiteCRETE slurry systems. Although SFM-C technology was developed specically for lightweight-cement operations, it is effective for slurries of any density. This new SFM-C technology allows cementing crews to maintain slurry properties while continuously mixing and pumping large slurry volumes. The system requires a slurry ow meter, such as the nonradioactive densitometer already available on cementing units, a residence tank sensor, a water ow meter and process-controlled valves. These retrots can be added easily to land or offshore mixing equipment. User-friendly software helps cementing crews monitor and easily switch between automatic and manual control.
Applications

All cementing operations Slurries with very low densities (less than 1320 kg/m3 [11 lbm/gal])
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Benets
Excellent QC
Features

Continuous-mixing control of all slurries, even at densities equal to or lower than that of water More sensitive method for controlling cement mixing than by density measurement Independent of specic gravity of components Automatic control of slurry quality Real-time monitoring Complete compatibility with all data-acquisition systems Easy installation on conventional mixing equipment
Nonradioactive densitometer
Density measurement and control in the oil industry have traditionally been accomplished by using radioactive densitometers, mainly because they are nonintrusive, durable and easy to use. Unfortunately, the radioactive technique has several major drawbacks; the radioactive source presents safety and environmental concerns, and the required accuracy (12 kg/m3 [0.1 lbm/gal]) is difcult to attain. Because of the deciencies of radioactive densitometers, Schlumberger uses a nonradioactive densitometer that employs a proven method; poses no health, safety, or environmental hazard; and provides direct density measurements with an accuracy of better than 12 kg/m3 [0.1 lbm/gal]. The nonradioactive densitometer is extremely reliable, easy to use and requires no on-site calibration. Additionally, it measures ow rate with an accuracy of 0.5% of reading and can be used as a ow-measurement instrument for acidizing service. The vibrating tube principle governs the density measurement in the nonradioactive densitometer.
The nonradioactive densitometer is a rugged, eld-proven instrument with excellent reliability.
Equipment
87
Applications

Cementing operations with slurry density over 1200 kg/m3 [10 lbm/gal] Land and offshore (including Zone II) Process controlled operations Can be used for acidizing service
Benets

Accurate density measurement Reliability, requires no on-site calibration Minimal environmental and safety concerns
Features

No radioactive source Superior accuracy and eld-proven reliability for measuring density and ow rate Accuracy greater than 12.0 kg/m3 [0.1 lbm/gal] Virtually maintenance-free Easy conguration; easily drained and cleaned in place Output (density, rate) independent of changes in temperature, pressure, ow prole or viscosity Fast response time
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Evaluation
Introduction
Cement evaluation plays an important role in the cementing process. By cement evaluation, the quality of zonal isolation is conrmed. In cases where zonal isolation is not achieved, the evaluation helps diagnose the problems that led to the poor zonal isolation. Consequently, methods and slurry design used for the primary cementing are reviewed and improved for the next well. Results also help in deciding whether remedial work is required. Cement evaluation and QC are processes completed during and after every step of primary cementing. During the design, using Schlumberger CemCADE design software, the design engineer uses well data and cementing parameters to predict the results with selected cement systems, selecting the one providing the desired zonal isolation. During execution, the operation is monitored and analyzed. Finally, in the evaluation, cement evaluation logs are acquired for nal conrmation of hydraulic zonal isolation. Thus, cement evaluation is a continuous process beginning with the design and continuing with execution analysis, post-treatment analysis and analysis of cement evaluation logs to determine zonal isolation.
Design
In the design the well data are entered into CemCADE software to ensure optimum WELLCLEAN mud removal, pipe centralization, cement slurry for downhole conditions, ow rate, etc. The execution, as designed, is simulated and theoretical mud removal and zonal isolation are assessed. If results are not satisfactory, the design is revised and the simulation is rerun. See page 29 for more information on CemCADE software and WELLCLEAN mud removal.
Execution analysis
The purpose of primary cementing is to achieve zonal isolation. The slurry composition and the execution procedure are designed to provide complete zonal isolation. The properties of the cement sheath are optimized to isolate all productive zones, as well as those containing water and nuisance gas. The rst QC step and evaluation during the execution determines if the materials were mixed according to the design and if the displacement process followed the prescribed procedure. This evaluation is made using plots of the slurry density, solids fraction, ow rate and pumping pressure during the execution. See page 84 for more information on CemCAT monitoring software.
Postcementing analysis
If the execution analysis indicated abnormal values of any monitored parameters, a thorough analysis is performed after the operation. The data acquired during the cementing operation are loaded into CemCADE cementing design and evaluation software and the execution data can be overlaid and compared with the simulation run during the design. The simulation can also be rerun using density and volumes of uid mixed and pumped to determine if mud removal parameters were met.
Evaluation
89
Cement evaluation logs are acquired for nal conrmation of hydraulic zonal isolation and tops of cement. Using the analysis from both steps, any problem areas can be highlighted with special attention to the depths on the evaluation logs where isolation is a concern.
Cement evaluation services

Cement evaluation services are used in the nal evaluation of cement integrity and zonal isolation. Used in conjunction with the execution and the postcementing analyses, evaluation logs can help identify poor isolation and the reasons for that poor isolation. If remedial work is necessary, evaluation logs assist in its design to achieve the required isolation for well completion and production of desired uids. Any problem identied in these analyses is targeted for improvement in the design or execution phases for future wells. Cement evaluation services also play an important role in conrming the pipes integrity, support and isolation from formation uids, because exposing pipe to formation uid can eventually lead to corrosion if the lack of isolation is not corrected. Cement evaluation services are divided into two major groups: Acoustic logging can be either sonic services, with tools that provide a log of amplitude measurements and Variable Density* sonic waveforms, or ultrasonic services, with tools that provide a map of the cement distribution around the pipe. Other logging tools provide indirect evaluation through measurements of pressure, temperature, nuclear activity and noise. SoniCalc software is a tool that allows the logging engineer to import well and cementing data for use in tool setup and interpretation of cement bond logs (CBLs) and USI UltraSonic Imager cement evaluation logs. Tool setup parameters are provided so that tool setup and computed output are correct for the well being logged, improving logging service quality. These data also assist in interpreting evaluation logs and in determining if remedial treatments may be required. Only acoustic tools are discussed in this catalog.
Sonic services
CBLs, with amplitude and/or attenuation and Variable Density waveform data, have been the primary method for cement quality evaluation for many years. The principle of the cement bond measurement is to record the transit time and amplitude (or attenuation) of a 20-kHz acoustic wave after propagation through the well uid and the pipe wall. The measurement is the amplitude in millivolts of the tubular rst arrival (E1) at a receiver with 0.91-m [3-ft] or shorter spacing. The amplitude of the signal is a function of the attenuation by the shear coupling of the cement sheath to the pipe. The attenuation rate depends on the cement acoustic impedance, cement thickness, pipe diameter, pipe thickness and percentage of bonded circumference. A receiver with 1.52-m [5-ft] spacing is used to record the Variable Density waveform for better discrimination between sonic waves traveling through pipe and those through formation. This measurement is generally used to qualitatively assess the cement-to-formation bond.
SlimAccess tool
The SlimAccess* wireline logging tool is designed for slim, complex-geometry boreholes. It generates, records and digitizes acoustic waves and provides CBL amplitude, Variable Density measurement and attenuation measurement for cement bond evaluation. It is also used for openhole applications such as seismic correlation, porosity measurement and evaluation of lithology. It has a short-spacing 0.30-m [1-ft] transmitter-receiver for cement evaluation in fast formations. Besides the primary transmitter-receivers used for CBL and Variable Density measurement, the SlimAccess tool also uses a second set of transmitter-receivers for backup. It is a monopole sonic tool with a diameter of 6.35 cm [212 in.], which enables it to be run in 14-cm [512-in.] casing.
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The SlimXtreme* tool is the version of the SlimAccess tool for use in slim, complex-geometry boreholes under HPHT conditions.
Applications

Determine quality of pipe to cement bond Determine quality of formation-to-cement bond Identify cement top HPHT wells (SlimXtreme tool)
Benets

Logging in pipe as small as 14 cm [512 in.] Log quality minimally affected by environmental conditions
Features

0.30-m [1-ft] receiver for cement evaluation in fast formation 6.35-cm [212-in.] diameter Low sensitivity to environmental conditions Combinable with ultrasonic imaging tool for enhanced interpretation
SCMT Slim Cement Mapping Tool
The SCMT* Slim Cement Mapping Tool is a sonic tool that provides a radial cement attenuation variation map from a 0.61-m [2-ft] eight-segment receiver, as well as conventional 0.91-m [3-ft] amplitude (attenuation) and 1.52-m [5-ft] Variable Density data. In addition, the 0.61-m [2-ft] mapping receivers are effective for cement evaluation in fast formations where the 0.91-m receiver might give ambiguous results. Because of its slim size (4.29-cm [11116-in.] diameter), the tool can be run through tubing. The SCMT tool can be run in combination with the PS Platform* new-generation production services platform or the RST* Reservoir Saturation Tool for complete well and reservoir evaluation in one trip. The principal application of the SCMT log is cement quality and integrity evaluation around the entire circumference of the pipe.
Applications

Determination of quality of pipe-to-cement bond Qualitative evaluation of cement-to-formation bond Identication of cement top
Benets

Tubing does not have to be removed from well (no rig required). Interpretation is valid, even in fast formations. Time is saved when the tool is run in combination with other tools.
Features
Combinable with PS Platform suite or RST tool for well, reservoir and cement integrity evaluation in the same run Combinable with PipeView* multinger caliper tool for PS Platform tool string, for cement and pipe integrity evaluation in the same run giving complete well integrity diagnosis 4.29-cm [11116-in.] diameter 8-segment receiver for bond variation mapping 0.61-m [2-ft] receiver
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Evaluation
A SCMT log showing possible channel and its position aids in decision to squeeze and in design of the squeeze cementing treatment.
Ultrasonic services
USI UltraSonic Imager
The USI UltraSonic Imager provides an accurate and reliable high-resolution, comprehensive, real-time answer product revealing pipe-to-cement bond quality and downhole pipe condition. Using ultrasonic technology, the USI tool sends ultrasonic pulses between 200 kHz and 700 kHz that travel through the well uid and strike the casing, providing 360 azimuthal coverage using a single rotating transducer. The transducer receives reected signals that have undergone multiple reections between the casing internal and external interfaces. The signal decays at a rate dependent on the acoustic impedance of the material in the annulus. USI log maps of the acoustic impedance of the material in the annulus are generated using very advanced processing techniques. From the acoustic impedance values, the material in the annulus is identied and maps are prepared showing the nature (gas, liquid, solid) of the material in the annulus. High-resolution maps of pipe wall thickness, internal radius and inner wall rugosity are provided for accurate evaluation of the pipe condition. The results are displayed in real time as quantitative, self-explanatory interpreted cement and pipe integrity maps. The combination of the USI tool with CBL and Variable Density tools provides enhanced assessment of cement-to-pipe and cement-to-formation bond quality.
Applications Cement integrity

Hydraulic zonal isolation evaluation Remedial work decision-making and assessment of effectiveness Primary cementing process improvement Identication of gas invasion Determination of casing support before sidetrack Cement top identication and free pipe identication for pipe retrieval
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Pipe integrity

Quantication of internal and external corrosion, wear, metal loss and/or scale buildup Identication and quantication of pipe distortion Selection of optimal packer setting depth
Benets

Detailed channel identication and location Remedial cementing optimization Microannulus identication Accurate, effective real-time answers Rig time saving by acquiring cement and pipe integrity data in one run Continuous improvement of cementing process
Features

Cement map showing cement quality and presence of channels Pipe integrity data Wellsite product for enhanced three-dimensional (3D) visualization 100% azimuthal coverage by a single, rotating transducer 5 radial and 3.81-cm [112-in.] vertical resolution in high-resolution mode Combinable with inclinometry tools to aid image orientation in deviated wells Combinable with CBL tools for enhanced evaluation
A USI log with optional Variable Density data provides the best identication of uncemented channels and aids in decisions to squeeze and in design of the squeeze cementing treatment.
Evaluation
93
The USI log provides several presentations reecting different applications. The easily readable, color-coded images make cement coverage in the annulus easy to interpret. Problems such as channels in cement and tubular damage can be seen directly on the images, thus revealing the status of zonal isolation for decisions about remedial work. Enhanced eld products allow visualization of the cement distribution and quality, as well as a 3D view of pipe condition to further facilitate remedial work decisions. QC log presentations are used for data validation. Cement integrity evaluation is essential, not only for zonal isolation conrmation and help in the remedial work decision and design, but also for the determination of the causes of poor cementing procedures. All acoustic logs are sensitive to cement-to-pipe bond. Some measurement methods are affected by downhole conditions more than others and in different ways. For this reason, a USI log and CBL combination is advisable to help diagnose zonal isolation problems at the cement/pipe interface and the cement/formation interface. A full analysis of the cement evaluation logs will assist in diagnosing the problem and provide information to improve the cementing. Thus, USI logs and CBLs with Variable Density data should be acquired together because their responses area complementary, especially in the presence of microannulus (liquid or gas) thin cement sheath fast formation double strings of casing heavily corroded casing inside deposits (cement, rust) high-attenuation mud lightweight cement. The table shows the USI log and the CBL response under the different conditions.
Effects on Evaluation Logs
USI Log Resolution Well-bonded cement Lightweight cement 5 radial and 3.81 cm [11 2 in.] vertical Cement (high acoustic impedance) Acoustic impedance based on properties of the cement; special processing may be required for very low density cement Affected: Resolved by special processing Slightly affected Slightly affected Shown as solid with low acoustic impedance if set Displayed as channel lled with liquid Shown as channel lled with gas Not discriminated Slightly affected Very sensitive: Corrosion, wear and deformed casing can be quantied in alternate acquisition mode CBL 360 by 0.91 m [3 ft] Low amplitude or high attenuation; characteristic Variable Density log Complicates interpretation
Dry microannulus and/or debonded cement Mud layer Wet microannulus Contaminated cement Mud channel Gas channel Formation bond Outer casing/ hard formation Casing condition
Complicates interpretation Complicates interpretation Complicates interpretation Complicates interpretation Complicates interpretation Complicates interpretation Qualitatively indicated on Variable Density plot Strongly affected if cement sheath is thin Slightly affected: No indication on log of quality
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The USI log measures the bonding between the pipe and the cement, and the Variable Density display indicates the bonding between the cement and the formation. The advantage of the USI log over the traditional CBL is at the cement-pipe interface. The USI log identies liquid-lled microannulus identies microdebonding identies channels as small as 3.05 cm [1.2 in.] evaluates thin cement sheath. The processed USI log and CBL with Variable Density data can be displayed side by side for complete visual cement evaluation in real time at the wellsite. This feature helps the completion engineer make sound decisions on remedial actions. The combination also helps cementing companies in the continuous improvement and enhancement of their cementing systems and methods for best hydraulic isolation and cement integrity results.
Nonstandard environment
The evaluation of ultralightweight cement systems or logging in heavy mud or nonstandard casing sizes may require advanced interpretation. For further information about cement evaluation services, please refer to www.slb.com/oileld.
Evaluation
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Glossary
Absolute Volume. Volume a solid occupies or displaces when added to water divided by its weight: the volume per unit mass. Units are gallons per pound or cubic meters per kilogram. American Petroleum Institute (API). Organization which standardizes materials and procedures for use in oileld. API Cement. One of several classes of cement manufactured to the specications of API Specication 10A. Classes of API cement are A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. API Recommended Practice 10B. Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements. The standard which gives guidelines for testing methods for cements and cement formulations for use in well cementing. Procedures are intended to be modied to conditions of the well. API Specication 10A. Specication for Cements and Materials for Well Cementing. The standard which species requirements for API well cements and specication testing methods. API Water. The amount of mixing water specied in API Specication 10A for specication testing of cement to meet API requirements. This amount in not intended to be a guide for mix water requirements in eld applications. Base Slurry. Conventional cement slurry used as the cementitious component of a foamed cement slurry. Bc. See Bearden Units of Consistency. Bearden Units of Consistency (Bc). The pumpability or consistency of a slurry is measured in Bearden units of consistency (Bc), a dimensionless quantity with no direct conversion factor to more common units of viscosity. BHCT. See Bottomhole Circulating Temperature. BHST. See Bottomhole Static Temperature. Blaine Fineness. The particle size or neness of a cement in cm2/g or m2/kg as determined from air permeability tests using a Blaine permeameter.
Bond Log. See Cement Bond Log. Bottomhole Circulating Temperature (BHCT). The temperature that occurs at the bottom of a well while uid is being circulated. The temperature used for most tests of cement slurry in a liquid state (thickening time, uid loss, etc.). In most cases, is lower than the BHST, but in some cases, such as in deepwater or in the arctic, may be higher than BHST. Bottomhole Static Temperature (BHST). The undisturbed temperature at the bottom of a well. After circulation and the well is shut in, this temperature will be approached after about 2436 hr, depending on conditions. The temperature used in most tests in which the cement slurry is required to set or is set. Bulk Volume. The volume per unit mass of a dry material plus the volume of the air between its particles. BWOB. See By Weight of Blend. BWOC. See By Weight of Cement. BWOW. See By Weight of Water. By Weight of Blend (BWOB). Used to dene the amount (in percent) of a material added to cement when the material is added based on the total amount of a specic blend. By Weight of Cement (BWOC). Used to dene the amount (in percent) of a material added to cement. The method used for most additives in the dry form. By Weight of Water (BWOW). Used to dene the amount (in percent) of a material added to a cement slurry based on the weight of water used to mix the slurry. Normally used only for salt. Cement Bond Log (CBL). An acoustic log used to measure the attenuation rate of a sound wave propagating along the casing. Can be used as an indication of the quality of cement in the annulus. Consistometer. Laboratory apparatus used to determine the thickening time of a cement slurry as described in API Specication 10A and API Recommended Practice 10B.
Glossary
97
Consistency. A rheological property of matter which is related to the cohesion of the individual particles of a given material, its ability to deform and its resistance to ow. The consistency of cement slurries is determined by thickening time tests in accordance with API Recommended Practice 10B and is expressed in Bearden units of consistency (Bc). Contact Time. The elapsed time required for a specic uid to pass a designated depth in the annulus during pumping operations. Critical Rate. The minimum rate required to achieve turbulent ow. Curing. The ageing of cement under specied conditions of temperature and pressure. Dehydration. Loss of water from cement slurries or drilling uid by the process of ltration. Results in the deposition of a lter cake and loss of the slurrys internal uid into a porous matrix. The cement is not completely dehydrated (sufcient water remains to allow setting of the cement). Difcult-to-Disperse (DTD). Cement which is not easily dispersed by a material known as a dispersant. Difcult-to-Disperse in Salt (DTDS). Cement which is not easily dispersed by a material known as a dispersant when the slurry is mixed with water containing a high concentration of salt. DTD. See Difcult-to-Disperse. DTDS. See Difcult-to-Disperse in Salt. Easy-to-Disperse (ETD). Cement which is highly sensitive to the concentration of dispersant, often leading to slurry stability problems. Easy-to-Disperse in Salt (ETDS). Cement which is highly sensitive to the concentration of dispersant when the slurry is mixed with water containing a high concentration of salt. Overdispersion often leads to slurry stability problems. Effective Laminar Flow. A technique for effectively displacing drilling mud from the annulus using a laminar ow regime. Equivalent Sack. The weight of any cementitious material or blend based on the absolute volume of the cement. Normally used to dene a sack of cement blend in which part of the cement has been replaced, on an absolute volume basis, by a pozzolanic material such as y ash. ETD. See Easy-to-Disperse.
ETDS. See Easy-to-Disperse in Salt. Expanding Cement. Cement system exhibiting a bulk volumetric increase after setting. Fill Cement. A cement system used to provide zonal isolation across generally nonproductive zones located above the zones of interest. May also be called lead cement. Fly Ash. The noncombustible residue from the burning of pulverized coal. Fly ash is pozzolanic and is frequently used to replace a portion of the cement and reduce its density. Foamed Cement. A homogeneous, ultralightweight cement system consisting of base cement slurry, gas (usually nitrogen) and surfactants. Free Fluid. The volume of uid (expressed in percent) separating from a cement slurry when left static. Measured as specied in API Recommended Practice 10B. Once called free water. Gas Migration. A generic term which covers all possible routes for annular gas entry and propagation through and around the cement sheath. Also known as annular gas ow. Gel Strength. The degree to which a uid behaves as a solid when left static. Gilsonite. An asphaltinic material frequently used as LCM for drilling uid and cement. Grind. The neness to which cement is ground. Also may refer to a specic production of cement (e.g., lot number). Hydraulic Cement. A substance which, when mixed with water, becomes hard like stone because of a chemical reaction with the water. Hydraulic cement will set under water. Lead Cement. See Fill Cement. Liquid Additive. A material used in a liquid form to modify the properties of cement for use in oil- or gaswell cementing. LITEPOZ. A term used by Schlumberger for certain materials added to cement that are lightweight and have pozzolanic properties. Microannulus. Small gap between the casing and cement sheath resulting from downhole stresses (pressure or temperature). Neat Cement. Cement containing no additives. POD. See Point of departure.
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Point of departure (POD). A term used to describe the beginning of thickening of a cement slurry during the thickening time test. For some slurries, the POD is used as the thickening time. Portland Cement. The product obtained by pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates. Portland Cement Clinker. Hard granular nodules composed essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, with smaller quantities of calcium aluminates and ferrites. It is produced by the heat treatment of cement raw materials in a kiln. Clinker is pulverized with gypsum in the manufacture of Portland cement. Pozzolan. A siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which in itself possesses little or no cementitious value but will, in nely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementitious properties. (ASTM C340) Pozzolanic. Possessing little or no cementitious value but capable of chemically reacting with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementitious properties. (ASTM C340) Prehydrate. To mix with water and allow to react or yield in the water before use. Common technique for bentonite. May also be done for convenience in cementing operation to allow mixing of water containing the additives with powdered neat cement. Primary Cementing. The rst cementing operation performed to place a cement sheath around a casing or liner. The main objectives include zonal isolation to prevent uids migration in the annulus, support for the casing or liner and protection of the casing from corrosive uids. Pumpability. The ability of the slurry to be pumped. Measured by the API thickening time test. Pumping Time. Loosely, the total time required for pumping the cement slurry into the well, plus a safety factor. Pumping time can also be the time to reach a consistency deemed to be unpumpable (generally 70 Bc) during an API thickening time test. Reduced Water Slurries. A cement slurry having a water content less than would normally be used without modifying additives. Right Angle Set. The characteristic of a cement slurry in which its consistency increases from the point of departure or 30 Bc to 100 Bc in a very short time.
Sack. A unit of measure of Portland cement. In the United States the amount which occupies a bulk volume of 1.0 ft3. For most Portland cement, including API classes of cement, a sack is 94 lbm. The sack is the basis for slurry design calculations. Sedimentation. Separation of the components of a cement slurry in which the solids settle. One of characterizations used to dene slurry stability. Slurry Density. The weight per unit volume of a cement slurry (usually kg/m3 or lbm/gal). Slurry Yield. The volume of slurry obtained when one sack of cement is mixed with the desired amount of water and other additives (usually m3/kg or ft3/sk). Slurry Stability. The ability of a cement slurry to maintain homogeneity. Two tests are used as a measure of slurry stability; the free uid and sedimentation. Squeeze Cementing. The forcing, by pressure, of cement slurry into a specied location in a well, such as channels or perforations, for the purpose of achieving isolation. Strength Retrogression. A decline of cement strength at elevated temperatures. This decline is pronounced at temperatures above 110C [230F]. It is controlled by the addition of silica to the cement. Sulfate Resistance. The ability of set cement to resist deterioration in the presence of sulfate ions. Sulfate-Resistant Cement. Cement in which the amount of tricalcium aluminate is controlled as specied by API Specication 10A. Tail Cement. The last cement system pumped during primary cementing. It is the cement which covers the lower sections of the well, especially planned completion intervals. Tensile Strength. The force per unit cross-sectional area required to pull a substance apart. Thickening Time. A measurement of the time during which a cement slurry remains in a uid state and is capable of being pumped. Thickening time is assessed under simulated downhole conditions using a consistometer that plots the consistency of a slurry over time at the anticipated temperature and pressure conditions. The end of the thickening time is considered to be 50 or 70 Bc for most applications. (API RP10B)
Glossary
99
Thixotropy. The characteristic of a uid, such as cement or drilling mud, to develop gel strength over time when not subject to shearing and then to liquefy when agitated. Turbulent Flow. Flow of a uid characterized by swirling or chaotic motion as the uid moves along the ow path. This is a preferred ow regime for mud removal during primary cementing. Water-to-Cement Ratio. In a cement slurry, the ratio of water to cement expressed as percent; the parts of water used to mix with 100 parts of cement. Wait on Cement (WOC). The time necessary to wait for cement to develop required strength for the next operation. WOC. See Wait on Cement.
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Marks of Schlumberger
Mark ARCTICSET CemCADE CemCAT CemCRETE CemNET CemSTONE CemSTREAK CPS DeepCEM DeepCRETE DeepSea EXPRES DensCRETE DESC DuraSTONE EXPRES EZEFLO FLAC FlexSTONE GASBLOK i-Handbook InterACT KOLITE LAS LiteCRETE LITEFIL MudCLEAN MUDPUSH PERMABLOK PipeView PS Platform Identier cement system for use through permafrost cementing design and evaluation software cementing computer-aided treatment concrete-based oilwell cementing technology advanced ber cement to control losses advanced cement technology rapid deployment cementer cement pumping skid deepwater cementing solution deepwater cementing solution offshore plug launching system slurry system design and evaluation services for clients advanced durable cement technology extrusion plug release system (cementing head) surfactant uid-loss additives for cement advanced exible cement technology gas migration control cement system oileld data handbook wellsite monitoring and control system cement additive for low-density slurries liquid additive system slurry system cement additive for low-density slurries chemical wash for removal of drilling mud spacer family for cementing uid system to permanently plug a zone multinger caliper tool for PS Platform tool string new-generation production services platform
Marks of Schlumberger
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Mark RFC RST SALTBOND SCMT SELFSTRESS SFM SFM-C ShearSEAL SlimAccess SlimXtreme SLURRY CHIEF SOS SqueezeCRETE ThermaSTONE THIXOLITE TIC TORNADO UNIFLAC UniMIX UNISET UniSLURRY USI Variable Density WELBOND WELLCLEAN WELLCLEAN II ZONELOCK
Identier regulated ll-up cement Reservoir Saturation Tool cement system for cementing across salt zones Slim Cement Mapping Tool expanding cement system Solids Fraction Monitor Process control for cement slurry mixing shear-activated, high-temperature lost circulation uid wireline logging tool for slim and complex geometry boreholes slimhole, high-pressure, high-temperature well logging platform cement mixing equipment slurry/oil squeeze remedial cementing solutions chemically stabilized cement for ultrahigh-temperature applications thixotropic low-density cement turbulence inducer for cement cement mixing equipment unied uid-loss additive cement slurry system unied retarder cement systems UltraSonic Imager cement bond quality improved bonding cement system optimal mud removal service Engineering Solution permanent zone sealing uid system
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Cementing Services and Products Catalog

Cementing Services and Products Catalog

Cementing Services and Products

Cementing Services and Products

Cementing Services and Products

Cementing Services and Products

Cementing Services and Products

Cementing Services and Products

Reservoir optimization Traditional development

Cementing Services and Products

Research and development

Cementing Services and Products

Quality, health, safety and environment

Key cementing technology highlights

Cementing Services and Products

Cementing Services and Products

Cementing Services and Products

Cementing Services and Products

DeepCRETE deepwater cementing solution

Cementing Services and Products

Well stress analysis software

Advanced plug placement module

Offshore cementing skids

DeepSea EXPRES offshore plug launching system

Surface dart launcher

A gas migration control serviceGASBLOK service

Cementing Services and Products

Gas ow risk analysis

Very critical 25 Pa 50 lbf/100 ft2

Moderate 75 Pa 150 lbf/100 ft2 150 Pa 300 lbf/100 ft2

Very low 250 Pa 500 lbf/100 ft2

Cementing Services and Products

Cement slurry design

Poor mud removal (rheology)

High fluid loss

Gel strength development

Gas channeling along interfaces

Result Interzonal communication Pressure-charged formations Gas to surface Blowout

Gas channeling within cement matrix

Cementing Services and Products

Cement placement design and execution

Lost circulation systems

Reservoir damage and loss of well are also possible as a result of

Lost Circulation Advisor

All types of lost circulation

Cementing Services and Products

Severe lost circulation

InstanSeal Cement system

ShearSEAL lost circulation uid

Severe lost circulation Support for cement plugs

Internally activated Rig time savings No downhole mixing of uids

Cementing Services and Products

PERMABLOK system for plugging zones

CemNET advanced ber cement to control losses

ZONELOCK S sealing system

ZONELOCK SC permanent system

Cementing Services and Products

Cementing Services and Products

Fluids concentration map

Mud risk on the wall

Wide Narrow Wide Wide Narrow Wide

Wide Narrow Wide Wide Narrow Wide

Mud Spacer Cement