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Biopsychology Exam 3 QUESTIONS 1. What is a hormone? Where is it made and what kind of influence does it have on the body?

2. Describe the Anterior and Posterior pituitary glands. 3. What pathway do peripheral temperature receptors go through? 4. Where are central temperature receptors? 5. How does the medial preoptic area regulate heat? 6. How does the medial preoptic area regulate cold? 7. What are the two different kinds of thirsts and how do they arise? 8. Where are the receptors for osmotic thirst? 9. Where are the receptors for hypovolemic thirst? 10. How does the information travel from the different receptor sites for hypovolemic thirst? 11. How do the kidneys signal hypovolemic thirst to the brain? 12. What is the absorptive phase and what happens during it? 13. What is the fast phase and what happens during it? 14. What is basal metabolism? 15. Does the brain need insulin to use glucose? 16. Where does short term and long term storage of energy occur? 17. What happens when you have low blood glucose level? 18. What happens when you have high blood glucose level? 19. What is type I diabetes? 20. What happens in type II diabetes?

21. What is set point theory? 22. What starts a meal? 23. What is conditioned consumption? 24. What is sensory specific satiety? 25. What are the physiological hunger signals and where are they detected? 26. What stops a meal? 27. What is a short term factor that stops a meal? 28. How does long term satiety work? 29. Describe the relationship between leptin and the ob gene. 30. What is the function of the NST/AP? 31. What happens if you have a lesion to the NST? 32. Describe the dual control of eating hypothesis. 33. What do lesions in the VMH do? 34. What mechanism do protein and peptide hormones go through to act on the brain? 35. What are steroid hormones? 36. What mechanism do steroid hormones go through to act on the brain? 37. What are the types of steroid hormones? 38. Where are stress hormones released and what do they do? 39. Where are sex hormones released? 40. What are the levels at which sexual determination occurs?

41. What is genetic sex determined by? 42. What is the SRY? 43. What do the testes make? 44. What does testosterone and AMH do? 45. When does differentiation of gonads occur? 46. How does the external genetalia develop? 47. What is the hormone that stimulates male external genetalia and how is it made? 48. How does female external genetalia develop? 49. What happens in androgen insensitivity syndrome? 50. What happens in 5-alpha reductase deficiency? 51. What happens in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)? 52. How does testosterone affect the brain? 53. What is one area of the brain that is differentiated between males and females? 54. What influences the size of the preoptic area? 55. What are the characteristics of the preovulatory period? 56. What is lordosis and what causes it to occur? 57. What is the ventromedial nucleus important for? 58. What influences male sexual behavior? 59. What role does dopamine play in male sexual behavior? 60. What is the mPOA important for in females?

61. What is the role of oxytocin? 62. What are the brain differences in He-M, Ho-M and He-F? 63. What are the overall brain differences between males and females? 64. Describe drawing differences in boys and girls. 65. Describe the difference between women and men in olfaction, taste, auditory , and vision. 66. Describe the order of the stages of sleep. 67. How long is each sleep cycle? 68. Describe the EEG patterns during waking state. 69. Describe the EEG patterns for each sleep state. 70. When are theta rhythms seen? 71. What happens during REM sleep? 72. What brain areas are important for REM sleep? 73. Describe the difference between REM and NREM sleep. 74. What happens to the reticular formation during REM sleep? 75. What is the function of the basal forebrain? 76. How does the mPOAH regulate the basal forebrain? 77. What is the function of serotonin in sleep? 78. What are other neurochemicals that can control sleep? 79. What is the role of melatonin and where is it made?

80. The evolutionary theory of sleep states that the time an animal sleeps should be directly proportional to the time it needs to be awake to get food and the amount of danger faced during sleep. 81. Recuperation theory states that we sleep to repair damage that occurs when were awake. Growth hormone is secreted during SWS and sleep disruption impairs immune function, digestion removal of waste products and protein synthesis occurs at the same rate as waking. 82. Circadian theory says that we sleep to keep out of trouble and conserve energy and is tied to light and dark cycle. 83. A free running biological clock that tells you when to sleep and when to be awake. 84. Zeitgebers are external cues that reset biological clocks. The most important one for many animals is light. 85. The biological clock in the brain is in the SCN (superchiasmatic nucleus) and works through the retinohypothalamic tract to influence melatonin production. Light is transduced by melanopsin which travels through a specialized ganglion cell to the SCN. 86. A lesion to the SCN abolishes the circadian rhythmicity of physical activity. Stimulation results in a predictable shift of rhythms. 87. Inside the SCN, there is a transcription and translation process that takes about 24 hours. This cycle is in sync with the circadian rhythm. Light causes glutamate to synchronize the molecular clock with the light dark cycle. 88. Brainstem activation during REM sleep causes random neuronal activation. Dreams are meaningless. 89. Brainstem activation causes random neural activity that erases false information. We dream to forget. 90. REM sleep is involved in memory formation. Neurons that are activated when an animal is exploring a new environment become reactivated during REM sleep. 91. In rats, REM sleep is increased after learning a task and complexity of material and rats go into REM sleep faster after learning.

92. Increases in REM sleep occur prior to increases in behavioral performances. 93. REM sleep deprivation causes deficits in recently learned material. 94. Easy learning, explicit learning (word recognition, paired associations) 95. Insomnia is caused by drugs, stress, or trying to sleep in the wrong time of your circadian cycle. Benzodiazepine is used to treat it. 96. Sleep apnea is the inability to breathe while sleeping. Consequences are sleepiness during the day. 97. Periodic limb disorder movements are repeated involuntary movements of the legs and arms while sleeping that occur in NREM sleep. 98. Narcolepsy is characterized by REM sleep-like processes being activated during wakefulness. Skip other stages and go directly into REM. 99. REM sleep without atonia is REM sleep without inhibition of motor movements. 100. neuropeptide that is reduced in sleep disorders. 101. Orexin is

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