Electrosmog, Fertility and Reproduction (312 References)

Electrosmog and Reproduction
Updated 20 June 2012
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Here are 309 references linking electrosmog with adverse reproductive effects. The current ICNIRPs safety guidelines for radiofrequency exposures were only developed to protect healthy adult males from periodic 6 minute exposures. They were not designed to protect the general population against chronic exposures. How much evidence will be needed before we apply the precautionary principle? For other EMF bibliographies see: http://www.scribd.com/collections/3440803/ElectrosmogBibiographies
New: (added 20 June)

Baste V, Moen BE, Oftedal G, Strand LA, Bjrge L, Mild KH. (2012). Pregnancy outcomes after paternal radiofrequency field exposure aboard fast patrol boats. J Occup Environ Med.54(4):431-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=22354128 Christ A, Guldimann R, Buhlmann B, Zefferer M, Bakker JF, van Rhoon GC, Kuster N. (2012). Exposure of the Human Body to Professional and Domestic Induction Cooktops Compared to the Basic Restrictions, Bioelectromagnetics. 2012 Jun 1. [Epub ahead of print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22674188
1. Afromeev VI, Tkachenko VN, (1999). [Change in the percent of lactate dehydrogenase
isoenzyme level in testes of animals exposed to superhigh frequency radiation] Biofizika 44(5):931-932 [Article in Russian] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10624539
2. Agarwal A, Deepinder, F. Sharma RK, Ranga G. & J. Li. (2008). Effect of cell phone usage on
semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study, Fertil Steril. 89 (1):124-128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482179
3. Agarwal A, Desai NR, Ruffoli R, Carpi A. (2008). Lifestyle and testicular dysfunction: A brief
review. Biomed Pharmacother. 62(8):550-553. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18771892
4. Agarwal A, NR. Desai, K Makker, A Varghese, R Mouradi, E Sabanegh, and R Sharma (2009).
Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. Fertil Steril. 92(4):1318-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 18804757
5. Agarwal A, Singh A and Hamada A (2011):Cell phones and male infertility: review of recent
innovations in technology and consequences. International Brazilian Journal of Andrology Vol. 37 (4): 432-454. http://www.brazjurol.com.br/july_august_2011/Agarwal_432_454.htm
6. Aghdam Shahryar H, A.R. Lotfi, M. Bahojb and A.R. Karami (2008). Effects of Electromagnetic
Fields of Cellular Phone on Cortisol and Testosterone Hormones Rate in Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). International Journal of Zoological Research, 4: 230-233. http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ijzr.2008.230.233
7. Ahangarpour A, Fathi-Moghaddam H, Birgani MJ, Shahbazian H, Badavi M. (2009).

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis responses of the male rats to short and long time alternative magnetic fields (50 Hz) exposure. J Res Med Sci.14(4):231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772889
8. Aitken RJ, Bennetts LE, Sawyer D, Wiklendt AM, King BV. (2005). Impact of radio frequency
electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline. Int. J. Androl 28: 171 179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15910543
9. Akdag Z, Celik MS, Ketani A, Nergiz Y, Deniz M, Dasdag S (1999). Effect of chronic lowintensity microwave radiation on sperm count, sperm morphology, and testicular and
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epididymal tissues of rats. Electro Magnetobiol 18 (2): 133 145 http://www.emfportal.de/viewer.php?sform=&fb=yes&aid=9425&l=e
10. Aldad TS, G Gan, XB Gao, HS Taylor. (2012). Fetal Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure From
800-1900 Mhz-Rated Cellular Telephones Affects Neurodevelopment and Behavior in Mice. Scientific Reports. 2: 312 7 p http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120315/srep00312/pdf/srep00312.pdf
11. Algers B, K. Hennichs (1983). Biological effects of electromagnetic fields. A review. Vet. Res.
Commun. 6: 265279. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6359665
12. Andrienko LG, Dumanski IuD, Rudichenko VF, Meleshko GI. (1977). [Effect of industrialfrequency electromagnetic fields on the spermatogenic function].Vrach Delo. 9:116-8. [Article in Russian]. No abstract available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/919464
13. Anselmo, CWSF., PB Pereira, MTJA. Catanho and MC Medeiros, (2007). Effects of the
electromagnetic field, 60 Hz, 3 T, on the hormonal and metabolic regulation of undernourished pregnant rats. Braz. J. Biol., 69: 397-404. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjb/v69n2/24.pdf
14. Avendao C, Mata A, Sanchez Sarmiento CA, Doncel GF. (2012). Use of laptop computers
connected to internet through Wi-Fi decreases human sperm motility and increases sperm DNA fragmentation. Fertility and Sterility. 97(1):39-45.e2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22112647
15. Avendao, C; A. Mata; A.M. Juarez Villanueva; V.S. Martnez; C.A. Sanchez Sarmiento (2010).
Laptop expositions affect motility and induce DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa in vitro by a nonthermal effect: a preliminary report. Fertility and Sterility. 94 (4), Supplement, pg. S73-S73 http://www.safeschool.ca/uploads/Laptop_Expositions.pdf
16. Bas O, Odaci E, Mollaoglu H, Ucok K, Kaplan S. (2009). Chronic prenatal exposure to the 900
megahertz electromagnetic field induces pyramidal cell loss in the hippocampus of newborn rats. Toxicol Ind Health . 25(6). 377 384. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19671630
17. Baste V, Riise T and BE Moen (2008). Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields; male infertility
and sex ratio of offspring Eur J Epidemiol. 23(5):369377 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18415687
18. Baste V, Moen BE, Oftedal G, Strand LA, Bjrge L, Mild KH. (2012). Pregnancy outcomes
after paternal radiofrequency field exposure aboard fast patrol boats. J Occup Environ Med.54(4):431-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=22354128
19. Bastide M, B.J. Youbicier-Simoa, J.C. Lebecq, J. Giaimis. (2001). Toxicologic study of
electromagnetic radiation emitted by television and video display screens and cellular telephones on chickens and mice, Indoor Built Environ. 10: 291298. http://www.iirec.co.il/Data/FilesUploads/Bastide_Youbicier.pdf
20. Batellier F, Couty I, Picard D, Brillard JP. (2008). Effects of exposing chicken eggs to a cell
phone in "call" position over the entire incubation period. Theriogenology. 69 (6):737-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18255134?dopt=Abstract
21. Bayat PD, Ghanbari A, Saeid B, Khazaei M, Ghorbani R, Ayubian M. (2011). Effect of
exposure to extremely low electro-magnetic field during prenatal period on mice spleen. Indian J Exp Biol. 49(8):634-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870432? dopt=Abstract
22. Belanger, K., Leaderer, B., Hellenbrand, K., Holford, T.R., McSharry, J-E., Power, M-E, and
Bracken, M.B. (1998). Spontaneous abortion and exposure to electric blankets and heated water beds. Epidemiology, 9: 36-42 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9430266
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______________________________________________________________________ 23. Bellieni CV, Pinto I, Bogi A, Zoppetti N, Andreuccetti D, Buonocore G (2012). Exposure to
electromagnetic fields from laptop use of "laptop" computers. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 67(1):31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=22315933
24. Beraldi R, Sciamanna I, Mangiacasale R, Lorenzini R, Spadafora C. (2003). Mouse early

embryos obtained by natural breeding or in vitro fertilization display a differential sensitivity to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Mutat Res. 538(1-2):163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12834765
25. Bereznitskaya AN, Rysina TZ. (1973). Effects of Microwaves. In Biological Effects of
Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, Z.V. Gordon, ed., Arlington, Va., U.S. Joint Publications Research Service No. 6332l, pp.230-236. ). http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2010/10/Russian_Biological_Effects_of_Radiofrequency_Electromagnetic_ Fields.pdf
26. Bereznitskaya AN, Rysina TZ. (1973). Effects of Microwaves. In Biological Effects of
Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, Z.V. Gordon, ed., Arlington, Va., U.S. Joint Publications Research Service No. 6332l, pp.230-236. ). http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2010/10/Russian_Biological_Effects_of_Radiofrequency_Electromagnetic_ Fields.pdf
27. Bereznitskaya AN. (1968). [Certain indices of fertility in female mice irradiated with 10centimeter waves]. Gig Tr Prof Zabol. 12(9):33-7. [Article in Russian] No Abstract. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5731624
28. Bereznitskaya, A. N. and Rysina, T. Z. (1974). Embryotropic Effects of Microwaves. In:

Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, Gordon, Z. V.,editor. Arlington, Va., U.S. Joint Pub.Research Service, 1974, pp. 230-36.. http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2010/10/Russian_Biological_Effects_of_Radiofrequency_Electromagnetic_ Fields.pdf
29. Bereznitskaya, A. N., and Kazhokov, I.M (1974). Studies on the Reproduction and Testicular
Microstructure of Mice Exposed to Microwaves. In: Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, Gordon, Z. V., editor. Arlington, Va., U.S. Joint Pub. Research Service, 1974, pp. 221-29. http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2010/10/Russian_Biological_Effects_of_Radiofrequency_Electromagnetic_ Fields.pdf
30. Bereznitskaya, A.N. and I.M. Kazbekov (1974). Studies on the Reproduction and Testicular
Microstructure of Mice Exposed to Microwaves. In Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, Z.V. Gordon, ed., Arlington, Va., U.S. Joint Publications Research Service No. 6332l, pp. 221-229 (1974). http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2010/10/Russian_Biological_Effects_of_Radiofrequency_Electromagnetic_ Fields.pdf
31. Berman E, Carter HB and House D. 1984: Growth and development of mice offspring after
irradiation in utero with 2,450-MHz microwaves. Teratology. 30(3):393-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6515565
32. Berman E, Carter HB, House D. (1982). Reduced weight in mice offspring after in utero
exposure to 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics3(2): 285-291. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7126279
33. Berman E, Carter HB. (1984). Decreased body weight in fetal rats after irradiation with 2450MHz (CW) microwaves. Health Phys 46: 537542. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6698781
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______________________________________________________________________ 34. Berman E, Kinn JB, and Carter HB (1978). Observations of mouse fetuses after irradiation with
2.45 GHz microwaves, Health Physics, 35, pp. 791-801 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/738884 and http://journals.lww.com/healthphysics/Abstract/1978/12000/Observations_of_Mouse_Fetuses_After_Irradiation.6.aspx
35. Berman, E.L., Chacon, D., House, B., Koch, A., et al. (1990). Development of chicken embryos
in a pulsed magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 11:169187 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2242052
36. Bernab N, Tettamanti E, Russo V, Martelli A, Turriani M, Mattoli M, Barboni B. (2010).

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure affects fertilization outcome in swine animal model. Theriogenology. 73(9):1293-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20176397
37. Bernabo N., Tettamanti E., Pistilli M.G., Nardinocchi D., Berardinelli P., Mattioli M., Barboni
B. (2007). Effects of 50 Hz extremely low frequency magnetic field on the morphology and function of boar spermatozoa capacitated in vitro. Theriogenology, 67 (4), pp. 801-815 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17196643
38. Blaasaas K, T Tynes, A Irgens, R Lie (2002). Risk of birth defects by parental occupational
exposure to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields: a population based study Occup Environ Med. 59(2): 9297. doi: 10.1136/oem.59.2.92 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1740256/
39. Blackman CF, House DE, Benane SG, Joines WT, Spiegel RJ. (1988). Effect of ambient levels
of power-line-frequency electric fields on a developing vertebrate. Bioelectromagnetics ; 9(2):129140 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3377861
40. Blackman CF. (2006). Can EMF exposure during development leave an imprint later in life?
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41. Blackman, C. (2009).Cell phone radiation: Evidence from ELF and RF studies supporting more
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embryos exposed to an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field. Electromagn Biol Med. 30(4):246-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22047462
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of electromagnetic fields. Reprod. Toxicol. 7: 535580. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8118107
44. Brown-Woodman PD, Hadley JA, Waterhouse J, Webster WS. (1988). Teratogenic effects of
exposure to radiofrequency radiation (27.12 MHz) from a shortwave diathermy unit. Ind Health. 26(1):1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3283078
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of reproductive function of female rats exposed to radiofrequency field (27.12 MHz) near a shortwave diathermy device. Health Physics 56(4): 521-525. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=2925391
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______________________________________________________________________ 48. Buiatti E, Barchielli A, Geddes M, Nastasi L, Kriebel D, Franchini M, Scarselli G. (1984). Risk
factors in male infertility: a case-control study. Arch Environ Health. 39(4):266-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6497442
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The Electrosmog Bibliography Collection also contains: Autism (10 References) Blood Brain Barrier (47 References) Breast Cancer (77 References) Cataracts (61 References) Hearing (39 References) Headaches (48 References) Base Stations, TV and radio masts, Power lines (92 References) Depression and suicide (48 References) Male fertility (135 References) Prenatal Effects (166 References) Wildlife (149 References) Other EMF-related Scribd collections which may be of interest include: http://www.scribd.com/my_document_collections/3228470 (Conflict of interest in science) http://www.scribd.com/my_document_collections/3228507 (Electrosmog and wildlife) http://www.scribd.com/my_document_collections/3222035 (Electrosensitivity) http://www.scribd.com/my_document_collections/3221670 (Electrosmog and male fertility) http://www.scribd.com/my_document_collections/3222195 (The precautionary principle) http://www.scribd.com/my_document_collections/3220833 (EMF-related health risks) http://www.scribd.com/my_document_collections/3651795 (2012 research - mobile phones, wifi)
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7. Ahangarpour A, Fathi-Moghaddam H, Birgani MJ, Shahbazian H, Badavi M. (2009).

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24. Beraldi R, Sciamanna I, Mangiacasale R, Lorenzini R, Spadafora C. (2003). Mouse early

28. Bereznitskaya, A. N. and Rysina, T. Z. (1974). Embryotropic Effects of Microwaves. In:

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36. Bernab N, Tettamanti E, Russo V, Martelli A, Turriani M, Mattoli M, Barboni B. (2010).

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81. Eckert EE.(1976). [Pltzlicher und underwarteter Tod im Kleinkindesalter und

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