PHD Summary

A thesis presented to the Faculty of Civil Engineering
of Technical University of Cluj-Napoca

In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy
By Eng. Dumitru Vasile MOLDOVAN
A STUDY OF HIGH STRENGTH AND

PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
SUBJECTED TO UNIAXIAL
COMPRESSION AND FLEXURE
Coordonator,
Prof. Phd. Eng. Cornelia MGUREANU
Evaluation Committe:
CHAIRMAN:
Prof. PhD. Eng. Mihai Iliescu - dean, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical
University of Cluj-Napoca;
MEMBERS:
Prof. PhD. Eng. Cornelia Mgureanu coodonator, Technical University of

Cluj-Napoca;
Prof. PhD. Eng. Radu PASCU - referee, Technical University of Civil
Engineering Bucharest;
Prof. PhD. Eng. Valeriu STOIAN - referee, Politehnica University of
Timioara;
Prof. PhD. Eng. Zoltan KISS - referee, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca;
Acknowledgements
This paper has been made possible with the unconditioned help of my family, Crina and
Roxana, to whom it is dedicated.
The author expresses his gratitude to Prof. PhD. Eng. Cornelia MGUREANU,
coordinator of the present paper, teacher and life model.
The author expresses his gratitude to fellow colleagues for the help, observations and
support provided in all the various stages of writing this paper.
The author expresses his gratitude to the National Grant Agency, CNCSIS, for the
financial support that made possible the following research programmes:
Grant A, cod 1036/2004-2006, High Strength and Performance Concrete incorporating
steel or carbon fibers and rubber fume. Earthquake, aggressive enviroments, dynamic loading
and
fatique
behaviour.
Enviromental
Ecology
(coord.
Prof.
PhD.
Eng.
Cornelia
MGUREANU);
Grant TD 280/2007-2009, Ductility of High Strength and Performance Concrete (coord.
Assist. Lect. Eng. Heghe BOGDAN).
All support is gratefully acknowledged.
Table of Contents
I. INTRODUCTION
Page [5]
A. Context and motivation
Page [5]
B. Research methodology
Page [5]
C. Thesis structure
Page [5]
II. STATE OF THE ART
Page [7]
A. Introduction
Page [7]
B. Concrete matrix
Page [7]
C. Conversion relationships for the characteristic compressive strength.

Establishing concrete grade
Page [8]
D. Stress-strain curves for HSC
Page [8]
E. Ultimate compressive strain for plain HSC
Page [11]
F. Stress block parameters
Page [12]
References
Page [15]
III. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

A. Concrete properties
Page [20]
Page [20]
a. Compressive strength
Page [20]
b. Stress-strain curve
Page [21]
B. Reinforcement properties
Page [21]
C. Experimental programme
Page [22]
D. Beam response under flexure
Page [22]
IV. EXPERIMENTAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
Page [24]
A. Proposed Definitions
Page [24]
a. Stress-strain curve
Page [24]
b. Concrete strain corresponding to the maximum stress
Page [24]
c. Ultimate concrete strain
Page [24]
d. Centroid position for the experimental stress-strain curve
Page [25]
e. Stress block models
Page [25]
[3]
Table of Contents
B. Resistive flexural capacity
Page [25]
a. Cited models
Page [25]
b. Proposed trapezoid stress block model
Page [26]
c. Proposed equivalent rectangular stress block
Page [26]
d. Proposed triangular stress block
Page [27]
e. Stress block parameters
Page [27]
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Page [32]
A. Synthesis
Page [32]
B. Observations and conclusions
Page [32]
C. Recomandations
Page [33]
VI. APPENDICES
Page [34]
APPENDIX I Strain development over the height of the cross section
Page [34]
APPENDIX II Experimental stress-strain curve
Page [36]
APPENDIX III Flexural resistive moment
Page [38]
[4]
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Context and motivation
It has become increasingly clear that any future development in construction should aim
at using better and better materials such as High Strength Concrete or High Performance
Concrete. The present thesis is following this trend by addressing to national and local interested
parties a call to action by presenting local gain of experience on the matter and by providing a
valid reference for introducing in common practice High Strength Concrete as a better, more cost
attractive alternative for a variety of construction projects.
B. Research methodology
The experimental programme consisted of two series of small reinforced concrete
beams (eight and six respectively) having dimensions of (
), each series
being accompanied by corresponding standard cubic and prismatic specimens (

1
and
). Two curing treatments were applied: standard, water submersion at

for 28 days and specific, at normal humidity and temperature, identical to the casted
beams.
Governing parameters were considered to be:
(1)
concrete grade and longitudinal rebars as PC 52 steel grade (specific national steel
grade, similar to S 400 in terms of yielding strength) for percentages of longitudinal

reinforcement of
(coefficient of longitudinal reinforcement of
and mechanical coefficients of reinforcement of

(2)
concrete grade and longitudinal rebars as Bst 500 S (equivalent to S500 as per EC 2)
for percentages of longitudinal reinforcement of

reinforcement of
(coefficient of longitudinal
) and mechanical coefficients of reinforcement of
C. Thesis structure
Present thesis is basically structured in two parts and a total of six chapters. The first
part, chapters 1 and 2, are introductory to the theme set here-in. In the second part, chapters 3
and 4 present the experimental programme and corresponding data. Chapter 5 presents a
Eng. Dumitru Vasile MOLDOVAN
[5]
A study of HIGH STRENGTH and PERFORMANCE CONCRETE...
synthesis and the concluding remarks of present study, as well as future work directions, while
the last chapter lists the appendices.
Notations adopted here-after refere to:
chapter
part
corresponding listing number.
[6]
II. STATE OF THE ART

A. Introduction
According to official definitions High Strength Concrete is the concrete having on a
cylinder specimen compressive strengths from 60 MPa to 130 MPa as per SR EN 1992-1-1:2004
(2004) [2-A-1] (Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor...). Similarly High Performance Concrete is
considered to be the concrete mix having a Water/Cement ratio less than 0,40 according to CEB
(1993), [2-A-2] (Design Code...).
Other definitions refer to strength and durability characteristics that cannot be obtained
by use of common technology and constituents, see RUSSELL (1999), [2-A-3] (ACI Defines
High-Performance Concrete) which in turn means:
Higher compressive strengths are possible only for low and very low Water/Cement
ratios;
Use the latest generation of superplasticizers, water reductive and highly reductive as
well as optimized granulometry of all constituents mixed;
The obtained matrix exhibits superior durability characteristics as well as some
deficientes that have nonetheless accessible solutions;
B. Concrete matrix
The quality of the concrete mix depends on the reactivity of the cement with water
generating fast strengthening gels. Decreasing the water dosage must be balanced by the increase
in the reactivity of the added water given by a two-step process when superplasticizers are used:
(1) disperse more eficiently cement particles in the solution and (2) prevent water from
encapsulating the cement particles and thus provide additional water for the hidration process,
see TAYLOR (1997), [2-B-1] (Cement chemistry). That is why the cement and superplasticizer
must be compatible to create a proper chemical system.
Micro-cracking of concrete starts in the point of minimum strength, somewhere in the
capilar system. As it has been shown, see HSU (1984), [2-B-2] (Fatique and microcracking of
concrete), even prior to loading, concrete may have a well developed capilar system and
therefore multiple points of failure initiation. It may be concluded that although failure is a
sudden event, it is actually the result of a continuous process of cracking, capilar interconnection
and local degradation.
[7]
C. Conversion
relationships
for
the characteristic
compressive
strength. Establishing concrete grade

Characteristic strength is established with a fractile of 5%, see fib (2009), [2-C-1]
(Bulletin no. 42, Constitutive modelling...) at 28 days on cylinder specimens having (
) or cubic specimens with an edge of (
room (at
), submerged in water or in a fog
).
an RH
De LARRARD et al. (1994), [2-C-2] (Is the cube test suitable for) propose a
(
) conversion domain of:

[2-A]
[2-C] A
[2-B]
[2-C-1]
while IMAM et al. (1995), [2-C-3] (Are current concrete strength...) propose:
[2-C-2]
both indicating that the conversion factor in the case of High Strength Concrete is superior to
that of Normal Concrete, considered to be somewhat closer to (
).
In order to establish the concrete grade, the following where used:

(3) SR EN 1992-1-1:2004 (2004), [2-C-4] (Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor...)
( )
( )
( )
characteristic strength of concrete on cylin er s ecimens, in MPa at age ( )
( )
mean concrete strength in MPa, at age ( )
[2-C-3]
D. Stress-strain curve for HSC

The following proposed models may be cited:
(1) JENSEN (1943), [2-D-1] (Ultimate strength of reinforced...)
{
( )
[2-C-4]
[8]
Chapter 2. State of the art
(2) HOGNESTAD (1951), [2-D-2] (A study of combined bending...)

[
{
( )
( ) ]
) (
[(
[2-C-5]
)]
(3) DESAYI and KRISHNAN (1964), [2-D-3] (Equation for the Stress-Strain)
[2-C-6]
( )
(4) SARGIN and HANDA (1968), [2-D-4] (Structural Concrete and...)
(
(
[2-C-7]
(5) POPOVICS (1973), [2-D-5] (A numerical approach to the...)

(
[2-C-8]
(6) WANG et al. (1978), [2-D-6] (Stress-strain curves of normal...)

[2-C-9]
(7) CARREIRA and CHU (1985), [2-D-7] (Stress-strain relationship for plain)
( )
[2-C-10]
(8) THORENFELDT et al. (1987), [2-D-8] (Mechanical properties of High-Strength...)

(
[2-C-11]
(9) Comit Euro-International du Bton (CEB) (1990), [2-D-9] (Design Code...)

(
) ( ) ( )
(
) ( )
[2-C-12]
[
{
] ( )
(Space intentionally left blank)

[9]
(10) LOOV (1991), [2-D-10] (A General Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete)

( )
( )
( )
[2-C-13]
(11) MUGURUMA et al. (1991), [2-D-11] (Stress-Strain curve model for concrete)
(
) (
[2-C-14]
(12) HSU and HSU (1994), [2-D-12] (Complete stress-strain behaviour of)
( )
( )
[
[2-C-15]
) ]
{
(13) WEE et al. (1996), [2-D-13] (Stress-Strain Relationship of)
( )
( )
( )
( )
[2-C-16]
(14) Van GYSEL and TAERWE (1996), [2-D-14] (Analytical formulation of the)
(
) (
(
) ( )
) ( )
[2-C-17]
(15) ATTARD and SETUNGE (1996), [2-D-15] (Stress-Strain relationship of confined...)

(
[
(
)
)
]
[2-C-18]
]
(16) OZTEKIN et al. (2003), [2-D-16] (Determination of rectangular stress block)

[
) (
) ]
[2-C-19]
[10]
(17) SR EN 1992-1-1:2004 (2004), [2-D-17] (Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor...)

Non-linear model for short term uniaxial loads:
| |
[2-C-20]
Parabola-rectangular model for sectional calculus:

[
) ]
[2-C-21]
Trapezoid model for sectional calculus:
[2-C-22]
(18) STAS 10107-0/90 (1990), [2-D-18] (Calculul and alctuirea...)

{
[ ( )
| |
| |
|
[2-C-23]
Stress (c) n [N/mm2]
E. Ultimate compressive strain for plain HSC

120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
(1) Early
age
microcracking
(contraction, temperature variations)

(2) Load microcracking
(3) Cracking development
(4) Cracking
interconnection
and
failure
10
Strain () []
Fig. [1-A]
Failure under uniaxial compression
Commom values for HSC are 2,80 [] (
model and 2,60 [] for parabola-rectangular and trapezoid models (

) for the non-linear

[
).
[11]
F. Stress block parameters

The following proposed models may be citated:
(1) J.A. PASTOR et al. (1984), [2-F-1] (Behavior of High-Strength Concrete Beams)
[2-C-24]
[2-F-1.1]
[2-D]
[2-E] aA
[2-F] a
, entr
0 MPa
)] , t.
[2-F-1.2]
0 MPa
[2-F-1.3]
and
[2-F-1.4]
(2) CEB (1993), [2-F-2] (Design Code...)
Parabola-rectangular model:
[2-F-2]
[2-F-2.1]
[2-F-2.2]
strain corres on ing to ma im m stress
[2-F-2.3]
, entr
[2-F-2.4]
) , entr
Rectangular-equivalent model:
(
[2-F-2.5]
[2-F-2.6]
[2-F-2.7]
(3) Norwegian Standard NS 3473 (1995), [2-F-3] (Concrete Structures Design and...)
Tab. [2-E]
[1-A]
[1-B]
Tab.
[2]
[2-A]
[2-B]
[2-C]
Tab.
[2-D]
[2-F]
[2-G]
Tab.
[2-H]
[2-I]
[2-J]
Tab.
[2-K]
Tab. [2-K-1] Proposed values for (

Clasa betonului
C25
cu
[-]
0,0035
[-]
1
[-]
0,80
) cf. NS 3473, [2-F-3] (Concrete Structures Design and...)

C35
0,0035
1
0,80
C45
0,0035
1
0,80
C55
0,0035
1
0,80
C65
C75
C85
0,0032 0,00305 0,0029
0,97
0,96
0,95
0,80
0,78
0,76
C95
0,0028
*
*
C105
0,0027
*
* according to experimental data
[12]
(4) AS 3600-2001 (2001), [2-F-4] (Australian Standard - Concrete Structures)

[2-F-3]
[2-F-3.1]
, entr
28 MPa
)] , entr
28 MPa
[2-F-3.2]
[2-F-3.3]
)]
t.60 MPa
MPa
[2-F-3.4]
(5) SR EN 1992-1-1:2004 (2004), Error! Reference source not found. (Eurocod 2:

Proiectarea structurilor de beton...)
, entr
, entr
, entr
, entr
entr
[
0 MPa
0 MPa
0 MPa
0 MPa
0 MPa
[2-F-4]
0 MPa
[2-F-4.1]
[2-F-4.2]
0 MPa
) ]
0 MPa
0 MPa
[2-F-4.3]
(6) Halit Cenan MERTOL et al. (2005), [2-F-5] (Characteristics of Compressive Stress...)
, entr
(
, entr
[2-F-5]
6 MPa
) , entr
6 MPa
28 MPa
(
) , entr
28 MPa
[2-F-5.1]
[2-F-5.2]
[2-F-5.3]
(7) CSA A23.3-04 (2005), [2-F-6] (Design of Concrete Structures...) and CAN/CSA S6-06
(2006), [2-F-7] (Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code)
(
[2-F-6]
[2-F-6.1]
[2-F-6.2]
[2-F-6.3]
[13]
(8) ACI 441-R96 (2005) [2-F-8] (High-Strength Concrete Columns...)

[
, entr
)]
entr
6 MPa
[2-F-7]
[2-F-7.1]
[2-F-7.2]
6 MPa
[2-F-7.3]
(9) NZS 3101: Part 1:2006 (2006), [2-F-9] (Concrete Structures Standard...)
{
, entr
[
, entr
[2-F-8]
MPa
(
)] , entr
MPa
)] , entr
0 MPa
0 MPa
[2-F-8.1]
[2-F-8.2]
[2-F-8.3]
(10) ACI 318 (2008), [2-F-10] (Building Code Requirements...) and AASHTO (2007), [2-F-11]
(AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design...)
[2-F-9]
[2-F-9.1]
{
, entr
[
0 MPa
(
)] , ac
0 MPa
[2-F-9.2]
[2-F-9.3]
[14]
References
[2] STATE OF THE ART

[2-A] Introduction
[2-A-1] SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor de beton. Partea 1-1: Reguli generale and
reguli pentru cldiri, Asociaia e Stan ar izare in Romnia (ASRO), E iia 1, 200 , 212 Page.
[2-A-2] Comit Euro-International du Bton, Design Code (CEB-FIP MC 90), Thomas Telford, London, 1993,
Page. [437]
[2-A-3] Henry G. RUSSELL, ACI Defines High-Performance Concrete, Concrete International, vol. 21, no. 2, 1999,
Page. [56-57], http://www.concrete.org, accesat la 8 oct. 2009
[2-B] Concrete matrix
[2-B-1] H.F.W. TAYLOR, Cement Chemistry, E iia a o a, 1
7, http://books.google.ro/, accesat la 8 oct. 2009
[2-B-2] Thomas T.C. HSU, Fatique and Microcracking of Concrete, Materiaux et Constructions, vol 17, no. 97,
1984, Page. [51-54]
[2-C] Conversion relationships for the characteristic compressive strength. Establishing concrete grade
[2-C-1] fdration internationale du bton (fib), Bulletin no. 42, Constitutive modelling of high-strength/highperformance concrete, februarie 2009, Page. [3-4]
[2-C-2] F. De LARRARD, A. BELLOC, S. RENWEZ, C. BOULAY, Is the cube test suitable for high performance
concrete?, Materials and Structures, Vol. 27, No. 10, December 1994, Page. [580-583]
[2-C-3] M. IMAM, L. VANDEWALLE, F. MORTELMANS, Are current concrete strength tests suitable for high
strength concrete?, Materials and Structures, Vol. 28, No. 7, August 1995, Page. [384-391]
[2-C-4] SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor de beton. Partea 1-1: Reguli generale and
reguli pentru cldiri, Asociaia e Stan ar izare in Romnia (ASRO), E iia 1, 200 , 212 Page.
[2-D] Stress-strain curve for HSC
[2-D-1] V. P. JENSEN, Ultimate Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams as Related to the Plasticity Ratio of
Concrete, Bulletin Series, no. 345, University of Illinois, Engineering Experimental Station, Urbana-Champaign,
Illinois, 1943, Page. [1-63]
[2-D-2] E. HOGNESTAD, A study of combined bending and axial load in reinforced concrete elements, Bulletin
Series, no. 399, University of Illinois, Engineering Experimental Station, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 1951,
Page. [1-129], http://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/4360, downloadat la data de 12 dec. 2009
[2-D-3] Prakash DESAYI, S. KRISHNAN, Equation for the Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete, ACI Journal
Proceedings, vol. 61, no. 3, March 1964, Page. [345-350]
[2-D-4] M. SARGIN, V. K. HANDA, Structural Concrete and Some Numerical Solutions, Proceedings of the 23rd
ACM National Conference, New York, 1968, Page. [563-574C]
[2-D-5] S. POPOVICS, A numerical approach to the complete stress strain curve for concrete, Cement and
Concrete Research, vol. 3, no. 5, 1973, Page. [583-599]
[15]
References
[2-D-6] P.T. WANG, S.P. SHAH, A.E. NAAMAN, Stress-strain curves of normal and lightweight concrete in
compression, ACI Journal Proceedings, vol. 75, no. 62, November 1978, Page. [603-611]
[2-D-7] Domingo J. CARREIRA, Kuang-Han CHU, Stress-strain relationship for plain concrete in compression,
ACI Journal Proceedings, vol. 82, no. 6, November-December 1985, Page. [797-804]
[2-D-8] E. THORENFELDT, A. TOMASZEWICZ, J.J. JENSEN, Mechanical Properties of High-Strength
Concrete and Application in Design, Proceedings of the Symposium Utilization of High Strength Concrete,
Tapir, Trondheim, 1987, Page. [149-159]
[2-D-9] Comit Euro-International du Bton (CEB), Design Code (CEB-FIP MC 90), Thomas Telford, London,
1993, Page. [437]
[2-D-10] Robert E. LOOV, A General Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete: Implications for High Strength Concrete
Columns, 1991 Annual Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, May 29, 1991, Page. [302311]
[2-D-11] H. MUGURUMA, M. NISHIYAMA, F. WATANABE, Stress-Strain curve model for concrete with a
wide-range of compressive strength, Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Utilization of High Strength
Concrete, Lillehammer, Norway, June 20-23, 1993, Page. [314-321]
[2-D-12] L.S. HSU, Thomas T.C. HSU, Complete stress-strain behaviour of high strength concrete under
compression, Magazine of Concrete Research, vol. 46, no. 169, 1994, Page. [301-312]
[2-D-13] T. H. WEE, M. S. CHIN, M. A. MANSUR, Stress-Strain Relationship of High-Strength Concrete in
Compression, ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol 8, no. 2, May 1996, Page. [70-76]
[2-D-14] A. Van GYSEL, L. TAERWE, Analytical formulation of the complete stress-strain curve for high strength
concrete, Materials and Structures/Matriaux et Constructions, vol. 29, November 1996, Page. [529-533]
[2-D-15] Mario M. ATTARD, S. SETUNGE, Stress-Strain relationship of confined and unconfined concrete, ACI
Materials Journal, vol. 93, no. 5, September-October 1996, Page. [1-11]
[2-D-16] Ertekin OZTEKIN, Selim PUL, Metin HUSEM, Determination of rectangular stress block parameters for
high performance concrete, Engineering Structures, vol. 25, no. 3, February 2003, Page. [371-376]
[2-D-17] SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor de beton. Partea 1-1: Reguli generale and
reguli pentru cldiri, Asociaia e Stan ar izare in Romnia (ASRO), E iia 1, 200 , Page. [24-31]
[2-D-18] STAS 10107/0-90, Calculul and alctuirea elementelor structurale din beton, beton armat and beton
precomprimat, Institutul Romn de Standardizare, 12 Ianuarie 1990, 115 Page.
[2-E] Ultimate compressive strain for plain HSC
[2-F] Stress block parameters
[2-F-1] J.A. PASTOR, Arthur H. NILSON, Floyd O. SLATE, Behavior of High-Strength Concrete Beams, Research
Report No. 84-3, Department of Structural Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1984
[2-F-2] Comit Euro-International du Bton, Design Code (CEB-FIP MC 90), Thomas Telford, London, 1993
[2-F-3] Norwegian Standard NS 3473, Concrete Structures Design and detailing rules, The Norwegian Council
for Building Standardisation, N.B.R., Oslo, Norway, 1995
[2-F-4] Committee BD-002 (Concrete Structures), Australian Standard - Concrete Structures (AS 3600-2001),
Standards Australia, Australia, 2001, 181 Page.
[16]
References
[2-F-5] Halit Cenan MERTOL, Sami RIZKALLA, Paul ZIA, Amir MIRMIRAN, Characteristics of Compressive
Stress Distribution in High-Strength Concrete, ACI Structural Journal, vol. 105, no. 5, September-October 2008,
Page. [626-633]
[2-F-6] CSA A23.3-04, Design of Concrete Structures, Includes Update No. 1 (2005), Update No. 2 (2007), and
Update No. 3 (2009), Canadian Standards Association, 01-Jan-2005, 240 Page.
[2-F-7] CAN/CSA S6-06, Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, 10th Edition, Canadian Standards Association,
National Standard of Canada, 01-Nov-2006, 800 Page.
[2-F-8] Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 441, High-Strength Concrete Columns: State of the Art (ACI 441-R96), ACI
Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 5, 2005, Page. [441R-1-441R-13]
[2-F-9] NZS 3101: Part 1:2006, Concrete Structures Standard, Includes Amendment No. 1 (2006) and Amendment
No. 2 (2008), Wellington, New Zealand, 2006, 646 Page.
[2-F-10] ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary,
First Printing, January 2008, Page. [1-467]
[2-F-11] American Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications, Customary U.S. Units with 2008 and 2009 Interim Revisions, 4th Edition, Washington DC, 2007,
https://bookstore.transportation.org/item_details.aspx?ID=879, accesat la 2 febr. 2010
[2-F-12] S. SARKAR, O. ADWAN, J. G. L. MUNDAY, High strength concrete: an investigation of the flexural
behavior of high strength RC beams, The Structural Engineer, vol. 75, no.7, April, 1997, Page. [115-121]
[2-F-13] BS 8110-1: 1997, Structural use of concrete Part 1: code of pactice for design and construction, British
Standards Institution, London, 1997, 173 Page.
[2-F-14] S. A. ASHOUR, Effect of compressive strength and tensile reinforcement ratio on flexural behavior of
high-strength concrete beams, Engineering Structures, vol. 22, 2000, Page. [413-423]
[2-F-15] H. J PAM, A. K. H KWAN, M. S. ISLAM, Flexural strength and ductility of reinforced normal- and highstrength concrete beams, Structures & Buildings, vol. 146, no. 4, 2001, Page. [381-389]
[2-F-16] WORKING PARTY of THE CONCRETE SOCIETY, Technical Report No.49, Design Guidance for High
Strength Concrete, The Concrete Society, Slough, UK, 1998
[2-F-17] L. F. A. BERNARDO, S. M. R. LOPES, Neutral Axis Depth versus Flexural Ductility in High-Strength
Concrete Beams, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 130, no.3, March, 2004, Page. [425-459]
[2-G] OTHER ARTICLES
[2-G-1] T. POSTELNICU, E. LOZINC, R. PASCU, The new Romanian code for seismic evaluation of existing
buildings, CONSEC10, Si th International Conference Concrete
n er Severe Con itions Environment &
Loa ing; Meri a, Me ic

[2-G-2] C. RUSANU, A. PAPURCU, R. PASCU, Comparative study of shear design according to EN 1992-1-1
and Romanian Code, 1st International Workshop on Design of Concrete Structures using EN 1992-1-1, Prague
[2-G-3] V. POPA, D. COOFAN, R. PASCU, A. PAPURCU, Displacement Capacity of Bending Controlled RC
Columns, 4th ECEE, Ohrid, Macedonia
[2-G-4] V. POPA, D. COOFAN, R. PASCU, Precast concrete columns connections for earthquake resistance.
Experimental research, 3rd FIB International Congress, Washington D.C.
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References
[2-G-5] T. NAGY-GYRGY, V. STOIAN, D. DIACONU, C. DESCU, D. DAN, G. SAS, M. MOOARC,
Perei din Beton Armat and capete de grinzi consolidate cu Materiale Compozite Rezultatele ncercrilor,
AICPS Review 1/2007
[2-G-6] L. BEREVOESCU, V. STOIAN, D. DAN, Solutii moderne pentru mbunatatirea performantelor energetice
ale cladirilor, Analele Universit ii in Ora ea, I. SECTION, ARCHITECTURE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING,
2007
[2-G-7] A. FABIAN, V. STOIAN, D. DAN, New tehnological solutions used for High-Rise Buildings, Analele
Universit ii in Ora ea, I. SECTION, ARCHITECTURE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING, 2007
[2-H] ARTICLES WRITEN BY THE AUTHOR ALONE OR AS PART OF A TEAM
[2-H-1] D. MOLDOVAN; E. SZABO, Efectul condiiilor de mediu asupra betonului, Sesi nea e Com nic ri
tiinifice St
eneti, e iia a IIIa, Cluj-Napoca, 7 mai 2004, Editura UT Press Cluj-Napoca
[2-H-2] D. V. MOLDOVAN, Betoane Performante, Sesi nea Naional
e Com nic ri tiinifice St
eneti,
Seci nea Constr cii Civile, In striale and Agricole, e iia a Va, Cluj-Napoca, 11 mai 2007, Editura UT Press
Cluj-Napoca
[2-H-3] C. MGUREANU, D. V. MOLDOVAN, A short introduction to load carrying capacity for high strength
concrete, Ovidius University Annals Series: Civil Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 9, November 2007, p. 45-52
[2-H-4] C. MGUREANU, B. HEGHE, C. LEIA, O. CORBU, A. CHIOREAN, D. V. MOLDOVAN,
C. NEGRUIU, Beton Armat ndrumtor de laborator, Editura UT Press, Cluj-Napoca, 2007

[2-H-5] D. V. MOLDOVAN, Variaia eforturilor unitare n zona comprimat pentru elemente ncovoiate din
betoane de nalt rezisten, Sesi nea Naional
e Com nic ri tiinifice St eneti, Seci nea Constr cii
Civile, Industriale and Agricole, e iia a VIa, Cluj-Napoca, 18 aprilie 2008, Editura UT Press Cluj-Napoca
[2-H-6] C. MGUREANU, B. HEGHE, D. V. MOLDOVAN, Deformability and loading capacity of beams
realized with high strength/high performance concrete, Proc. of the Int. Conference CONSTRUCTIONS 2008,
9-10 May 2008, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Journal of the Tehnical University ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS
no. 51, vol. II 2008, Section: Civil Engineering-Architecture, ISSN 1221-5848; p.83-89
[2-H-7] C. MGUREANU, D. V. MOLDOVAN, Legea de variaie sigma-epsilon n zona comprimat pentru
elemente ncovoiate din betoane de nalt rezisten, Zilele Tehnice St eneti, Timioara, 11-18 mai, 2008
[2-H-8] C. MGUREANU, B. HEGHE, D. V. MOLDOVAN, Behaviour and design of HSC members subjected to
flexure, Proc. of 4th Int. Conference HIGH PERFORMANCE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS, Algavre,
Portugalia, 13-15 May, 2008
[2-H-9] R. I. CHIUZBAIAN, D. MOLDOVAN, Betonul Aparent, Sesi nea Naional
St eneti, Seci nea Constr cii Civile, In
e Com nic ri tiinifice
striale and Agricole, E iia a VIII-a, Cluj-Napoca, 6 mai 2010,
Editura UT Press, Cluj-Napoca

[2-H-10] C.-T CIOCAN, D MOLDOVAN, Betonul Permeabil, Sesi nea Naional
St eneti, Seci nea Constr cii Civile, In
e Com nic ri tiinifice
striale and Agricole, E iia a VIII-a, Cluj-Napoca, 6 mai 2010,
Editura UT Press, Cluj-Napoca

[2-H-11] D. MOLDOVAN, Scurt analiz a costurilor elementelor realizate din Betoane de nalt Rezisten,
Conferina Naional
TIINA MODERN AND ENERGIA: PRODUCEREA, TRANSPORTUL AND
[18]
References
UTILIZAREA ENERGIEI, E iia 2 , Cl j-Napoca, 20-21 mai 2010, RisoPrint Cluj-Napoca, ISSN 2066-4125,
p. 401-407
[2-H-12] D. MOLDOVAN; C. MGUREANU, Static Modulus of Elasticity of High Strength Concrete, 8th Int.
Sym osi m COMPUTATIONAL CIVIL ENGINEERING, May 28th, 2010, Technical University Gh. Asachi
Iaand, Romnia
[2-H-13] D. MOLDOVAN; C. MGUREANU, Stress-Strain Diagram For High Strength Concrete Elements In
Flexure, Proc. r Int. Conference ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS ENGINEERING COMAT
2010, 27- 29 October 2010, Brasov, Romania, Transilvania University Press of Brasov, Page. 137-142
[2-H-14] D. MOLDOVAN; C. MGUREANU, Modulus of Elasticity For High Strength Concrete, Proc.
of the Int. Conference MINERAL RESOURCES AND ENVIROMENT, E iia a 2-a, 28 30

octombrie 2010, Baia Mare, Romnia, North University of Baia Mare Publishing House
(ABSTRACT), Page. 61; Scientific Bulletin of the North University of Baia Mare, Series D, Vol.
XXIV nr. 2, Page. 141-150
[2-H-15] D. MOLDOVAN, Concrete Grade Influence on the Bearing Capacity of Flexural Members,
Proc. of the Int. Scientific Conference PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND ENVIRONMENT 2010
[2-H-16] 10-12 November 2010, Krtiny, Czech Republic, Akademicke Nakladatelstvi Cerm, s.r.o. Brno,
Page. 218-223
[2-H-17] D. MOLDOVAN; C. MGUREANU, Flexural behaviour and design of High Strength Concrete
Members, Int. Scientific Conference CIBv 2010, Braov 12-13 November 2010, Romnia, Transilvania
University Press of Brasov, Page. 209-214
[2-H-18] O. CORBU, C. MGUREANU, D. MOLDOVAN, H. SZILAGYI, Ultra-High Strength And Performance
Concrete Properties, Proc. of fib Symposium PRAGUE 2011, 8-10 June 2011 Prague, Czech Republic, vol. I,
Page. 495-498
[2-H-19] O. CORBU, D. MOLDOVAN, Ultra High Performance Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Conferinta
CONSTRUIESTE CU STEEL, Cluj-Napoca 20-21 mai 2011, Romnia
[2-H-20] O. CORBU, D. MOLDOVAN, C. MGUREANU, H. SZILAGYI, O. CAZAC, Innovative green concrete
mixes by use of glass by-products, Proc. of 7rd CCC CONGRESS BALATONFRED 2011, INNOVATIVE
MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES, 2223 September 2011,
Balatonfred, Hungary, Balazs Lubloy 2011, Page. 211-214
[2-H-21] C. MGUREANU, B. HEGHE, H. CONSTANTINESCU, D. MOLDOVAN, Betoane de nalt
Performan. Capacitate portant and deformabilitate, Conf. Na. INGINERIA CLDIRILOR, Sec.
MATERIALE AND TEHNOLOGII ACTUALE PENTRU REALIZAREA CLDIRILOR, 2 30 Sept. 2011,
B c reti, Romnia, E . Cons ress, B c reti, Page. 274-281
[19]
III. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

A. Concrete properties
a. Compressive strength
Tab. [3]
Tab. [3-A-1] Mix proportions

Cement CEM I
(52,5 R)
Series
Aggregate Aggregate
(8-16)
(4-8)
Sand
(0-4)
Silica
fume
Superplasticizer
Water Concrete
grade
[l/mc]
[kg/mc]
[kg/mc]
[kg/mc]
[kg/mc]
[kg/mc]
[l/mc]
Type
480
706
530
530
48
13,5
RAVENIT
152
C60
BH
520
706
530
530
52
13,5
AC 30
152
C80
Offsets from
mean value
Minimum
Offset
Maximum
Offset
Square of
Offset
Values
SUM of
Square
Offsets
Standard
Derivation
fci
f cm
f cm
f cm, min
f cm, max
( f cm) 2
( f cm) 2
Sn
[N/mm ]
[N/mm ] [N/mm ] [N/mm ]
[N/mm ] [N/mm ] [N/mm ]
Characteristi
c Strength
Mean
Strength
f ci
Variation
Coefficient
SUM of
individual
values
(statistical analysis)
Individual
Compressive
Strength
Beam
Tab. [3-A-2] Chararteristic compressive strength
cv
f ck,cube
[N/mm ]
[N/mm ]
[-]
[N/mm 2 ]
210,261
3,517
0,047
69,264
646,097
8,987
0,094
82,560
1071,264
7,142
0,084
74,237
19,346
1,967
0,019
99,644
28 days
I 1-1
75,556
1,086
1,180
I 1-2
75,556
1,086
1,180
I 2-1
73,333
-1,136
1,290
I 2-2
73,333
I 3-1
77,778
I 3-2
77,778
3,309
I 4-1
72,889
-1,580
2,497
I 4-2
80,444
5,975
35,704
BH 1-2 106,089
10,228
104,615
BH 1-1
88,671
-7,190
BH 2-2
95,400
BH 3-1
96,662
1340,444
862,747
74,469
95,861
-1,136
3,309
-0,461
-4,691
5,975
1,290
10,947
10,947
-18,994
10,228
0,801
51,691
0,212
0,642
90 days
I 1-1
92,444
7,636
58,314
I 1-2
92,444
7,636
58,314
I 2-1
91,111
6,303
39,728
I 2-2
84,444
-0,364
I 3-1
70,222
I 3-2
85,778
0,970
I 4-1
86,667
1,859
3,454
I 4-2
92,889
8,081
65,299
BH 2-2
99,107
BH 3-1 104,267
BH 3-2 103,080
1865,778
615,333
84,808
102,56
-14,586
-3,449
1,711
0,524
-14,586
8,081
0,132
212,747
0,940
-3,449
1,711
11,895
2,928
0,275

[20]
Chapter 3. Experimental Investigations
b. Stress-strain curve
Experimental strains were measured using digital transducers having a precision of
(
) under constant deformation load of (
) on prismatic samples of
), subjected to uniaxial compression load on a 3000 kN compression
frame and precision class 1 connected to an Advantest 9 type loading machine.

The experimental load-deformation curves obtained were downsized to 15 curves for
each series and converted to stress-stain curves than enabled the determination of a mean curve
based on the following procedure:
(a) The maximum stress-strain curve was identified along with any other curve having a
maximum negative offset of 5% from this upper limit;
(b) The minimum stress-strain curve was identified along with any other curve having a
maximum positive offset of 5% from this lower limit;
(c) Those curves (9 for series C60 and 7 for series C80) were removed at this stage of
the procedure;
(d) An additional curve in series C80 (8 curve remaining) exhibited offsets values in
terms of strains domain and it was also removed;
(e) Remaining curves were used to calculate the mean curve for each series.
B. Reinforcement properties
Rebars for the main longitudinal reinforcement are either local available PC 52 (Mechel
Cmpia Turzii) or Bst 500 S imported from Hungary with sizes starting with 12, 14, 16 and 18
[mm], in various layout, on one or two rows. Constructive longitudinal top reinforcement is from
local available size 6 [mm] OB 37 just as the stirrups evenly spaced at [300 mm] along the end
thirds of the beam to prevent shear failure close to the supports.
Reinforcement properties were established on a VEB ZD 10/90-1976 loading machine
having force transducers with a precision of 0,03 [kN], displacement transducers with a precision
of 0,03 [mm] and real time CATMAN acquisition software from HBM.
Modulus of Elasticity is considered to be the prescribed (
).
(Space inetntionally left blank)

[21]
Tab. [3-B]
Tab. [3-B-1] Reinforcement properties

Type
ft [MPa]
fy [MPa]
fy /ft
k = ft /fy
Ductility Class
PC 52
Bst 500 S
534,80
642,25
392,00
553,00
0,706
0,861
1,410
1,160
C
C
C. Experimental programme
The facilities used in this research are those available in the Reinforced and Prestressed
Structural Concrete Laboratory as part of the Central Laboratory of the Faculty of Civil
Engineering of Technical University of Cluj-Napoca.
D. Beam response under flexure
I 1-1 and I 1-2,
I 2-1 and I 2-2,
BH 1-1 and BH 1-2,
I 3-1 and I 3-2,
BH 2-1 and BH 2-2,
I 4-1 and I 4-2,
BH 3-1 and BH 3-2,
Fig. [3-D]
B]
[1- C]
[2]
C]
Fig.
[3]
[3-A]
B]
Fig.
[3-
Reinforcement layout
[22]
Chapter 3. Experimental Investigations
Beams were loaded at 90 days on a 3000 kN maximum load and precision class 1
loading machine type WPM 262/6-1977 with a constant loading speed of (
). Each
load step was calculated to be 1/10 of the expected maximum flexure resistive moment and took
about (
) to fully record data. The beams were simply supported with a span of
3,00 [m] in a four points test setup. Critical sections (middle and where the two concentrated
force where applied) are equipped with digital transducers to record concrete strains over the
height of the cross section.
For each beam two diagrams were later drawn to showcase the variation in time of the
strains over the height of the cross section presented in Chapter 6, Appendix I.
Tab. [3-D]
[3-C]
Tab. [3-D-1] Experimental data

Mechanical and geometrical parameters
Beam
I 1-1
Yielding
As
fci,med
d
fy
b (mm) h (mm)
2
(mm)
(MPa)
(mm ) (MPa)
92,4 125,00 240,00 191
628
392 0,0263
Failure
Force
(kN)
Moment
(kNm)
Force
(kN)
Moment
(kNm)
0,1113
32,38
32,38
49,75
49,75
I 1-2
92,4
125,00
240,00
191
628
392
0,0263
0,1113
29,19
29,19
50,00
50,00
I 2-1
92,4
130,00
240,00
191
735
392
0,0296
0,1255
35,62
35,62
67,00
67,00
I 2-2
85,1
130,00
245,00
196
735
392
0,0289
0,1329
36,15
36,15
66,00
66,00
I 3-1
85,1
130,00
245,00
194
817
392
0,0323
0,1490
33,04
33,04
73,50
73,50
I 3-2
76,7
130,00
245,00
194
817
392
0,0323
0,1652
32,81
32,81
67,50
67,50
I 4-1
76,7
125,00
245,00
193
911
392
0,0378
0,1933
37,83
37,83
77,50
77,50
I 3-2
89,9
130,00
240,00
188
911
392
0,0374
0,1629
38,46
38,46
72,50
72,50
BH 1-1
102,4
122,75
249,00
215
355
553
0,0134
0,0725
21,26
21,26
48,00
48,00
BH 1-2
97,0
124,75
248,50
215
355
553
0,0132
0,0755
23,22
23,22
48,00
48,00
BH 2-1
100,3
126,50
252,50
205
452
553
0,0175
0,0964
29,56
29,56
55,00
55,00
BH 2-2
100,3
124,00
252,25
204
452
553
0,0179
0,0985
28,73
28,73
54,50
54,50
BH 3-1
103,7
124,75
241,25
195
575
553
0,0236
0,1259
31,61
31,61
62,00
62,00
BH 3-2
103,7
124,75
241,25
195
575
553
0,0236
0,1259
38,58
38,58
62,50
62,50
[23]
IV. EXPERIMENTAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

A. PROPOSED DEFINITIONS
a. Stress-strain curve
Based on the cited 22 models with 26 relationships a number of (
and (
series
) for series
) for
calculated stress-strain curves lead to a new stress-
strain definition as:

[3]
)
(
[4] A
[4-A-1]
The above cited a, b and c parameters were established on a quality based criterio
and permitted the fabrication of calculated stress-strain curves as presented in Chapter 6,
Appendix II.
b. Concrete strain corresponding to the maximum stress
Tab. [4]
Tab. [4-A-1] Experimental values for
(notation as per SR EN 1992-1-1:2004)

Experimental Curve
Concrete
Grade
0
-3
-3
-3
3
-3
4
-3
5
-3
6
-3
[10 ]
[10 ]
[10 ]
[10 ]
[10 ]
[10 ]
[10 ]
C60
2,017
2,117
1,568
1,341
1,273
2,162
1,712
C80
1,123
1,156
1,289
0,907
0,885
0,955
0,852
(
(
Mean
value
[10 -3 ]
[10 -3 ]
1,741
1,042
)
)
1,026
[4-A-2]
c. Ultimate concrete strain

Tab. [4-A-2] Experimental values for
Concrete
Grade
C60
C80
(notation as per SR EN 1992-1-1:2004)

Experimental Curve
Mean
Value
[10 -3 ]
[10 -3 ]
[10 -3 ]
[10 -3 ]
[10 -3 ]
[10 -3 ]
[10 -3 ]
[10 -3 ]
[10-3]
3,224
1,500
2,661
1,462
2,180
1,806
2,042
1,588
1,667
2,073
2,887
1,420
2,444
1,585
1,633
2,444
1,633
(
(
)
)
[4-A-3]
[24]
Chapter 4. Experimental Stress-Strain Curve
d. Centroid position for the experimental stress-strain curve

The mathematical relations used are:
[4-A-4]
[4-A-4.1]
centroi
( )
osition from the ne tral a is [
concrete strain [
( )
[4-A-4.2]
]
stress f nction [MPa]
area of the integral of the stress f nction [MPa]

which were them referenced to the most compressed fiber using:
[4-A-4.3]
ltimate concrete strain [
concrete strain corres on ing to the osition of the ne tral a is []

e. Stress block models
Two stress block models were established in present study:
(1) An equivalent rectangular model similar to national code provisions;
(2) A triangular model, sometimes considered to be more appropriate for HSC.
B. Resistive flexural capacity

a. Cited models
In order to evaluate flexural capacity the following procedure is implemented:
(1) Known values for ( ) the coefficient of the effective height of the stress block and ( ) the
coefficient for the effective concrete stress are extracting according to the model cited;
(2) The tensile resultant in the reinforcement ( ) is calculated based on the reinforcement area
(
) and the effective yielding strength of the reinforcement ( ) (similarly for the calculated
yielding strength of the reinforcement (
));
(3) The compressive resultant in concrete ( ) is calculated based on the width of the cross
section ( ), the effective concrete compressive strength (
) and the corresponding

[25]

coefficient ( ) as a multiple of (
(
) (similarly for the calculated concrete compressive strength
));
(4) Product (
) is evaluated from (
);
(5) The neutral axis position is calculated by dividing the above (
) to the known values for
( );
(6) Lever arm is calculated next;
(7) Finally the resitive capacity is flexure is (
materials) and
) (for effective strengths of the
respectively (for the calculated strengths of the materials).
b. Proposed trapezoid stress block model

A trapezoid stress block as per [4-C-4] and [4-C-1] is proposed:
respectiv
Parameters for the trapezoid stress block
[4-B]
[4-C]A
)
(
t.
( )
t.
strain corres on ing to ma im m stress(
{
(
(
[4-C-1.1]
[4-C-1.2]
)
)
t.
)
t.
ltimate strain
[4-C-1.3]
c. Proposed equivalent rectangular stress block

The following algorithm is implemented:
(a) The neutral axis position in [mm] is considered to be equal to half the sum of the
ultimate strain (
) and the one corresponding to the maximum stress (
(b) That proportion is used to convert (

[
) and
] and thus determine the position of the compression centroid (
);
) from [
) in [
] to
];
(c) Finally calculate ( ) and ( ) for this model.

[26]
Chapter 4. Experimental Stress-Strain Curve
Resistive flexural moment is calculated in tabel [4-B-3].

d. Proposed triangular stress block
Based on the same algorithm, the resistive flexural moment is calculated in tabel [4-B4].
e. Stress block parameters
{
(
) t. istrib ia re t nghi lar echivalent
t. istrib ia tri nghi lar
(
) t. istrib ia re t nghi lar echivalent
t. istrib ia tri nghi lar
Sintez moment ncovoietor (e

M
[kNm]
80
70
[4-C-2.2]
erimental i e calcul utilizand valorile rezistentelor efective)
Experimental [E]
Seria I
77,5 [E]
SR EN 1992-1-1 : 2004 (2004) [N]

75
[4-C-2]
[4-C-2.1]
Propunere distrib.
drept.-echiv. [P1]
Propunere distrib.
triung. [P2]
73,5 [E]
72,5 [E]
67,5 [E]
65
67 [E]
66 [E]
Seria BH
62,5 [E]
62 [E]
61,43 [P1]
61,21 [P1]
59,72 [P2]
59,43 [P2]
60,18 [N]
60,46 [P1]
60
59,32 [P2]
59,19 [N]
55,35 [P1]
53,75 [P2]
54,66 [N]
51,21 [P1]
50 [E] 50,04 [P2]
49,75 [E]
50,49 [N]
55 [E]
54,5 [E]
55
50
48 [E]
45
40
47,72 [P1]
47 [P2]
47,66 [P1]
46,93 [P2]
46,99 [N]
44,47 [P1]
43,65 [P2]
43,82 [N]
40,7 [P1]
40,26 [P2]
40,64 [P1]
40,18 [P2]
40,22 [N]
35
0,060
0,100
= 0,107
0,140
= 0,1 6
0,180
= 0,18
0,190
= 0,1
0,230
0,270
0,310
= 0,22 = 0,2 = 0,281
Sintesys for flexural moment values
[27]

Tab. [4-B]
Experimental flexural moment
M Exp,u
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
[-]
[-]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
I 1-1
0,025
0,190
49,750
43,649
35,324
43,289
35,401
43,735
35,401
43,575
35,091
43,529
34,995
43,780
35,378
43,231
35,401
43,707
35,234
43,478
35,114
43,792
35,401
I 1-1
I 1-2
0,025
0,190
50,000
43,649
35,324
43,289
35,401
43,735
35,401
43,575
35,091
43,529
34,995
43,780
35,378
43,231
35,401
43,707
35,234
43,478
35,114
43,792
35,401
I 1-2
I 2-1
0,029
0,223
67,000
50,037
40,581
49,923
40,686
50,274
40,686
49,994
40,262
49,905
40,130
50,313
40,655
49,440
40,686
50,185
40,459
49,899
40,293
50,369
40,686
I 2-1
I 2-2
0,029
0,223
66,000
50,037
40,581
49,923
40,686
50,274
40,686
49,994
40,262
49,905
40,130
50,313
40,655
49,440
40,686
50,185
40,459
49,899
40,293
50,369
40,686
I 2-2
I 3-1
0,033
0,250
73,500
53,862
44,100
54,124
44,230
54,238
44,230
53,782
43,707
53,630
43,544
54,257
44,192
52,927
44,230
54,047
43,949
53,713
43,745
54,387
44,230
I 3-1
I 3-2
0,025
0,250
67,500
53,862
44,100
54,124
44,230
54,238
44,230
53,782
43,707
53,630
43,544
54,257
44,192
52,927
44,230
54,047
43,949
53,713
43,745
54,387
44,230
I 3-2
I 4-1
0,025
0,281
77,500
59,430
48,014
58,870
48,176
59,676
48,176
59,303
47,525
59,191
47,322
59,759
48,128
58,527
48,176
59,589
47,826
59,116
47,572
59,807
48,176
I 4-1
I 4-2
0,037
0,281
72,500
59,721
48,014
59,182
48,176
59,957
48,176
59,599
47,525
56,139
47,322
60,038
48,128
58,852
48,176
59,874
47,826
59,419
47,572
60,083
48,176
I 4-2
BH 1-2
0,013
0,107
48,000
40,255
31,661
39,777
31,708
N/A
31,772
40,185
31,661
40,165
31,625
40,280
31,780
40,011
31,450
40,252
31,729
40,109
31,638
40,264
31,808
BH 1-2
BH 1-1
0,013
0,107
48,000
40,176
31,661
39,838
31,708
40,197
31,772
40,114
31,661
40,094
31,625
40,231
31,780
39,922
31,450
40,193
31,729
40,044
31,638
40,228
31,808
BH 1-1
BH 2-2
0,018
0,146
55,000
46,997
36,883
46,326
36,958
N/A
37,062
46,883
36,883
46,859
36,823
47,054
37,076
46,604
36,540
47,003
36,993
46,762
36,844
47,036
37,122
BH 2-2
BH 2-1
0,018
0,146
54,500
46,930
36,883
46,246
36,958
N/A
37,062
46,815
36,883
46,790
36,823
46,989
37,076
46,530
36,540
46,937
36,993
46,691
36,844
46,971
37,122
BH 2-1
BH 3-1
0,023
0,184
62,000
59,317
46,376
58,014
46,497
N/A
46,665
59,137
46,376
59,082
46,280
59,363
46,687
58,695
45,822
59,295
46,554
58,945
46,313
59,313
46,761
BH 3-1
BH 3-2
0,023
0,184
62,500
59,317
46,376
58,014
46,497
N/A
46,665
59,137
46,376
59,082
46,280
59,363
46,687
58,695
45,822
59,295
46,554
58,945
46,313
59,313
46,761
BH 3-2
Beam
Coefficient of longitudinal
reinforcement
Mechanical coefficient of
longitudinal reinforcement
Tab. [4-B-1] Resistive flexural moment as per literature proposed models
Bing LI et al.
(1994) (Strength
and Ductility of
Reinforced
Concrete...)
Hisham H. H.
Raghu
IBRAHIM si James
AZIZINAMINI et
Mario M.
Ertekin OZTEKIN
PENDYALA si
G. MacGREGOR
al. (1994) (Seismic
ATTARD si Mark
et al. (2003)
Priyan MENDIS
(1997)
Behavior of
G. STEWART
(Determination of
(1997) (A
(Modification of
Square High(1998) (A Two
rectangular stress
Rectangular Stressthe ACI
Strength...)
Parameter Stress...)
block...)
block Model..)
Rectangular Stress
Block...)
Sungjin BAE si
Oguzhan
BAYRAK (2003)
(Stress Block
Parameters for...)
Togay
Halit Cenan
OZBAKKALOGL Teng-Hooi TAN si
MERTOL et al.
U si Murat
Ngoc-Ba
(2005)
SAATCIOGLU
NGUYEN (2005)
(Characteristics of
(2004)
(Flexural Behavior
Compressive
(Rectangular
of Confined...)
Stress...)
Stress Block for...)
Beam
Observations
First column of each model (subscript eff) corresponds to effective strength for concrete under compression (
) and for steel under tension ( ).
Second column of each model (subscript calc) corresponds to calculus strength for concrete under compression (
) and for steel under tension (
).
Both cases use known values for the coefficient of the effective height of the stress block ( ) and for the coefficient for the effective concrete stress ( ) according to the cited model.
N/A is the short for Not Available and corresponds to those situations in which a model is not defined for the specific effective strength of concrete under compression (
).

Drd. Ing. Dumitru Vasile MOLDOVAN
[28]
Chapter 4. Stress-strain curve under compression
Mechanical coefficient of
longitudinal reinforcement
Experimental flexural
moment
Beam
Coefficient of longitudinal
reinforcement
Tab. [4-B-2] Resistive flexural moment as per code proposed models
M Exp,u
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
MRd,eff
MRd,calc
STAS 10107-0/90
(1990) (Calculul si
alctuirea...)
CEB (1993)
(Design Code,
CEB-FIP MC 90)
EC 1992-1-1
(1993) (Eurocode
2: Design of
concrete
structures...)
BS 8110-1:1997
(1998) (Structural
use of concrete
Part 1...)
AS 3600-2001
(2001) (Australian
Standard Concrete
Structures)
SR EN 1992-11:2004 (2004)
(Eurocod 2:
Proiectarea
structurilor...)
CSA A23.3-04
(2005) (Design of
Concrete
Structures...) si
CAN/CSA S6-06
(2006) (Canadian
Highway Bridge
Design Code)
NZS 3101: Part

1:2006 (2006)
(Concrete
Structures
Standard...)
ACI 318:2008
(2008) (Building
Code
Requirements...)
Beam
[-]
[-]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
I 1-1
0,025
0,190
49,750
44,524
34,929
42,249
32,916
44,061
34,281
44,524
34,929
44,061
34,281
43,817
34,735
43,459
33,232
43,981
35,201
44,061
35,401
I 1-1
I 1-2
0,025
0,190
50,000
44,524
34,929
42,249
32,916
44,061
34,281
44,524
34,929
44,061
34,281
43,817
34,735
43,459
33,232
43,981
35,201
44,061
35,401
I 1-2
I 2-1
0,029
0,223
67,000
51,288
40,040
48,347
37,285
50,626
39,153
51,288
40,040
50,626
39,153
50,489
39,775
49,846
37,718
50,535
40,413
50,626
40,686
I 2-1
I 2-2
0,029
0,223
66,000
51,288
40,040
48,347
37,285
50,626
39,153
51,288
40,040
50,626
39,153
50,489
39,775
49,846
37,718
50,535
40,413
50,626
40,686
I 2-2
I 3-1
0,033
0,250
73,500
55,458
43,432
51,874
40,031
54,551
42,337
55,458
43,432
54,551
42,337
54,665
43,106
53,604
40,565
54,461
43,893
54,551
44,230
I 3-1
I 3-2
0,025
0,250
67,500
55,458
43,432
51,874
40,031
54,551
42,337
55,458
43,432
54,551
42,337
54,665
43,106
53,604
40,565
54,461
43,893
54,551
44,230
I 3-2
I 4-1
0,025
0,281
77,500
61,321
47,183
56,570
42,952
60,320
45,821
61,321
47,183
60,320
45,821
59,906
46,777
59,061
43,616
60,159
47,756
60,320
48,176
I 4-1
I 4-2
0,037
0,281
72,500
61,539
47,183
56,971
42,952
60,577
45,821
61,539
47,183
60,577
45,821
60,179
46,777
59,366
43,616
60,422
47,756
60,577
48,176
I 4-2
BH 1-2
0,013
0,107
48,000
40,766
31,639
39,244
30,334
40,496
31,324
40,766
31,639
40,496
31,324
40,222
31,324
40,098
30,706
40,436
31,749
40,496
31,869
BH 1-2
BH 1-1
0,013
0,107
48,000
40,707
31,639
39,238
30,334
40,426
31,324
40,707
31,639
40,426
31,324
40,218
31,324
40,039
30,706
40,371
31,749
40,426
31,869
BH 1-1
BH 2-2
0,018
0,146
55,000
47,819
36,847
45,439
34,726
47,383
36,334
47,819
36,847
47,383
36,334
46,990
36,334
46,759
35,331
47,292
37,026
47,383
37,220
BH 2-2
BH 2-1
0,018
0,146
54,500
47,769
36,847
45,341
34,726
47,325
36,334
47,769
36,847
47,325
36,334
46,923
36,334
46,688
35,331
47,232
37,026
47,325
37,220
BH 2-1
BH 3-1
0,023
0,184
62,000
60,620
46,318
56,673
42,893
59,930
45,490
60,620
46,318
59,930
45,490
59,186
45,490
58,901
43,869
59,774
46,606
59,930
46,921
BH 3-1
BH 3-2
0,023
0,184
62,500
60,620
46,318
56,673
42,893
59,930
45,490
60,620
46,318
59,930
45,490
59,186
45,490
58,901
43,869
59,774
46,606
59,930
46,921
BH 3-2
Observations
First col mn of each mo el (s bscri t eff) corres on s to effective strength for concrete n er com ression (
) and for steel under tension ( ).
Secon col mn of each mo el (s bscri t calc) corres on s to calc l s strength for concrete n er compression (
) and for steel under tension (
).
Both cases use known values for the coefficient of the effective height of the stress block ( ) and for the coefficient for the effective concrete stress ( ) according to the cited model.

[29]

Tab. [4-B-3] Resistive flexural moment for proposed equivalent rectangular stress block
[mm]
[mm]
Coeficient mecanic
de armare
Fs
Fc
M Rd
M Exp,y
M Exp,u
M Exp,u /M Rd
[mm ]
[-]
[kN]
x [kN]
[mm]
[mm]
[m]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[-]
Rezistena
efectiv
nlimea util
Braul de prghie
[-]
Poziia axei neutre
[-]
nlimea util a
volumului de
tensiuni
[-]
Rezultanta de
compresiuni din
beton
fyd
[MPa]
A sl
Coeficient pentru
Rezultanta de
ntinderi din
armtur
Experimental/Ca
pabil
[mm]
Momentul
ncovoietor
[MPa]
Momentul
ncovoietor
fcd,cil
[MPa]
Valori experimentale
Momentul
ncovoietor capabil
fci,cube fck,cil
Coeficient de
armare
nlimea
util
Rezistena de calcul
la ntindere
Seciune de
calcul
Valori calculate
Curgere
Aria de armtur
longitudinal
Rezistena de calcul
la compresiune pe
cilindru
Grinda
Rezistena
individual pe cub
respectiv
caracteristic pe
Caracteristici mecanice i geometrice
Rupere
Raport
Grinda
Valori efective pentru rezistentele betonului si armaturii

I 1-1
92
125
240
191,429
628,32
392
0,026
0,111
0,840
0,980
246,301
11,324
21,749
25,892
180,554
44,471
32,385
49,750
1,119
I 1-1
I 1-2
92
125
240
191,429
628,32
392
0,026
0,111
0,840
0,980
246,301
11,324
21,749
25,892
180,554
44,471
29,186
50,000
1,124
I 1-2
I 2-1
85
130
240
191,000
735,13
392
0,030
0,136
0,840
0,980
288,172
10,843
26,576
31,639
177,712
51,212
35,615
67,250
1,313
I 2-1
I 2-2
85
130
245
191,000
735,13
392
0,030
0,136
0,840
0,980
288,172
10,843
26,576
31,639
177,712
51,212
36,146
66,000
1,289
I 2-2
I 3-1
77
130
245
189,250
816,81
392
0,033
0,170
0,840
0,980
320,191
9,777
32,750
38,988
172,875
55,353
33,041
74,000
1,337
I 3-1
I 3-2
77
130
245
189,250
816,81
392
0,033
0,170
0,840
0,980
320,191
9,777
32,750
38,988
172,875
55,353
32,813
67,500
1,219
I 3-2
I 4-1
90
125
245
187,588
911,06
392
0,039
0,169
0,840
0,980
357,136
11,016
32,420
38,595
171,378
61,205
37,830
78,500
1,283
I 4-1
I 4-2
90
130
240
187,588
911,06
392
0,037
0,163
0,840
0,980
357,136
11,457
31,173
37,111
172,002
61,428
38,459
72,500
1,180
I 4-2
BH 1-2
102
123
249
215,467
355,00
553
0,013
0,072
0,800
0,960
196,315
12,067
16,269
20,337
207,332
40,702
21,261
48,000
1,179
BH 1-2
BH 1-1
97
125
249
215,467
355,00
553
0,013
0,075
0,800
0,960
196,315
11,615
16,901
21,127
207,016
40,640
23,222
49,000
1,206
BH 1-1
BH 2-2
100
127
253
201,000
452,39
553
0,018
0,098
0,800
0,960
250,171
12,183
20,535
25,668
190,733
47,716
29,558
55,000
1,153
BH 2-2
BH 2-1
100
124
252
201,000
452,39
553
0,018
0,100
0,800
0,960
250,171
11,942
20,949
26,186
190,526
47,664
28,727
54,500
1,143
BH 2-1
BH 3-1
104
125
241
202,963
574,91
553
0,023
0,121
0,800
0,960
317,926
12,416
25,606
32,008
190,160
60,457
31,614
62,000
1,026
BH 3-1
BH 3-2
104
125
241
202,963
574,91
553
0,023
0,121
0,800
0,960
317,926
12,416
25,606
32,008
190,160
60,457
38,582
65,000
1,075
BH 3-2
Valori de calcul pentru rezistentele betonului si armaturii

I 1-1
60
40
125
250
201,429
628,32
305
0,025
0,190
0,840
0,980
191,637
39,110
46,559
181,874
34,854
32,385
49,750
1,427
I 1-1
I 1-2
60
40
125
250
201,429
628,32
305
0,025
0,190
0,840
0,980
191,637
39,110
46,559
181,874
34,854
29,186
50,000
1,435
I 1-2
I 2-1
60
40
125
250
201,000
735,13
305
0,029
0,223
0,840
0,980
224,215
45,758
54,474
178,121
39,937
35,615
67,250
1,684
I 2-1
I 2-2
60
40
125
250
201,000
735,13
305
0,029
0,223
0,840
0,980
224,215
45,758
54,474
178,121
39,937
36,146
66,000
1,653
I 2-2
I 3-1
60
40
125
250
199,250
816,81
305
0,033
0,250
0,840
0,980
249,128
50,843
60,527
173,829
43,306
33,041
74,000
1,709
I 3-1
I 3-2
60
40
125
250
199,250
816,81
305
0,033
0,250
0,840
0,980
249,128
50,843
60,527
173,829
43,306
32,813
67,500
1,559
I 3-2
I 4-1
60
40
125
250
197,588
911,06
305
0,037
0,281
0,840
0,980
277,874
56,709
67,511
169,234
47,026
37,830
78,500
1,669
I 4-1
I 4-2
60
40
125
250
197,588
911,06
305
0,037
0,281
0,840
0,980
277,874
56,709
67,511
169,234
47,026
38,459
72,500
1,542
I 4-2
BH 1-2
80
53
125
250
216,467
355,00
435
0,013
0,107
0,800
0,960
154,425
24,129
30,161
204,402
31,565
21,261
48,000
1,521
BH 1-2
BH 1-1
80
53
125
250
216,467
355,00
435
0,013
0,107
0,800
0,960
154,425
24,129
30,161
204,402
31,565
23,222
49,000
1,552
BH 1-1
BH 2-2
80
53
125
250
202,000
452,39
435
0,018
0,146
0,800
0,960
196,789
30,748
38,435
186,626
36,726
29,558
55,000
1,498
BH 2-2
BH 2-1
80
53
125
250
202,000
452,39
435
0,018
0,146
0,800
0,960
196,789
30,748
38,435
186,626
36,726
28,727
54,500
1,484
BH 2-1
BH 3-1
80
53
125
250
203,963
574,91
435
0,023
0,184
0,800
0,960
250,086
39,076
48,845
184,425
46,122
31,614
62,000
1,344
BH 3-1
BH 3-2
80
53
125
250
203,963
574,91
435
0,023
0,184
0,800
0,960
250,086
39,076
48,845
184,425
46,122
38,582
65,000
1,409
BH 3-2
4,900
6,400
[30]
Chapter 4. Stress-strain curve under compression

Tab. [4-B-4] Resistive flexural moment for proposed triangular stress block
[mm]
[mm]
Coeficient mecanic
de armare
Fs
Fc
M Rd
M Exp,y
M Exp,u
M Exp,u /M Rd
[mm ]
[-]
[kN]
x [kN]
[mm]
[mm]
[m]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[kNm]
[-]
Rezistena
efectiv
nlimea util
Braul de prghie
[-]
Poziia axei neutre
[-]
nlimea util a
volumului de
tensiuni
[-]
Rezultanta de
compresiuni din
beton
fyd
[MPa]
A sl
Coeficient pentru
Rezultanta de
ntinderi din
armtur
Experimental/Ca
pabil
[mm]
Momentul
ncovoietor
[MPa]
Momentul
ncovoietor
fcd,cil
[MPa]
Valori experimentale
Momentul
ncovoietor capabil
fci,cube fck,cil
Coeficient de
armare
nlimea
util
Rezistena de calcul
la ntindere
Seciune de
calcul
Valori calculate
Curgere
Aria de armtur
longitudinal
Rezistena de calcul
la compresiune pe
cilindru
Grinda
Rezistena
individual pe cub
respectiv
caracteristic pe
Rupere
Raport
Grinda

I 1-1
92
125
240
191,429
628,32
392
0,026
0,111
1,000
1,000
246,301
11,556
21,314
21,314
177,219
43,649
32,385
49,750
1,140
I 1-1
I 1-2
92
125
240
191,429
628,32
392
0,026
0,111
1,000
1,000
246,301
11,556
21,314
21,314
177,219
43,649
29,186
50,000
1,145
I 1-2
I 2-1
85
130
240
191,000
735,13
392
0,030
0,136
1,000
1,000
288,172
11,064
26,045
26,045
173,637
50,037
35,615
67,250
1,344
I 2-1
I 2-2
85
130
245
191,000
735,13
392
0,030
0,136
1,000
1,000
288,172
11,064
26,045
26,045
173,637
50,037
36,146
66,000
1,319
I 2-2
I 3-1
77
130
245
189,250
816,81
392
0,033
0,170
1,000
1,000
320,191
9,976
32,095
32,095
167,853
53,745
33,041
74,000
1,377
I 3-1
I 3-2
77
130
245
189,250
816,81
392
0,033
0,170
1,000
1,000
320,191
9,976
32,095
32,095
167,853
53,745
32,813
67,500
1,256
I 3-2
I 4-1
90
125
245
187,588
911,06
392
0,039
0,169
1,000
1,000
357,136
11,241
31,772
31,772
166,407
59,430
37,830
78,500
1,321
I 4-1
I 4-2
90
130
240
187,588
911,06
392
0,037
0,163
1,000
1,000
357,136
11,690
30,550
30,550
167,222
59,721
38,459
72,500
1,214
I 4-2
BH 1-2
102
123
249
215,467
355,00
553
0,013
0,072
1,000
1,000
196,315
12,569
15,619
15,619
205,054
40,255
21,261
48,000
1,192
BH 1-2
BH 1-1
97
125
249
215,467
355,00
553
0,013
0,075
1,000
1,000
196,315
12,099
16,225
16,225
204,650
40,176
23,222
49,000
1,220
BH 1-1
BH 2-2
100
127
253
201,000
452,39
553
0,018
0,098
1,000
1,000
250,171
12,690
19,713
19,713
187,858
46,997
29,558
55,000
1,170
BH 2-2
BH 2-1
100
124
252
201,000
452,39
553
0,018
0,100
1,000
1,000
250,171
12,440
20,111
20,111
187,593
46,930
28,727
54,500
1,161
BH 2-1
BH 3-1
104
125
241
202,963
574,91
553
0,023
0,121
1,000
1,000
317,926
12,933
24,582
24,582
186,575
59,317
31,614
62,000
1,045
BH 3-1
BH 3-2
104
125
241
202,963
574,91
553
0,023
0,121
1,000
1,000
317,926
12,933
24,582
24,582
186,575
59,317
38,582
65,000
1,096
BH 3-2
Valori de calcul rezistentele betonului si armaturii

I 1-1
60
40
125
250
201,429
628,32
305
0,025
0,190
1,000
1,000
191,637
38,327
38,327
175,877
33,705
32,385
49,750
1,476
I 1-1
I 1-2
60
40
125
250
201,429
628,32
305
0,025
0,190
1,000
1,000
191,637
38,327
38,327
175,877
33,705
29,186
50,000
1,483
I 1-2
I 2-1
60
40
125
250
201,000
735,13
305
0,029
0,223
1,000
1,000
224,215
44,843
44,843
171,105
38,364
35,615
67,250
1,753
I 2-1
I 2-2
60
40
125
250
201,000
735,13
305
0,029
0,223
1,000
1,000
224,215
44,843
44,843
171,105
38,364
36,146
66,000
1,720
I 2-2
I 3-1
60
40
125
250
199,250
816,81
305
0,033
0,250
1,000
1,000
249,128
49,826
49,826
166,033
41,363
33,041
74,000
1,789
I 3-1
I 3-2
60
40
125
250
199,250
816,81
305
0,033
0,250
1,000
1,000
249,128
49,826
49,826
166,033
41,363
32,813
67,500
1,632
I 3-2
I 4-1
60
40
125
250
197,588
911,06
305
0,037
0,281
1,000
1,000
277,874
55,575
55,575
160,538
44,609
37,830
78,500
1,760
I 4-1
I 4-2
60
40
125
250
197,588
911,06
305
0,037
0,281
1,000
1,000
277,874
55,575
55,575
160,538
44,609
38,459
72,500
1,625
I 4-2
BH 1-2
80
53
125
250
216,467
355,00
435
0,013
0,107
1,000
1,000
154,425
23,164
23,164
201,024
31,043
21,261
48,000
1,546
BH 1-2
BH 1-1
80
53
125
250
216,467
355,00
435
0,013
0,107
1,000
1,000
154,425
23,164
23,164
201,024
31,043
23,222
49,000
1,578
BH 1-1
BH 2-2
80
53
125
250
202,000
452,39
435
0,018
0,146
1,000
1,000
196,789
29,518
29,518
182,321
35,879
29,558
55,000
1,533
BH 2-2
BH 2-1
80
53
125
250
202,000
452,39
435
0,018
0,146
1,000
1,000
196,789
29,518
29,518
182,321
35,879
28,727
54,500
1,519
BH 2-1
BH 3-1
80
53
125
250
203,963
574,91
435
0,023
0,184
1,000
1,000
250,086
37,513
37,513
178,954
44,754
31,614
62,000
1,385
BH 3-1
BH 3-2
80
53
125
250
203,963
574,91
435
0,023
0,184
1,000
1,000
250,086
37,513
37,513
178,954
44,754
38,582
65,000
1,452
BH 3-2
5,000
6,667
[31]
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS
A. Sintesys
Present study focused on HSC used for casting members subjected to flexure and
samples subjected to uniaxial compression. Cited models and relations include both previous
research such as MERTOL et al. (2005) and TAN and NGUYEN (2005) or code provisions such
as ACI 318:2008 (2008) and SR EN 1992-1-1:2004 (2004).
Properties of the HSC matrix were analysed, relations for cylinder to cubic samples
conversion were investigated, ultimate concrete compression strain and other parameters that are
part of a proposed stress-strain curve were established. New values were proposed for the stress
block either equivalent rectangular or triangular.
B. Observations and conclusions

(1) Literature models are more suited than code models to evaluate the resistive capacity in
flexure while also exhibiting less offset values;
(2) The calculated neutral axis position has a large offset domain from the experimental values
regardless of the stress block model used for this computation. Still, similar resistive flexural
moments (10% difference from minimum to maximum) are calculated so it seem the neutral axis
position is not the most important parameter in evaluating the resistive capacity in flexure;
(3) n ciuda acestui gra mare e m r tiere a valorilor aferente oziiei a ei ne tre, moment l
ncovoietor capabil se sit eaz n aceeaand ban
e valori ( iferenele s nt mai mici e 10% )
att pentru propunerile avansate n literatura de specialitate ct and pentru cele consacrate la
nivel e norm ;
(4) ACI 318:2008 (2008) (Building Code Requirements...) model code is frequently the closest to
experimental values perhaps due to a two step process: on one hand, the calculated concrete
strength is
higher than
as per national code provisions SR EN 1992-1-1:2004
(2004) (Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor...) for example and on the other hand the stress
block parameters seem to be better evaluated. The latter is demonstrated by the fact that although
NZS 3101: Part 1:2006 (2006) (Concrete Structures Standard...) operates with the same values
for the compressive strength the resistive flexural capacity is the first after the American code;
[32]
Chapter 5. Concluding remarks
(5) Halit Cenan MERTOL et al. (2005) (Characteristics of Compressive Stress...) proposed
model seems to calculate most frequently the closest values to the experimental ones in terms of
flexural moment;
(6) Since previous national code STAS 10107-0:90 did not have concrete grade superior to Bc60
(equivalent to C50/60 as per SR EN 1992-1-1:2004) the corresponding model is not suited for
present study and in particular for the C80 series (BH beams);
(7) Since SR EN 1992-1-1:2004 does not have steel grade Pc52 (close to S400 in terms of
yielding strength but not evuivalent to this lower admisable limit for steel grades) the
corresponding model is not suited for present study an in artic lar for the C60 series (I
beams).
C. RECOMMANDATIONS
Since the compressive strength increases more for HSC than for Normal Strength
Concrete, after the technological conditions allow for constantly obtaining proper HSC mixes,
the use in design of a partial coefficient of safety of 1, to affect the characteristic strength of
concrete may be more than necessary. Therefore it may be better to use a coefficient of 1,3
(
vs.
giving a reduction of
, less than the
increase in strength from 28 days to 90 days as established in present study). Supplementary,

HSC are more compact than NSC and have an inner structure increasingly similar as concrete
grade increases to that of steel for which a partial coefficient of safety of 1,1 is used.
[33]
APPENDIX I Strain development over the height of the cross section

0.06 (F)
0,16
0,26
0.60 (C)
0,68
0,76
0,84
0,90
0,92
0,95
0,98
1.00 (R)
[mm]
255
240
220
Ceas 1
Fibra s
Ceas 2
130
Ceas 3
[mm]
1.00 (R)
255
240
220
Ceas 1
Fibra s
Ceas 2
130
Ceas 3
40
Ceas 4
erioar
Fibra inferioar
0
40
Ceas 4
Fibra inferioar
[] (+)
5
h
erioar
[] (+)
[] (-)
4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
[mm]
Fibra s
Ceas 2
240
220
erioar
Ceas 3
40
Ceas 4
Fibra inferioar
Beams I 1 (C60 PC 52) selected readings
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
[mm]
Fibra s
Ceas 2
240
220
erioar
Xu = 36 [mm]
Xu = 36 [mm]
130
[] (-)
130
Ceas 3
40
Ceas 4
Fibra inferioar
Beams I 1 (C60 PC 52) final reading
Fig. [5]
[4]
Strain development over the height of the cross section for the failure cross section
[34]
Capitolul 6. Anexe
0.23 (F)
0,30
0.46 (C)
0,51
0,61
0,69
0,86
0,91
0,92
0.97 (R)
[mm]
264
249
225
Ceas 1
Fibra s
Ceas 2
170
Ceas 3
90
Ceas 4
25
0
Ceas 5
Fibra inferioar
[] (+)
5
h
249
225
erioar
-1
-2
-3
-4
Ceas 1
Fibra s
Ceas 2
170
Ceas 3
90
Ceas 4
25
0
Ceas 5
Fibra inferioar
[] (+)
5
-5
[mm]
Fibra s
Ceas 2
Xu = 38 [mm]
249
225
erioar
[] (-)
4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
[mm]
Xu = 38 [mm]
Fibra s
Ceas 2
erioar
170
Ceas 3
Ceas 4
90
Ceas 4
Ceas 5
Fibra inferioar
25
0
Ceas 5
Fibra inferioar
170
Ceas 3
90
25
0
Beams BH 1 (C80 Bst 500S) selected readings
erioar
0.97 (R)
264
249
225
[] (-)
4
[mm]
Beams BH 1 (C80 Bst 500S) final reading
Strain development over the height of the cross section for the failure cross section
[35]
APPENDIX II Experimental stress-strain-curve

Tab. [6-B]
[5]
[6]
[6-A]
Tab.
Tab. [6-B-1] Selected parameters of the the stress-strain curve (

(
)-
concrete grade
)
Experimental stress-strain curve (
Compression stresses volume (area)
Compression centroid position
[36]
Capitolul 6. Anexe
Tab. [6-B-2] Selected parameters of the the stress-strain curve (
)-
concrete grade
(
)
[37]
APPENDIX III Flexural resistive moment

Tab. [6-B-3] Resistive flexural moment as per SR EN 1992-1-1:2004 (2004) (Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor...)
0 MPa
, entr
, entr
0 MPa
0 MPa
0 MPa
, entr
0 MPa
Experimental/Ca
pabil
A sl
fyd
Fs
Fc
M Rd
yd
M Exp,y
cu
M Exp,u
M Exp,u /M Rd
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm2 ]
[MPa]
[-]
[-]
[-]
[-]
[kN]
x [kN]
[mm]
[mm]
[m]
[kNm]
[]
[kNm]
[mm/m]
[]
[kNm]
[-]
Deformaia
specific n
beton
[MPa]
Rezistena
efectiv
fcd,cil
[MPa]
nlimea
util
nlimea util
fci,cube fck,cil
Seciune de
calcul
Coeficient de
armare
Experimental/
Capabil
Raport
Deformaia
specific n
armtur
Rupere
Momentul
ncovoietor
Curgere
Deformaia
specific n
armtur
Braul de prghie
Poziia axei neutre
nlimea util a
volumului de
tensiuni
Rezultanta de
compresiuni din
beton
Coeficient pentru
Rezultanta de
ntinderi din
armtur
Coeficient mecanic
de armare
Valori calculate
Rezistena de calcul
la ntindere
Aria de armtur
longitudinal
Rezistena de calcul
la compresiune pe
cilindru
Grinda
Rezistena
individual pe cub
respectiv
caracteristic pe
0 MPa
Momentul
ncovoietor capabil
, entr
Grinda

I 1-1
92
125
240
191,429
628,32
392
0,026
0,111
0,694
0,788
246,301
9,103
27,056
38,993
177,90
43,817
32,3846
3,500
13,683
49,750
1,135
I 1-1
I 1-2
92
125
240
191,429
628,32
392
0,026
0,111
0,694
0,788
246,301
9,103
27,056
38,993
177,90
43,817
29,1860
3,500
13,683
50,000
1,141
I 1-2
I 2-1
85
130
240
191,000
735,13
392
0,030
0,136
0,712
0,824
288,172
9,122
31,591
44,355
175,20
50,489
35,6154
3,500
11,571
67,250
1,332
I 2-1
I 2-2
85
130
245
191,000
735,13
392
0,030
0,136
0,712
0,824
288,172
9,122
31,591
44,355
175,20
50,489
36,1463
3,500
11,571
66,000
1,307
I 2-2
I 3-1
77
130
245
189,250
816,81
392
0,033
0,170
0,733
0,866
320,191
8,642
37,049
50,534
170,73
54,665
33,0410
3,500
9,608
74,000
1,354
I 3-1
I 3-2
77
130
245
189,250
816,81
392
0,033
0,170
0,733
0,866
320,191
8,642
37,049
50,534
170,73
54,665
32,8125
3,500
9,608
67,500
1,235
I 3-2
I 4-1
90
125
245
187,588
911,06
392
0,039
0,169
0,700
0,800
357,136
8,997
39,696
56,694
167,74
59,906
37,8298
3,500
8,081
78,500
1,310
I 4-1
I 4-2
90
130
240
187,588
911,06
392
0,037
0,163
0,700
0,800
357,136
9,357
38,169
54,513
168,50
60,179
38,4592
3,500
8,544
72,500
1,205
I 4-2
BH 1-2
102
123
249
215,467
355,00
553
0,013
0,072
0,669
0,738
196,315
9,276
21,163
31,634
204,89
40,222
21,2609
3,500
20,340
48,000
1,193
BH 1-2
BH 1-1
97
125
249
215,467
355,00
553
0,013
0,075
0,683
0,765
196,315
9,257
21,208
31,073
204,86
40,218
23,2222
3,500
20,770
49,000
1,218
BH 1-1
BH 2-2
100
127
253
201,000
452,39
553
0,018
0,098
0,674
0,748
250,171
9,498
26,341
39,069
187,83
46,990
29,5575
3,500
14,506
55,000
1,170
BH 2-2
BH 2-1
100
124
252
201,000
452,39
553
0,018
0,100
0,674
0,748
250,171
9,310
26,872
39,857
187,56
46,923
28,7273
3,500
14,151
54,500
1,161
BH 2-1
BH 3-1
104
125
241
202,963
574,91
553
0,023
0,121
0,666
0,732
317,926
9,462
33,599
50,463
186,16
59,186
31,6140
3,500
10,577
62,000
1,048
BH 3-1
BH 3-2
104
125
241
202,963
574,91
553
0,023
0,121
0,666
0,732
317,926
9,462
33,599
50,463
186,16
59,186
38,5821
3,500
10,577
65,000
1,098
BH 3-2
1,960
2,765
Valori de calcul pentru rezistentele betonului si armaturii

I 1-1
201,429
628,32
0,025
0,190
191,637
40,345
52,058
181,26
34,735
32,3846
3,500
10,043
49,750
1,432
I 1-1
I 1-2
201,429
628,32
0,025
0,190
191,637
40,345
52,058
181,26
34,735
29,1860
3,500
10,043
50,000
1,439
I 1-2
I 2-1
201,000
735,13
0,029
0,223
224,215
47,203
60,907
177,40
39,775
35,6154
3,500
8,050
67,250
1,691
I 2-1
201,000
735,13
0,029
0,223
47,203
60,907
177,40
39,775
36,1463
3,500
8,050
66,000
1,659
I 2-2
199,250
816,81
0,033
0,250
52,448
67,675
173,03
43,106
33,0410
3,500
6,805
74,000
1,717
I 3-1
I 3-2
199,250
816,81
0,025
0,250
249,128
52,448
67,675
173,03
43,106
32,8125
3,500
6,805
67,500
1,566
I 3-2
I 4-1
197,588
911,06
0,025
0,281
277,874
58,500
75,484
168,34
46,777
37,8298
3,500
5,662
78,500
1,678
I 4-1
I 4-2
197,588
911,06
0,037
0,281
277,874
58,500
75,484
168,34
46,777
38,4592
3,500
5,662
72,500
1,550
I 4-2
BH 1-2
216,467
355,00
0,013
0,107
154,425
27,251
37,588
202,84
31,324
21,2609
3,500
16,656
48,000
1,532
BH 1-2
BH 1-1
216,467
355,00
0,013
0,107
154,425
27,251
37,588
202,84
31,324
23,2222
3,500
16,656
49,000
1,564
BH 1-1
BH 2-2
202,000
452,39
0,018
0,146
196,789
34,728
47,900
184,64
36,334
29,5575
3,500
11,260
55,000
1,514
BH 2-2
202,000
452,39
0,018
0,146
34,728
47,900
184,64
36,334
28,7273
3,500
11,260
54,500
1,500
BH 2-1
BH 3-1
203,963
574,91
0,023
0,184
250,086
44,133
60,873
181,90
45,490
31,6140
3,500
8,227
62,000
1,363
BH 3-1
BH 3-2
203,963
574,91
0,023
0,184
250,086
44,133
60,873
181,90
45,490
38,5821
3,500
8,227
65,000
1,429
BH 3-2
I 2-2
I 3-1
BH 2-1
60
80
40
53
125
125
250
250
305
435
0,775
0,725
0,950
0,850
224,215
249,128
196,789
4,750
5,667
1,525
2,175
[38]

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A thesis presented to the Faculty of Civil Engineering

of Technical University of Cluj-Napoca

A STUDY OF HIGH STRENGTH AND

Prof. PhD. Eng. Cornelia Mgureanu coodonator, Technical University of

A. Context and motivation

II. STATE OF THE ART

C. Conversion relationships for the characteristic compressive strength.

D. Stress-strain curves for HSC

E. Ultimate compressive strain for plain HSC

F. Stress block parameters

III. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

D. Beam response under flexure

IV. EXPERIMENTAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

b. Concrete strain corresponding to the maximum stress

c. Ultimate concrete strain

d. Centroid position for the experimental stress-strain curve

e. Stress block models

b. Proposed trapezoid stress block model

c. Proposed equivalent rectangular stress block

d. Proposed triangular stress block

e. Stress block parameters

B. Observations and conclusions

APPENDIX I Strain development over the height of the cross section

APPENDIX II Experimental stress-strain curve

APPENDIX III Flexural resistive moment

being accompanied by corresponding standard cubic and prismatic specimens (

). Two curing treatments were applied: standard, water submersion at

grade, similar to S 400 in terms of yielding strength) for percentages of longitudinal

(coefficient of longitudinal reinforcement of

and mechanical coefficients of reinforcement of

for percentages of longitudinal reinforcement of

) and mechanical coefficients of reinforcement of

A study of HIGH STRENGTH and PERFORMANCE CONCRETE...

Eng. Dumitru Vasile MOLDOVAN

II. STATE OF THE ART

A study of HIGH STRENGTH and PERFORMANCE CONCRETE...

strength. Establishing concrete grade

), submerged in water or in a fog

) conversion domain of:

In order to establish the concrete grade, the following where used:

characteristic strength of concrete on cylin er s ecimens, in MPa at age ( )

mean concrete strength in MPa, at age ( )

D. Stress-strain curve for HSC

Eng. Dumitru Vasile MOLDOVAN

Chapter 2. State of the art

(2) HOGNESTAD (1951), [2-D-2] (A study of combined bending...)

(5) POPOVICS (1973), [2-D-5] (A numerical approach to the...)

(6) WANG et al. (1978), [2-D-6] (Stress-strain curves of normal...)

(8) THORENFELDT et al. (1987), [2-D-8] (Mechanical properties of High-Strength...)

(9) Comit Euro-International du Bton (CEB) (1990), [2-D-9] (Design Code...)

(Space intentionally left blank)

A study of HIGH STRENGTH and PERFORMANCE CONCRETE...

(10) LOOV (1991), [2-D-10] (A General Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete)

(15) ATTARD and SETUNGE (1996), [2-D-15] (Stress-Strain relationship of confined...)

(16) OZTEKIN et al. (2003), [2-D-16] (Determination of rectangular stress block)

Eng. Dumitru Vasile MOLDOVAN

Chapter 2. State of the art

(17) SR EN 1992-1-1:2004 (2004), [2-D-17] (Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor...)

Parabola-rectangular model for sectional calculus:

Trapezoid model for sectional calculus:

(18) STAS 10107-0/90 (1990), [2-D-18] (Calculul and alctuirea...)

Stress (c) n [N/mm2]

E. Ultimate compressive strain for plain HSC