1.

0 SUMMARY The experiment was done to prepare buffer solutions and test the effects of added acid or base upon the pH. Also this experiment is done to review acid-base chemistry and calculation. The result obtained was according to the theory where the buffer solution shows how it works even when there are acid and base were added. The buffer solution will contain things which will remove any hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions that might add to it otherwise the pH will change. But still the pH value will slightly changes due to the equilibrium. In the experiment also, there are error occurred. It can be seen in the result where the measured pH is different than the actual pH. In order to eliminate the error, the pH meter must be calibrated before the experiment started and the preparation of buffer must be done carefully therefore there are no errors occurred in measurement. As a conclusion, the objectives of the experiment was achieved and the buffer solution manage to make sure the pH is not changing so much and always in the acceptable range.

2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Preparation of buffer solution 500 ML of a 0.1 M buffer solution was prepared with pH of 5.0 using acetic acid, HC2H3O2 and sodium acetate, NaC2H3O2
Volume combine method 0.1M of acetic acid is make up and conjugate 0.1 M of sodium acetate and the volumes of two solution is combined to get the correct ration since the total molarity must be 0.1M

When using the total volume 500mL, apply Hendersonhasselbalch equation to calculate the ratio. Firstly,appropriate volume of solution calculated frequently and to became the pH desired,it must add other solution until correct When adding the second solution,pH of the solution need to monitor frequently Do not add water to make up the volume when end up with more or less than 500mL of solution Mass method are used in this experiment

Mass of the acetic acid is calculated

Mass of the acetate ion that are required to make a pH 5.0 solution that has a combined molarity of 0.1M To determine the molar ratio of acetic acid to acetate ion,Handerson-Hasselbalch is using.

Moles of acetic acid + moles of acetate ion /0.5L=0.1M

each substance is weight out and add distilled water to make a 0.5L solution

2.2 Testing buffer solution

pH of buffer is measure. (Place 25.0 ml of buffer in a clean 100ml beaker. pH of the solution can be determine by using pH electrode)..

100 mL beakers is dry and add 50 mL of deionized water into each buffer.

pH of each buffer was measure and record. Add 1.0 mL of 1 M HCL for 1 beaker and add 1.0 mLof 1 M Naoh for other beaker.

Measure the pH of each solution

Repeat the procedure in the above graph using buffer solution instead of the deionized water.

3.0 RESULT Table 3.1: Result for blank Solution Buffer Water pH 4.90 6.90 4.90 6.90

Table 3.2: Result for solution and add with 1 ml of HCL Solution Buffer Water pH 4.60 2.90

Table 3.3: Result for solution and add with 1 ml of NaOH Solution Buffer Water pH 5.30 11.70

Table 3.4: Comparison between measured and calculated pH Solution Buffer + NaOH Buffer + HCl pH measured 5.30 4.60 pH calculated 5.03 4.50

Table 3.5: pH changes in water and buffer solution Water (add HCl) Before add After add 6.90 2.90 Buffer ( add HCl) 4.90 4.60 Water (add NaOH) 6.90 11.70 Buffer (add NaOH) 4.90 5.30

Calculation for pH of buffer after adding acid or base To calculate pH buffer after adding base (NaOH)

( )

Since mol OH- = 1 M X 1 mL = 1 mol/L X 0.001 L = 0.001 mol

Initial Change Final -

0.0185 mol 0.001 mol 0.0175 mol -

0.001 mol 0.001 mol 0

0.0315 mol + 0.001 mol 0.0325 mol

Initial Change Final -

0.0175 M xM (0.0175 x) M

0 +xM xM

0.0325 M +xM (0.0325 + x) M

Since pKa = 4.77 and pKa = - log (Ka)

) ( ( ) )

[ [

][ ]

[ ][( [( ( ) ( (

)] )] ) ) ( )

Since H+ = x [ [ ] ]

To calculate pH buffer after adding acid (HCl)

( )

Since mol H+ = 1 M X 1 mL = 1 mol/L X 0.001 L = 0.001 mol

Initial Change Final -

0.0185 mol 0.001 mol 0.0175 mol -

0.001 mol 0.001 mol 0

0.0315 mol + 0.001 mol 0.0325 mol

( )

Initial Change Final -

0.0175 M xM (0.0175 x) M

0 +xM xM

0.0325 M +xM (0.0325 + x) M

From d, Ka =

[ [

][ ]

] [ ][( [( )] )] )

Since

=x [ [ ] ]

CALCULATION A = Conjugate Base HA = Weak Acid Given data: pKa = 4.77 pH = 5.0
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

Given data: molarity = 0.1 M Volume = 500 ml = molarity

pH = pKa + log

[ [ [ [

] ]

= 0.1 M ] with equation

]

Substitute [ 5.0 = 4.77 + log

[ [ ] ] ] ] [ ] [

= 0.1

0.23 = log
[ [ ] ]

HA + 1.698 HA = 0.05 2.698 HA = 0.05

= 1.698 HA = 0.0185 moles

] = 1.698 [HA] ------- 1

Substitute value of HA into A = 1.698 (0.0185) = 0.0314 moles

Calculation for mass method Data given: Molecular weight of citric acid = 210.14 Molecular weight of sodium citrate = 294.10 Mass of Citric Acid Mass = Moles x Molecular weight = 0.0185 x 210.14 = 3.8876 g Mass of Sodium Citrate = 9.2347 g Calculation for combining volume method Molarity =

Volume = Volume of Citric Acid Volume = = 0.185 L Volume of Sodium Citrate = 0.500 0.185 = 0.315 L

4.0 DISCUSSION The experiment was done to prepare buffer solutions and test the effects of added acid or base upon the pH. Also this experiment is to review acid-base chemistry and calculation. A buffer solution is one which resists changes in pH when small quantities of an acid or an alkali are added to it. A buffer solution has to contain things which will remove any hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions that you might add to it - otherwise the pH will change. Acidic and alkaline buffer solutions achieve this in different ways. The change in the buffer agent initially causes little change in the buffer solutions pH. As the proportion of a buffer agents HA and A- changes due to the addition of other acids and bases, the buffering capacity of the solution decreases. Eventually, a buffer agent can be used up to the point where it can no longer significantly resist pH changes, meaning it is no longer useful as a buffer solution. In this experiment, the mass method was used in order to determine the amount of citric acid and sodium citrate. The mass for citric acid used is 3.8876 g and the mass of sodium citrate used is 9.2347 g. Then the mass was added together and dissolve in water in 500 mL volumetric flask. The initial pH reading for blank buffer solution is 4.90 while for water is 6.90. The pH reading is slightly low than desired pH. This is happen because of error occurred during the preparation. After that 1ml of acid (HCl) and 1 ml of base (NaOH) was added to 50 ml of buffer solution and 50 ml of water. After the addition of acid and base into the solution, the reading of pH was measured. For acid addition, the pH measured for buffer solution is 4.6 while water is 2.9. For base addition, the pH measured for buffer solution is 5.30 while for water is 11.70. The actual reading for acid addition in buffer is 4.50 while for base addition is 5.03. From the result obtained, it can be seen that the measured pH is not same with the calculated pH. This happened because of pH meter that is not calibrated and also error in preparation of buffer solution. From this two possible causes will lead to error in pH reading. The theory also stated that a buffer solution is one which resists changes in pH when small quantities of an acid or an alkali are added to it. For acidic buffer solution, when acid was added into it, the buffer solution must remove most of the new hydrogen ions. Since most of the new hydrogen ions are removed, the pH won't change very much but because of the equilibrium involved, it will fall a little bit. From this theory, the result obtained is according to the theory where the pH of the buffer solution drops from 4.90 to 4.60 when the acid was added. And the change for the pH is not too big and still can be accepted. While when base was added to buffer solution, the buffer solution must remove most of the new hydroxide ions. When most

of the new hydroxide ions are removed, the pH doesn't increase very much. From the result obtained for base addition, the pH of the buffer solution was slightly increased from 4.90 to 5.30. The increasing of the pH is no too much and acceptable. Therefore the result obtained for acid and base addition into buffer solution is good and followed the theory. Next are the pH changes for the water. The purpose for observing the changes of pH in water is to compare the result for acid and base addition in the water with acid and base addition in the buffer solution. From the result, when the acid was added into the water, the pH for water was decreasing much from 6.90 to 2.90 and when the base was added into the water, the pH water increasing greatly from 6.90 to 11.70. From this value, it can be seen how the buffer solution actually work. Water is not a buffer solution; therefore it will not remove any ion. When the acid was added, the new hydrogen ion will not be removed but it will be added to the hydrogen ion from dissociation of water. And because of that, the pH will drop greatly. Same goes to when base was added to the water. The new hydroxide ion will not be removed but will add with the hydroxide ion from water. Therefore, the pH will increase greatly. Truly all the result obtained is following the theory concept.

TUTORIAL QUESTION 1 Describe how you would prepare a (CH3CO2H / CH3CO2-) buffer with a pH of 5.2 given that the pKa (CH3CO2H / CH3CO2-) is 4.76

First step: - Calculating mole ratio of CH3CO2H / CH3CO2

[ [ ] ]

[ [

] ]

[ [ [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ]

] ]

Second step: - finding total mole required

Third step:- calculate the amount of mass needed each from CH3CO2H / CH3CO2
,

QUESTION 2 What is buffer capacity? What determines the capacity of a buffer?

Buffer capacity Buffer capacity can be defined as maximum amount of either strong acid or strong base that can be added before a significant change in the pH will occur. Buffer capacity can be also defined as quantity of strong acid or base that must be added to change the pH of one liter of solution by one pH unit. Buffering capacity refers to water's ability to keep the pH stable as acids or bases are added. pH and buffering capacity are intertwined with one another although one might think that adding equal volumes of an acid and neutral water would result in a pH halfway in between, this rarely happens in practice. What determines the capacity of a buffer? Determine the capacity of a buffer to compared to the pH of the solution because the higher the concentration, the larger the buffering capacity. The buffer is compared to the pH of the solution when the closer the buffer to pKa the value of the buffer capacity is greater increases.

5.0 POSSIBLE ERRORS AND INACCURACY During this experiment was done, the common error happened was the measured pH is not same with the actual pH. There are two possible things that can lead to this error. The uncalibrated pH meter and also the error happen during the preparation of buffer. For the pH meter, to overcome this problem, the pH meter should be calibrated first before the experiment was run and the pH electrode should always clean by rinsing it with deionised water. While from the preparation of buffer; when the mass or volume of the component to make the buffer solution was measured, make sure it must be measured correctly. Any slight changes in the mass or volume will result the changes in pH reading and deviate from the desired pH value. Other thing that can be done to avoid error is make sure the apparatus is clean and also all the acid and base addition must be done inside the fume cupboard for safety. 6.0 CONCLUSION As a conclusion, all the objectives of this experiment were achieved. The buffer solution show how it work when there are acid and base were added into it; where the pH of the buffer is changing just a little bit when there are acid or base added into it. And the result obtained is following the theory where a buffer solution is one which resists changes in pH when small quantities of an acid or an alkali are added to it also a buffer solution has to contain things which will remove any hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions that you might add to it otherwise the pH will change. But still due to equilibrium the pH will lightly drop or increase. The experiment was done successfully.

7.0 REFERENCES 1. Buffer, TutorVista.com, [Online]. [Accessed 5th September 2011]. Available from http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-iii/ionic-equilibrium/buffers.php 2. Buffer Solution, New World Encyclopedia, [Online]. [Accessed 5th September 2011]. Available from http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Buffer_solution 3. What are buffer solutions used in? eHow, [Online]. [Accessed 5th September 2011]. Available used.html 4. Buffer Solution Introduction and Uses from http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4912029_what-buffer-solutions-