Rating and Selection of Piping An Fittings

Rating and Selection of Piping and Fittings-Assignment 1
What is Piping?
Piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids either a liquids or gas from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the efficient transport of fluid. Industrial process piping and accompanying in-line components, can be manufactured from wood, fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings, valves, and other devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in the field of piping design or engineering. Piping systems are documented in piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the tube cleaning process. Piping is sometimes refers to as Piping Design, the detailed specification of the physical piping layout within a process plant or commercial building. . Piping is often used to describe high-performance (e.g. high pressure, high flow, high temperature, hazardous materials) conveyance of fluids in specialized applications. The term tubing is sometimes used for lighter-weight piping, especially types that are flexible enough to be supplied in coiled form.
Types of Materials: The material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe, materials that are used for manufacturing pipes include: Carbon Steel (CS) Low Temperature Service Carbon Steel (LTCS) Stainless Steel (SS) Non Ferrous Metals (Inconel, Incoloy, Cupro-nickel, etc.) Non Metallic (GRE, PVC, HDPE, tempered glass, etc.)
Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796
Page 1

Standards for Piping:
As all materials being used, piping also includes its standards as follows: ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers - B31 series ASME B31.1 Power piping (steam piping) ASME B31.3 Process piping ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids ASME B31.5 Refrigeration piping and heat transfer components ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems ASME B31.9 Building services piping ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials API - American Petroleum Institute EN 13480 - European metallic industrial piping code EN 13480-1 Metallic industrial piping - Part 1: General EN 13480-2 Metallic industrial piping - Part 2: Materials EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design and calculation EN 13480-4 Metallic industrial piping - Part 4: Fabrication and installation EN 13480-5 Metallic industrial piping - Part 5: Inspection and testing EN 13480-6 Metallic industrial piping - Part 6: Additional requirements for buried piping PD TR 13480-7 Metallic industrial piping - Part 7: Guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures EN 13480-8 Metallic industrial piping - Part 8: Additional requirements for aluminium and aluminium alloy piping EN 1993-4-3 Euro code 3 Design of steel structures - Part 4-3: Pipelines AWS - American Welding Society AWWA - American Water Works Association MSS Manufacturers' Standardization Society ANSI - American National Standards Institute NFPA - National Fire Protection Association EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association
Pipe Sizing
Pipe size is specified with two non-dimensional numbers: a nominal pipe size (NPS) for diameter based on inches, and a schedule (Sched. or Sch.) for wall thickness.
NPS tables for selected sizes

NPS
[5]
DN
[2]
OD [in (mm)]
Wall thickness [in (mm)]
Page 2

SCH 40s/40 /STD SCH 80s/80 /XS
SCH 5
SCH 10s/10
SCH 30
SCH 120
SCH 160
XXS
0.405 (10.29)
0.035 (0.889)
0.049 (1.245)
0.057 (1.448)
0.068 (1.727)
0.095 (2.413)
0.540 (13.72)
0.049 (1.245)
0.065 (1.651)
0.073 (1.854)
0.088 (2.235)
0.119 (3.023)
10
0.675 (17.15)
0.049 (1.245)
0.065 (1.651)
0.073 (1.854)
0.091 (2.311)
0.126 (3.200)
15
0.840 (21.34)
0.065 (1.651)
0.083 (2.108)
0.095 (2.413)
0.109 (2.769)
0.147 (3.734)
0.188 (4.775)
0.294 (7.468)
20
1.050 (26.67)
0.065 (1.651)
0.083 (2.108)
0.095 (2.413)
0.113 (2.870)
0.154 (3.912)
0.219 (5.563)
0.308 (7.823)
25
1.315 (33.40)
0.065 (1.651)
0.109 (2.769)
0.114 (2.896)
0.133 (3.378)
0.179 (4.547)
0.250 (6.350)
0.358 (9.093)
32
1.660 (42.16)
0.065 (1.651)
0.109 (2.769)
0.117 (2.972)
0.140 (3.556)
0.191 (4.851)
0.250 (6.350)
0.382 (9.703)
40
1.900 (48.26)
0.065 (1.651)
0.109 (2.769)
0.125 (3.175)
0.145 (3.683)
0.200 (5.080)
0.281 (7.137)
0.400 (10.160)
50
2.375 (60.33)
0.065 (1.651)
0.109 (2.769)
0.125 (3.175)
0.154 (3.912)
0.218 (5.537)
0.250 (6.350)
0.343 (8.712)
0.436 (11.074)
65
2.875
0.083
0.120
0.188
0.203
0.276
0.300
0.375
0.552
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(73.03) (2.108) (3.048) (4.775) (5.156) (7.010) (7.620) (9.525) (14.021)
80
3.500 (88.90)
0.083 (2.108)
0.120 (3.048)
0.188 (4.775)
0.216 (5.486)
0.300 (7.620)
0.350 (8.890)
0.438 (11.125)
0.600 (15.240)
90
4.000 (101.60)
0.083 (2.108)
0.120 (3.048)
0.188 (4.775)
0.226 (5.740)
0.318 (8.077)
0.636 (16.154)
NPS 4 to NPS 9
Wall thickness [in (mm)] NPS
[5]
D N
[2]
OD [in (mm)]
SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH 40s/4 SCH 10s/1 5 20 30 0 60 0 /STD
SCH 80s/8 0 /XS
SCH 100
SCH 120
SCH 140
SCH 160
XXS
[5]
4.500 0.083 0.120 10 (114.3 (2.10 (3.04 0 0) 8) 8)
0.188 0.237 0.281 0.337 0.437 (4.77 (6.02 (7.137 (8.560 (11.10 5) 0) ) ) 0)
0.531 0.674 (13.48 (17.12 7) 0)
5.000 11 (127.0 5 0)
0.247 (6.27 4)
0.355 (9.017 )
0.710 (18.03 4)
5.563 0.109 0.134 12 (141.3 (2.76 (3.40 5 0) 9) 4)
0.258 (6.55 3)
0.375 (9.525 )
0.500 (12.70 0)
0.625 0.750 (15.87 (19.05 5) 0)
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6.625 0.109 0.134 15 (168.2 (2.76 (3.40 0 8) 9) 4) 0.280 (7.11 2) 0.432 (10.97 3) 0.562 (14.27 5) 0.718 0.864 (18.23 (21.94 7) 6)
[5]
7.625 (193.6 8)
0.301 (7.64 5)
0.500 (12.70 0)
0.875 (22.22 5)
8.625 0.109 0.148 0.250 0.277 0.322 0.406 0.500 0.593 0.718 0.812 0.906 0.875 20 (219.0 (2.76 (3.75 (6.35 (7.03 (8.17 (10.31 (12.70 (15.06 (18.23 (20.62 (23.01 (22.22 0 8) 9) 9) 0) 6) 9) 2) 0) 2) 7) 5) 2) 5)
[5]
9.625 (244.4 8)
0.342 (8.68 7)
0.500 (12.70 0)
NPS 10 to NPS 24
[5]
DN
[2]
OD [in (mm)] SCH 5s SCH 5 SCH 10s SCH 10 SCH 20 SCH 30 SCH 40s/STD
10
250
10.75 (273.05)
0.134 (3.404)
0.134 (3.404)
0.165 (4.191)
0.165 (4.191)
0.250 (6.350)
0.307 (7.798)
0.365 (9.271)
12
300
12.75 (323.85)
0.156 (3.962)
0.165 (4.191)
0.180 (4.572)
0.180 (4.572)
0.250 (6.350)
0.330 (8.382)
0.375 (9.525)
14
350
14.00 (355.60)
0.156 (3.962)
0.156 (3.962)
0.188 (4.775)
0.250 (6.350)
0.312 (7.925)
0.375 (9.525)
0.375 (9.525)
Page 5

16.00 (406.40) 0.165 (4.191) 0.165 (4.191) 0.188 (4.775) 0.250 (6.350) 0.312 (7.925) 0.375 (9.525) 0.375 (9.525)
16
400
18
450
18.00 (457.20)
0.165 (4.191)
0.165 (4.191)
0.188 (4.775)
0.250 (6.350)
0.312 (7.925)
0.437 (11.100)
0.375 (9.525)
20
500
20.00 (508.00)
0.188 (4.775)
0.188 (4.775)
0.218 (5.537)
0.250 (6.350)
0.375 (9.525)
0.500 (12.700)
0.375 (9.525)
24
600
24.00 (609.60)
0.218 (5.537)
0.218 (5.537)
0.250 (6.350)
0.250 (6.350)
0.375 (9.525)
0.562 (14.275)
0.375 (9.525)

[5]
SCH 40
SCH 60
SCH 80s/XS
SCH 80
SCH 100
SCH 120
SCH 140
SCH 160
10
0.365 (9.271)
0.500 (12.700)
0.500 (12.700)
0.593 (15.062)
0.718 (18.237)
0.843 (21.412)
1.000 (25.400)
1.125 (28.575)
12
0.406 (10.312)
0.562 (14.275)
0.500 (12.700)
0.687 (17.450)
0.843 (21.412)
1.000 (25.400)
1.125 (28.575)
1.312 (33.325)
14
0.437 (11.100)
0.593 (15.062)
0.500 (12.700)
0.750 (19.050)
0.937 (23.800)
1.093 (27.762)
1.250 (31.750)
1.406 (35.712)
16
0.500 (12.700)
0.656 (16.662)
0.500 (12.700)
0.843 (21.412)
1.031 (26.187)
1.218 (30.937)
1.437 (36.500)
1.593 (40.462)
Page 6

0.562 (14.275) 0.750 (19.050) 0.500 (12.700) 0.937 (23.800) 1.156 (29.362) 1.375 (34.925) 1.562 (39.675) 1.781 (45.237)
18
20
0.593 (15.062)
0.812 (20.625)
0.500 (12.700)
1.031 (26.187)
1.280 (32.512)
1.500 (38.100)
1.750 (44.450)
1.968 (49.987)
24
0.687 (17.450)
0.968 (24.587)
0.500 (12.700)
1.218 (30.937)
1.531 (38.887)
1.812 (46.025)
2.062 (52.375)
2.343 (59.512)
NPS 26 to NPS 36
[5]
DN
[2]
OD [in (mm)] SCH 5s SCH 10s SCH 10 SCH 20 SCH 30 SCH 40s/STD SCH 40 SCH 80s/XS
26
650
26.000 (660.400)
0.312 (7.925)
0.500 (12.700)
0.375 (9.525)
0.500 (12.700)
28
700
28.000 (711.200)
0.312 (7.925)
0.500 (12.700)
0.625 (15.875)
0.375 (9.525)
30
750
30.000 (762.000)
0.250 (6.350)
0.312 (7.925)
0.312 (7.925)
0.500 (12.700)
0.625 (15.875)
0.375 (9.525)
0.500 (12.700)
Page 7

32.000 (812.800) 0.312 (7.925) 0.500 (12.700) 0.625 (15.875) 0.375 (9.525) 0.688 (17.475) 0.500 (12.700)
32
800
34
850
34.000 (863.600)
0.312 (7.925)
0.500 (12.700)
0.625 (15.875)
0.375 (9.525)
0.688 (17.475)
36
900
36.000 (914.400)
0.312 (7.925)
0.625 (15.875)
0.375 (9.525)
0.750 (19.050)
0.500 (12.700)
Additional sizes (NPS)
NPS
DN
[2]
OD [in (mm)]
Wall thickness [in (mm)]
22
550 22.000 (558.800)
0.375
40 1000 40.000 (1,016.000) ?
42 1050 42.000 (1,066.800) ?
44 1100 44.000 (1,117.600) ?
Page 8

48 1200 48.000 (1,219.200) ?
52 1300 52.000 (1,320.800) ?
56 1400 56.000 (1,422.400) ?
60 1500 60.000 (1,524.000) ?
64 1600 64.000 (1,625.600) ?
68 1700 68.000 (1,727.200) ?
72 1800 72.000 (1,828.800) ?
76 1900 76.000 (1,930.400) ?
80 2000 80.000 (2,032.000) ?
88 2200 88.000 (2,235.200) ?
The British Standard Pipe thread (BSP thread) is a family of standard screw thread types that has been adopted internationally for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an internal (female) thread. There are two types Parallel ('straight') threads, British Standard Pipe Parallel thread(BSPP) and Taper threads, British Standard Pipe Taper thread (BSPT), they can be joined by these two different types of joints; Jointing threads and Long screw threads.
Pipe thread sizes

A list of thread sizes (16) are defined by the standards, ranging from 116 to 6. The size number was originally based on the inner diameter measured in inches of a steel tube for which the thread was intended, but in the modern metric version of the standard is simply a size number. The major diameter listed is the outer diameter of the external thread. For a taper thread, it is the diameter at the "gauge Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796 Page 9

length" from the small end of the thread. The taper is 1 to 16, meaning that for each 16 units of measurement increase in the distance from the end, the diameter increases by 1 unit of measurement.
Thread majo r Gaug diameter Dash Pitc Threa Thread A/F e threa h d s (mm lengt d (mm size / in ) h size ) (mm) (mm) (in)
Corresponding pipe
Tapping drill size (mm)
OD Thicknes OD BSP.P BSP. DN (mm s (in) L (Rp) F (G) ) (mm)
0.0625 28
0.90 7.723 7
0.30 4
6.60
6.80
0.125
28
0.90 9.728 7
0.38 15 3
10.2
0.4 2 0
8.60
8.80
0.25
19
1.33 0.51 13.157 19 7 8
13.5
0.5 2.3 3
11.50
11.80
0.375
19
1.33 0.65 22/2 16.662 6.4 7 6 3
10 17.2
0.6 2.3 8
15.00
15.25
0.5
14
1.81 0.82 20.955 27 4 5
8.2
15 21.3
0.8 2.6 4
18.75
19.00
10
0.625
14
1.81 0.90 22.911 4 2
16
2.6
21.00
12
0.75
14
1.81 1.04 26.441 32 4 1
9.5
20 26.9
1.0 2.6 6
24.25
24.50
16
11
2.30
33.249
1.30
43
10.4
25 33.7
1.3
3.2
30.40
30.75
Page 10

9 9 3
20
1.25
11
2.30 1.65 41.910 53 9 0
12.7
32 42.4
1.6 3.2 7
39.00
39.50
24
1.5
11
2.30 1.88 47.803 57 9 2
12.7
40 48.3
1.9 3.2 0
45.00
45.00
32
11
2.30 2.34 59.614 70 9 7
15.9
50 60.3
2.3 3.6 7
56.75
57.00
2.5
11
2.30 2.96 75.184 9 0
17.5
65 76.1
3.0 3.6 0
11
2.30 3.46 87.884 9 0
20.6
80 88.9
3.5 4 0
11
2.30 113.03 4.45 9 0 0
25.5
10 114. 4.5 4.5 0 3 0
11
2.30 138.43 5.45 9 0 0
28.6
12 139. 5.5 5 5 7 0
11
2.30 163.83 6.45 9 0 0
28.6
15 165. 6.5 5 0 1 0
Page 11
Page 12

Tubing
A tube, or tubing, is a long hollow cylinder used to convey fluids (liquids or gases).The terms "pipe" and "tube" are almost interchangeable, although minor distinctions exist generally, a tube has tighter engineering requirements than a pipe. Both pipe and tube imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a hose is usually portable and flexible. A tube and pipe may be specified by standard pipe size designations, e.g., nominal pipe size, or by nominal outside or inside diameter and/or wall thickness. The actual dimensions of pipe are usually not the nominal dimensions: A 1-inch pipe will not actually measure 1 inch in either outside or inside diameter, whereas many types of tubing are specified by actual inside diameter, outside diameter, or wall thickness. There are three classes of manufactured tubing: seamless, as-welded or electric resistant welded (ERW), and drawn-over-mandrel (DOM). Seamless tubing is produced via extrusion or rotary piercing. Drawn-over-mandrel tubing is made from cold-drawn electrical-resistance-welded tube that is drawn through a die and over a mandrel to create such characteristics as dependable weld integrity, dimensional accuracy, and an excellent surface finish.
Page 13

Standards
There are many industry and government standards for pipe and tubing. Many standards exist for tube manufacture; some of the most common are as follows: ASTM A213 Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Super heater, Heat-Exchanger Tubes. ASTM A269 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service ASTM A270 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing ASTM A511 Standard Specification for Seamless Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing ASTM A513 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing ASTM A554 Standard Specification for Welded Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing British Standard 1387:1985 Specification for screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubulars and for plain end steel tubes suitable for welding or for screwing to BS 21 pipe threads ASTM material specifications generally cover a variety of grades or types that indicate a specific material composition. Some of the most commonly used are: TP 304 TP 316 MT 304 MT 403 MT 506 In installations using hydrogen, copper and stainless steel tubing must be factory pre-cleaned (ASTM B 280) and/or certified as instrument grade. This is due to hydrogen's particular propensities: to explode in the presence of oxygen, oxygenation sources, or contaminants; to leak due to its atomic size; and to cause embrittlement of metals, particularly under pressure.
Differences between Piping and Tubing?

The primary difference between pipe and tubing is how the size is designated. Pipe is designated by a "Nominal Pipe Size" based upon the ID (inside diameter) of the most common wall thickness. Tubing is designated by the measured OD (outside diameter). For Example: A 3/4 inch iron pipe has an OD of 1.050 inches, while a 3/4 inch steel tube has an OD of 0.75 inches. The Copper industry calls all cooper tubular products "Tubes" but they designate a "Type". Each type has specified OD and ID dimensions. The size of a tube is determined by its OD and the thickness. The actual OD of a tube is just the same as its nominal OD. A certain size of a tube will keep the same OD no matter what the thickness is. It is true for pipe except that the actual OD is larger than it's nominal OD. For example, for a 1" schedule 5s pipe, the actual OD is 1.315", the thickness is 0.065" and the ID is 1.185". When its thickness is schedule xxs (0.358"), then its ID is reduced to 0.599" while keeping it's OD. Furthermore, the actual OD of a pipe is just the same as its nominal OD when the size is the same as or larger than 14" per ASME/ANSI B36.10/19. Consequently, both the size of tube and pipe is measured by its OD and the thickness.
Page 14

What is Fittings?
Fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid flow. Piping or tubing which is usually but not always inserted into fittings to make connections. To avoid confusion, connections are conventionally assigned a gender of male or female, respectively abbreviated as "M" or "F".
Standards for Fitting:

ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials API - American Petroleum Institute AWS - American Welding Society AWWA - American Water Works Association MSS Manufacturers' Standardization Society ANSI - American National Standards Institute NFPA - National Fire Protection Association EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association
For example pipes need to conform to the dimensional requirements of : ASME B36.10M - Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe ASME B36.19M - Stainless Steel Pipe[1] ASME B31.3 2008 - Process Piping
The B31.3 code has requirements for piping found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals. This code specifies requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code is applicable to piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids.
Types of Materials:
The bodies of fittings for pipe and tubing are most often of the same base material as the pipe or tubing being connected, for example, copper, steel, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). However, any material that is allowed by the plumbing, health, or building code, as applicable may be used, but must be compatible with the other materials in the system, the fluids being transported, and the temperatures and pressures inside and outside of the system. For example, brass- or bronze-bodied fittings are common in otherwise copper piping and plumbing systems. Fire hazards, earthquake resistance, and other factors also influence choice of fitting materials. Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796 Page 15

Gaskets:
Gaskets are used for sealing of flange joints, various types of gaskets are available depending upon their construction, materials, and features. The following are the type of gaskets commonly used: Non-Metallic Gaskets (ASME B 16.21) Spiral-Wound Gaskets (ASME B 16.20) Ring Joint Gaskets (ASME B 16.20)
Non-Metallic Gaskets are used with flat face or raised face flanges. Spiral-Wound Gaskets are used with raised face flanges. They are available with an inner ring and outer ring, which is also known as the cantering ring. Ring Joint Gaskets are used with Ring Type Joint (RTJ) flanges. They are available in octagonal or oval cross sections .A very high surface stress is developed between an RTJ gasket and the flange groove when RTJ is bolted up in a flange.
Elbow
An elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of direction, usually a 90 or 45 angle, though 22.5 elbows are also made. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, the fitting is called a reducing elbow or reducer elbow.
Elbows are categorized based on various design features as below: Long Radius (LR) Elbows radius is 1.5 times the pipe diameter Page 16

Short Radius (SR) Elbows radius is 1.0 times the pipe diameter 90 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 90 45 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 45
Most elbows are available in short radius or long radius variants. The short radius elbows have a centerto-end distance equal to the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) in inches, while the long radius is 1.5 times the NPS in inches. Short elbows are widely available, and are typically used in pressurized systems. Long elbows are typically used in low-pressure gravity-fed systems and other applications where low turbulence and minimum deposition of entrained solids are of concern. They are readily available in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for DWV, sewage and central vacuums, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and copper for 1950s to 1960s houses with copper drains.
Coupling
A coupling connects two pipes to each other. If the size of the pipe is not the same, the fitting may be called a reducing coupling or reducer, or an adapter. By convention, the term "expander" is not generally used for a coupler that increases pipe size; instead the term "reducer" is used.
Page 17
Union
A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. While a coupling would require solvent welding, soldering or being able to rotate with all the pipes adjacent as with a threaded coupling, a union provides a simple transition, allowing easy connection or disconnection at any future time. A standard union pipe is made in three parts consisting of a nut, a female end, and a male end. When the female and male ends are joined, the nuts then provide the necessary pressure to seal the joint. Since the mating ends of the union are interchangeable, changing of a valve or other device can be achieved with a minimum loss of time. Pipe unions are essentially a type of flange connector, as discussed further below. In addition to a standard union, there exist dielectric unions which are used to separate dissimilar metals (such as copper and galvanized steel) to avoid the damaging effects of galvanic corrosion. When two dissimilar metals are in contact with an electrically conductive solution (even tap water is conductive), they will form a battery and generate a voltage by electrolysis. When the two metals are in direct contact with each other, the electric current from one metal to the other will cause a movement of ions from one to the other, dissolving one metal and depositing it on the other. A dielectric union breaks the electric current path with a plastic liner between two halves of the union, thus limiting galvanic corrosion.
Page 18
Reducer
A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system, or to adapt to existing piping of a different size. Reducers are usually concentric but eccentric reducers are used when required to maintain the same top- or bottom-of-pipe level.
Olets
Whenever branch connections are required in size where reducing tees are not available and/or when the branch connections are of smaller size as compared to header size, olets are generally used. The following Olets are used: Flanged Olet Socket-Weld & Threaded Olet Lateral & Elbow Olets Nipple Olet Butt-Weld Olet Swage Nipples
Tee
A tee is the most common pipe fitting. It is available with all female thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads. It is used to either combine or split a fluid flow. It is a type of pipe fitting which is T-shaped having two outlets, at 90 to the connection to the main line. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral outlet. A tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for changing the direction of pipe runs. They are made of various materials and available in various sizes and finishes. They are extensively used in pipeline networks to transport two-phase fluid mixtures. They are categorized as: Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796 Page 19

Equal Unequal
When the size of the branch is same as header pipes, equal tee is used and when the branch size is less than that of header size, reduced tee will be used. Most common are tees with the same inlet and outlet sizes. Some of the industrial tees are Straight Tee, Reducing Tee, Double Branch Tee, Double Branch Reducing Tee, Conical Tee, Double Branch Conical Tee, Bullhead Tee, Conical Reducing Tee, Double Branch Conical Reducing Tee, Tangential Tee, and Double Branch Tangential Tee. The above tees are categorized on the basis of their shapes and structure.
Cross
Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings. If a branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and three outlets, or vice versa. They often have solvent welded socket ends or female threaded ends. Cross fittings can generate a huge amount of stress on pipe as temperature changes, because they are at the center of four connection points. A tee is steadier than a cross, as a tee behaves like a threelegged stool, while a cross behaves like a four-legged stool.
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Cap
A type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe. A cap is used like plug, except that the pipes cap screws or attaches on the male thread of a pipe or a nipple. A cap may have a solvent weld socket end or a female threaded end and the other end closed off. If a solvent weld cap is used to provide for a future connection point, several inches of pipe must be left before the cap. This is because when the cap is cut off for the future connection, enough pipe must remain to allow a new fitting to be glued onto it. In plumbing systems that use threads, the cap has female threads. Industrial caps can be round, square, rectangular, U-shaped, I-shaped and have a round hand grip or a flat hand grip.
Plug
A plug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the fitting it is mated to. In a threaded iron pipe plumbing system, plugs have male threads. Some of the popular types of plugs are: Mechanical pipe plug Pneumatic disk pipe plug Single size pneumatic all rubber pipe plug Multi-size pneumatic pipe plug Multi-size flow-through pipe plug High pressure pipe plug
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Nipple
A short stub of pipe, usually threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) or copper; occasionally just bare copper. A nipple is defined as being a short stub of pipe which has external male pipe threads at each end, for connecting two other fittings. Nipples are commonly used for plumbing and hoses, and second as valves for funnels and pipes.
Valves
Valve is equipment designed to stop or regulate flow of any fluid (liquid, gas, condensate, stem, slurry etc.) in its path. Valves are categorized depending on their applications like isolation, throttling and nonreturn. It is installed in the piping system based on its requirement. Various types of valves are available depending upon the type of construction as follows: Gate valve - used for isolation only Plug valve - used for isolation only Globe valve - used for throttling Butterfly valve - used for isolation as well as throttling Check valve - used for preventing reverse flow (non-return) Diaphragm valve - used for isolation as well as throttling Ball valve - used for isolation only
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Hydraulic fittings
Hydraulic systems use extremely high fluid pressures to create useful work, such as in the hydraulic actuators for powered machinery such as bulldozers and backhoes. Therefore, hydraulic fittings are designed and rated for much greater pressures than those experienced in general piping systems, and they are generally not compatible for use in general plumbing. Fittings are designed and constructed to resist leakage and sudden explosive failure. More information on hydraulics and their specialized fittings can be found in the hydraulic machinery article.
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Connection types
Much of the work of installing a piping or plumbing system involves making leak-proof, reliable connections. Depending on the technology used, basic skills may be required or specialized skills and professional licensure may be required. Fastener A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. The following are the type of fasteners commonly used: Stud bolt with nut Machine bolt with nut
Usually the stud bolts are used with full threading and with two heavy hexagonal nuts. Threaded pipe A threaded pipe is a pipe with a screw thread at one or both ends for assembly. Steel pipe is often joined using threaded connections, where tapered threads (in the US/Canada see National Pipe Thread, in Commonwealth Nations such as the UK, Australia, New Zealand see British standard pipe thread) are cut into the end of the tubing segment, sealant is applied in the form of thread sealing compound or thread seal tape (also known as PTFE or Teflon tape), and it is then threaded into a corresponding threaded fitting using a pipe wrench. Threaded steel pipe is still widely used in many homes and businesses to convey natural gas or propane fuel, and is a popular choice in fire sprinkler systems due to its high heat resistance. Threaded brass pipe was once used in a similar fashion, and was considered superior to steel for carrying drinking water, but is now effectively obsolete. Assembling threaded steel pipe takes some skill, plus careful planning to allow lengths of pipe to be screwed together in proper sequence. Most threaded pipe systems require occasional use of pipe union fittings to allow final assembly. Brazing Brazing is a thermal joining process in which the two pieces of the base metal are joined when a molten brazing filler metal is allowed to be drawn into a capillary gap between them.[5] It is used to join most metals and alloys commonly used in engineering. Brazing filler metals have very high melting points, but always below the melting point of the metals being joined. It is closely related to soldering, but uses harder materials and higher temperatures. Brazing can be used to join pipes, rods, metal pieces or any other shape as long as the pieces fit neatly against each other without leaving large gaps. It is also capable of joining tungsten carbide, ceramics and similar non-metallic materials. Successfully brazed joints are as strong as the parent metal pieces being joined and can withstand demanding service conditions i.e. they are strong and ductile. Well brazed joints have smooth, neat fillets and they offer good electrical conductivity.
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Compression fittings Compression fittings consist of a tapered concave conical seat, a hollow barrel-shaped compression ring, and a compression nut which is threaded onto the body of the fitting and tightened to make a leakproof connection. Fittings are typically made of brass or plastic, but stainless steel or other materials may be used. Compression connections do not typically have the long life that sweat connections offer, but are advantageous in many cases because they are easy to make using basic tools. A disadvantage of compression connections is that they take longer to make than sweated joints, and sometimes require retightening over time to stop leaks. Flare fittings Flared connectors should not be confused with compression connectors, with which they are generally not interchangeable. Flared connectors lack a compression ring, but do use a threaded nut. A special flaring tool is used to enlarge tubing into a tapered "bell mouth" shape that matches the tapered projecting conical shape of the flare fitting. The flare nut, which has previously been installed over the tubing, is then tightened onto the fitting. Fittings are typically made of brass or plastic, but stainless steel or other materials may be used. Flare connections are a labor intensive method of making connections, but are quite reliable over the course of many years. Flared fittings are sometimes thought to be more secure against leaks and sudden failures, and are often preferred for safety-critical connections, such as in hydraulic brake systems.
Flange fittings
Flanges are generally used when there is a connection to valves, in-line instruments and/or connection to equipment nozzles is required. Flange fittings generally involve pressing two surfaces to be joined tightly together, by means of threaded bolts, wedges, clamps, or other means of applying high compressive forces. Often, a gasket, packing, or an O-ring is installed between the flanges to prevent leakage, but it is sometimes possible to use only special grease or nothing at all, if the mating surfaces are precisely formed. Flanges are designed to the following pressure ratings: 150 lb, 300 lb, 400 lb, 600 lb, 900 lb,1500 lb and 2500 lb or 10 Bar, 15Bar, 25Bar, 40Bar, 64Bar, 100Bar and 150Bar. Various types of flanges are available depending upon the type of their constructional features. The following are types of flanges generally used in piping. These flanges are available with different facing like raised face, flat face, ring joint face etc. Orifice Threaded Slip-On Blind Weld Neck Socket Lap Joint Reducing
Page 25

Slip On flanges are slipped over the pipe and then welded from both inside and outside to provide sufficient strength and prevent leakage. This flange is used instead of weld necks by many users because of its lower cost and also the fact that it requires less accuracy when cutting pipe to length. Blind flanges do not have a bore and are used to shut off a piping system or vassal opening. Its design permits easy access to vassal or piping system for inspection purpose. It can be supplied with or without hubs at the manufacturer's option. Weld Neck Flanges are designed to be joined to a piping system by butt welding. They are expensive because of its long neck, but is preferred for high stresses to the pipe, reducing stress applications. The neck, or hub, transmits stress concentration at the base of the flange. The gradual transition of thickness from the base of the hub to the wall thickness at the butt weld provides important reinforcement of the flange. Turbulence and erosion are reduced due to the matching bore size of the pipe and flange. Socket Flanges are similar to a slip on flanges in outline, but the bore is counter-bored to accept pipe. The diameter of the remaining bore is same as the inside diameter of the pipe. A fillet weld around the hub of the flange attaches the flange to the pipe. An optional interval weld may be applied in high stress applications. Its biggest use is in high pressure system such as hydraulic and steam lines. Lap Joint flange is again similar to a slip flange, but it has radius at the intersection of the bore and the flange face to accommodate a lap stub end. The face on the stub end forms the gasket face of the flange. Its applications are where sections of piping systems need to be dismantled quickly and easily for inspection or replacement. Flanged connections tend to be more bulky than other connections, but can perform well in demanding applications, such as large water mains and hydroelectric power systems.
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Mechanical fittings
Manufacturers such as Victaulic or Grinnell produce special sleeve clamp fittings that are increasingly replacing classic flanged connections. They typically attach to the end of a pipe segment by using circumferential grooves pressed (or cut, in older designs) around the end of the pipe to be joined. Mechanical connectors are widely used on larger steel pipes, but can also be used with other materials. The chief advantage of these newer connectors is that they can be installed in the field after cutting the pipe to length, which is much faster than traditional flanged connections, which must be factory-welded or field-welded to pipe segments.
Crimped or pressed fittings

Crimped or pressed connections use special fittings which are permanently attached to tubing with a powered crimper. The special fittings, manufactured with sealant already inside, slide over the tubing to be connected. High pressure is used to deform the fitting and compress the sealant against the inner tubing, creating a leak-proof seal. The advantages of this method are that it should last as long as the tubing, it takes less time to complete than other methods, it is cleaner in both appearance and the materials used to make the connection, and no open flame is used during the connection process. The disadvantages are that the fittings used are harder to find and cost significantly more than sweat type fittings.
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References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fittings http://www.knovel.com/web/portal/browse/display?_EXT_KNOVEL_DISPLAY_bookid=1268 http://www.taketsuna.co.jp/e_each_page/e_catalog_PDF/e_no.op_piping.pdf http://kolmetz.com/pdf/EDG/ENGINEERING%20DESIGN%20GUIDELINE%20FLUID%20FLOW%20Rev%2006.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size http://www.engineersedge.com/pipe_schedules.htm http://www.sbt.siemens.com/HVP/Components/Documentation/15370186.pdf http://www.google.tt/imgres?q=types+of+flanges&start=45&num=10&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1366&bih=6 67&tbm=isch&tbnid=w5o5qE9JTBz4ZM:&imgrefurl=http://shuk.com.au/products/flange-insulatingkits/&docid=HKDc7uCTL08OkM&imgurl=http://shuk.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Flangediagram.jpg&w=800&h=335&ei=csdYT5qcIaLW0QGHs4jQDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=919&vpy=368&du r=348&hovh=93&hovw=222&tx=174&ty=53&sig=113479065930919552177&sqi=2&page=3&tbnh=77&t bnw=185&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:45 http://www.prismflow.com/types-of-valves.html http://www.vma.org/?CommonValveTypes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubing_(material)
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Rating and Selection of Piping An Fittings

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Rating and Selection of Piping and Fittings-Assignment 1

Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796

Rating and Selection of Piping and Fittings-Assignment 1

NPS tables for selected sizes

Wall thickness [in (mm)]

Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796

Rating and Selection of Piping and Fittings-Assignment 1

Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796

Rating and Selection of Piping and Fittings-Assignment 1

SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH 40s/4 SCH 10s/1 5 20 30 0 60 0 /STD

SCH 80s/8 0 /XS

4.500 0.083 0.120 10 (114.3 (2.10 (3.04 0 0) 8) 8)

0.531 0.674 (13.48 (17.12 7) 0)

5.563 0.109 0.134 12 (141.3 (2.76 (3.40 5 0) 9) 4)

0.625 0.750 (15.87 (19.05 5) 0)

Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796

Rating and Selection of Piping and Fittings-Assignment 1

Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796

Rating and Selection of Piping and Fittings-Assignment 1

Wall thickness [in (mm)] NPS

Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796

Rating and Selection of Piping and Fittings-Assignment 1

Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796

Rating and Selection of Piping and Fittings-Assignment 1

Additional sizes (NPS)

Wall thickness [in (mm)]

550 22.000 (558.800)

40 1000 40.000 (1,016.000) ?

42 1050 42.000 (1,066.800) ?

44 1100 44.000 (1,117.600) ?

Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796

Rating and Selection of Piping and Fittings-Assignment 1

52 1300 52.000 (1,320.800) ?

56 1400 56.000 (1,422.400) ?

60 1500 60.000 (1,524.000) ?

64 1600 64.000 (1,625.600) ?

68 1700 68.000 (1,727.200) ?

72 1800 72.000 (1,828.800) ?

76 1900 76.000 (1,930.400) ?

80 2000 80.000 (2,032.000) ?

88 2200 88.000 (2,235.200) ?

Pipe thread sizes

Rating and Selection of Piping and Fittings-Assignment 1

Tapping drill size (mm)

OD Thicknes OD BSP.P BSP. DN (mm s (in) L (Rp) F (G) ) (mm)

1.33 0.51 13.157 19 7 8

1.33 0.65 22/2 16.662 6.4 7 6 3

1.81 0.82 20.955 27 4 5

1.81 0.90 22.911 4 2

1.81 1.04 26.441 32 4 1

Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796

Rating and Selection of Piping and Fittings-Assignment 1

2.30 1.65 41.910 53 9 0

2.30 1.88 47.803 57 9 2

2.30 2.34 59.614 70 9 7

2.30 2.96 75.184 9 0

2.30 3.46 87.884 9 0

2.30 113.03 4.45 9 0 0

10 114. 4.5 4.5 0 3 0

2.30 138.43 5.45 9 0 0

2.30 163.83 6.45 9 0 0

Prepared By: Keiron Nanan- 52796