HAWK EYE

2010-2011

CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF FIGURES 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Applications of computer graphics 2. BASIC DRAWING TOOL 2.1. OpenGL APIs 2.2. glut.h 2.3. Header files 3. SYSTEM REQUTREMENTS 3.1. System Requirements 3.1.1. Hardware requirements 3.1.2. Software requirements 3.1.3. Functional requirements 4. ALGORTTHM 5. FLOW OF THE PROGRAM 6. IMPLEMENTATION 7. TESTING 6.1. System testing 6.2. Types of testing 6.2.1 Unit testing 6.2.2 Integration testing 6.3. Aim and Shoot 8. SNAPSHOTS 9. CONCLUTION 10. BIBILIOGRAPHY i iii iv 1-3 2 4-5 4 4 5 6-8 6 6 6 6 9-12 13 14-16 17-18 17 17 17 17 17 19-21 22 23

DEPARTMENT OF CSE

VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HAWK EYE

2010-2011

INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW The Computer Graphics is one of the most effective and commonly used methods to communicate the processed information to the user. It displays the information in the form of graphics objects such as pictures, charts, graphs and diagram instead of simple text. In computer graphics, pictures or graphics objects are presented as a collection of discrete picture elements called pixels. The pixel is the smallest addressable screen element Computer graphics today is largely interactive: The user controls the contents structure, and appearance of objects and their displayed images by using input devices, such as a keyboard, mouse, or touch-sensitive panel on the screen Computer graphics concerns with the pictorial synthesis of real or imaginary objects from their computer based models, where as the related field of image processing treats the converse process ,the analysis of scenes ,or the reconstruction of models of 2D or 3D objects from their pictures. The image processing can be classified as

Image enhancement. Pattern detection and recognition Scene analysis and computer vision. The image enhancement deals with the improvement in the image quality by eliminating noise

or by increasing image contrast. Pattern detection and recognition deals with the detection and clarification of standard patterns and finding deviations from these patterns .The optical character recognition (OCR) technology is an practical example for pattern detection & recognition. Scene analysis deals with the recognition and reconstruction of 3D model of scene from several 2D images.

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HAWK EYE

2010-2011

1.2 ADVANTAGES OF INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS It provide a tool for producing pictures not only of concrete, real-world objects but also of abstract ,synthesis of objects.

It as an ability to show moving pictures, and thus it is possible to produce animations. With the use of interactive graphics we can control the movement of an object. The interactive graphics provides tool called motion dynamics. With this tool user can move and tumble objects with respect to stationary observer, or he can make object stationary and the viewer moving around them.

Interactive graphics provides facility called update dynamics. With the recent development of digital signal processing (DSP) and audio synthesis chip the interactive graphics can now provide audio feed back along with the graphical feed backs to make the simulated environment even more realistic

1.3 AREAS OF APPLICATION OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS User interfaces Plotting of graphs and charts Office automation and Desktop publishing Computer aided Drafting and designs Process control Cartography

OPENGL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE: As a software interface for graphics hardware, OpenGL's main purpose is to render two- and three-dimensional objects into a frame buffer. These objects are described as sequences of vertices (which define geometric objects) or pixels (which define images). OpenGL performs several processing steps on this data to convert it to pixels to form the final desired image in the frame buffer.

CHAPTER 2
DEPARTMENT OF CSE VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HAWK EYE

2010-2011

BASIC DRAWING TOOLS OpenGL APIs

The various functions are grouped into seven broad categories:
i.

Primitive Functions define the low level objects or atomic entities that our system can display. These could be lines, points, polygons, etc. Attribute Functions allow us to define the way a primitive appears on the display. Some of the operations include choosing the color, picking a pattern to fill, etc. The Viewing Functions allow us to specify various views, such as orthogonal views, perspective view, etc. A set of Transformation Functions are available, that allow the user to carry out transformations on objects such as translation, rotating, scaling. The Input Functions allow interactive applications to deal with a variety of input devices, such as keyboard, mouse etc. The Control Functions enable us to communicate with the windows system, initialize the program and deal with errors. The Query Functions can be used to extract other information, such as camera parameters, or values in frame buffer.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

vii.

2.1.

glut.h

Most of our applications will be designed to access OpenGL directly through functions in three libraries. Functions in the main GL library have names that begin with the letters g/ and are stored in a library usually referred as GL. The second is the OpenGL Utility Library (GLU). This library uses only GL functions but contains code for creating common objects and simplifying viewing.To interface with the window system and to get input from external devices into our programs, we need at least one library. For the X window system, this library is called GLX, for windows, it is wall etc. GLUT will use GLX and X libraries.

#include<GL/glut.h>

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HAWK EYE

2010-2011

OR #include<GLUT/glut.h> GLUT is the OpenGL Utility Toolkit, a window system independent toolkit for writing OpenGL programs. It implements a simple windowing application programming interface (API) for OpenGL. GLUT makes it considerably easier to learn about and explore OpenGL programming. GLUT provides a portable API so you can write a single OpenGL program that works across all PC and workstation OS platforms. GLUT is designed for constructing small to medium sized OpenGL programs. While GLUT is wellsuited to learning OpenGL and developing simple OpenGL applications, GLUT is not a full-featured toolkit so large applications requiring sophisticated user interfaces are better off using native window system toolkits. GLUT is simple, easy, and small. The GLUT library has C, C++ (same as C), FORTRAN, ffid Ada programming bindings. The GLUT source code distribution is portable to nearly all OpenGL implementations and platforms. The current version is 3.7. Additional releases of the library are not anticipated. GLUT is not open source.

2.2.

HEADER (.h) FILES

OpenGL is part of Windows XP and the Visual Studio. Its header files are #include <GL/gl.h> #include <GL/glu.h> The GLU (GL Utilities) in glu.h refers to a set of utility functions that make some OpenGL operations easier to program. It is standard on all OpenGL implementations and is generally thought of as part of standard OpenGL. Both gl.h and glu.h are included in GLUT, so if glut.h is included in the source file, gl.h and glu.h don't need to be explicitly included

DEPARTMENT OF CSE

VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HAWK EYE

2010-2011

CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

3.1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

System requirements are intended to communicate in precise way, the functions that the system must provide. To reduce ambiguity, they may be written in a structured form of natural language supplemented by tables and system models. 3.1.1. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS The physical components required are:

Processor - Pentium Pro Memory - 128M8 RAM 40GB Hard Disk Drive Mouse or other pointing device Keyboard

3.1.2. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS The software used in building this program are as specified:

Operating system - Windows XP Microsoft Visual C++ editor. Compiler - C++ Compiler. Graphics Library - glut.h OpenGL 2.0

3.1.3. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS glMatrixMode(Glenum mode) Specifies which matrix will be affected by subsequent transformation. GL_MODELVIEW, GL_PROJECTION. glPushMatrix( ), glPopMatrix( ) Pushes to and pops from matrix stack corresponding to the current matrix mode. glTranslate[fd]( TYPE x, TYPE y, TYPE z) Multiplies the current matrix by a matrix that moves an object by the given x, y, z values.
DEPARTMENT OF CSE VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HAWK EYE

2010-2011

glScale[fd] (TYPE x, TYPE y, TYPE z) Multiplies the current matrix by a matrix that scales an object by the given x, y, z values, along x, y, z axes respectively.

glFlush ( ) Forces any buffered OpenGl commands to execute.

glViewport (TYPE x, TYPE y, TYPE w, TYPE h) Sets the lower left corner of the viewport - of width w and height h, to(x, y).

gluOrtho2D (TYPE left, TYPE right, TYPE bottom, TYPE top) This sets the world window, which is bounded by left, right, bottom and top.

void glutInit( ) It initializes GLUT.

void glutlnitDisplayMode( ) - It requests a display with the properties in mode. void glutCreateWindow( ) - It creates a window on the display. void glutMainloop( ) - It causes the program to enter an event processing loop. void glutPostRedisplay( ) - It requests that the display callback be to be executed after the current callback returns.

void glutDisplayFunc( ) - It registers the display function that is executed when the window needs to be redrawn.

void glutKeyboardFunc( ) - It registers the keyboard callback function. void glutCreateMenu( ) - It creates a new menu.

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HAWK EYE

2010-2011

void glEnable( ) - It enables an openGl feature. void glDisable( ) - It disables an openGl feature. void glutBitmapCharacter( ) - it renders the character in the named bitmap font. void glRasterPos( ) - it is used to position pixel and bitrnap write operation void glFlush( ) - forces any buffered openGl commands to execute. void glViewport( ) - it specifies viewing volume for window co-ordinates void glPushMatrix( ) - It pushes to the stack corresponding to the current matrix. void glPopMatrix( ) - It pops from the stack corresponding to the current matrix. void glClearColor( ) - It sets the present RGB clearing the color buffer. void glBegin( ) - It initiates new primitive and vertices. void glEnd( ) - It terminates a list of vertices' void glClear( ) - It clears the buffers.

CHAPTER 4

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HAWK EYE

2010-2011

ALGORITHM
STEP 1: Start STEP 2: Initialize all arrays and variables STEP 3: Declare the positions of the ball STEP 4: Initialize the flags. STEP 5: Declare the messages to be displayed on the window. void display( ): STEP 6: Specifies the vertices to draw the boundaries, ground, pitch, stumps on either side, bails and and lbw strips. void spindispaly( ): STEP 7: Move the ball on the x-co ordinate & y-co ordinate before pitching. void spindisplayy( ): STEP 8: Movement of the ball on the x-co ordinate & y-co ordinate after pitching for straight deliveries. STEP 9: If the ball matches the co ordinates of the lbw strip make bail disappear. STEP 10: If the ball donot matches the co ordinates of the lbw strip, it travels straight. void spindisplayyy( ): STEP 11: Movement of the ball on the x-co ordinate & y-co ordinate after pitching for inswing or offspin deliveries. STEP 12: If the ball matches the co ordinates of the lbw strip make bail disappear. STEP 13: If the ball donot matches the co ordinates of the lbw strip, it travels straight.

DEPARTMENT OF CSE

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HAWK EYE

2010-2011

void spindisplayyy( ): STEP 14: Movement of the ball on the x-co ordinate & y-co ordinate after pitching for outswing and legspin. STEP 15: If the ball matches the co ordinates of the lbw strip make bail disappear. STEP 16: If the ball donot matches the co ordinates of the lbw strip, it travels straight.

void mouse( ): STEP 17: If pressed RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON to move the ball STEP 18: If pressed LEFT MOUSE BUTTON to stop the ball

void keyboard( ): STEP 17: If pressed key is s/S, ball goes Straight. STEP 18: If pressed key is i/I, ball Inswing or Offspin STEP 19: If pressed key is o/O, ball Outswing or Legspin

void main( ): STEP 20: Initializes the count and argument variables using glutInit(argc,argv) functions. STEP 21: Set the color buffer to RGB mode, initializes the depth buffer and double buffer. STEP 22: Set the window size and position for the display window. STEP 23: Register display, keyboard, mouse, reshape, idle callback functions and call the menu functions.

DEPARTMENT OF CSE

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HAWK EYE

2010-2011

STEP 24: Enter event processing loop. STEP 25: Stop.

CHAPTER 5

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HAWK EYE

2010-2011

FLOW OF THE PROGRAM

Fig 5.1 Figure representing flow of the program

CHAPTER 7 TESTING
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HAWK EYE

2010-2011

7.1.

SYSTEM TESTING

Testing is the process of executing a program to find the errors. A good test has the high probability of finding a yet undiscovered error.A test is vital to the success of the system. System test makes a logical assumption that if all parts of the system are correct, then goal will be successfully achieved.

7.2

TYPES OF TESTING

The types of testing are as follows: 7.2.1. UNIT TESTING In computer programming, unit testing is a method by which individual units of source code are tested to determine if they are fit for use. A unit is the smallest testable part of an application. 7.2.2. INTEGRATION TESTING Integration testing (sometimes called Integration and Testing, abbreviated "I&T") is the phase in testing in which individual modules are combined and tested as a group. It occurs after unit testing and before system testing. Integration testing takes as its input modules that have been unit tested, groups them in larger aggregates, applies tests defined in an integration test plan to those aggregates, and delivers as its output the integrated system ready for system testing.

7.3.

HAWK EYE
The designed HAWK-EYE is to show how the LBW(leg before the wicket)can be simulated using the Computer graphics. The HAWK-EYE is interfaced with the MOUSE. We are using the different BUTTONS for working of the HAWK-EYE. The HAWK-EYE can JUDGE the ball pitched inside the yellow zone or not. This HAWK-EYE is a simple and very basic demonstration of the application of computer graphics. Therefore, as a whole, this is a simple and useful demonstration for developing the interest in the graphics field of computers.

CHAPTER 6

IMPLEMENTATION
DEPARTMENT OF CSE VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HAWK EYE

2010-2011

The project is implemented using various user defined functions which are described below:

Sprint()-This function will print the characters of font size 24 Sprint12()-This function will print the characters of font size 12 Printhelvetica18()-This function will print the characters of font size 18 display()-This function will display the different shapes of polygon which will form the boundaries, LBW reference line, crease, wickets of striker side and non-sticker side, bails of sticker side and non-striker side, pitch.

spindisplay()-Start pitching the ball. spindisplayy()-Displays the movement of the straight ball. spindisplayyy()-Displays the movement of the In swing ball. spindisplayyyy()-Displays the movement of the Out swing ball. credit()- Contains the information about the Instructor and the Programmers. dispmen()-Displays the main menu. keyboard()-Controls the swing of the ball. keyboardmenu()-Specifies the keys for the main menu. keycredit()-Specifies the backspace option to go back to menu from Credits. keysplmain()-Specifies the arrow keys function, to point to the options. Mouse()-This function has mouse button facilities. Init()-This function displays the Orthogonal view

CHAPTER 8

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VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HAWK EYE

2010-2011

SNAPSHOTS

Fig8.1 Main Menu

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2010-2011

Fig8.2 Ball before pitching

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2010-2011

Fig 8.3 Ball after Pitching

CHAPTER 9

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VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HAWK EYE

2010-2011

CONCLUSION
This project was implemented using OpenGL. This project provides us the information about various features of a hawk eye. This project also helps us to analyze how we can use the different standard functions for creating the animated objects and can be used for making a gaming package. This package is very useful for the users since it provides the basic information about various OpenGL functions used for hawk eye. This product has been demonstrated to fulfill the requirements. The functionality of all the modules and the module level integration is found to be satisfactory.

DEPARTMENT OF CSE

VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HAWK EYE

2010-2011

BIBILIOGRAPHY
REFERENCE BOOKS
Interactive computer graphics: A top-down approach using OpenGL (2008) Edward angel, Pearson Education India. Computer graphics: using OpenGL( 2006) Francis S Hill, Stephen M Kelly, Pearson Prentice Hall OpenGL programming guide: The official guide to learning OpenGL, versions 3.0 and 3.1 (2010) Dave Shreiner, Addison Wesley

WEBSITE REFERENCES
http://www.opengl.org/sdk/docs/man/ http://www.opengl.org/documentation/specs/glut/spec3/spec3.html http://glprogramming.com/ http://www.rodedev.com/tutorials/gamephysics/ http://freeglut.sourceforge.net/docs/api.php http://www.videotutorialsrock.com/opengl_tutorial/ http://www.gamedev.net/ http://www.opengl.org/resources/faq/technical/glut.htm http://www.go4expert.com/forums/

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