The transition experience 3/22/07 7:27 AM

Albania
•Musli
•lots of conflict with Christian neighbors
•Enver Hoxha
obecame the leader of the Albanian cmmunist party in 1941
odeclares himself an orthodox Marxist lenninist (or a stalin follower)
what this means is that you’re going to collectivize agriculture
and everyone’s personal property rights will be stripped
he also imprisoned and executed thousands of people wh
disagreed with his methods
vast amount of propoganda in the 1950’s that under Hoxha that
Albania had made great progress, and was self sufficient
hoxah’s bggest legacy are the construction of thousands of
bunkers or “pillboxes” because he was paranoid and thought
that America was going to invade Albania and insurgents
•The problems really comes in 1956 and Kruzhev gives the 20th Congress
speech and renounces stalin, and Hoxha being a devout Stalinist, decides
that he has to break from the soviet party and align himself with the
Chinese communists, because they are closer to the marxuist ideals than
Kruzhev
•he built up a cult of personality
•finally in 1976 a regime of repression is lifted in china when they decide to
normalize relations with the west
othis is a problem with Hoxha since china has gone against orthodox
talinism
oSo Albania becomes a completely isolate country from 1979 to 1985
•Hoxha dies and a difficult transition ensues
•Lots of fighting until 2002
Yugoslovia
only in the Balkans did communists retain power after the fall of the USSR
extensive violence in 1989 were contained to two Balkan states, yugoslovia and
Romania
•communism might have been troublesome but it kept ethnic conflicts at bay
•in 1989 the resulting yugoslovia was not democratic reform it was the
development of old factions and ethnic animosity
•Nationalism
oNationalist sentiment alive and well in yugoslo
Many people, religions, beiefs
Serbia: Serbian orthodox, tied to Russia
•Volojvodania
POST WWII tying a nation together
 •yugoslobie created by partisan groups from all these nations bound together
by the shared dream of socialism
•created as a loose coalition of groups meant to deter Serbian nationalism
•Nationalism remains, as the communist party under Marshall Tito
struggled to grant limited dissent
•result- the 1974 constitution of the socialist federal republic of yugoslovia a
decentralized constitutional system that fomemnts ethnic unrest and
disunity
•Awkward constitutional agreement, arbitrarily established republics with
shaky boundaries ad the plan is that periodically a new premier would
stand ain and that way everyone would be garunteed representation
odissent in coratia, Kosovo, and erbia
•how dd the communist regime deal with communist unrest?
ohe doesn’t crack down on them like with the soviet union, he has a
grudging tolerance for dissent and grand constitutional mendments
ogives each of the 6 republics to veto legislation
oand a rotating presidency
oit weakend the center, so when yugoslovia fell apart there was
nothing to hold it together
communism started to become questioned in th 80s
Croatia
•Croatian nationalist under the leadership of Franjo Tudjman begin to
protest Yugoslovian centralized control
•they protest economic centralization arguing that croatia and slovenia being
the wealthies nations in the union were losing their assets to the poorer
nations in the south
•the 1974 constitution creates enough autonomy to allow these nations to
become competitors with the south instead of unified
•Tudjman is complex character a staunch Croatian nationalist and
communist
Serbia and Kosovo
•Serbian nationalism centered around its own church, a deep sense of its role
s the leader off yugoslovia anger at Serbian minority persecution anger at
Serbian minority persecution in countries out side of Serbia and a sense of
entitlement after WWII
•Losovo- a sacred place for Serbians inhabited by muslim Albanians who seek
independence from Serbian control violence erupts first in 1981
•1985 serbian academy of sciences memo an expression of Serb nationalist
sentiment
•nationalism finally adopted by the head of Serbian Communist party
Slobodan Milosovec
oA Part y official in 1986 he bcame head of the Serbian communist
party, what he did was change thigns to Serbian nationalism which
 is more successful, by changing the catch phrase of the party it took
the wind out of democratic reformers
ohe wins the first election and it prevents real alternatives from
becoming options in Serbia
ohe terrifies the croats bsonians
Seven periods of Yugoslav
•Unrest in Kosovo leads to Serbian crackdown other natios begin
independence(JNA) Yugoslav national army partially in response to
Serbian aggression
oThe JNA soon answers only directly to Serbian and Miloseveč
•Spring 1990 croats and Slovenes move towards independence
oSlovenia and croatia move to create constitutional separation, multi
party state
oserbia votes to maintain a single party system
•Period 2 Aug 1990-May 1991
oSituation moves from tension to violence
ofighting breakd out between croatia and Serbia over the future of
Serbians living in Croatia
oKosovo independence is also squelched in southern Serbia
•period šis where warfare vbreaks out 1991 -1992
omay 1991 a croatian is due to become the new yugoslovian president. Serbia
refuses
oJune 1991 croatia and slovenia declare independence
oYugoslovian forces (under Serbian Leadership) withdraw from slovenia but not
from Croatia
oThe Yugoslav army (the JNA( under Serbian leadership takes over the serbian
Krajina of croatia and begins to move into croatia proper
othe international community gets involved sanctions are imposed against Serbia
Independent croatia and slovenia are recognized
•Period 4 war switched to bosnia
oBosnia split long ethnic lines consisting of Bosnians, Herzegovans (Muslim),
and Croats (Catholic) voting for independence and serbs (orthodox) living in
Bosnia voting to stay in Yugoslavia under Serbian leadership
oMarch 1992 maority Bosnians vote for independence. The serbian army sets up
road blocks cutting off the Bosnian cities from the Serbian dominated rural
areas Srpska. The set us as a separate parliament and are recognized by Serbia
oApril 1992 Bosnian serbs begin to take over large sections of Bosnia. Chetnik
gangs begin driving Bosnian people romtheir villages
oEthnic cleansing begins in earnest
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