Introduction to Metal-Ceramic technology

Chapter 2

Lin, Shih-Yun

This chapter reinforces the value of the continued use of the metal ceramic restorations.

Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration

Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration

Ceramics Dental porcelains Glass

Porcelain Dental ceramics

Glass ceramic

Earthenware

Glazed porcelain

Dental restorations

Art or technology of making objects of clay and similar materials treated by firing.

Inorganic crystalline materials that are fired at high temperature(sintered). Broad meaning
Too nonspecific to represent a particular dental product or even a particular category of nonmetallic materials Veneer a metal substructure Comprise an entire restoration (substructure and veneer)

Including both products

Compounds that contain metallic and nonmetallic elements.

 Weak structurally require protection or strengthening Resist wear and mechanical forces Harm to restorative materials and tooth Biocompatible No break down or release elements Not transmit electric and thermal change Protect sensitive pulpal and gingiva Withstand high temperatures Within certain limits-no structural change

Amorphous(noncrystalline) inorganic material in which atoms and molecule are not arranged in a regular lattice structure as they are in crystalline solids.

lattice structure

Most are silicate family Based on silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2),

Found in nature as quartz

Retains a noncrystalline glass phase along with a partially crystallized ceramic phase. Crystal nucleation and growth in the glass matrix is controlled Stronger and tougher than glass phase along.

Ambiguous to apply to all types of ceramic dental products Anusavice: An inorganic compound of metallic and nonmetallic elements formulated to produce the whole or part of a ceramic-based prosthesis.

Ceramic materials initially derived from a combination of kaolin, quartz, and feldspar sintered at high temperatures.

Kaolin Alumina

Materials science perspective

An amorphous glass matrix and at least one crystalline phase such as leucite(K2O-Al2O34Si)2

Ingredient (wt%) Feldspar Quartz Alumina Kaolin Potash silicate

Early to 1800 78 15.3 4.7

High-fusing(wt%) 75 to 85 12 to 22 10 3 -

Dehydrated borax 2.0

Yamamoto, acknowledging the glass matrix and complex crystalline phase

Describe metal-ceramic porcelains as Crystallized glass

Composite structure of glasses, ceramics, or glass-ceramics Crystalline ceramic and glass-ceramic

Strengthen and toughen glass phase Ensure veneering materials compatible to substructure

Metallic oxides
Opacity glasses and to add color

Fusion temperature(melting range)

High Medium Low fusing

Vastly different application in dentistry

Other classification methods are needed

Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration

Metal-ceramic restorations All-porcelain restorations

Contemporary metal-ceramic porcelains

Improved esthetics Improved strength Increased linear (CTE) Coefficient of thermal expansion

Lands all-porcelain jacket crowns McLeans aluminous porcelain jacket crowns

porcelain Metal

1838
Dr Elias Wildman

1886
Land

1949 1956 1962

Dentists Supply Company(Dentsply)

Weinstein

Brecker

control Vacuum firing Kaolin ,crown Enamel addition of leucite crystals porcelain to Bonding low-fusing feldspathic color & translucency feldspathic porcelain Placing dental gold-based alloy metal using aporcelain on, color & translucency Atmosphere a platinum foil substrate Aluminum oxide addition the lostlow coefficient of thermalindirectly using Cast metal substructures expansion(CTE) Adapted metal foil to the preparedstable bond or raisetechnique enough to wax high Strength maintain a teeth attachment between ceramic veneer Chemical bond chemical attachmentand the No mechanical or underlying metal

Lands all-porcelain jacket crowns McLeans aluminous porcelain jacket crowns

Late 1800s Low-fusing feldspathic porcelain

Complete dentures and individual denture teeth

Disadvantages
No chemical bond
Platinum foil removed

Lack strength and toughness

Structural failures

Not gain widespread popularity

1965 Create special aluminous core porcelain

40%~50%(by weight) alumina Fired and veneered with thermally compatibly low-fusing body porcelain Alumina free

Enamel porcelain Dentin porcelain

5%~10% alumina

Elimination of kaolin Addition of alumina Vacuum firing leucite-containing component

Esthetics Strength Raise linear CTE

Wildman 'reformulation vacuum firing metallic oxides

Proved opacity for masking Sufficient color for matching

Vacuum firing Alumina addition to quartz

McLean and Hughes Dispersion strengthening

Leucite crystals in the glass matrix

High CTE(20 to 25x 10-6/) Weinstein, 1962
Mixture of 6 oxides

Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration

Fusion temperature
Ultra low-fusing porcelains Contemporary classification f low-fusing porcelains

Fabrication method Crystalline phase(ie. Chemistry) Clinical application

ceramic particles fuse together range, not discreet temperature Pyroplastic flow(slumping)
Gradually undergo over several hundred degrees

glass temperature(Tg) Solid to glass-supercooled liquid Significant increase in the ceramics CTE

Ultra low-fusing porcelains Contemporary classification flow-fusing porcelains

Denture teeth
Similar composition & microstructure

Prefabricated pontic(trupontics) Metal-ceramic & aluminous porcelains

Manual processing Layering, pressing Slip casting, glass infiltration

Machine processing Copy-milling CAM CAD/CAM

Low-fusing ceramic porcelain

Glass matrix Translucency Weaker structure Crystalline particle Strength Opacity Color CTE increased

All-ceramic systems
Alumina, fluorapatite, leucite lithium disilicate , lithium phosphate, mica, spinel, zirconia

Clinical application Porcelain denture teeth

Type of ceramic High-fusing feldspathic porcelains (manufactured) Medium-fusing feldspathic porcelains (manufactured)

All-ceramic systems

Based on alumina, feldspar, fluorapatite, leucite, lithium disilicate, lithium phosphate, mica, spinel, zirconia(heat-pressed, machined[CAM], sintered, and slip-caste) Low-fusing feldspathic porcelains(sintered) Ultra low-fusing feldspathic porcelains(sintered)

Metal-ceramic porcelains

Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration

Feldspar

Quartz Alumina Kaolin Fritting and frits Phases of dental porcelains

leucite

Potash feldspar Sodium feldspar

Forming the glass matrix Fritting and coloring process

Potassium aluminum silicate Sodium aluminum silicate

K2O-Al2O3-6SiO2 Potash feldspar Orthoclase

Na2O-Al2O3-6SiO2 Sodium feldspar Albite

Potash feldspar

Sodium feldspar Lowers the fusion temperature More susceptible to pyroplastic flow

Potassium, sodium, calcium oxieds

Fluexes Increase porcelain's CTE approach the higher CTE level of metalceramic alloys

Increase the porcelain's CTE by breaking up oxygen cross-linking

Too much oxygen cross-lining disrupted High-expansion dental porcelains Weaken restoration Cloddy appearance Difficult to glaze

SiO2, Silica High fusion temperature Serve as framework Stabilizing porcelain build up at high temperatures prevent pyroplastic flow during sintering strengthens the fire porcelain

Al2O3 Hardest and strongest oxide Naturally alumina

Water molecules, hydrated alumnia

Pure alumina
Calcination process

Al2O3-2SiO2-2H2O Hydrated aluminum silicate Initially act as binder to increase the moldability of unfired porcelain
Enables the porcelain to be carved

Opaque
Very small quantities

Crystalline minerals
Feldspar quartz alumina High temperature Cold water

Glass modifiers
Oxides of potassium, sodium, calcium

Opacifiers and pigments

Noncrystalline solids

Viscosity Opaque, Dentin, Enamel Melting range Chemical durability Numerous color concentrates Thermal expansion color modifiers Opaque and dentin Resistance tocolorants, colorless glaze external recrystallization

Feldspar()
Incongruent melting ()
Molten glass phase cooling raise CTE

interspersed

Glass matrix 75-85%

Overheating Leucite crystals dissolve CTE decreases, weakens the ceramic

When porcelain cracking or bond failures occur... How the porcelain being processed !

Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration

Opaque porcelains Body porcelains Stains and glazes Optical qualities Color coding dental porcelain powders Starter or trial kits Requirements of a porcelain for bonding to metal Nondiscoloring dental porcelains Porcelain firing schedules

Vitapan classical

Vita 3D-Master Bleaching guide

Ceramco 3, dentin porcelain

Dentin modifiers Mamelons, Add-on porcelains

enamel porcelain

Chromascop Porcelain margins and gingival tissues

(Ivoclar Vivadent)

stains

Darker than body

Removing and polishing Help select of body shades

Wet the metal surface and establish a metal-porcelain bond Mask the color of the metal substructure Initiate development of the selected shade

When opaque layer is fired

Chemical bonds to form with oxides on the metal surface Metal-porcelain attachment is established

Tin dioxide (SnO2) Rubidium oxide (Rb2O) Titanium dioxide (TiO2)

insoluble oxides
Zircon (ZrO2-SiO2) Cerium dioxide (CeO2) Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)

Particle-size distribution Amount and color of the oxidized metal casting Light-colored surface oxides
Thin opaque layer

Opaque porcelains
Foundation for a body shade

Altered by color modifiers and other additives to simulate natural fluorescence Color modifiers
Higher percentage of metallic oxides for more saturated color

Dentin porcelains Enamel porcelains Translucent porcelains Body modifiers

The bulk of the crown buildup for most metal-ceramic restoration Major determinant of the shade Discouraged terms: gingival porcelain, cervical porcelain Gingival porcelain
Less translucent, more saturated with color

Violet to gray range Illusion of translucency by virtue of their grayish or sometimes bluish hue Also as incisal porcelains

Appreciation increased Not transparent Not allow the transmission of all light Give depth and natural enamel-like translucency without altering the body shade

Color concentrated Aid in internal color modification All body porcelains

Same basic chemical and physical properties Mix freely

Dentin porcelains
Color predominant

Enamel and translucent

Color reduced

Body modifiers
Color intense

Yellow
Predominant color in most teeth Indium, praseodymium(lemon) Stable pigments

Green
Chromium oxide Avoided in dental porcelain Color of glass

White
Cerium dioxide Titanium dioxide Zirconium dioxide Most popular

Black
Iron oxide

Gray
Platinum gray, diluting iron oxide

Blue
Cobalt salts Enamel shade

Surface characterization Modification for custom shade matching or harmonizing

Not to dilute color intensity Ensure fusion pint below maturation temperature of dentin and enamel porcelains

Generally colorless low-fusing porcelains Considerable fluidity at high temperature Fill small surface porosities , irregularities After firingre-create the external sheen or glossy appearance of a natural tooth

Fluorescence Metamerism Opalescence

An object absorbs light an one wavelength and reflects it at another wavelength

300~400nm

absorb

400~450nm

reflect Blue or bluish white

Dentin exhibits more fluorescence than enamel Not all porcelains fluoresce In dark illuminated with fluorescent Rare earth oxides added
mimic natural tooth Reduces metamerism

PFM may appear dark compared to adjacent natural teeth

Metamerism
the change in appearance of an object under varying light sources

Metameric pair
2 objects match in color under one light but differ in color under another light PFM in daylight/ dark with UV

Opalescence observation
Light-scattering Sufficient daylight for light waves to be refracted in two ways
Low energy: blue / blue-white High energy: orange-yellow orange-amber

Light-scattering abilities of translucent porcelain

Major: Enamel and translucent powders

Opal porcelains
Reproduce natural teeth

Enamel and translucent areas of teeth are more likely to demonstrate greater than dentin

Color code

organic dyes to color code the porcelain powders Burn off on heating, not affect the shade
Dentin-pink, Enamel-blue

Color tags

Without color differentiation

Difficult to track the placement of multiple shades of porcelain and internal color development until after a restoration has been fired

Typical kit
Opaque porcelain, opaque liquid, dentin and enamel porcelains

New product introduction

Two features make low-fusing porcelains suitable for bonding to metal

High CTE(13.5 ~15.5 10-6/) Melt below the melting range of the alloy

High temperature can distort the metal and alter the fit of a restoration

nongreening?
Fire on silver-containing alloys without risk of discoloring the ceramic veneer

Dont buy too much! Furnace must be urged of any residual silver contamination prior to resuming work with metal-ceramic porcelain

12001800, 6 minute 649982, 6 minute Most manufacturers Quickest way

55.5 per minute 100 per minute conversion100 as 55

Multiply by 1.8, not add 32 Only calculating the rate of rise

Terminology Differences in Low-Fusing Dental Porcelains Classification of Dental Ceramics Chemical components of dental porcelain Low-fusing porcelains for metal-ceramic restoration Summary

Dental porcelain classification Chemical composition Low-fusing porcelains Various brans of dental porcelains differ in handling characteristics, ability to mask oxide layer, firing schedule