Advantages vs.

Disadvantages of WiFi
There is not just one standard WiFi technology on the market, but for the purpose of this
website, I will only talk of the most popular wireless standards.
Stand
Brief Description
ard
IEEE
It was the first successful standard produced in 1999. It uses a radio frequency of 2.4 GHz
802.11
and can support data transfer rates of 11 Mbps.
b
IEEE
The successive version also produced in 1999 which is more expensive than 802.11b. It
802.11
supports data transfer rates of 54 Mbps and uses the radio frequency on the 5 GHz band.
a
This standard emerged in 2003 with the best of both 802.11b and 802.11a worlds. It uses
IEEE
the 2.4 GHz frequency band and yet can support up to 54 Mbps. Since this product has the
802.11
cost advantage of 802.11b, this standard has become increasingly popular in homes and
g
small businesses.
Information on table: (Morely, 339) and (Brain)

Advantages:
One of the most prevalent advantages of WiFi wireless LAN technologies is that it is
completely wire-free. Now, if you want to sit in one of your comfort zones in you house,
such as a couch or in your yard, you can carry your laptop with you and still be able to
access the internet. These days, if you buy a new laptop, a built-in WiFi card will allow you
automatic allowance of use. (Brain) A second advantage is becoming increasingly popular:
hotspots. Instead of having to be constricted to your home wired/wireless Local Area
Network (LAN), you can now enjoy the advantages of the Internet in public places such as
lobbies, cafes, universities, hotels, airports, and many other common areas. WiFi also
supports roaming: you can walk around a building from one access point to another. A
third advantage of WiFi is the ability for 802.11b and 802.11g to frequency hop. This
process allows the 802.11b and 802.11g cards to transmit themselves on any of three
bands, or splitting the radio bandwidth into channels and 'hop' between them. (Brain) This
enables the WiFi cards to talk at the same time without interference. The fourth advantage I
know of is the development of the Wi-Fi Alliance (formerly WECA). This association is
formed with more than 200 member companies whose business it is to test and certify the
interoperability of WLAN products, making sure they are based solely on the IEEE 802.11
specifications. (Wi-Fi Alliance, What) You also must remember that WiFi products are
widely distributed, and an easy technology to use.

Disadvantages:
Even though WiFi products are useful, there are still some downfalls that must be stated in
order to get a firm grasp on exactly what WiFi wireless LAN technologies are composed
of. As Morely points out, "Wi-Fi is designed for medium-range data transfers, and most
versions of 802.11 work up to about 250-300 feet away from the access point indoors, and
about 1,000 feet away outdoors."(341) Yes, and with more distance between your
computer/laptop and the access point, the speed and the quality falters tremendously. It also
doesn't help when there is interference from microwaves or cordless phones which use the
same frequency that 802.11g and 802.11b use: 2.4 GHz. Another disadvantage for WiFi
products is their security system. The Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is the common

wireless encryption standard which is easily broken even when configured accurately.
(Wikipedia, WiFi) To counteract this problem, however, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
has been established.

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Technofile: Why Wi-Fi?

Unless you've been living under a rock for the past year or so, you've seen the term "WiFi." You've probably figured out that it's shorthand for "wireless fidelity." You may even
know that it's got something to do with accessing the Internet or a private network through
the air instead of through cables.
What you're probably still wondering is: Why should I care?
Because chances are that, within the next year or so, you'll use Wi-Fi regularly at work, at
home, or on the road. You may well depend on Wi-Fi as much as you do your cell phone,
your laptop computer, or your personal digital assistant (PDA).
In fact, all those devices increasingly come ready to work with Wi-Fi. (One example: By
2007, according to IDC Research of Framingham, Mass., 98% of all new notebok PCs will
be sold with Wi-Fi capability). That means the next time you invest in hardware, you're
likely to invest in the Wi-Fi label as well. So it makes sense to learn what Wi-Fi does well
-- and where it still needs work.
Wi-Fi refers to products certified to work with the high-tech industry's global standard for
high-speed wireless networking (see "Wi-Fi Phrasebook."). Hardware carrying the Wi-Fi
logo has passed rigorous testing by the Wi-Fi Alliance, a trade association based in

Mountain View, Calif. (see "Resources"). Certification means that, regardless of which
company manufactured it, the equipment should play nicely with other Wi-Fi devices and
networks.
As Wi-Fi compatibility grows -- to date, the alliance has certified nearly 865 products -- so
has its popularity. Currently, about 4.7 million Americans regularly use Wi-Fi, according to
Stamford, Conn.-based research group Gartner Inc. In four years, that figure will grow to
31 million users in the United States alone.
Why is Wi-Fi so widespread -- and what's in it for businesses?
It's fast. Wi-Fi's latest version is many times faster than DSL or cable connections, and
literally hundreds of times faster than those old dial-up connections. That's particularly
handy when you're working on the run, on the road, or from home: If you've ever watched
seconds tick by while watching Web pages load, you'll appreciate the potential productivity
gain.
It's convenient. As soon as a Wi-Fi-equipped device is within range of a base station, it's
online. With no wires, you can move your laptop computer from place to place -- for
instance, from your office to a conference room down the hall -- without losing your
network connection. (For an online calculator that can help determine ROI on an in-house
wireless network," Resources."). When traveling, you can set up shop anyplace equipped
with a Wi-Fi network: another company's office, a hotel room, or a convention center.
It's everywhere. Public Wi-Fi access sites -- or "hot spots" -- are multiplying faster than
rabbits on Viagra. They're in bookstores, airport lounges, fast-food restaurants (including
some McDonald's and Schlotzky's Deli outlets), and coffee shops (including many
Starbucks outlets). In addition, local merchants from Cincinnati to Athens, Ga., to Portland,
Ore., are footing the bill for bigger hot spots, accessible throughout a business district or
neighborhood.
Some companies charge for hot-spot use; others offer free access. All hope they're creating
environments where tech-savvy customers will linger -- and, presumably -- spend more
money on coffee, books, sandwiches, or whatever the hot-spot host sells. Does the idea pay
off? Overall, it's too early to tell. Ultimately, the answer will affect how fast the public hotspot market heats up. In June 2003, IDC, the Framingham, Mass.-based research company,
estimated that the number of commercial Wi-Fi sites would grow 57% annually over the
next five years -- but warned that the market is young, volatile, and based on unproven
business models. In other words, if hot spots don't generate revenue, expect that growth
rate to stall.
For all its wonders, the Wi-Fi world comes with some drawbacks. Among them:
Range: Although you lose the wires, you're still limited to the base station's range,
typically 75 to 150 feet indoors and a few hundred feet outdoors, depending on equipment,
radio frequency, and obstructions.
Power drain: Networks using early versions of Wi-Fi technology tend to quickly gobble
power -- a disadvantage for battery-dependent laptop users.
Interference: Nearby microwave ovens and cordless phones, particularly older models,
can slow down Wi-Fi transmissions.
Security: Here's the downside of providing fast, easy access: outsiders can sometimes get
into your wireless networks as fast and easily as you can. Check with hardware vendors
about the latest security precautions and products. The Wi-Fi Alliance currently
recommends using Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) technology, which both authenticates

users and encrypts data. Look for even tougher security measures within the next year.

Wi-Fi Phrasebook
Entering the world of wireless fidelity, or Wi-Fi, requires knowing just a little local lingo.
Here are the most important terms:
802.11: We're covering this term only because you'll run across it in learning about Wi-Fi.
Pronounced "eight-oh-two-dot-eleven," it's usually followed by a letter (mostly a, b, g).
Essentially, this is Wi-Fi's technical name. It refers to a family of specifications for wireless
LANs. Higher letters indicate more recent, and presumably improved, versions of the
technology.
Base station: The heart of a Wi-Fi network, it's equipped with an antenna that sends a lowpowered, short-range radio signal. Wi-Fi-enabled devices within a certain radius detect the
signal, letting users access the network.
Bluetooth: A specification for very short-range wireless transmission (within 30 feet).
Hot spot: Wi-Fi access point. The term usually refers to coffee shops, airports, hotels, and
other public locations with local area networks (LANs) that Wi-Fi-equipped users can
access free or for a fee. (To find a hot spot, see "Resources."
LAN: Local area network. A WLAN is a wireless local area network.
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA): Wireless network security technology; replaced an older,
more vulnerable mechanism known as Wireless Equivalent Privacy (WEP).

Wi-Fi Resources
As you might expect, the Web is awash in resources about Wi-Fi. Here's a sampling:
Wi-Fi Alliance Main site for the nonprofit trade association behind Wi-Fi certification.
Offers a plain-English introduction to Wi-Fi, lists of Wi-Fi certified products, security
information, and other resources, including:
Wi-Fi Alliance Benefits Calculator Downloadable spreadsheet helps companies calculate
the ROI on their Wi-Fi investments.
Wi-Fi Glossary: One-stop dictionary defines all those strange wireless-networking
acronym.
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How WiFi Works

Inside this Article
Introduction to How WiFi Works
What Is WiFi?
WiFi Hotspots
Building a Wireless Network
Lots More Information
See all WiFi & Mobile articles
If you've been in an airport, coffee shop, library or hotel recently, chances are you've been
right in the middle of a wireless network. Many people also use wireless networking, also
called WiFi or 802.11 networking, to connect their computers at home, and some cities are
trying to use the technology to provide free or low-cost Internet access to residents. In the
near future, wireless networking may become so widespread that you can access the
Internet just about anywhere at any time, without using wires.
WiFi has a lot of advantages. Wireless networks are easy to set up and inexpensive. They're
also unobtrusive -- unless you're on the lookout for a place to use your laptop, you may not
even notice when you're in a hotspot. In this article, we'll look at the technology that allows
information to travel over the air. We'll also review what it takes to create a wireless
network in your home.
First, let's go over a few WiFi basics.

What Is WiFi?
A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In
fact, communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication.
Here's what happens:
A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using
an antenna.
A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to
the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.
The process also works in reverse, with the router receiving information from the Internet,
translating it into a radio signal and sending it to the computer's wireless adapter.
The radios used for WiFi communication are very similar to the radios used for walkietalkies, cell phones and other devices. They can transmit and receive radio waves, and they
can convert 1s and 0s into radio waves and convert the radio waves back into 1s and 0s.

But WiFi radios have a few notable differences from other radios:
They transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. This frequency is considerably
higher than the frequencies used for cell phones, walkie-talkies and televisions. The
higher frequency allows the signal to carry more data.
They use 802.11 networking standards, which come in several flavors: 802.11a
transmits at 5 GHz and can move up to 54 megabits of data per second. It also uses
orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), a more efficient coding
technique that splits that radio signal into several sub-signals before they reach a
receiver. This greatly reduces interference. 802.11b is the slowest and least
expensive standard. For a while, its cost made it popular, but now it's becoming less
common as faster standards become less expensive. 802.11b transmits in the 2.4
GHz frequency band of the radio spectrum. It can handle up to 11 megabits of data
per second, and it uses complementary code keying (CCK) modulation to improve
speeds. 802.11g transmits at 2.4 GHz like 802.11b, but it's a lot faster -- it can
handle up to 54 megabits of data per second. 802.11g is faster because it uses the
same OFDM coding as 802.11a. 802.11n is the newest standard that is widely
available. This standard significantly improves speed and range. For instance,
although 802.11g theoretically moves 54 megabits of data per second, it only
achieves real-world speeds of about 24 megabits of data per second because of
network congestion. 802.11n, however, reportedly can achieve speeds as high as
140 megabits per second. The standard is currently in draft form -- the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) plans to formally ratify 802.11n by
the end of 2009.
Other 802.11 standards focus on specific applications of wireless networks, like
wide area networks (WANs) inside vehicles or technology that lets you move from
one wireless network to another seamlessly.
WiFi radios can transmit on any of three frequency bands. Or, they can "frequency
hop" rapidly between the different bands. Frequency hopping helps reduce
interference and lets multiple devices use the same wireless connection
simultaneously.
As long as they all have wireless adapters, several devices can use one router to connect to
the Internet. This connection is convenient, virtually invisible and fairly reliable; however,
if the router fails or if too many people try to use high-bandwidth applications at the same
time, users can experience interference or lose their connections.
Next, we'll look at how to connect to the Internet from a WiFi hotspot.

Other names and other wireless network standards

You may be wondering why people refer to WiFi as 802.11 networking. The 802.11
designation comes from the IEEE. The IEEE sets standards for a range of technological
protocols, and it uses a numbering system to classify these standards.
WiMax, also known as 802.16, looks to combine the benefits of broadband and wireless.
WiMax will provide high-speed wireless Internet over very long distances and will most
likely provide access to large areas such as cities.

WiFi Hotspots
If you want to take advantage of public WiFi hotspots or start a wireless network in your
home, the first thing you'll need to do is make sure your computer has the right gear. Most
new laptops and many new desktop computers come with built-in wireless transmitters. If
your laptop doesn't, you can buy a wireless adapter that plugs into the PC card slot or
USB port. Desktop computers can use USB adapters, or you can buy an adapter that plugs
into the PCI slot inside the computer's case. Many of these adapters can use more than one
802.11 standard.
Once you've installed your wireless adapter and the drivers that allow it to operate, your
computer should be able to automatically discover existing networks. This means that
when you turn your computer on in a WiFi hotspot, the computer will inform you that the
network exists and ask whether you want to connect to it. If you have an older computer,
you may need to use a software program to detect and connect to a wireless network.
Being able to connect to the Internet in public hotspots is extremely convenient. Wireless
home networks are convenient as well. They allow you to easily connect multiple
computers and to move them from place to place without disconnecting and reconnecting
wires. In the next section, we'll look at how to create a wireless network in your home.
Wireless adapters can plug into a computer's PC card slot or USB port.

Building a Wireless Network

If you already have several computers networked in your home, you can create a wireless
network with a wireless access point. If you have several computers that are not
networked, or if you want to replace your Ethernet network, you'll need a wireless router.
This is a single unit that contains:
A port to connect to your cable or DSL modem
A router
An Ethernet hub
A firewall
A wireless access point
A wireless router allows you to use wireless signals or Ethernet cables to connect your
computers to one another, to a printer and to the Internet. Most routers provide coverage
for about 100 feet (30.5 meters) in all directions, although walls and doors can block the
signal. If your home is very large, you can buy inexpensive range extenders or repeaters to
increase your router's range.
As with wireless adapters, many routers can use more than one 802.11 standard. 802.11b
routers are slightly less expensive, but because the standard is older, they're slower than
802.11a, 802.11g and 802.11n routers. Most people select the 802.11g option for its speed
and reliability.
Once you plug in your router, it should start working at its default settings. Most routers let
you use a Web interface to change your settings. You can select:

The name of the network, known as its service set identifier (SSID) -- The
default setting is usually the manufacturer's name.
The channel that the router uses -- Most routers use channel 6 by default. If you
live in an apartment and your neighbors are also using channel 6, you may
experience interference. Switching to a different channel should eliminate the
problem.
Your router's security options -- Many routers use a standard, publicly available
sign-on, so it's a good idea to set your own username and password.
Security is an important part of a home wireless network, as well as public WiFi hotspots.
If you set your router to create an open hotspot, anyone who has a wireless card will be
able to use your signal. Most people would rather keep strangers out of their network,
though. Doing so requires you to take a few security precautions.
It's also important to make sure your security precautions are current. The Wired
Equivalency Privacy (WEP) security measure was once the standard for WAN security.
The idea behind WEP was to create a wireless security platform that would make any
wireless network as secure as a traditional wired network. But hackers discovered
vulnerabilities in the WEP approach, and today it's easy to find applications and programs
that can compromise a WAN running WEP security.
To keep your network private, you can use one of the following methods:
WiFi Protected Access (WPA) is a step up from WEP and is now part of the
802.11i wireless network security protocol. It uses temporal key integrity protocol
(TKIP) encryption. As with WEP, WPA security involves signing on with a
password. Most public hotspots are either open or use WPA or 128-bit WEP
technology, though some still use the vulnerable WEP approach.
Media Access Control (MAC) address filtering is a little different from WEP or
WPA. It doesn't use a password to authenticate users -- it uses a computer's physical
hardware. Each computer has its own unique MAC address. MAC address filtering
allows only machines with specific MAC addresses to access the network. You
must specify which addresses are allowed when you set up your router. This
method is very secure, but if you buy a new computer or if visitors to your home
want to use your network, you'll need to add the new machines' MAC addresses to
the list of approved addresses. The system isn't foolproof. A clever hacker can
spoof a MAC address -- that is, copy a known MAC address to fool the network
that the computer he or she is using belongs on the network.
Wireless networks are easy and inexpensive to set up, and most routers' Web interfaces are
virtually self-explanatory. For more information on setting up and using a wireless
network, check out the links on the next page.

A wireless router uses an antenna to send signals to wireless devices and a wire to send
signals to the Internet.

different wifi tehnologies

A router can provide wireless and Ethernet connections, while also acting as a firewall. The
firewall filters the data packets coming from the Internet connection before they enter your
private network. Learn more about wireless networks on the next page.

Starting in the 1990s, wireless networks made it easy to connect to the Internet just about
anywhere. A computer's wireless adapter (usually built-in) translates data into a radio
signal and transmits it using an antenna. A wireless router receives the signal and decodes
it. The router sends the information to the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet

connection.

There are several types of wireless networks, including wireless PAN, LAN and MAN
networks. A PAN, or personal area network includes Bluetooth, a short-range wireless
networking standard that you often see at work in wireless earpieces like this one.

A WLAN, or wireless local area network, uses radio signals to connect nearby devices,
such as a computer to a wireless printer. This type of wireless network is based on 802.11
networking standards set by the IEEE, who sets standards for a range of technological
protocols. There are variations within 802.11, depending on how strong the transmitter is,
so an 802.11g router would provide a signal across a greater distance than 802.11b.

Networks today are increasingly becoming more mobile, so you don't have to be at home or
at work to get connected. For example, most mobile broadband services simply require the
use of a card that allows users to access the Internet.

Mobile routers like this one also ensure that you're connected to the Internet wherever you
roam.

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