hydrological cycle is called the water cycle water is recycled through evaporation, condensation, and water transfers Drainage

basin- area of land that is drained by the river Catchment area- area within the drainage basin Watershed- highland surround the drainage basin. it serves as the boundary of two drainage basin Source- start of a river Confluence- where two rivers meet Tributary- where a smaller river joins a larger river Mouth- the end of the river. or when a river meets with the sea

Long Profile is the slice of a river from the source to mouth the source of a river is upland. The area is usually uneven, steep, and has hard igneous rock. passes through many waterfalls and rapids. this performs vertical erosion. The channels are narrow and shallow, and contain large boulders and fragments -> eroded and weathered. This erosion cuts down to the riverbed and makes a steep-sided V shaped valley as a river nears the mouth. it becomes less steep and more flat. Discharge is the amount of water flowing. it will increase as river approaches the sea. Nearing the mouth, the velocity and energy increases. Channels become wider and smoother. Friction is thus decreased. Erosion- wearing of rock Hydraulic action - air is trapped in cracks. pressure and force of water weakens and wearing it away Abrasion - rocks are wear down the banks as they're carried by river Attrition - rocks hit each other and break into smaller pieces Solution - soluble particles are dissolved into river TRASNPORT Solution- dissolved in water and carried along in solution Suspension - light material carried by river Saltation- small stuff bounced

along the riverbed Traction - large stuff rolled along the riverbed Energy is need for transports Energy levels are high nearer at the river source. and decreases at the mouth. Rivers will DEPOSIT its load as it loses energy. This happens when: when they river enters shallow water volume of water decreases end of river's journey Upper Course Features river cuts downwards gradient is steep. channel is narrow makes steep side V shaded valleys, interlocking spurs, rapids, waterfalls, gorges Interlocking spurs is made when the river bends to avoid areas of hard rock Rapids and Waterfalls is when river runs over alternating layers of hard and soft rock Middle Course Features more energy and high vol. of water gradient is gentle and lateral erosion widens channel less friction, water flows faster Meanders is when river erodes sideways, and forms large bends. This is by deposition and erosion. On the outside of bend, the water erodes and undercuts it. (less friction) On the inside of the bend, river flow is faster, so material's deposited (more friction) Then the 'horseshoe' becomes tighter. and ends winds up closing together. the ends join. forming an Oxbow lake Low course Features high volume and large discharge channel is wider and deeper, landscape is flat

energy levels are low, deposition takes place Floodplains An area around a river that is covered in times of flood. It's super fertile (rich alluvium is deposited). build up of these can create levees. Deltas Found at mouth of rivers. formed when river deposits its material faster than the sea removes it. There are three types: Arcuate or fan-shaped - the land around river mouth arches out into the sea and splits many time Cuspate- the lad around mouth juts out arrow like into the sea Bird's foot- river splits on its way to the sea Causes of flooding When a river burst its banks n water spills onto floodplain Factor that encourage flooding are: Steep sided channel channel surround by steep slopes -> fast surface runoff Lack of vegetation Trees and plants intercept precipitation. Drainage basin in urban area Consist of impermeable concrete. Flood management techniques include river engineering, afforestation, and planning controls

Impact of Flooding -cause damages to stuff -disruption of communication -deposits fine silt, makes fertile land -LEDC affected more than MEDCs since it has more farms, and farmers attracted to fertile land. they don't have the resources to prevent of deal with aftermath of flooding RIVER MANAGEMENT Hard Engineering options are more expensive and have great impact

-DAM CONSTRUCTION to control amount of discharge. Water is released in controlled way. It's stored in a reservoir. and the water can be used to generate electricity and recreation purposes Its expensive. and erosion may happen further downstream. Settlements and agricultural land may be lost. -RIVER ENGINEERING widened and deepened to increase water capacity. and straighter so water travels faster. course of river is altered, diverting floodwaters away from settlements Soft Engineering options -AFFORESTATION trees planted near the river. greater interception, lower discharge. low in cost. make enviro better -MANAGED FLOODING allow to flood naturally in places -PLANNING introducing policies to control urban development close to or on the floodplain. Decreases chance of flooding and risk of damage

How to decrease flooding -