Material Science

Material Science
Sunday, October 30, 2011 3:35 PM
Topics to be covered 1. Introduction 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics 4. Polymers Structures 5. Imperfection in solids 6. Diffusion
Material Science Page 1
1. Introduction
Monday, November 14, 2011 1:07 PM
Topics to be covered 1. Historical Perspective 2. Materials Science and Engineering 3. Classification of Materials 4. Advanced Materials
Historical Perspective
Materials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age)
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Materials Science and Engineering

materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. materials engineering is, on the basis of these structureproperty correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties
From a functional perspective, the role of a materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials, whereas a materials engineer is called upon to create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or to develop techniques for processing materials.
In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed microscopic, meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed macroscopic.
The notion of property deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response.
Classification of Materials
Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts. Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner , and in comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense.
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (viz.O, N, and Si). Furthermore, they have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in nature that have a backbone of carbon atoms. Some of the common and familiar polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber.
A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come from the categories discussed aboveviz., metals, ceramics, and polymers.The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the component materials. A large number of composite types exist that are represented by different combinations of metals, ceramics, and polymers
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators (viz. ceramics and polymers).
Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause
toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).
Smart (or intelligent) materials are a group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies. The adjective smart implies that these materials are able to sense changes in their environments and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners traits that are also found in living organisms. Shape memory alloys Piezoelectric ceramics Magnetostrictive materials Electrorheological/magnetorhehological fluids
2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

Thursday, November 17, 2011 2:31 AM
Fundamental Concepts
Each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons in the nucleus,or the atomic number (Z)
The atomic mass (A) of a specific atom may be expressed as the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons within the nucleus. Although the number of protons is the same for all atoms of a given element, the number of neutrons (N) may be variable.
Thus atoms of some elements have two or more different atomic masses, which are called isotopes. The atomic weight of an element corresponds to the weighted average of the atomic masses of the atoms naturally occurring isotopes.
The atomic mass unit (amu) may be used for computations of atomic weight. In one mole of a substance there are 6.023*10^23 (Avogadros number) atoms or molecules.
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Electrons in Atoms
One early outgrowth of quantum mechanics was the simplified Bohr atomic model, in which electrons are assumed to revolve around the atomic nucleus in discrete orbitals, and the position of any particular electron is more or less well defined in terms of its orbital.
This Bohr model was eventually found to have some significant limitations because of its inability to explain several phenomena involving electrons. A resolution was reached with a wave-mechanical model, in which the electron is considered to exhibit both wave-like and particle-like characteristics. With this model, an electron is no longer treated as a particle moving in a discrete orbital; rather, position is considered to be the probability of an electrons being at various locations around the nucleus.
Quantum Numbers
Electron Configuration
Periodic Table
Bonding Forces and Energy

Tuesday, November 29, 2011 3:09 AM
Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding is perhaps the easiest to describe and visualize. It is always found in compounds that are composed of both metallic and nonmetallic elements, elements that are situated at the horizontal extremities of the periodic table. Atoms of a metallic element easily give up their valence electrons to the nonmetallic atoms.
Covalent Bond
Metallic Bonding
Metallic bonding, the final primary bonding type, is found in metals and their alloys. A relatively simple model has been proposed that very nearly approximates the bonding scheme. Metallic materials have one, two, or at most, three valence electrons.
Secondary Bonding and Van der Waals


Material Science

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Material Science

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Material Science

Sunday, October 30, 2011 3:35 PM

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2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

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Bonding Forces and Energy

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