Exam Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) In herbivores, the observation that "form fits function" is best characterized by A) both A and B are correct. B) canine teeth for cutting grasses and leaves. C) a small-diameter large intestine that slows peristalsis. D) an intestinal tract with a long cecum for digesting plant material. E) a shorter small intestine than carnivores. 2) Cells are to tissues as tissues are to A) organisms. B) membranes. C) organ systems. D) organelles. E) organs. 3) In a typical multicellular animal, the circulatory system interacts with various specialized surfaces in order to exchange materials with the exterior environment. Which of the following is not an example of such an exchange surface? A) intestine B) muscle C) skin D) kidney E) lung 4) The epithelium best adapted for a body surface subject to abrasion is A) simple columnar. B) stratified columnar. C) simple cuboidal. D) simple squamous. E) stratified squamous. 5) Which of the following tissues lines the kidney ducts? A) adipose B) nervous C) epithelial D) smooth muscle E) connective 6) "Stratified columnar" is a description which might apply to what type of animal tissue? A) bone B) nerve C) connective D) striated muscle E) epithelial 1)

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7) What is stratified cuboidal epithelium composed of? A) an irregularly arranged layer of pillarlike cells B) a tight layer of square cells attached to a basement membrane C) several layers of boxlike cells D) a layer of ciliated, mucus-secreting cells E) a hierarchical arrangement of flat cells 8) A malfunction in this glandular epithelium could adversely affect body metabolism. A) salivary gland B) bulbourethral gland C) exocrine gland D) sebaceous gland E) thyroid gland 9) Which statement best links the group of tissues known as connective tissue? A connective tissue will have A) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. B) a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate. C) an extracellular matrix containing fibers. D) an epithelial origin. E) both A and B. 10) Which of the following fibers is responsible for the resistant property of tendons? A) elastin fibers B) fibrin fibers C) spindle fibers D) collagenous fibers E) reticular fibers 11) If you gently twist your ear lobe it does not remain distorted because it contains A) collagen fibers. B) adipose tissue. C) loose connective tissue. D) elastin fibers. E) reticular fibers. 12) What do fibroblasts secret? A) fats B) calcium phosphate for bone C) chondrin D) interstitial fluids E) proteins for connective fibers 13) An extended low-fat diet will have the most significant effect on which of the following? A) glucose utilization B) muscle mass C) basal metabolic rate (BMR) D) energy reserves E) standard metabolic rate (SMR)

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14) What joins muscles to bones? A) spindle fibers B) ligaments C) tendons D) loose connective tissue E) Haversian systems 15) Cartilage is an example of which of the following types of tissue? A) reproductive B) epithelial C) connective D) adipose E) nervous 16) What holds bones together at joints? A) Haversian systems B) cartilage C) ligaments D) tendons E) loose connective tissue 17) Why is bone different from other tissues? A) Its cells are in an extracellular secretion. B) It lacks a blood supply. C) It lacks a nerve supply. D) It lacks an extracellular matrix. E) It is a nonliving structure.
The following questions refer to the diagram shown in Figure 40.1.

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Figure 40.1

18) Which of the following numbers represents a tissue found in tendons? A) 6 B) 1 C) 13 D) 5 3

E) 9

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19) Which of the following numbers represents a tissue rich in hydroxyapatite? A) 13 B) 9 C) 5 D) 6 20) Which of the following numbers represents a tissue rich in fat? A) 6 B) 1 C) 13 D) 9 21) Which of the following numbers represents chondrocytes? A) 12 B) 10 C) 4

E) 1

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E) 5

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D) 8

E) 3

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22) Which of the following numbers represents the location of osteocytes? A) 10 B) 3 C) 8 D) 2 23) Matrices of connective tissue include all of the following except A) actin and myosin of muscle. B) plasma of blood. C) hydroxyapatite of bone. D) chondroitin sulfate of cartilage. E) More than one of the above is correct. 24) The functional unit of nervous tissue is the A) brain. B) axon. C) dendrite.

E) 12

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D) cell body.

E) neuron.

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25) Which of the following traits is characteristic of all types of muscle tissue? A) intercalated discs that allow cells to communicate B) a response that can be consciously controlled C) cells that contain actin and myosin D) striated banding pattern seen under the microscope E) cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated 26) Skeletal muscle are A) smooth and involuntary. B) smooth and unbranched. C) striated and voluntary. D) striated and branched. E) smooth and voluntary. 27) Cardiac muscle is A) striated and branched. B) smooth and involuntary. C) striated and unbranched. D) striated and voluntary. E) smooth and voluntary. 28) The type of muscle tissue that is associated with internal organs, except the heart, is referred to as A) smooth. B) intercalated. C) skeletal. D) striated. E) cardiac.

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29) Which type of muscle is responsible for moving food along the digestive tract? A) voluntary B) skeletal C) striated D) cardiac

E) smooth

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30) Which of the following layers of the stomach is best described as being composed primarily of epithelial tissue? A) serosa B) muscularis C) mucosa D) submucosa E) mesenteries 31) In mammals, the diaphragm separates the abdominal cavity from the A) thoracic cavity. B) oral cavity. C) coelom. D) pharynx. E) gastrovascular cavity. 32) Which choice could be used as a theoretical example of convergence between humans and aquatic animals? A) a speed swimmer wearing a wet suit to reduce friction while in the water B) an aquatic mammal nursing its young C) the appearance of hair on a whale D) a diver using an air tank to sustain a longer dive time E) the aquatic mammal having eyes centered on the front of the head 33) Regardless of their size, the one thing that is common to all animals is A) an external body surface that is dry. B) having cells surrounded by an aqueous medium. C) the use of positive and negative feedback cycles to regulate body water content. D) the use of homeostatic mechanisms to control their internal environment. E) a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac. 34) Which of the following is a problem that had to be solved as animals increased in size? I. decreasing surface-to-volume ratio II. reproducing in aqueous environments III. the increasing tendency for larger bodies to be more variable A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and III only E) I, II, and III 35) An increase in which of the following parameters is most important in the evolution of specialized exchange surfaces such as the linings of the lungs or intestines? A) volume of its component cells B) surface area C) thickness D) metabolic rate of its component cells E) number of cell layers

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36) What is the common functional significance of the many cells making up such seemingly different structures as the lining of the air sacs in the lungs and the wavy lining of the human intestine? A) greater protection due to increased cellular mass B) lowered basal metabolic rate due to cooperation between cells C) increased exchange surface provided by their membranes D) increased oxygen demand from their metabolic activity E) greater numbers of cell organelles contained within their cytoplasm 37) Which of the following is true of interstitial fluid? A) It forms the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. B) It is the internal environment found in animal cells. C) It is composed of blood. D) It is found inside the small intestine. E) It provides for the exchange of materials between blood and cells. 38) Why must multicellular organisms keep their cells awash in an "internal pond"? A) The cells of multicellular organisms tend to accumulate wastes, a consequence of diffusion. B) This phenomenon only occurs in aquatic organisms because terrestrial organisms have adapted to life in dry environments. C) All cells need an aqueous medium for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes. D) The cells of multicellular organisms tend to lose water because of osmosis. E) Negative feedback will only operate in interstitial fluids. 39) The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is termed A) homeostasis. B) static equilibrium. C) organ system function. D) physiologic control. E) negative feedback. 40) Which example best describes a homeostatic control system? A) The core body temperature of a runner is allowed to gradually rise from 37C to 45C. B) The blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume. C) Motility in the digestive tract increases following a meal. D) The kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise. E) A blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water. 41) Which of the following is the best example of an effector's response in negative feedback? A) an increase in body temperature resulting from exercise B) an increase in body temperature resulting from fever C) a decrease in body temperature resulting from shock D) an increase in body temperature resulting from exposure to the sun E) an increase in body temperature resulting from shivering

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42) Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? A) A decrease in calcium concentration increases the amount of the hormone that releases calcium from bone. B) An infant's suckling at the mother's breast increases the amount of the hormone that induces the release of milk from the mammary glands. C) An increase in blood sugar concentration increases the amount of the hormone that stores sugar as glycogen. D) An increase in calcium concentration increases the amount of the hormone that stores calcium in bone. E) A decrease in blood sugar concentration increases the amount of the hormone that converts glycogen to glucose. 43) How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback? A) Positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems. B) In positive feedback, the effector's response is in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it. C) In positive feedback, the effector increases some parameter (such as temperature), whereas in negative feedback it decreases. D) Positive feedback systems have effectors, whereas negative feedback systems utilize receptors. E) Positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental. 44) Consider a husband and wife sharing a bed, with each one having an electric blanket. Their controls become switched. When the husband feels cold, he turns up the control. This warms up his spouse, who turns down her control. This chills the husband, who turns up his control even more. The process continues. For both the wife and the husband, this would be an example of A) regulated change. B) negative feedback. C) integrated control. D) positive feedback. E) homeostasis. 45) Which common event most closely resembles negative feedback? A) There is a continual buildup of moisture in a basement with a dehumidifier running. B) The chlorine level of swimming pool decreases when the chlorinator is turned off. C) The water shuts off when the float rises in the tank of a toilet. D) The flame size on a gas stove changes when the gas is turned off. E) There is a decrease in water pressure when the faucet is slowly turned off. 46) Which choice offers the best time to measure basal metabolic rate? A) a baby at rest that has just had its first meal of the day B) a child that has only eaten a sugar-free meal C) a child that has only drunk diet soda all day D) a baby at rest prior to its first meal of the day E) an adult watching TV after dinner

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47) Which statement about standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) is correct? A) SMR measures energy use during exercise and BMR is measured at rest. B) SMR is a measure of metabolic rate in endotherms and BMR is a measure of metabolic rate in ectotherms. C) The measurement of both BMR and SMR is temperature dependent. D) Both SMR and BMR are measured in a resting, fasting, nonstressed state. E) Human females actually have a higher BMR and a lower SMR than males. 48) Which of the following is an important distinction between the measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and standard metabolic rate (SMR)? A) An animal must be fasting for the measurement of SMR. B) An organism must be actively exercising for the measurement of BMR. C) SMRs must be determined at a specific temperature. D) The BMR for a particular animal is usually lower than that animal's SMR. E) BMRs are performed only on ectothermic animals. 49) Which of the following characteristics of blood best explains its classification as connective tissue? A) It contains more than one type of cell. B) Its cells can move from place to place. C) It is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body. D) Its cells are widely dispersed and surrounded by a fluid. E) It is found within all the organs of the body. 50) Which of the following measurements would be the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate? A) the amount of heat it generates B) the amount of oxygen it inspires C) the amount of carbon dioxide it expires D) the amount of ATP produced within its cells E) the amount of water it drinks 51) Which is the most significant single factor in preventing you from being able to run for a full 24 hours without stopping? A) the changes in blood pressure that accompany extended periods of exercise B) the type of muscle fibers C) the circadian rhythm of the sleep-wake cycle D) the basal metabolic rate exceeding the amount of ATP available E) the lack of sustainable levels of cellular respiration 52) Consider an ectotherm and an endotherm of equal body size. The ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than the endotherm because A) the ectotherm is sustained by a higher basal metabolic rate. B) the ectotherm will invest little to no energy in temperature regulation. C) the ectotherm will expend less energy/kg body weight than the endotherm. D) actually, assuming equal size, the ectotherm and the endotherm will have the same energy expenditures. E) both B and C are correct.

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53) Which of the following ideas is not consistent with our understanding of animal structure? A) All but the simplest animals demonstrate the same hierarchical levels of organization. B) Different animals contain fundamentally different categories of tissues. C) Short-term adjustments to environmental changes are mediated by physiological organ systems. D) The environment imposes similar problems on all animals. E) The evolution of structure in an animal is influenced by its environment. 54) Epithelial tissues are characterized as such because they A) sense stimuli. B) transmit impulses. C) cause body movements. D) form a framework that supports the body. E) cover both external and internal body surfaces. 55) Which of these is a type of connective tissue? A) bone B) axons C) muscle D) the interior lining of the mouth E) striated muscle 56) Which of these cells is a functional component of the nervous system? A) neuron B) leukocyte C) chondrocyte D) squamous E) adipocyte 57) Which muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movement? A) cardiac muscle only B) skeletal muscle only C) smooth muscle only D) cardiac and smooth muscle E) skeletal and smooth muscle 58) Which of these is an example of positive feedback? A) drinking when thirsty B) shivering when cold C) sweating when hot D) labor pains increasing in frequency and intensity E) eating when hungry 59) Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a python. The __________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the __________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass. A) elephant; human B) penguin; mouse C) mouse; python D) elephant; mouse E) human; penguin 9

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60) Which of the following structures or substances is incorrectly paired with a tissue? A) chondroitin sulfate cartilage B) fibroblasts skeletal muscle C) basement membrane epithelium D) osteon bone E) platelets blood 61) For which of the following animals would the percent of its energy budget spent for homeostatic control be the largest? A) an amoeba in a freshwater pond B) a marine jellyfish C) a snake in a temperate forest D) an arctic bird E) a desert insect 62) The involuntary muscles that cause the wavelike contractions pushing food along our intestine are A) smooth muscles. B) cardiac muscles. C) skeletal muscles. D) striated muscles. E) intercalated muscles. 63) Which of the following is not considered to be a tissue? A) the mucous membrane lining the stomach B) cardiac muscle C) blood D) the brain E) cartilage 64) Which of the following statements about bioenergetics is true? A) A BMR can be determined only at a specific temperature. B) Endotherms are warmed by metabolic heat. C) An SMR is best measured just after an ectotherm has eaten. D) Ectotherms and endotherms use the same basic energy "strategy." E) Every animal has a specific metabolic rate that does not change. 65) Compared to a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has A) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio. B) the same surface-to-volume ratio. C) less surface area per unit of volume. D) less surface area. E) a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and the external source of oxygen. 66) Which of the following vertebrate organ systems does not open directly to the external environment? A) excretory system B) circulatory system C) reproductive system D) respiratory system E) digestive system

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67) Most of our cells are surrounded by A) air. B) interstitial fluid. C) blood. D) pure water. E) basement membranes. 68) Which of the following physiological responses is an example of positive feedback? A) The body's production of red blood cells, which transport oxygen from the lungs to other organs, is stimulated by a low concentration of oxygen. B) Stimulation of a nerve cell causes sodium ions to leak into the cell, and the sodium influx triggers the inward leaking of even more sodium. C) An increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose concentration. D) The pituitary gland secretes a hormone called TSH, which stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete another hormone called thyroxine; a high concentration of thyroxine suppresses the pituitary's secretion of TSH. E) A high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood causes deeper, more rapid breathing, which expels carbon dioxide.

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Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED6

1) D 2) E 3) B 4) E 5) C 6) E 7) C 8) E 9) A 10) D 11) D 12) E 13) D 14) C 15) C 16) C 17) A 18) B 19) B 20) E 21) A 22) A 23) A 24) E 25) C 26) C 27) A 28) A 29) E 30) C 31) A 32) A 33) B 34) A 35) B 36) C 37) E 38) C 39) A 40) D 41) E 42) B 43) B 44) D 45) C 46) D 47) D 48) C 49) D 50) E 12

Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED6

51) E 52) E 53) B 54) E 55) A 56) A 57) B 58) D 59) D 60) B 61) D 62) A 63) D 64) B 65) C 66) B 67) B 68) B

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