2012 5-8

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2012 7 9-12 8 9 nature, economist part1part3 part2

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2012 5-8

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2012 5-8 ()
1. Languages
international communication LB foreign language or talent DGloss of languages RSmachine translation AD; culture lifestyle AD; primary school secondary school AD; spend money saving languages of few speakers from dying out, others think it is a waste of financial resources DG; minor languages. AD A new global language is a facilitator of cross-national communication. A standardized new language enables mutual understanding among people of all races with different cultural backgrounds. The spread of the new language may lead to disappearance of some minor languages, and even the lack of ethnic culture and diversity.

As globalization and mobility and communications are bringing the world ever closer together, ever more urgent is the need for global citizens to be competent in other languages. Learning another language gives the learner the ability to step inside the mind and context of that other culture. Without the ability to communicate and understand a culture on its own terms, true access to that culture is barred. Learning a foreign language is challenging to most students who are not with talent in language. Many languages have different systems of grammar, and some languages use a completely different alphabet and different sounds. And learning thousands of new vocabulary words isn't easy, either. The time of learning a foreign language may not be worth the payoff in the end. According to research, the time spent learning a foreign language could be better spent learning about science or mathematics

Causes1. Sometimes parents decide to not speak their mother tongue to their children, because they perceive an economic or educational advantage for their children in talking a second language. 2. Urbanization, industrialization, other economic changes, government changes, and small population of the language being shifted from, have also been factors accompanying language extinction. Solution In theory, encouraging the use of both official language and native one is a possible solution to preventing loss of native languages.

A foreign language is always closely related to a countrys cultures and customs. To study a foreign language is a access to acquire foreign cultures and way of peoples thinking. The charm of a language also lies in the fact that it is a precious gift of human beings. When studying a foreign language, students can develop their intelligence, stimulate their imagination and creativity. Learning languages is not a simple task but a process of knowing different cultures and customs. Various local languages have been evolved through human`s lives and have been continuing to change step by step. If we expect to learn the most aboriginal languages, lifestyles count for learning. Once you learn a foreign language you can appreciate another culture's literature, arts and music which are all important in understanding another language. Immersing oneself in another country's culture can be a rewarding experience and may enhance your global understanding. Learning a foreign language in school can not only benefit students' academic scores, but it can improve communication skills as well. An obvious benefit to learning a foreign language in school is the ability to communicate with diverse students in their native languages. Learning a second language has also been found to improve the memory. Therefore, it can help students retain knowledge for schoolwork and the real world.

When school-age children learn a second language, they have an improved mental focus and are not easily sidetracked by outside distractions, according to a study by linguistics at Cornell University.

2. Museums/Library/Arts
entertain educate DG; computer technbology replace functions AD; financial support AD; creative artists or other resources financial support? DG; music or a form of entertainment. DG; what can arts tell us of life that science cannot? BT; libraries .DG; Nowadays, museums are regarded as places to promote public education through entertainment. Museums are great public gathering places where visitors can be entertained, inspired, and introduced to new ideas. A museum is assumed to be exclusive. It selects certain objects to add to its collection and excludes others, and it does this on the basis of scholarship. Museums help people understand and appreciate the natural world, the history of civilizations, and the record of humanitys artistic, scientific, and technological achievements. Computers can exert certain effect on improving the efficiency when searching information. For example, some technologies, such as Google and yahoo searching engines, as well as some other online digital databases, can be of great help. In urban areas, government can easily afford computers or related costs, while their counterparts in rural areas are capable only of supplying a library of inferior quality. Convincing evidence is from the fact that traditional public libraries have played a pivotal role in our society and numerous residents have got accustomed to them. Like a sacred treasure of knowledge, the libraries and their collections help us with learning knowledge and skills passed down through ages from our ancestors. Reading an interesting book in a quiet environment is an amusement and entertainment, while searching information in front of a In the hierarchy of human needs, needs for food, shelter and health are among the basic. When these needs are attained, people turn to higher aspirations. Therefore, facilities like museums or art galleries can satisfy citizens needs in these fields.

The existence of museums represents for the general interest of the public, in which the private sectors would not interested. Therefore, it is governments responsibility to provide financial aid to these organizations. Governments financial support would play as a restraint in artistic expression. Many essential sectors, such as health care and education, need financial support. / Q/ t D,

3. Traditional V.S.Modern
traditional ideas modern life AD useless know the present DGtraditional skill of writing letters AD; selfishness and greed we must return to older values of respect for family and local community. AD; fashion is now the standard for people to choose clothes R.LB; fashion is just for selling clothes, follow AD; People never wear their traditional costumes. LB; tradition, DG The dilemma is that while some young people are proud of their own history, they also become uncomfortable when confronted with that which is deemed continental and internationally acceptable. At times, belief in innovation, in the welfare society, and in growth is so strong that the country forgot its history. Customs and traditions are traditional nation which human race depends on to develop. They are very wonderful and helpful. They should be considered important, and something that should reside in peoples heart. One basic importance of history is to know enough to do well because your knowledge of it is tested. It can be in the classroom, it can be in the UN, or for a historian meeting. If you do not know enough, than you put yourself at risk of not achieving what you can. We study history not only to avoid the same mistakes that our previous ancestors made, but also to know the truth about the path, to be able to understand where we came from. Except for historians who are becoming no more than pedantic nerds because we are consumed with useless information, history is nothing more than the history of dead people to the masses. With the fast pace of development, the society lays its emphasis on efficiency. Thus the convention of letter writing is becoming less preferred.

Daily communication involves written correspondence, whether it takes the form of emails or letters. The prevalence of emails will not change the purposes of communication, but merely the medium. Another fact to note is that all communication is interpersonal and interactive, thereby requiring information senders to use language properly and convey messages clearly is the key.

4. Local V.S.International
immigrants accept new culture or keep their own culture DG; business and cultural communication LB; visitors host countrys customs and behavior or host country allow cultural differences; countries which have a wide range of nationalities and cultures LB; People see more foreign films than local films, why? local film industry financial support? BT; traditional food fast food LB; foreign companies developing countries local economy local companies .DG; LB Accepting the local culture is a good start point for immigrants to interact with locals, especially in the workplace. A migrant to a new country should recognize the differences and observe local conventions, which is helpful to avoid embarrassment and bring a sense of comfort. The coexistence of different minority communities benefits both immigrants and locals, because it enables immigrants to counteract the stress that results from culture shock. Minority cultures contribute to the establishment of a multi-cultural environment. Foreign cultures instill fresh life force into the target countries, aiding the conservation of their feature. Increased interaction between countries strengthens the identities of countries involved. It seems that in some countries, the locals have become more accustomed to exotic cultures. It reflects the combined effects of invasion of foreign cultures. Knowing what you might expect when you first arrive in your host country can ease your transition to living abroad and help you make the most of the experience from the start. Learning the local traditions and cultures of the host countries will enrich ones life experience. It is true that the cultural integration between the host countries and foreign cultures, in large extent, could enhance the development of cultural diversity. As we know, with the proliferation of globalization, there have been increasingly individuals invest money in national commercial trade, which has become an indispensable part of our lives and it has been exerting profound impacts on the way we live, work and play.

In a society with diversified culture people can exchange experiences, so everyone is able to broaden his mind what will ensure an intellectual improvement of the society. A negative aspect is that such a multicultural society gets really complicated when cultures based on contrasted ideologies come into conflict what can cause a bloody battle.

5.

Buildings

worry about functions appearance ADcity planners separate locatiions LB; traditional style cultural identity AD old buildings modern buildings AD; be seen as a crucial factor that can decide the materials, structure and exterior design of a building serve human being well and satisfy individual needs of durability and capacity represent the cultural identity of a city appeal to tourists and thereby to enhance tourism

be beneficial to the management of governors create more exchange opportunities lead to much unnecessary travel which causes contamination produced by motor vehicles bring much inconvenience reflect the cultural identity of a nation appeal to tourists and then generate tax income from tourism cause a waste of money cannot show the transformation and change in present society

6. Education
Education-money businessarts financial support AD; poor students and

rural students AD pay the full cost of their education AD; unemployment people who have no hope of finding a job secondary education AD; higher education is funded in 3 ways 3 : loan BT; The government should spend more money teaching science rather than other subjects AD; Education-how work travel for a period of time LB; having higher education in another country LB; unpaid community service LB; behavior problems RS; negative attitude RS; punishment , punishment? BT strict control LB; work hard under pressure LBpoor family wealthy family adult life AD criticize and comment LB; distance-learning or DG reading watching TV imagination language skills ADstudents of different abilities or very intelligent special treatment DG live at home rather than live in school AD; modern games traditional games skills AD; rote learning LB; family, teachers, peers DG; computer/television/internet LB; there is no role for teachers AD; nature or nurture DG; study alone or study in groups DG; private secondary schools LB; take childcare training courses AD; boarding school R.LB; the typical teaching situation of a teacher and students in a room 2050 AD; 18 stay in the school AD; Some parents like to read or tell stories to children, resources books/TV/ DG; adults practical skills or DG; college learning or successful career DG; It is becoming increasingly popular for people to study the history of their family. R.LB; 7 or DG; Children are becoming fat, lazy and unsociable. RS; In what ways can growing up in a city or growing up in the countryside influence a persons personality? BT; spend spare time doing shopping or learning useful skills? DG; allowance face less problems. AD; Grandparents play an important role in bringing up children. LB

Education-what the subject to learn teachersgovernment or DG a wide range of subjects or a particular area DG pay equal attention to or DG aim find a good job or wider benefits DG how to compete cooperate AD; (academic subjects), subjects such as music and sports AD; teach for its own sake or consider employers needs DG; international news LB; academic knowledge

 how to behave well and how to judge right and wrong DG; qualities university AD; good workers and citizens benefit them as individuals AD; practical subjects computer or theoretical subjects mathematics DG; full-time students AD bear great pressures, teachers. AD; paid laboring .LB; secondary school students how to manage money, life skill. AD have many toys .LB; be beneficial to the comprehensive development of a nation (e.g. the arts are part of a states creative capacity, stimulating innovation and producing distinctive items that appeal to tourists and businesses) lead to government being overburdened financially the importance of science in promoting sustainable development is incomparable. eliminate the gap between the rich and the poor in the long run poor students can be motivated to make dedication to the growth of a nation face learning difficulties because of the lack of fundamental knowledge increase the economic burden on government allow students to treasure the opportunity of pursuing knowledge relieve the economic burden on government be unfair for the students from poor areas be not beneficial to national development (students will not realize their social responsibility and the role in helping the growth of their country)

Problems: 1. face unemployment and underemployment 2. be lack of positive worldview 3. increasing rate of juvenile delinquency Solutions: 1. government should create more opportunities for the youngsters to perform their skills 2. incorporate moral education into schooling system 3. strengthen the censorship on the information shown in movies and TV programs

A: 1. create much economic value to the society and relieve the economic burden on government D:

1. lead to unfair competition in the future and cause the gap between the rich and the poor 2. be not beneficial to national stability and sustainability because of low literacy rate L: 1. satisfy the needs of wealthy families 2. relieve the economic burden on government 3. promote the improvement of teaching quality in public schools through competition B: 1. cause unfairness in competition for middle school leavers 2. government cannot achieve effective supervision and management

Teachers and government: 1. ensure fair competition and evaluation 2. consider about the variations among different areas 3. know what skills are needed in the society Students: 1. foster students learning interests and enthusiasm 2. benefit individual career development

Learning all subjects; 1. allow students to achieve their personal value in various fields 2. be provided with more job options 3. help students adapt to society

specialized learning 1. enable learners to master the knowledge and skills about one certain subject more in depth 2. avoid the waste of teaching resources

Learn all subjects 1. maximize ones potential 2. create more opportunities for students to get to know extensive knowledge and thereby to expand their horizon A single subject 1. stimulate ones learning interests and aspiration 2. enhance learning efficiency and achievement

Finding jobs: 1. be beneficial to social stability 2. appreciate the practical value of higher education and then generate learning motivation More benefits 1. 2. L: 1. Cultivate interpersonal skills and independence of high school leavers 2. Help one make wise decision on further major and career orientation B: 1. Safety cannot be ensured because children do not know how to defend themselves 2. be not concentrated on further academic study L: 1. 2. 3. B: 1. 2. 3. L: 1. 2. B: 1. 2. the selfless motivation cannot be achieved cause unexpected troubles due to the lack of professional knowledge Foster the sense of social responsibility relieve economic burden on government intensify financial burden on family be not suitable for the children who are lack of self-discipline feel isolated and excluded get access to a wide range of knowledge and favorable academic learning atmosphere cultivate ones independence and management skills get to know diverse culture and thereby to strengthen cross-cultural exchange learn to become a good citizen who should possess high moral values and good manners make contribution to national development

R: 1. the lack of moral education leads to the result that students do not know how to distinguish right from wrong 2. be influenced by the negative or violent behaviors shown in movies or TV programs 3. the absence of parents supervision and management S:

1. Integrate the course aiming to cultivate ones virtue and positive behaviors into curriculum 2. parents are expected to observe the changing behaviors of students and correct childrens misconducts

R: 1. 2. S: 1. 2. 3. adopt practice-oriented teaching approach in class open the courses concerning career development and psychology government and big companies should create the chances that enable graduates to achieve their personal and social value high unemployment and underemployment rate of graduates lack of the opportunities for graduates to perform their skills

R: 1. 2. E: 1. have adverse impact on family bonds and group cohesiveness 2. feel isolated and excluded the pervasive use of high technology fierce competition leads to the lack of time for gathering and the loss of mutual trust

L: 1. help children realize the seriousness of their misconducts and thereby to avoid potential crimes 2. relieve guilt and remorse of children B: 1. children become more rebellious and aggressive, which can bring big challenge for parents to monitor children in the future 2. children learn how to avoid getting caught

L: 1. help children realize the seriousness of their misconducts and thereby to avoid potential crimes 2. achieve the authoritative role of parents B: 1. children become more rebellious and aggressive, which can bring big challenge for parents in the future

2. lead to family conflicts and contradictories

L: 1. help children adapt to the society with increasingly fierce competition 2. maximize their potential and nurture the spirit of diligence B: 1. sacrifice their happy and carefree childhood 2. cause psychological problems A: 1. the early cultivation of independence and the sense of family responsibility D: 1. know how to build and expand social network 2. acquire more knowledge and skills which are essential in modern society 3. wealth cannot decide whether one could succeed or not L: 1. promote the improvement of teaching quality 2. encourage students participation in study B: 1. threaten the authoritative role of teachers and then bring big challenge to classroom management 2. students who are easily influenced by subjective attitude and emotion cannot make rational decision Two heads are smarter than one. Cooperation strengthens competition.

Has flexibility in terms of space and time Can make full use of pervasive teaching resources Ensure teaching quality by face-to-face communication Can guide students to acquire some social skills

Television can develop students adaptability to apply language in different contexts. Also it can enhance students listening ability and constant speaking ability. However, books enable students to notice the difference between formal and informal languages. Develop students comprehensive ability

Enable students to notice personal variation Optimize the teaching efficiency Develop ones potential at the largest Boarding school is more likely to cultivate students self-autonomy and discipline. It also can help them to integrate themselves into a social context. Broaden ones knowledge by impressive visual and audio impacts. Provide more information by high-tech products Be effective and efficient for achieving high grade. For teens, it is easier to memorize before fully comprehending knowledge Unable to apply knowledge into different contexts Stifle ones creativity Parenting can influence students inner qualities. It also can lead them to have a positive living. External factors enable students to acquire other social skills. Peers influence also can result in their bad habits. Broaden ones knowledge Entertainment, release stress Form their aggressive behavior Exert a negative impact on their physical health (myopia) Ensure teaching quality by face-to-face communication Guide students to acquire more social skills Talent can lead people to be closer to success. Also, innate ability can trigger ones interest in some professions. Acquired ability allows people to be more confident. Postnatal development can strengthen their talents. Art appreciation enables people to feel relaxation, releasing stress from academic study. Physical activity can lay a solid foundation for conducting learning activities. Two heads are smarter than one. Acquire the ability to cooperate with others. Develop students self-autonomy. Independent thinking ability (cognitive ability) Knowledge should be applied into real context, so workplace should be taken into consideration. Payment, to some extent, is the recognition of self-realization . Knowing outside world is beneficial to learn about oneself.

Can cultivate students to form a sense of crisis. Distract students from their learning, students main task. No explicit connection with current study. Broaden ones sights Develop students critical thinking ability Result in peoples negative psychological development. Leads to brain drain Teaching is main responsibility of teachers. Teaching is the main task of education. Before learning about knowledge, it is the priority to identify right from wrong. Education should develop students to be well-rounded. More systematic (New parents will no experience to bring up children.) Easier to understand what childrens needs are. Parents are too busy/ overloaded to take care of their kids. Desire for cultivating childrens self-control ability that leads to this trend Students can develop some practical social skills, such as how to compete and cooperate. During long stay at school lack of communication with family members, it causes generation gap from one generation to another.

7. Scientific development
space travel LB; food production food quality LB; wide use of machines LB makes it possible for people to shop, work and study at home. LB; we can make a phone call at anywhere and anytime LB; way of entertainment less creative AD; earlier technology recent technology AD; increases the gap between the rich and the poor AD; () the greatest invention AD; all the problems they have created AD;robots LB; Modern communications technology the type of relationships people make LB; 100 ,human race BT; technological development .LB; internet and mobile phones? BT; DG; problems how to use a computer?

solutions? PS; complex, choose a simpler life without technologies. DG Reflect national economy development. Broaden ones knowledge No explicit connection with current living Only satisfy the curiosity of minorities Temperature-controlling: food storage Optimize agricultural productivity More chemicals and toxic substance Original taste has been altered. Dampen individuals creativity and craftsmanship Pose potential risks to human beings future existence Facilitate citizens daily life Interfere with individuals privacy Blur the dividing line between work and family life Make it easier for people to communicate with each other Leave no space for the development of individuals imagination and creativity Provide opportunities for human beings to foster more innovations Early technology initiates a transition from agricultural society to industrial society Lay a solid foundation for the development of recent technology Consumes less natural resources and creates less environmental pollution Wealthy people can afford a wider range of technological resources, which may bring more profits. Wealthy people who have a higher access to good education can do a better job in applying outcomes brought by technology. Also provide opportunities for poor people to reach a turning point of life.

Enables ordinary people to travel further in lower cost Makes it easier for people to search information and communicate Environmental deterioration is still a problem that plagues human beings and our homeland. A large number of diseases such as cancer are beyond scientists reach.

8. Environment
use animals for scientific experimentation LB; throw-away society LB; spending money on animal(environmental) protection public resources AD; international cooperation individualscompanies country AD; killing animals for food is cruel and unnecessary huamn diet and health DG;increasing the price of fuel AD; science and technology a simpler lifestyle DG; consumer goods are cheaper zoos LB; throw-away society RS shortage of water resources RS; take actual actions environment(animals and plants) RS; waste/rubbish RS ; Its too late to take actions to preserve plant and animal species AD; fossil fuels alternative energy(wind, solar)AD; Animals serve as an integral part of scientific research, because they are similar to human beings in various ways. All lives are created equal, and their rights for existence should be respected. Encourage citizens consumption and foster economic development Put an impetus into innovations of consumer goods Consume a large amount of natural resources and create more pollution Animals are reported to play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. Guarding genetic diversity of species on the earth is a self-evident responsibility for human beings. National boundaries always create obstacles for handling environmental problems, which demands good coordination across the border. Individuals and individual countries also play a vital role because some regional problems can be better dealt with without foreign interference. Animals provide necessary nutrients like protein for human existence.

All nutrients that are important for human health can be obtained from other ways Fossil fuel consumption is not the only factor for environmental pollution, so other actions are also necessary. Develop alternative energy like solar or nuclear power to reduce our reliance on oil. Measures should be taken to control the size of population. Technical means makes it possible for us to conquer existing environmental problems. The development of alternative energy driven by scientific progress brings hope for reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. Living a simpler life reduces our consumption of natural resources and emissions of pollutants. Improve the living standard of citizens, especially those disadvantages groups. Foster consumption and improve economic growth Result in deterioration in the quality of products A place for proving the public with relaxation and pleasure Children are able to acquire knowledge about animals in a more direct way. A prison for animals and violate their rights for freedom Industrial emissions bring serious pollution to many water sources like rivers and lakes. Climate change. Technical means should be used for conserving water. More measures should be taken to monitor weather conditions. Citizens are not motivated to take actions. No regulations for dealing with behaviors of polluting the environment Give a stricter punishment to those individuals and enterprises who bring about environmental pollution Provide highly polluted industries with enough compensation for them to close down Not sufficient numbers of trash cans No relevant regulations to punish More factories should be built to dispose wastes Enact laws to constrain such improper behaviors

9. Government/citizens V.S . Rights/responsibilities

a prosperous economy or living standard DG;

weapons national defense or disadvantaged groups DG; theaters and stadiums infrastructure education and medical care DG; prevent diseases the treatment of diseases AD; pay for road expansion clearing pollution housing shortage scientific research retirement private companiesindividuals DG; rural areas DG; ensure a healthy lifestyle for its citizens their own way of life DG; pay taxes to the government AD; artists should be free to express their opinions and limitations AD; or should be made illegal DG; The countrys economic prosperity can provide a financial guarantee for the improvement of citizens living standard. Those two factors are intertwined with each other, and they cannot be considered separately. A nations ability to repel invaders provides a guarantee for social stability and economic development. Governments are based on revenues collected from taxpayers, so they should be responsible for ensuring the living standard of each citizen especially those disadvantaged groups. Sports and cultural projects are necessary for citizens to strengthen physical and mental fitness. Sports and cultural projects reflect a countrys soft power. Infrastructure (education and medical care) lays a foundation for a countrys economic development (citizens well-being) Prevention is a more cost-effective way to ensure public health. Treatment of patients is necessary sometimes because health problems are inevitable.

Working in rural areas helps to accumulate professional skills and work experience. The arrival of teachers and doctors plays a vital role in promoting rural residents living standard and future development. Free flow of talents around the country is compatible to market-oriented economy. Citizens are blessed with the right to pursue individual happiness in their favorite way. Without any intervention, some people may abandon themselves and impose dangers to others as a result.

Revenue collected from citizens lays foundation for a governments existence and functions. Levying too heavy taxes threatens a countrys commercial investment Society is based on law and rules. People should be given enough freedom to pursue their dreams in condition that their behaviors are not illegal.

Too many limitations may dampen artists creativity and imagination, which hinder creations of masterpieces. Some artists are somewhat radical and even extreme in terms of opinion, which may have misleading dangers on their followers. Provide children with a better living environment and have positive effects on their mental development. Reduce mothers working load and pressure. Impose a financial burden to the governments budget. Smoking is detrimental to peoples cardiovascular systems and is reported to be responsible for lung cancers. Passive smoking also does more harm to non-smokers than to smokers. Some people may regard smoking as their own freedom.

10. Job/Employment
limit employees working hours AD; (permanent job) changing jobs frequently(temporary job) DG; RS LB; are unsuitable for important positions in the government AD; become unemployed RS; more opportunities retire AD; self-employed, work for a company DG; technology benefits employees rather than employers AD; factors (job satisfaction)BT; employers employees academic qualification life experiences personal qualities R.LB; go to university or mechanic DG; People doing different job

should have different types of holidays. AD; in some countries, it is illegal to refuse a job-hunter for his or her age. LB; future career BT; Some people have to work far away from this family. LB; employers social skills qualifications,AD balance work and life RS Hinder enterprises efforts to pursue development Reduce employees income to some extent Relieve employees working pressure and physical fatigue Provide a wider range of profession choices and accumulate work experience. Enjoy a stable income and more promotion opportunities. Broaden ones horizons Build up social networking Face cultural shock and social isolation

Young people are less experienced and mature, and this may bring potential risks and mistakes. Young people are often in excellent physical condition, which gives them more energy to face tiring jobs.

Competition in job market is fiercer than before. Knowledge that students acquire in school is not so practical and even useless for one to hunt a job. Schools should include more practical subjects to sharpen graduates competency. The government should enact relevant policies to encourage graduates job-hunting experience.

Promote employees working efficiency and reduce employers cost. Enable employers to work anytime and anywhere they like. Employers may lose control and supervision of their staff.

Academic qualification provides a simpler and efficient way to determine a job-hunters

capabilities. People of higher academic qualifications are always blessed with self-discipline, which benefits the companys overall management.

11. Media/Advertising
Advertising aimed at children LB; family life sense of community LB international medai TVnewspapermagazinemovie local culture LB; ban advertising AD; age of books written words spread information education reflects the power of advertising real need AD; individuality become what advertisements want us to be AD; Media ieas life LB; images of disaster and violence RE; spend more time watching TV, but spend less time doing creative things, RS ; TV, newspaper, internet the best way to get latest information? BT; so advertising is unnecessary and only a form of entertainment AD; Films and computer games containing violence should be banned or they are just harmless relaxation. DG; all the people can post a piece of information on the internet, so most information there is inaccurate. AD; radio TV internet .AD; journalism? Journalists qualities? BT; more attention has been paid to sports and entertainment stars. LB; focus on problems and emergencies positive developments, .AD; famous people privacy or DG Watching television deprives family members of the opportunity to communicate, which creates isolation from each other. Family members are also able to have more common topics from watching the same television program. People tend to wear the same brand of clothes, listen to the same music, and lose their own uniqueness. International media is often controlled by western countries, which pose a threat to developing countries existence and interests.

Advertising is important for enterprises to promote the popularity of their products. Consumers are able to acquire sufficient information about goods they want. Advertisements that contain fake information are often misleading to consumers. Books not only serve as tools for the spread of information but also revelation of traditional culture. Media in electrical forms saves consumption of natural resources and can be spread more easily. Such programs help to catch viewers attention, which is beneficial for the media to increase their profits. The incidence of disaster and violence is on the rise. This may serve as a factor for inducing more crimes. Have negative effects on individuals physical and mental fitness

12. Urbanization and Globalization

residentsbusinesses, factories small cities and towns LB transportation communications LB; globalization RE; rapid development of cities PSthe gap between the rich and the poor is wider PS; the gap between urban areas and rural areas is wider RS; differences between countrie less evident TV programs music brand LB; Cities are becoming more enormous. RE; Relieve problems in big cities such as unemployment, traffic congestion and housing shortage. Bring vigor to regional areas economic development. This would be too big a jump for those people in thinking and way of life. Individual countrys economy is more dependent on each other. Communication in all various forms is increasing dramatically. A large number of countries are losing their national identity and the worlds cultural diversity suffers a lot. Lead to bloody confrontation between different classes of people. Pose a threat to social stability and peoples confidence over the country. The government should provide those disadvantaged groups with more financial support.

More taxes should be collected from the wealthy City residents have a higher access to good education and employment opportunities. City residents always have a superior attitude toward themselves and this brings more conflicts. The government should provide rural areas development with preferred policies and support in various forms.

13. Crime take responsibility AD; details of committing crimes AD; cannot be prevented AD; send criminals to prison education job trainingDG; young females/teenagers RS prison punish crimes other functions DG; continue to commit crimes RS; Society is based on rules and laws and people should not be free to do whatever they like to do AD; give longer prison sentence LB; Parents are obligated to give enough supervision over their childrens behaviors. Parents guidance plays a vital role in helping children to see the world in a positive way. Childrens behaviors are sometimes unpredictable. Potential criminals are able to acquire techniques to conduct illegal tasks from watching such programs. Those descriptions may be misleading to teenagers, and dampen their mental fitness. Education helps to reform the criminals spiritually. Job training can provide criminals with skills to earn bread and butter. Very dangerous criminals like murderers should be sent to prison so as to avoid further damages. Teenagers are under more pressure in school. Schools fail to provide students with guidance about correct way of thinking and behaviors. Parenting should be given more attention because this is important for teenagers development. Teenager criminals should be given education instead of prison punishment. Some criminals do not have sufficient survival skills to make a living. They are not given proper education in prison. Job training should be given to criminals to improve their competency in job market. Prisons should provide criminals with guidance about correct way of thinking and behaviors.

14. Transportation goods other countries in long distance LB; the use of car LB; parks and gardens should give way to roads and railways city planners satisfy OS; the best way to improve road safety is to give road offenders stricter punishment AD; air travel LB; traffic problems, P.R.S ; 1 Imported goods is carried by air which leads to environmental contamination. 2 enrich the markets in the local places 3 promote cultural communication

Today, planes and cars cause many problems. What are those problems? Should we discourage people to use planes and cars? 1 consumes fuel and pollutes the air 2 lead to sedentary lifestyle 3 convenient and efficient

1 Construction of railways and highways is indispensable to development. 2 Potential locations of public facilities are more flexible. 3 Relax mentally in a park

1Tougher punishment may serve as a deterrent to other would-be driving offenders. 2 provide affordable public transport services 3 boost the sense of road safety

15. Health

private medical care services LB; fast food public health RS; public sports facilities other measures are necessarypeople tend to have a wider life span R.LB; education eat less junk food does not work DG; A well-balanced diet is import for health. AD; Medical treatment or patients mental attitude curing diseases DG; 1 high efficiency offer more individual service 2 unaffordable patients cannot make full use of it 3 profit-making companies focus more on high profit fields. 1 highly processed 2low cost and uniform flavor 3addictives and less nutritional value 1subhealth distorts immune system and cause people to fall ill 2sedentary lifestyle aggravate the situation 3take daily exercise 4 acquire healthy habits 1publicize the importance of health 2take daily exercise 3 acquire healthy habits 1 improved health care 2 no wars and turbulence 3 put a strain on economies around the world. 4 a shift in the age structure of workforce 1 education is the most direct way 2 limit the number of fast food restaurants 3 increase nutritious ingredients in fast food

16. Charity/Assistance
charitable organizations all people in greatest need people in their own country DG; provide direct help to local community give money to charitable organizations DG; developing countries financial aid free education and medical care introducing technology DG;

developed countries developing countries international aid can be abused by governments in developing countries DG; 1A charity on its countrys behalf is an absolute medium to earn respect of the recipient country and promote its international status. 2Both victims of natural disasters and refugees can recover rapidly from disturbance due to the endeavors of international aid from foreign charitable organizations. 3Relief goods can promote the mutual understanding in culture and economy and eventually consolidate peace. 1 local communities offer more direct help 2 International charitable organizations are more formal. 3 international charitable organizations may misspend funds

1 financial aid can relieve the pressure of poor countries 2 financial aids just lead to short-term stimulation 3 education and technology are beneficial to sustainable development of poor countries. 1 ease tension and consolidate peace 2 a moral imperative and humanitarian aid 3more dependent on money than ever 4 erode self-confidence

17. Tourism
creates tension rather than understanding between countries AD; narrow-minded RS using cultural tradition for making money it is the only way to help cultural tradition exist DG; R.LB; Foreign tourists should be charged more than local tourists when visiting local tourist attractions and historical sites. AD; 1Promote transcultural communication 2Increase national revenue 3Tourists in other countries behave improperly 1 Tourists in other countries behave improperly

2 xenophobia caused by ignorance 3enhance cultural communication of each other 4eliminate the misunderstanding between countries 1 too many vistors may ruin the surroundings 2historical interests may be destroyed by improper behaviors. 3ecomomic incentives 4experience local traditions, arts and heritage through tourism 1 enhance friendship and mutual understanding 2 attract more opportunities of employment 3 gain financial revenue of a nation 4pose a threat to environment if there is no supervision

18. Sports
sports games such as world cup release tension between countries AD; athletes sports teams should be funded by the government private companies DG; success in sports games depends on performance of individual athletes or teams mental attitude DG; sports games sports games leisure activities DG; Olympic games LB; ban dangerous sports or DG; 1Football hooligans trigger tension between countries 2sport is a kind of communication of spirit 3pay more attention to their opponent country 1run for profit and commercialize sports 2create its brand name awareness 3alleviate governments financial burden 1most sports are based on strongest individuals and teams such as running and weight lifting 2 some games are decided by mental attitude like table tennis and pool. 19. / politicians scientists AD; Policemen carrying guns can bring about higher

level of violence AD; countries should produce food for all population and import food as little as possible AD; organizations always give special names to particular days RE; The gap between the rich and the poor is becoming wider. PS; professionals sports/entertainment stars AD; 21ST century BT; more dependent or more independent. DG; consumer goods LB; the development of agriculture such as factory farming and creation of new varieties of crops DG; older age get married have children. LB; teenagers spend more time at work and less time with children. AD;

20. Disadvantaged groups

young people ? PS; 50 young people are gaining status and power lost by old people LB; the percentage of aging population is increasing LB; nursery home AD; have less respect for old people RE; women as leaders LB the percentage of teenagers under 15 it is illegal to refuse a job hunter for his or her age AD AD LB resources women who work AD; stay in kindergarten or nursery schools so that their mothers can return to work earlier AD; are just suitable for men, but are only suitable for women. AD; the best way for a country to prepare its future is to invest more resources into young people. Whats your opinion? How should the government help young people? OS; old people young people .LB; cultures old people are more valued, other cultures young people are more valued. DG; share household chores caring for children. AD; 1 Young people are energetic and vigorous. 2 senior citizens knowledge is out-dated, which does not fit in with the development of the current society. 3 young leaders are often criticized for lack of tactics and are very radical when faced with trouble. 1 Rapid older population growth will put a strain on economies around the world. 2a shift in the age structure of workforce 3professional expertise and experiences 1the old living at home has sense of belonging.

2more professional nurses and more facilities 3Social and leisure activities 1Focus more on academic knowledge rather than morality 2Lead to phenomenon of moral decline in economic prosperity 3 egoism aggravation 1 Women are more likely to consult others. 2 disposition to compromise 3 men are more aggressive and tough 1 the increasing rate of youth unemployment 2 educational system is facing increasing pressure. 3 society becomes more vigorous

1 people should have the equal access to job opportunities 2 females qualify for every walk of life and they should be granted such rights. 3 Discrimination on the grounds of gender and age should be banned. 4 old staffs can hardly accept innovative ideas 1 Females can take caring professions and perform clerical positions in military. 2 Irrespective of gender, people should have the equal access to opportunities, provided that they are competent enough. 3 females qualify for every walk of life and they should be granted such rights. 1 offer the right sort of a true version of the society of males and females 2 healthy attitudes to life 3 distracted by the opposite sex

21. Values/humanity
people have to tell lies sometimes AD; How to define happiness? Factors for happiness(economic success or other factors); people are having increasing pressures RS; individuals countries focus on the future rather than the present AD; people feel more isolated from each other RE; People tend to spend more money on their appearance . R.LB; richer, developing countries feel happier, but developed countries why? What can we learn? BT; Competitiveness is an important quality for people to have in many societies LB; there is an increase in anti-social behavior and lack of respect to others, RS; Everyone in the world wants to

own a TV, a car and a fridge. LB; economic development social values are lost. LB; families and friends. RE; ambition characteristic? LB; planning for future , focus on the present. AD move to another country or a different region in the same country. LB 1People should be honest, which is a core virtue 2Telling white lie can protect a persons feeling. 3Telling lies can lighten the embarrassment. 1So many different things to different people 2Have a degree of self-knowledge 3Loving relationships, good health, skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment 1fierce competition in work and society (peer pressure) 2relatives and self-induced pressure 3do not overestimate your abilities 4one is advised to learn to relax himself in his leisure time 1One should have his own plan to look forward. 2no matter how far they look ahead, they will certainly hold tight of this plan on the base of the present world 3Yesterday is history, tomorrow is mystery, today is the gift, that's why it is called the present. 1 clothes root in fashion 2high exposure to fashion shown in media 3a waste of money and time 4associate clothing with status, class and wealth 1 Politicians such as Abraham Lincoln and Margaret Hilda Thatcher have posed greater influences on society. 2 scientists such as Steve Jobs and Albert Einstein have revolutionized the way we live.

TA,

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