APUSH Crosswords U7,U8

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1.

Alexander Graham Bell American Federation of Labor

invented the telephone as a part-time hobby while teaching the deaf to speak - AFL - Led by Samuel Gompers. This union used collective bargaining and strikes., It was made up of craft unions and was for skilled workers only - merged with Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1955 - used vertical integration to control the US steel industry. He also shared his beliefs about wealth in the Gospel of Wealth in which he justified social Darwinism and pushed the wealthy to give back -immigrated from Scotland as a penniless boy and ended up the richest man in the world -learned about big businesses working for the railroads, then built a huge, vertically integrated steel corporation, sold out to US Steel in 1901 This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggressio - 1876 Montana battle in which General George Custer and 300 of his men were killed by a group of Sioux and Cheyenne warriors - Last major victory by native American forces over a US army unit - army of jobless and homeless that marched from Ohio to Washington to pressure the government for public works projects - African American who believed economic independence would eventually lead to political and social independence. Pushed for vocational education through the Tuskeegee Institute, which he founded - former slave who became a leading black educator - emphasized education and self-help as the means for black Americans to improve their situation - leader of Democratic political machine in New York City - A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, he and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars. Rebellion in China to remove all foreign influences

10.

Carrie Chapman Cat

2.

- A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. - A prohibitionist. She believed that bars and other liquor-related businesses should be destroyed, and was known for attacking saloons herself with a hatchet. - As vice president, he became president when Garfield was assassinated - reform-minded - stood firm against his Stalwart buddies in their quest for the riches that come with power - restricted Asian immigration to the US in response to large numbers of Asian immigrants settling in the west 1882 - Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history - Last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s - law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, - - provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. - 1883 - declared unconstitutional - term used to describe businesses where employees had no choice but to join a union. - The AFL became known for negotiating closedshop agreements with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire non-union members - 1894 - Jacob Coxey led a march on Washington to demand that the government create jobs for the unemployed - had no effect on policy, demonstrated the social and economic impacts of the Panic of 1893 - A construction company owned by the larger stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad. After Union Pacific received the government contract to build the transcontinental railroad, it "hired" Credit Mobilier to do the actual construction, charging the federal government nearly twice the actual cost of the project. When the scheme was discovered, the company tried to bribe Congress with gifts of stock to stop the investigation. This precipitated the biggest bribery scandal in U.S. history, and led to greater public awareness of government corruption.

11.

Carry A. Nation

3.

Andrew Carnegie

12.

Chester Arthur

13.

Chinese Exclusion Act

4.

Article X

14.

5.

battle of little big horn

Civil Rights Act of 1875

6.

bonus march Booker T Washington

15.

closed shop

7.

16.

Coxey's Army

17.

8.

boss tweed

Credit Mobilier scandal

9.

boxer rebellion

18.

Dawes Severality Act

- federal govt stripped tribes of their official recognition and land rights. It granted individual families land and it would give them citizenship after 25 years if they "behaved" - 1887 act to break up Native American tribes - President Taft's approach to foreign policy that was more economic than militaristic. He encouraged American businesses to invest money in foreign countries - Taft used as a method of exerting American influence, resented by some parts of the world - built from the Grange movement, these organizations lobbied state legislatures for laws that would protect farmers - many experimented with cooperative buying and selling - many became directly involved with the growth of the Populist Party Frederick Jackson Turner - American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The American frontier was the line of most rapid "ameircanization" and the place where democracy flourished. He also concluded that the "American frontier" had closed - Roosevelt agreed to make the San Francisco public schools educate Japanese immigrants if the Japanese government limited the number of immigrants coming to America - Native American ritual that promised a rebirth of Native American tradition. It frightened whites. The army came in to stop the ritual and in 1890 they killed 200 men, women, and children at the Battle of Wounded Knee -religion practices by the Sioux, thought that a Native American messiah would come and banish the whites, return the buffalo, and give all the land back - term for the industrial time period coined by Mark Twain. Described the time period as appearing beautiful and golden on the outside, but was full of corruption on the inside. - hidden deep problems of social inequality and shallowness of culture - term given to those who supported using gold, not silver, to back the value of the dollar. - occurs when an economic system bases all currency on gold, allowing paper currency to be exchanged for gold - William Jennings Bryan ran against this in 1896, favoring the free coinage of silver

28.

Gospel of Wealth

19.

Dollar Diplomacy

- philosophy of Carnegie, who stated that wealthy industrialists had an obligation to use some of their profits to help their local communities, By the time of his death Carnegie had given more than 90% of his wealth to philanthropic endeavors - Said that a person could vote only if their grandfather had been registered to vote, which disqualified Blacks whose grandparents had been slaves. - Also called National Grange or Patrons of Husbandry. This organization helped farmers form cooperatives to save money on shipping and supplies - formed in 1867 - provided social activities and information about new farming techniques - A group of 16 gleaming white ships in the US Navy that Roosevelt sent on a cruise around the world to display the nation's naval power. -political party formed in the 1880s that wanted paper money not backed by hard specie to fix economic problems - Had a hands-off approach to government - gained the approval and support of businessmen - angered farmers by repealing the Sherman Silver Purchase Act and maintaining the Gold Standard - Those within the Republican party that did not support the Stalwarts led by Roscoe Conkling - 1901 - A treated signed between the United States and Great Britain, giving Americans a free hand a free hand to build a canal (full constitutional rights) in Central America. The treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, which prohibited the British or U.S. from acquiring territory in Central America - Columbia did not agree to the treaty, therefore Roosevelt helped the people of Panama stage a revolution, which had the desired effect. -location in Chicago of a labor rally called by anarchist and other radical labor leaders - bomb was hurled towards the police, who open fired on the demonstrators - many casualties among police and workers led to press criticism of unions - an author who wrote A Century of Dishonor which chronicled the government's actions against the Indians. She also wrote Romona, which was a love story about Indians. Her writing helped inspire sympathy towards the Indians.

29.

Grandfather clause

30.

Grange

20.

Farmer's Alliance

31.

21.

Foraker Act of 1900 Frontier Thesis

Great White Fleet Greenback party Grover Cleveland

22.

32.

33.

23.

Gentlemen's Agreement

34.

halfbreeds

24.

ghost dances

35.

HayPauncefote Treaty

25.

gilded age

36.

Haymarket Square

26.

gold bugs Gold Standard Act

27.

37.

Helen Hunt Jackson

38.

Hepburn Act

"It imposed stricter control over railroads and expanded powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission, including giving the ICC the power to set maximum rates." - novelist who promoted the "rags to riches" idea of the industrial age. - Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote that virtue, honesty and industry would be rewarded with success, wealth and honor. - used by Rockefeller to establish a monopoly. Rockefeller gained control of all oil refineries. At one point Rockefeller and Standard Oil controlled more than 92% of the oil production in the US - strategy of gaining as much control over an industry as possible, usually by creating trusts and holding companies - settlement house founded by Jane Addams. Purpose was to have middle class educated women live among the poor in the cities. Settlement houses taught poor immigrants English, hygiene, and cooking, They provided childcare as well. "Muckraker" who wrote in the magazine McClure's (1921). As a younger woman, in 1904, Tarbell made her reputation by publishing the history of the Standard Oil Company, the "Mother of Trusts." - US Supreme Court cases that ruled that the US constitution and protections did not follow the flag. A citizen in a US conquered territory did not necessarily have the rights of US citizens - the practice of having executives/directors from one company serve on the board of directors of another company - introduced by JP Morgan to eliminate competitors in banking - passed in 1887 this act was a first step in regulating the railroads and the rebate system, purpose was to ensure "reasonable and just" rates - America's first regulatory commission Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitche

47.

James Garfield

39.

Horatio Alger

- republican nominee in election of 1880 - "dark horse" candidate (a previously unknown person) but he came from the critical state of Ohio - won the election, but found himself trapped in the middle of the Republican feud between the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds - was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau in September of 1881 because he did not get a political job - Founded the Hull House and worked for legislation to end child labor and protect women laborers - Along with his partner, "Jubilee" Jim Fisk, came up with, and nearly pulled off, a scheme in 1869 to corner the gold market to themselves - From the 1880s to the 1950s, laws enforced complete racial separation in the South. - encouraged white supremacy. - Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, this system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. - An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation - Jim Crow, a minstrel-show character, was a derogatory term for black people - extreme nationalism that encouraged an aggressive foreign policy - a firm belief in American world superiority, and a belief that military solutions are usually the best ones - Developed a monopoly of the oil industry by setting up the Standard Oil Trust - for a time controlled most of the refining and transportation of oil in the US - retired with $1billion fortune, set up a number of philanthropic organizations American clergyman who preached AngloSaxon superiority and called for stronger U.S. missionary effort overseas - led by Terrance Powderly, this union included skilled and unskilled workers as well as African Americans and women, It pushed for arbitration rather than strikes to solve labor problems. It lost power after some of its members were connected to the Haymarket bombing in Chicago in 1886 - not a single large union, but a federation of unions from many industries

40.

horizontal integration

48.

Jane Addams Jay Gould

49.

50.

Jim Crow

41.

Hull House

42.

ida Tarbell

43.

Insular Cases

51.

jingoism

44.

interlocking directorates

52.

John D Rockefeller

45.

Interstate Commerce Act

53.

Josiah Strong knights of labor

46.

Jacob Riis

54.

55.

Lafollette

Governor of Wisconsin who promoted the principle of government by experts, advocated progressivism, and established a Legislative Reference Bureau to provide research, advice, and help in the drafting of legislation. -Concept articulated by Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations. American lawmakers believed that business should be left alone by the government, oppose high tariffs and economic protectionism Act passed in 1910 that empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission for the first time to initiate rate changes, extended regulation to telephone and telegraph companies, and set up a Commerce Court to expedite appeals from the ICC rulings. - December 1890, battle that marked the last military resistance of Native Americans to American expansion - When American soldiers attempted to disarm a group of Sioux camped at Wounded Knee, a shot a started a confused gunfight that killed 25 soldiers and more than 200 Sioux - development of engine-driven machines, like the combine - helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. - This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence. - resulted in the success of large-scale commercial farms - resulted in Midwestern farms fed the cities of the Northeast. - people were losing the family farm mainly because mechanized agriculture caused overproduction - Mechanized farming increased production of food. - The price of food was falling - Railroad rates were rising - Farmers were in debt to the banks. - Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy based on his ideas that imperialism was immoral and that American democracy was superior. He believed it was his duty to spread American democracy to countries under totalitarian law

61.

Mother Jones

Mary Harris Jones - Urged coal miners to join United Mine Workers of American. She staged parades, had wives stockpile food, and showed importance of mothers. Wage reducitons and no major companies came from this. - Republicans who changed their vote during the 1884 election from Blaine to Cleveland. Mugwump is the Algonquin Indian word for "chief" and was used in a N.Y. Sun editorial to criticize the arrogance of the renegade Republicans. - group that formed as a result of the Niagara Movement. Founding members included W.E.S. Du Bois. It worked in the courts to fight segregation and discrimination - 1909, fought for the rights of blacks in America - originally went to court for the plaintiff in the Brown v. Board of Education case with Thurgood Marshall as the main attorney - National Associate for the Advancement of Colored People - founded in 1890 by Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, this was the major organization working for woman suffrage - supported the Wilson administration during WWI and split with the more radical National Woman's Party in 1917 - first union founded in 1866 to push for better working conditions, higher wages, shorter hours, and the inclusion of women and African Americans. After violent Railroad Strike of 1877 it fell apart. a meeting of blacks at Niagara Falls in 1905, including Du Bois, where they created a list of demands (ex. unrestricted right to vote, end to segregation, equality of economic opportunities, exc.) This Constitutional amendment, finally passed by Congress in 1919 and ratified in 1920, gave women the right to vote over seventy years after the first organized calls for woman's suffrage in Seneca Falls, New York - launched the Populist Party - platform of Farmer's Alliance that was drafted in Ocala, Florida - Issued by Secretary of State John Hay. This policy stated that China should be open to trade with all nations. This policy was developed because America had not claimed a Sphere of Influence in China Book by Josiah Strong that blamed immigrants for the downturn of the cities

62.

Mugwumps

56.

laissez-faire

57.

Mann-Elkins Act

63.

NAACP

58.

massacre at Wounded Knee

64.

59.

Mechanization of agricutlure and its effects

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) National Labor Union

65.

66.

Niagara Movement

67.

Nineteenth Amendment

60.

moral diplomacy

68.

Ocala Platform Open door policy

69.

70.

Our Country

71.

Panama Canal

- crucial for American economic growth, and was constructed by American builders between 1903 and 1914 - The US engineered a Panamanian revolt against Columbia to guarantee a friendly governement in Panama that would support the building of the canal - financial crisis that was a result of over speculation by investors that artificially inflated the price of stocks. These stocks then took a tumble and did not recover for 4 years - Practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Upon assuming office, Thomas Jefferson dismissed few Federalist employees, leaving scant openings to fill with political appointees - Both Democrats and Republicans heavily used - part of corruption - Outlawed by Pendleton Act of 1883 - Act that reformed the patronage system and spoils system. Government employees had to take a test, and could not lose, or get, a job because or political affiliation. - Issued in 1902, this had to be written into the new Cuban constitution in order for Cuba to have independence. It stated that all Cuban treaties had to be approved by America, the US had a right to intervene in Cuban affairs, and the US was given a naval base on the island - In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that separate but supposedly equal facilities for Blacks and Whites were legal.

79.

Railroad Strike of 1877 Reservation System

- occurred when rail companies decreased workers wages 10% during a depression, It went nationwide and paralyzed the railroads until Hayes sent federal troops to end the strike - The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times. - word used to describe wealthy industrialists such as Jay Gould who artificially inflated the value of their company's stock, sold it to the public, and then pocketed the profits -term used for a powerful American businessman. By the 1890s the term was used to attack any businessman who used questionable practices to become wealthy. It combines the sense of criminal ("robber") and aristocracy ("baron"). - policy stated that the US would come to the aid of any Latin American nation experiencing financial trouble. The US became the policemen of Latin America with this policy. - 1904 - extended the Monroe Doctrine - warned European nations against intervening in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and stated that the US had the right to take action against a "wrongdoing" in Latin America - Theodore Roosevelt recruited a special unit of soldiers for the Spanish-American War - Included men from many walks of lift, including cowboys and college athletes - led them in a famous charge up San Juan Hill in July 1898 - Republicans nominee for president in 1876 - called the "Great Unknown" - his greatest attribute was that he came from Ohio, an important state in winning the race - called in federal troops to stop the unrest amongst the striking railroad workers. - President of the AFL, he combined unions to increase their strength. - term given to a cheap replacement worker used when there was a strike A Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts, reasoning that freedom of speech could be curtailed when it posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation.

80.

72.

Panic of 1873

73.

patronage

81.

robber barons

74.

Pendleton Civil Service Act Platt Amendment

75.

82.

Roosevelt Corollary

76.

Plessy v. Ferguson Populist Party

83. 77.

- formed from the Farmers Alliances. Their Omaha Platform included free silver, graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads, direct election of senators, shorter workday, and a minimum wage. Weaver was their candidate in 1892, and Bryan in 1896. - spoke against monopolies, wanted govt to become more "democratic", and wanted more direct govt action to help the working class - strike of Pullman car workers because wages were cut but their rents and prices in the company town did not decrease. They received assistance from Eugene Debs and the American Rai;way Union. A 1894 strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages

Rough Riders

84.

Rutherford B Hayes

78.

Pullman strike

85.

Samuel Gompers scab Schenck v. United States

86.

87.

88.

selective service act

Authorized President Woodrow Wilson to raise an infantry force from the general population of no more than four divisions, and it created the Selective Service System. - first attempt by Congress to break up large monopolies. It only outlawed trusts that restrained trade. Was not really enforced and was first used against unions. - Sioux chief who resisted American expansion into tribal lands - Battle of Little Big Horn - Ghost Dances - philosophy evolved from the writings of Charles Darwin n evolution that stated tat people and societies compete with each other and that the "survival of the fittest" would naturally occur - used to justify imperialism and the differences between rich and poor - Began in 1898 after newspapers blamed Spain for the explosion of the USS Maine. It was fought against Spain in both the Caribbean and the Philippines. US gained the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico - stemmed from American outrage of the Spanish treatment of Cubans - Admiral Dewey sank the Spanish fleet at Manila - Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in Cuba - Republicans who supported the powerful group led by Roscoe Conkling

97.

Thomas A. Edison

89.

Sherman Antitrust Act Sitting Bull

90.

91.

Social Darwinism

"Wizard of Menlo Park" More than 1,000 inventions patented Light bulb Phonograph Incandescent electric lamp Starter for automobiles that eliminated hand crank Batteries Perfected stock ticker New York City first city to powered by electricity The motion picture camera and projector First used "hello" as phone greeting Helped Alexander G. Bell with the telephone -built by the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroad companies and large by Irish and Chinese immigrants. This helped start industrialization by creating a national market, and by creating a demand for resources and industry. - Union Pacific built west from Nebraska, and the Central Pacific built east from California - The lines met at Promentory, Utah - treaty negotiated by Roosevelt to end the Russo-Japanese War over Korea and Manchuria in 1905 - legal arrangement that allowed owners of one company to own stock in another company of the same type. -legislation put an end to these - Booker T. Washington - An educator who urged blacks to better themselves through education and economic advancement, rather than by trying to attain equal rights. In 1881 he founded the first formal school for blacks, the Tuskegee Institute. 1913 - This tariff provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax. By 1917, revenue from the income tax surpassed receipts from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened - sent to Havanna Harbor to protect American interests in Cuba - An explosion sank the ship, killing 275 sailors - Later investigations pointed to an internal explosion on board, but yellow journalists blamed the explosion on the Spanish

98.

transcontinental railroad

92.

SpanishAmerican War

99.

Treaty of Portsmouth trust

100.

93.

Stalwarts Tammany Hall Teller Amendment

101. 94.

- Political machine led by Boss Tweed in New York City. Tweed gave immigrants aid in exchange for votes. Led to political corruption. - Added amendment to the declaration of war against Spain that assured Cuba and the world that the US intended to grant Cuban independence at the end of the war - Said US would not annex Cuba - was passed as many in the yellow press were suggesting that the Cuban people would be better off "under the protection" of the US - Lead Rough Riders in Spanish-American War - As president, he exerted American influence in the world as a great power - He famously said, "Speak softly and carry a big stick"

Tuskegee Institute

95.

102.

Underwood Tariff

96.

Theodore Roosevelt

103.

USS Maine

104.

vertical integration

-the type of industrial organization practiced in the late 1800s pioneered by Carnegie and US Steel. Under this system, all the various business activities needed to produce and sell a finished product would be done by the same company -strategy used by Carnegie to gain control of the steel industry. He controlled every aspect of the production process of steel. -1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. - Talented Tenth - the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all black - pushed for higher education, political and social equality - Popular leader and Democratic nominee for president in 1896. He opposed expansion and was in favor of free silver. Gave the famous "cross of Gold" speech. - election of 1896 was important because it answered the question, "Will the U.S. base its money on gold, silver, or both - he kept gold standard - played on people's fears in the week before the election. - hinted that, if Bryan were elected, people need not report to work the next morning because their job would be gone. This earned him the vote of the eastern wage earners and city dwellers - After election, brought a sense of calm both in his pro-business policies and by simply having the gold/silver question answered. The economy, and especially Wall Street, never likes uncertainty. - from Ohio - key electoral state - McKinley tariff bill - likable Civil War veteran - back by Mark Hanna

109.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

105.

Wabash v. Illinois

- founded by Farncis Williard in 1874 this organization lobbied for state laws to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages - WCTU - Founded in 1874, this organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point. Advocates of prohibition in the United States found common cause with activists elsewhere, especially in Britain, and in the 1880s they founded the World Women's Christian Temperance Union, which sent missionaries around the world to spread the gospel of temperance - employers had their future employees sign this document, in which they had to agree not to join a union. an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development. - term given to new kind of writing that radically altered the truth of stories to sell more papers. It was a cause of the SpanishAmerican War - used accounts and illustrations of lurid and sensational events to sell newspapers - newspapers using this strategy covered events in Cuba leading up to the SpanishAmerican War, and shifted American opinion toward desiring war with Spain

106.

Web Dubois

110.

yellow dog contract

107.

William Jennings Bryan William McKinley

111.

yellow journalism

108.