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New Deal Programs = Relief for Jobless, Recovery for Agriculture and Industry, and Reform - welfare capitalism

*Revolutionized Government power, changed Americans expectation of govt, eased societal burdens, but did not solve depression Involved economic (business, labor, and agriculture) and social (individual relief & security reform)

First New Deal (1933)


Emergency Banking Relief Act

Impact
Sound Banks re-open, unsound banks new management, bank crisis over within a week

Second New Deal (1935)


Social Security Act

Impact
Set-up pension system to hedge against joblessness and poverty ridden old aged -- advocated by Francis Townsend Reformed U.S. Business, b/c unions became legal and govt protection forced businesses to cooperate

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Halted downward spiral of prices and wages (supported by National Labor Relations Act and Fair Labor standards Act Raise commodity prices, by cutting back production

National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)

Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA)

Wagner Act

Protected Labors right to form unions. Set National Labor Relations Board to solve labor disputes Built on NRA, minimum wage of 40cents, 40hr workweek, and must be 16 or older Created FDIC to protect depositors Built on CCC, helped young ppl continue education, by allowing them to get HS diploma while enrolled Employed a wide range of talented writers, actors, and musicians to work of Federal Art Projects. Built on TVA, to provide electricity to rural areas particularly in south

Emergency Farm Mortgage Act

Help farmers nance mortgages on farms

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

Farm Credit Act Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Lowered interest rates for farmers Hired young men to plant trees, build dams, and work on other Conservation projects. Provide states with money to aid unemployed

Banking Act National Youth Administration (NYA)

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) & Civil Works Administration Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Provided jobs and extended loans to rural electrical cooperative to help provide electricity to rural areas Created jobs by having people build highways, bridges, and other public works.

Rural Electrication Administration (REA)

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), created Public Works Administration (PWA)

Home Owners Loan Act

Help homebuyers get mortgage loans through the FHA, and built homes through National Housing Act

First New Deal = Blue


Business/Labor

Second New Deal = Red


Agriculture Agriculture Adjustment Act (1933) Farm Credit Act (1933) Emergency Farm Mortgage Act (1933) Farm Tenant Act (1937) Second Agriculture Adjustment Act (1938) Economic Reforms Federal Securities Act (1933) Gold Repeal Joint Resolution (1933) Securities and Exchange Act (1934) Banking Act (1935) Social Security Act (1935) Economy Act (1933) Revenue Act of 1935 Individual Relief Civilian Conservation Corps (1933) Federal Emergency Relief Act (1933) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civil Works Administration replaced FERA (1933) National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) Public Works Administration (created by NIRA - 1933) Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) Rural Electrication Administration (1935) Works Progress Administration (1935) Home Owners Loan Act (1935) Federal Housing Administration (1934) National Housing Act (1937) Social Security Act (1935)

Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933) National Recovery Administration (1933) National Labor Relations Act (1935) Fair Labor Standards (1938)

Social -- Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Road to Revolution
Mercantilism & the Navigation Acts Salutary Neglect French and Indian War 1754 -- French lost North American Empire Grenville (P.S.C.S.Q) 1763-1765 Sons of Liberty, Virginia Resolves, Stamp Act Congress Townshend Acts (D.R.T) 1765-1767 Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Daughters of Liberty, Committees of Correspondence, Letters from a Farmer in PA, Paxton Boys Intolerable Acts (B.A.M.Q) 1774 First Continental Congress, Suffolk Resolves, Continental Association organize boycotts April 14, 1774 Lexington & Concord Olive Branch Petition 1775 Thomas Paine Common Sense 1776 Battle of Saratoga 1777 & the French Alliance Peace of Paris 1783 (West to MI River, South to Spanish Florida, North to Great Lakes)

Religious Movements
Half-Way Covenant - intended to encourage church membership

Jefferson vs. Hamilton


Hamilton Reports on Public Credit

Road to Civil War


Slave States v. Free States for control of Congress Missouri Compromise 1820 James K. Polk Expansion: Texas, Oregon Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (West Coast) Wilmot Proviso - No Slavery in new Lands Compromise of 1850 (CA Free, No slave trade but allow slavery in D.C., Fugitive Slave Act, NM UT no decision

First Great Awakening 1730s & 40s Emotional>Rational

Federalists- what constitution does not forbid it permits (strong n govt) Republicans- what const. Does not permit it forbids (weak n govt)

New Light Institutions promoted higher learning - Princeton Hurt authority of Old light institutions Harvard & Yale George Whiteeld Jonathan Edwards

Louisiana Purchase 1803, violated Jeffersons strict interp. Marshall Court. Proponent of strong central govt (EX: McCulloch v. Maryland) War of 1812 Convinced Madison of Need for National Bank, and strong central govt Tariff of abominations 1828. Calhoun Nullication. States Rights

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854. 2 new states, Slave or Free determined by Pop Sov. Repeal Missouri Comp = increased tensions. Expansion slavery beyond south, caused bleeding Kansas Dred Scott Case 1857. Cant restrict slavery, slave not a citizen but private property Election of 1860. Dems split, Lincoln Elected, South Secedes. North Disadvantages: inexperienced commanders, divided support by population

Second Great Awakening 1800-30 wave of religious enthusiasm

Frontier Revivals. Methodism & other sects come together Charles Finney & Lyman Beecher

Jackson vetoes BUS 2. Catalyst for 2nd party system, Whigs. 2nd Awakening made Americans more aware of moral issues posed by Slavery. Served as a Catalyst for Abolition Movement & Temperance Movement 1950s Conservative backlash Eisenhower In God We Trust conservative majorities in congress 1970s - Silent Majority 1980s - Moral Majority Civil War Congress - national currency and national banking system Woodrow Wilson, 16th amendment & Federal Reserve Act

North Advantages: Railroads, Industry, Navy, Larger Population, Abundant supply of food South Disadvantages: Smaller Pop & Industry South Advantages: War fought home turf, long coast hard blockade, cash crop cotton, experienced commanders, economic relationship w/ Britain Key Border States: KY and MD Battle of Antietam: Union victory (no foreign aid for South) Emancipation Proclamation, Congress- Trans RR, Natl currency, Homestead Act, Tariff

Womens History
Colonies Women Scarcity = higher status, Daughters of Liberty, Revolutionary War = Women contribute (Molly Pitcher), Abigail Adams letter about remember the ladies, Cult of Domesticity. Rear virtuous children of Republic. Household duties Womens Movement 1840s (middle-class). Seneca Falls Convention 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.Declaration of Sentiments & Resolutions Dorothy Dix - Asylums and Prisons Second Great Awakening & Abolition Involvement Jane Addams - Settlement houses for poor D & A not associated w/ movement, gained resp. Frontier life accepted equality for women, Wyoming & all western states in 1869 gave women full right to vote 19th 1920 - right to vote Womens Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation During WWI and WWII Women involvement outside of the home increased, became more accepted for women to have careers. Rosie and the Riveter - nickname for women who did industrial work in WWII 1920s Flappers - new freedom by challenging traditional American attitudes about Women Margaret Sanger - American Birth Control League, now Planned Parenthood Betty Friedan - author of Feminine Mystique. President of (NOW) National Organization for Women. Challenged sex discrimination in workplace 1974 Equal Credit Opportunity Act, S.C. Roe v. Wade Afrmative Action Regulations Women Voting Bloc important in modern day

African American History


Slave communities, blend of christianity and African traditions Stono Rebellion 1739, Nat Turner Rebellion 1831 American Colonization Society, William Lloyd Garrison Liberator Anti-Slavery Society, Frederick Douglass, Sarah Grimke (Pre Civil War Legislation Bad) --> Emancipation Proclamation 13th - 1865 abolished slavery 14th - 1868 Slaves citizens, basic civil rights 15th 1870 - suffrage for Black males Southern Reaction - black codes, Compromise 1877 ended Reconstruction (ie Civil Rights Act 1875 not enforced) Military out, RbHayes president 1883 Civil Rights Cases, weakened protections & CrA 1875 ruled unconstitutional Jim Crow Laws & Literacy Tests, Rise of KKK & Lynching Citizens Councils, Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 W.E.B Du Bois founds National Association for Advancement of Colored People 1909 WWI led to the Great Migration 1920s (exodus of blacks from south to north and west) for War Industries Jobs 1920s Harlem Renaissance: James Weldon Johnson, Zora Hurston, Langston Hughes, Josephine Baker Marcus Garvey - Universal Negro Improvement Association FDR E.O. Forbid discrimination in defense industries

Societal Change
The Columbian Exchange Natives v. Colonies: Village Communities, Agricultural Economies, Native Americans no private property, children derived from Mothers Clan Colonies Regional Politics, Society, & Economies Conict with Great Britain Sectional Developments - States Rights vs. Constitution Jacksonian - popular politics Popular Sovereignty Beginnings of Civil War Sectionalism Reconstruction -- Civil Rights *Gilded Age Business, Agriculture, Inventions, Immigration (1870-1910s) Progressive Era (Progressive vs. Antebellum) *Shared most goals, difference was tactics. A- moral, P- political WWI: Archduke Ferdinand, Policy of Neutrality Wilson Isolationism, slowly move into war 1920s Harding & Coolidge: normalcy, scandals,

Truman E.O. 1948 desegregation of Armed forces Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954 - seg. In schools denial of equal protection laws in 14th Eisenhower sent troops to Little Rock to enforce court decision Civil Rights Commission 1957 investigate reported cases Dr. King Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Stokely Carmichael Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) Sit-In Movement *Later Black Power, Huey Newton Black Panthers Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott 1964 Civil Rights Act -- banned discrimination) 1965 Voting Rights Act

Herbert Hoover, Great Depression, & FDR to rescue, not really though Truman, Containment, Korean War, Sputnik, Vietnam JFK & LBJ - Vietnam escalation, New Frontier, G.S. (Civil Rights Movement) Nixon - Vietnamization & detente Carter - Stagation & Camp David Accords Reagan, Bush H.W. Desert Storm, Clinton Whitewater & NAFTA George W. Bush - 9/11

Transportation & Expansion


Northwest Ordinance 1787 provided for organization of new states west Appalachians Louisiana Purchase 1803 Henry Clay American System called for Internal Improvements (promote trade) & high tariffs (protect infant industry pay for internal improvements) Erie Canal 1825, Steamboats & Turnpikes Manifest Destiny Annexation of TX 1845 Oregon Treaty 1846 49th Parallel Mexican American War 1846-48 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 48 Gadsden Purchase 1854 William Sewards Icebox-AK 1867 Transcontinental Railroad 1869 Spanish-American War 1898 Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and Philippines to U.S. Federal Highway Act 1956

The Cold War


Bi-polar confrontation after WWII (no common enemy) U.S. - capitalist, decentralized, democratic principles, protected by an ocean, S.U. - communist, centralized, authoritarian principles, invaded twice by germany Distrust - Yalta agreement divided Germany became permanent, occupation of Poland, failed foreign ministers conference, U.S. Drops bomb on Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Soviets test atomic bomb & dont help in Japan S.U. Actions - Iron Curtain, pressure Greece and Turkey, didnt allow democratic elections in Eastern Europe, Communist rebellion in yugoslavia, blockaded Berlin, coup detat in Cechoslovakia, Warsaw Pact, U.S. Actions - National Security Council Report, Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan aid Europe, Greek-Turkish aid bill, Berlin Airlift, NATO, Mao Ze Dong & Communist Forces defeat Nationalists, establish Peoples Republic Korean War (1950-3) North invades South, S.U. & China support Soviets boycott UN refusal to let China join U.S. Takes advantage, UN auspices ght w/ S.U. Launches Sputnik in 1957 (No missile gap) U.S. Eisenhower creates NASA, Congress passes National Defense Education Act McCarthyism at Home, Red Scare 2 Alger Hiss & Ethel and Julius Rosenberg JFK - Castro Revolution, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War (1946-63) Ho Chi Minh & Viet Minh forces, French Withdrawal Sec of State Dean Rusk -- Domino Effect U.S. Gets more involved w/ JFK, full war w/ LBJ (Tonkin Gulf Resolution, Tet Offensive, Nixon Cambodia Bombings)

Triple Alliance and Triple Entente The Triple Alliance was formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Entente was formed in 1907 between Great Britain, France, and Russia. France and Russia had already been allied in 1894. U.S. Loans to the Allies In October 1914, President Wilson allowed a $500 million dollar U.S. loan to the Triple Entente. As a neutral nation, the U.S. eventually loaned the Triple Entente $2.3 billion. U.S. loans to the Triple Alliance were only $27 million. The Lusitania On May 7, 1915, a British passenger ship carrying 128 Americans and 4200 cases of ammunition was sunk by a German U-boat. American lives were lost. This incident infuriated many Americans who now called for war. President Wilson sent a pair of notes to Germany, asking for reparitions and a promise that passenger ships would not be sunk. In February 1916, Germany apologized. Bryan's Resignation Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigned in protest because he believed that Wilson's second set of notes to Germany showed an abandonment of neutrality. This came after Wilson approved loans to the allies tahtt Bryan objected to. The Sussex Pledge On March 24, 1916, a German U-boat sunk the Sussex, an unarmed French liner. President Wilson was angered. The Germans issued the Sussex Pledge in response; the Germans promised to spare lives during future U-boat attacks on merchant ships. However, the Germans wanted the U.S. to end the Triple Entente's blockade of Germany. National Defense Act, 1916 Provisions were made for 175,000 men for an army and 450,000 men for a National Guard. $500 million was to be used to give the U.S. the most powerful navy in the world. Revenue Act, 1916 This act levied heavy taxes on the rich to finance the National Defense Act of 1916. This was the first time that the wealthy were heavily taxed.

Election of 1916 Incumbent President Wilson won over the Teddy Roosevelt supported Charles Evans Hughes by using the slogan, "He kept us out of war." Wilson won 277 to 254 in electoral votes over Hughes who had seemed confused and had a subpar campaign. Unrestricted U-Boat Warfare On January 31, 1917, the Germans declared that their U-boats would attack merchant ships heading towards Allied ports. Only one American ship would be allowed to go to Portsmouth each week as long as it did not carry contraband. Zimmerman Note The British intercepted a German letter to Mexico in February of 1917. German foreign secretary Zimmerman wrote that when the U.S. joined the Allies, Mexico could attack the U.S. and recover the land that had been given up in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo and Texas. This lead to the U.S. declaration of war. Wilson's "War Message" (April 2) President Wilson declared that war was already going on because of the German government's aggression. Wilson did express that the war was not the fault of the German people. Congress then voted for war. Wilsonianism Wilson believed in a free market, non-exploitative capitalism, and political democracy. Wilson did not believe that military intervention was right, but he believed that if was occasionally necessary. Because of his beliefs, Wilson had tried to keep the U.S. out of World War I. Gore-McLemore Resolution This resolution would have made it illegal for Americans to travel on ships with contraband. However, Wilson did not support this resolution and it was defeated in Congress. This showed that the U.S. may have been looking for a confrontation with Germany. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk In November of 1917, the Bolsheviks lead by Lenin, overthrew the Russian government. In March of 1918, the Bolsheviks signed this treaty with Germany. Russia would give up Finland, Poland, the Ukraine, and the Baltic states in order to stop fighting with the Germans. This allowed the Germans to concentrate their troops on the Western front.

Food Administration; Herbert Hoover The Food Administration was created by the Lever Act of 1917 and had the authority to control prices, license distributors, negotiate prices, oversee exports, and tell farmers to grow more crops. This Hoover headed administration allowed the U.S. to feed itself and its Allies. War Industries Board; Bernard Baruch In 1917, the War Industries Board was created by the Council of National Defense. When Baruch was appointed as the head of the Board in March of 1918, the Board allocated and set prices on 30,000 items. The unnecessary use of vital items was also ended. This program was useful and was continued after the war. Financing World War I Taxes on income and luxury were passed. Bonds were sold. Liberty and Victory bonds netted $21 billion. Bonds and taxes were able to pay for the $30 billion the United States used during the war. However, the bonds also pushed the U.S. government into a larger debt. Espionage Act, 1917 People who helped the enemy, interferred with the draft, or encouraged mutiny in the military would face 20 years in prison and a $10,000 fine. The postmaster general could also refuse to carry mail that might help the enemy. Sedition Act, 1918 Discouraging the sale of war bonds and criticism of the U.S. government or military became illegal and could be punished by imprisonment or fine. More than 1,500 people were arrested under the act for criticizing the government. Schenck v. U.S. In this 1919 case, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sedition Acts were constitutional because the right of free speech was not always absolute. Schenck, who had been arrested for anti-draft leaflets, had challenged the law with the 1st Amendment. It was ruled that criticism that threatened the war effort should be suppresed. Abrams v. U.S. In this 1919 case, the conviction of a man for pamphlets that had attacked the government's sending of troops to Russia and called for a strike was overturned. Justices Holmes and Brandeis disagreed with the conviction because they saw no immediate threat to the war effort.

Selective Service Act, 1917 Men between the ages of 18 and 45 were required to register for the 1st draft since the Civil War. 2.8 million of the 24 million that registered for the draft were choosen AEF; General Pershing In 1917, The American Expeditionary Force led by General John J. Pershing was the 1st set of American troops to arrive in Europe. The Allies only used the group as reinforcements; therefore, they had little impact during the battles. Wilson's XIV Points Wilson's points stated support for open peace covenants, no secret agreements, freedom of the seas, free trade, disarmament, adjustment, of colonial claims, a League of Nations, and the rights of minorities. Women and the War Effort Because 16% of the male workforce went to fight in WWI, many women took up their jobs. However, most women lost their jobs as the war ended. Many women also volunteered at the Red Cross and sold bonds. Black Migration it the Cities Blacks left the agricultural South for the industrialized Northern cities for better economic opportunity and more rights. However, many Northerners resented the migration. Society was still not ready to end racial prejudice. Chicago Race Riot In the "Red Summer" of 1919 in Chicago, a black youth drowned when he was hit by a rock while swimming at a white beach. Riots ensued and 38 people were killed Webb-Pomerene Act In 1918, this act gave immunity to antitrust laws for companies that combined to operate the export trade that was essential to the war effort. Minimum prices were also placed on products. I.W.W.

The International Workers of the World believed that workers should seize and control industries. During WWI, many proponents of "Americanization" attacked IWW members. Many IWW members were jailed. Treaty of Versailles France was given the Alsace-Lorraine territory and the right to occupy the Saar territory for 15 years. The German Rhineland area would be demilitarized. England and the U.S. would protect France. Importantly, Germany was give full responsibility for the war and was forced to pay $37 billion for the war. League of Nations The League of Nations was suggested by Wilson and could investigate and advise. Only the Central Powers and Russia could not join. A council could decide whether or not to use military force. Article X This part of the League of Nations stated that members would repress aggression and protect political independence. To Wilson, this was the most important part of the League of Nations. The "Big Four" These were the four men that were responsible for creating the peace after WWI. They were President Woodrow Wilson of the United States (right), Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Premier Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Premier Georges Clemenceau of France (left). "Irreconcilables" This was a group of 16 Republicans that refused to support any type of League of Nations Impact of World War I on the United States The United States was now richer and more powerful. The U.S. was now a creditor nation instead of a debtor nation Senator Lodge, "reservationists"

Reservationists would only support the League of Nations if it benefited the United States. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge was their leader. Lodge only opposed the League for political reasons. Lodge and many of the reservationists did not oppose the principle of a League, believed it would limit U.S. Sovereignty. Wilson didnt want to modify The League and as such never passed in the United States. "Collective Security" This was the idea of all of the nations of the world working together to keep the peace.

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