Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AGENTS OF CHANGE
Beatriz Mendoza
Senior Capstone
Division of Humanities and Communication
Fall 2008
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AGENTS OF CHANGE
Beatriz Mendoza
Senior Capstone
History, Oral History and New Media & Writing and Rhetoric
Fall 2008
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Dedication
I would like to dedicate this Capstone to my daughter, Suni. You just turned two,
and I am in awe of you intelligence and your love of life. I even love how you turn
off my computer when you think I’m not looking. Thank you for your patience.
Thank you for the late night hugs and thank you for helping me smile everyday.
Shawn, I love you. This is as much yours as it is mine. I am forever grateful for your
patience, love, and consideration.
Cecilia and Josina, you two are inspirations to me. You have given me the strength to
believe in myself, and for that I cannot thank you enough.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication________________________________________________________________
Agents of Change__________________________________________________________
Appendecies____________________________________________________________20
Appendix A: Literature Review_______________________________________21
Appendix B: Interdisciplinary Essay___________________________________23
Appendix C: Annotated Bibliography__________________________________26
Appendix D: E - Poster______________________________________________35
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INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1 Fairey, Shepard. Change. Artists for Obama. This is important because we are living in an
<http://store.barackobama.com/Artists_for_Obama_s/1
018.htm>
age of self-interest and individual responsibility
undermine our quality of life. Obama, like Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King, Jr.,
Cesar Chavez, the Dalai Lama, and Mahatma Gandhi all share the following
The scholar, George Lakoff wrote, “The true power of the speech is that it does what it
says. It not only talks about empathy, it creates it.”1 I will use Obama’s speech, “A More
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CHARECTORISTICS
understanding the problems Obama will Fig 1. Dickenson, Sue. Nelson Mandela. Everard Read
Gallery. Johannesburg, South Africa. 15 Dec. 2008
<http://www.suedickinson.co.za/demos/mandela_last.jpg>
face as President sent him a congratulatory
letter on November 5th, 2008 that was published in the New York Times, “Your
victory has demonstrated that no person anywhere in the world should not dare to
dream of wanting to change the world for a better place.”4 Mandela is an agent for
social change because he has a belief that change can happen, and Obama has
become the most current image of change in the 21st century. So after hundreds of
years of racial division in America, Obama, against all odds, was still able to achieve
one of the great moral political figures of our time. He personifies how moral
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involved society. Obama has shown his optimism by acknowledging that he does
believe and has hope we will one day come together, united, as different as we may
think we are to create a better society. The following is an excerpt from Obama’s ‘A
Both Obama and Mandela have united a country, and have inspired them to work
Fig. 2 Flip, Chulk.Untitled. Time. 15 Dec. 2008 They capture attention through
<http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/mlk/2.html>
They work their speech as to direct it towards the emotion and capture our
attention by continuously repeating words that inspire us. Mr. King continues to live
on and inspire others because he used his ability to spread knowledge for the greater
good, just as Obama has. According to Jamieson Hall, in his book, Eloquence in an
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Electronic Age : The Transformation of Political Speechmaking, states great speeches tend
to “survive their generative contexts to define the past for us.” (91) We have the
opportunity to look at back at the greatest orators of that time to understand how
they affected and created change. With their passion also comes a sound, reasoned
communication that has the ability to cross cultural borders and spread their words
of wisdom.
passion in their speeches, and in their everyday lives. According to the famous
Modern Student,”5 (80) he linked oratory to moral character, “For he who would
have all men trust his judgment as to what is expedient and honourable, should
Obama and Martin Luther King Jr. not only have the ability to speak effectively to
inspire the masses, they have the passion and the drive to motivate. At the end of
Obama’s speech he spoke about the need, as a country, to talk about and learn about
the many issues facing our country, “This time, we want to talk about the crumbling
schools that are stealing the future of black children and white children and Asian
children and Hispanic children and Native American children.” He spoke with a
focused tone and a look of urgency in his eyes. His passion vibrated through his
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community organizer in
Fig. 3 Cesar E. Chavez Foundation. Cesar Chavez-Portrait.. 15 Dec. understood that in order to gain a
2008. www.chavezfoundation.org
better understanding of the needs of the community he would have to deal directly
with them. In his book, “The Audacity of Hope,” Obama wrote about his
experiences with the people of his state while campaigning for a seat as an Illinois
Senator. He wrote about giving speeches in small town halls, farms, and town
squares, and the impact they made to the people of those places. (134) He used a
similar idea, later in his career, while running for president to use a similar tactic of
speaking and receiving input from the community by utilizing online social
networks to build support from all across the nation. Cesar Chavez had the courage
to stand against injustice, and he had the courage to complete his mission of creating
a union that was built using a large database of supporters that believed in their
cause.
Obama too, would muster the strength and courage to stand for his values
and beliefs in order to take charge in gathering support from the ordinary citizen,
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the laborer, the undocumented worker, and the farm workers, students, and even the
working together, and like the mobilization of the farm worker for the common
good, Obama has instilled this form of conviction to the rest of the American people.
And as he tries to unite a country, he shares his hopes for a better tomorrow, and we
feel his courage. Here is another excerpt from his ‘A More Perfect Union’ speech:
Obama and Chavez want people to have the courage to step outside our
comfort zones and be responsible for what is happening in our communities and
beyond. Chavez once said about Organizing: “The life of the union depends upon
more people getting to share the limelight, because with the limelight also comes
responsibility and with the responsibility comes a little sharing of the load.”6
Cesar Chavez was not running for political office, he was successful at
creating the United Farm Workers Union7 (UFW) because he had the courage to
understand that the trouble others faced was not someone else’s problem, it was his
problem, and so it was the common responsibility that people all across the nation,
and within the farm working communities to be treated equal, fair, and with respect.
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icon that stands for non-violence, religious Fig.4Kimmel, Nataly. His Holiness the Dalai Lama.
15 Dec. 2008 <http://www.natalykimmel.com>
Tibet to think critically about their way of being. He has been exiled from his
country from a very early age, but he is hopeful that his country will one day be free.
Barack Obama has a fundamental belief that we can engage one another to
Obama’s speech noted we can be “perfected over time.” We all carry within us the
ability to do well by caring for one another, and to live constructive lives in order to
build a “more perfect” world. The Dalai Lama and Obama are fair-minded people
that encourage each others to look around them and become aware of the injustices
that are happening, but more importantly to take action against them.
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He knew there was racism in his country that lead to social inequalities, and
and actually creating a plan to help make it what it should be Gandhi’s message will
not only transcend time for his persistence, but because he had moral outrage.
his own that enable him to see the many injustices that are happening in our time.
He knows and understands the problems we are facing today come from a legacy of
defeat in the fight for social equality, and because he is able to speak about this
specific issue in a country that is racially divided is courageous, to say the least. The
fact that he would put his own political stake on the line to make progress is how he
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shows his own moral courage. In his ‘A More Perfect Union’ speech he describes the
But for all those who scratched and clawed their way to get a piece of
the American Dream, there were many who didn't make it - those who
were ultimately defeated, in one way or another, by discrimination. That
legacy of defeat was passed on to future generations - those young men
and increasingly young women who we see standing on street corners
or languishing in our prisons, without hope or prospects for the future.
Obama does not stray away from the truth; rather he uses it as a tool to spread
knowledge of the many inequalities that have been happening for years. He has the
present, as non-extinct, and privilege as reality, but not as a fixed item. Obama, like
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Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi once said, “If I have the belief that I can do it, I shall surely
acquire the capacity to do it even if I may not have it at the beginning.”8 Gandhi was
a political and spiritual leader in India that inspired millions by fighting British rule
became a staple for the rest of the world to follow by speaking truth to power.
divisiveness, and to ultimately create social equality. “Let us find that common stake
we all have in one another, and let our politics reflect that spirit as well.” Obama is
trying to convey the overwhelming need to become part of one another’s success,
and thus our government should reflect that as well because it reflects our changing
society. Like Gandhi he uses the people as a catalyst to change the highest order of
the land, its government, to create change and promote equality to its entire
population just as Obama is calling on the people of the America to do the same.
Their courage and strength, and their ability to effectively move a nation is
astounding. They are capable of teaching the masses the importance of common
responsibility because they had the passion and drive to fight the long fight, even
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We all have the capacity to be moral human beings that help create just, fair,
and constructive societies that challenge social norms, injustice, and inequalities.
Barack Obama has been a catalyst for change and a symbol of hope, and his speech
He says, “…we cannot solve the problems of our time unless we solve them
together.” He has created a movement, he has created awareness, and he has created
change at this moment in time, and he has done this showing courage, moral
courage.
Dalai Lama
The Dalai Lama is the representative and the spiritual leader of Tibet. He has
been trying to organize a democracy for Tibet outside of Chinese rule since the early
1970’s. The people of Tibet want to be free to govern themselves with dignity and
respect, and the Dalai Lama has aided in their efforts, but there has yet to be
promotes human values, religious harmony, and hopes to one day free Tibetans
from Chinese rule. In his book, Ethics for the New Millennium, Dalai Lama extends
these word of discourse, “…the more we truly desire to benefit others, the greater
the strength and confidence we develop and the greater the peach and happiness we
experience.” (130)
Obama promotes human values in his speeches, books, and in his own public
and political life that promote compassion, kindness, and empathy. He writes in his
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book, The Audacity of Hope, that as a country and as individuals in this country we
have collective ideals that we each “value the constellation of behaviors that express
our mutual regard for one another: honesty, fairness, humility, kindness, courtesy,
and compassion.” (55) The values that Obama writes about are the same the Dalai
The Dalai Lama has the ability to speak in a universal language to unify us
through collective values that are based in our humanity. Obama has this gift too, to
fair-minded, and great at getting this message across to the nation. In his speech, ‘A
more perfect Union,’ Obama created awareness by speaking about the children of
America as a whole, and the need to care about them all; here is a passage from his ‘
This time we want to talk about the crumbling schools that are
stealing the future of black children and white children and
Asian children and Hispanic children and Native American
children. This time we want to reject the cynicism that tells us
that these kids can't learn; that those kids who don't look like
us are somebody else's problem. The children of America are
not those kids, they are our kids, and we will not let them fall
behind in a 21st century economy.
We are a country that values family, love, and each other. He has made visible the
core values and made clear that our ideals are and should be much stronger than our
prejudices.
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Obama has created a social movement that ignites individuals from different
cultural backgrounds and walks of life to come together and take action against
injustices on behalf of the people of America, and to fight for our common values,
goals.
Cesar Chavez
Cesar Chavez was a Mexican-American farm worker, union leader, and civil
rights activist that began his fight for equality in California in the early 60’s. He
understood the struggles that farm workers faced and he wanted to unionize them.
He saw and experienced the disparities and the discrimination they endured, and
wanted to make it better. He became the first person to successfully unite California
farm workers, and become a role model to the Hispanic community. The farm
workers union was successful for many reasons, but it was for his individual
determination and courage that helped it became a reality, today the union he began
“Si se Puede” became a slogan for the UFW during their famous grape
boycotts. It created hope for the farm worker who stood for months holding signs
that one day he too will be able to earn a living wage, be part of a union he is
working with, and ultimately be proud of what he does and has done. Cesar Chavez
spoke to the people on a regular basis and gave them the courage to fight for their
rights. One thing Chavez did was create harmony between the different people
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the different cultural groups he was able to transcend barriers, help more people,
As a slogan “Si se puede” played a large role in unifying the Mexican farm
workers. In the 21st century Obama has been able to create this fire and unity by
using a similar slogan, “YES WE CAN.” Throughout his campaign Obama uses the
upholds their ideas and a, “…constitution that promise[s] it’s people liberty, and
justice, and union that could be and should be perfected over time.”
Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. was a civil rights activist fighting for
equality throughout the late 50’s and early 60’s until he was assassinated in 1968 at
the age of 39.9 He was a leader, motivator, and eloquent orator that voiced his
opinion about the injustices that were happening during that time. He raised the
consciousness for the civil rights movement wherever he could. In 1963, at the
Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous ‘I
history because it carries with it the vision, voice, and struggle of that time period,
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation
where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the
content of their character.
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for civil rights, and for equality. The hurt, the anger, and the injustices of the time
came out with passion, with power, and with purpose. The culmination of his life
was to fight for the right all the people of the Nation, and he did so with moral
courage, and passion. He was able to preach justice and create mass awareness to his
Barack Obama like King has established himself as a great orator, and he too
has been regarded for a speech that will transcend time. ‘A More Perfect Union,’ and
like King, Obama’s speech was about race in America, and about hope, morality, and
the need for empathy. As king said, “I have a dream,” he passed along his hope that
his children will one day live in a country that will come together and become
partners in society. That we can and should be seen for who we are, and for who we
can be, and this can be done for both black and white alike. Obama also tries to
mend the racial divisiveness by acknowledging the hurt, pain, and anger that the
black and white communities feel about the injustices they have faced, and harbor
But the anger is real; it is powerful; and to simply wish it away, to condemn it
without understanding its roots, only serves to widen the chasm of
misunderstanding that exists between the races.
Obama represents himself through his passionate speeches by being truthful, calm,
and straightforward. America is not perfect, as the title to his speech suggests, but
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what should not be forgotten is the greatness of a country that can and may one day
nation that has not been seen since the civil right movement. An individual,
community, and a country asking for change, working together, united, for social
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela was the first black president of South Africa from 1994-1999.
was imprisoned for 27 years because he had the moral courage to stand up for what
he believed in; social and political equality.11 Mandela also advocated and rendered a
reconciliation movement to mend, unify, and help transcend racial hatred in this
country. Obama wants to mend some of those feelings that people feel by
acknowledging them. Below is a passage from his, “A More Perfect Union’ speech:
But for all those that scratched and clawed their way to get a piece of
the American Dream, there were many who didn’t make it-those who
were ultimately defeated, in one way or another, by discrimination.
That legacy of defeat was passed down on to future generations –
those young men and increasingly young women…
Obama, like Mandela, tries to create a movement that helps Americans
Our humanity depends on our ability to work together to solve problems, but
we must first make strides to conquer our prejudices and the cynicism that continues
to play in our minds. Obama engages us to critically think about our own values and
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beliefs, and to challenge those that stop us from working together to create social
change. Obama represents change because he has given the nation and world the
tools to become more aware, and hopeful citizens. Below is a passage from ‘A More
Perfect Union:’
what we know is wrong is the only way we can move towards a more equal society.
To learn from our mistakes and those of our past, to make sure neither we nor future
CONCLUSION
the masses by giving them the opportunity to understand the history that plagues
the black , white, Latino, Asian, and Native America people of the United States. He
has crossed cultural boundaries to create a more unified society. Below is a passage
Obama has instill hope, generate momentum, and created a vision for a better
tomorrow that includes us all. Like Gandhi, Obama shares his underlying devotion
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to the people of his country, a respect for the world and ultimately a belief in our
shared humanity. Like the Dalai Lama, Obama fights for social justice in the 21st
century and has become an international icon. He has a fundamental belief that
change can happen because we have shared values and ideals. We should care about
one another, “do onto others, as we would have them do unto us.”12 This is how we
create a society that does not repeat the atrocities of the past, and prove we can move
towards a more socially conscious society that values the individual by accepting
our responsibility towards them. We can teach our children to be partners with all
the different colored children in the world, we can teach them about empathy,
including the wealthy, and the poor, and those in between. “Yes we Can,” make a
difference, and together we can make it happen by having the courage to look
beyond ourselves for the greater good. Obama will also be remembered for his
speeches, more specifically the greatest speech of our time, “A More Perfect Union,”
a speech that has paved the way for us to learn about one another with courage,
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1
Lakoff, George. "What Made Obama's Speech Great." Alter Net. 26 Mar. 2008. 29 Oct. 2008.
<http://http://www.alternet.org/election08/80549/>.
2
Obama, Barack H. "'A More Perfect Union'" National Constitution Center, Philidalphia, Pensylvania. 18 Mar. 2008.
Barack Obama. 18 Mar. 2008. 15 Dec. 2008
<http://http://www.barackobama.com/2008/03/18/remarks_of_senator_barack_obam_53.php>.
3
Nichols, John. "Mandela's Message." The Nation. 05 Nov. 2008. 15 Dec. 2008
<http://http://www.thenation.com/blogs/state_of_change/380596/mandela_s_message>.
4
Mandela, Nelson. "Text of Nelson Mandela’s Letter to Senator Obama." 5 Nov. 2008. New York Times. 15 Dec. 2008
<http://http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/06/world/africa/06mandela.html?_r=1>.
5
Corbett, Edward P., and Robert J. Connors. Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. New York: Oxford UP,
1998
6
Chavez, Cesar. "Education of The Heart - Quotes by Cesar Chavez." United Farm Workers. 1 Jan. 2006. 15 Dec. 2008
<http://http://www.ufw.org/_page.php?menu=research&inc=history/09.html>.
7
Gutierrez, David G. Walls and Mirrors - Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants and the Politics of Ethnicity. New
York: University of California P, 1995
8
Gandhi, Mahatma. "Mahatma Gandhi Quotes." The quotations page. 1994. 15 Dec. 2008
<http://http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/mahatma_gandhi/>.
9
"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr." The King Center. 2004. 15 Dec. 2008
<http://http://www.thekingcenter.org/mlk/index.html>.
10
“Biographical Outline of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.” The King Center. 2004. 15 Dec. 2008.
< http://www.thekingcenter.org/mlk/bio.html>
11
Mandela, Nelson. Mandela: An Illustrated Autobiography. Boston: Little Brown & Company, 1996.
12
Obama, Barack H. "'A More Perfect Union'" National Constitution Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Mar. 2008.
Barack Obama. 18 Mar. 2008. 15 Dec. 2008
<http://http://www.barackobama.com/2008/03/18/remarks_of_senator_barack_obam_53.php>.