Can Europe Be a Model for Turkey to Internalize her Energy Externalities?

Part 1 : Primary & Secondary Particles

Aytu ELMALI Erdemir Engineering, Management & Consulting Inc. (ERENCO) Uzunkum Cad. No:7 Kdz. Ereli, Zonguldak, 67330, TURKEY aelmali@erdemir.com.tr OCTOBER 2011 ABSTRACT

One of the lessons we have learnt during our industrialization process is that the garbage we left behind would trip up someone else. In other words, it is not possible to smooth over cracks any more. The home owner has already surpassed her limits; tired and exhausted, but we are still getting naughtier. In economics, an externality is a cost or benefit not transmitted through prices and ethically, if there is behaviour oversteps the limits, someone should be responsible for the outcomes or get the praise if there is a social benefit. Externalities of Energy really deserve care for its consistent, destructive and transboundary environmental impacts. Especially some industrialized countries and sensitive organizations have had various scientific and methodological researches to evaluate environmental impacts of energy production in monetary terms & numbers, express critical load levels that exceedence increases exposure to risks and health problems, determine target levels and develop strategies, like EU, to reduce pollution, draw public attention and promote attendance. All come to the point that the Externalities of Energy should be internalized; damages and yields should be monetized and finally charged to its producers and/or beneficiaries. Sure, if we do not internalize them, the market equilibrium will shift in favour of the polluters producing and/or consuming in a neglectful manner. Today, the living organisms are exposed to aerosols, particulates, heavy metals and greenhouse gases than ever before. Chemical reactions and temperature rise in nature also increase interaction, absorption, accumulation and effectuation of these polluters. Now, the nature needs all our action. Anahtar Kelimeler: Internalizing Externalities of Energy, Clean Air For Europe (CAFE), The Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution

PRIMARY & SECONDARY PARTICULES

Air pollution, an externality having negative effects on health and environment is composed of Primary Particles, e.g. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and Particulate Matter (PM) emitted directly to the atmosphere by power plants, vehicles, burning of wood, fossil fuels, dust sources, etc. although Secondary Particles (aerosols), e.g. nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ammonia (NH3) emissions form in the atmosphere via chemical reactions of industry, automobile, power plant... outputs on air. Besides, decomposition of these gases and particulates on stratosphere with the climate events and sunlight; Eutrophication, Acidification and GroundLevel Ozone as well as sulphur compounds, nitrogen compounds and hydrocarbons arise.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PARTICLES

NOX and SOX: Nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted during fossil fuel combustion, especially by power plants, industrial facilities and road transport sector. Increase in burning temperature also increase NOX formations. Sulphur oxides (SOX) occur when solid and liquid fossil fuels containing sulphur are burned; mainly in energy production. Sulphur dioxide emissions arising from natural gas combustion are negligible when compared to coal and petroleum. PM10 and PM2,5: The particulate matters with diameters less than 10 and 2,5 (microns=10-6 m) can be released to the atmosphere either by the main polluters or they can compose in the atmosphere by the emissions, sulfates and nitrats. PM10, also called coarse fraction e.g. dust, sand, compounds do but especially PM2,5, also called fine fraction which generally occurs under reactions on air and easier to absorb and mix in blood in lungs has the biggest impact on health. Indeed PM2,5 is the main reason of deaths and permanent damages under air pollution. Patients, elder people, children and babies are in the high risk group as well as the ecosystem. VOC: Fossil fuels are composed of organic compounds which can evaporate under normal atmospheric conditions. So, in addition to motor vehicles and petrol stations, paints and other solvents are the main organic compounds resources and they may be in gas, liquid and solid phases. Ground-level ozone: Other than the ozone on the stratosphere (O2) preserving our world from Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR); ground-level ozone (O3) is a photochemical reaction and generally occurs around the NO2 sources in the presence of heat and VOC. Ground-level ozone also constitutes to smog formation as well as contributing to global warming. Ozone is the second most important air pollution factor threatening health and the main reason for crop loss in Europe as an undesired outcome of industrialization.

Eutrophication: Increase in food stuff in lakes and other aquatic ecosystems with excess supply of ammonia (NH3), NOx, phosphate, etc. because of some various anthropogenic reasons (e.g. erosion and acts of mankind) lead to increase in plant size, number and variety. Then, the decrease in the amount of oxygen in the aquatic ecosystem will contribute to weakening and vanishing of the living organisms. Acidification and Acid Rains: SO2 and NOX are the main components of acidification on soil, freshwater and oceans. Mercury, cadmium, lead and other heavy metals decompose in acidic reactions in higher amounts. The plants, animals, mankind dependent to the clean water resources and nourished in nature will have to make a survive struggle in a toxic lifecycle where temporary or permanent damage of health inc. DNA mutation or death is probable.

Hereinbelow are some of the main external costs of energy and transport on health & environment;

Source: European Commission DG for Research (3) As it is in most of the industrialized countries, the main source of the air pollution in European Economic Area (EEA-32) having negative effects on lifecycle is energy production and consumption; accounting for around 70 % of sulphur oxides emissions and 21 % of NOX output despite significant reductions since 1990. Meanwhile, energy usage by households burning fuels such as wood, gas, coal etc. is the single most important source of PM2.5 and CO, and the third most important source of NMVOCs, NOX and SOX. If we insert the end-users, 95.8 % of NOX, 80 % of PM2.5, 44 % of VOC and 95 % of SOX in 2008 are energy based. (4)
Sources of Selected Air Pollutants in 2008 for EEA-32 and Western Balkan Countries

Despite significant past reductions of SOX from power plants, energy production & distribution sector continues to be the main source of SOX in Europe today. Although cheaper coal consumption has increased again in some areas due to rise in fuel prices in recent years, the domestic use of high-sulphur fuels such as coal has largely ceased in many urban and other denselypopulated areas, first in western Europe and more recently in most central and eastern European countries. Reductions of NOX emissions in the last two decades occurred across nearly all economic sectors; but 45 % of the total reduction was in road transportation and 30 % in power generation. (5) Between 1990 and 2008, EEA-32 emissions of SO2 and NOx from public electricity and heat production fell despite a 35 % increase in the amount of electricity and heat produced. SO2 emissions fell by 70 %, due mainly to abatement techniques, use of low-sulphur fuels, and fossil fuel switching. NOx emissions fell by 41 %, primarily due to abatement techniques. The main explanatory factors for the past changes in SO2 and NOX emissions from the power and heat generating sector include public thermal, nuclear, hydro and wind plants. If the structure of this sector had remained unchanged from 1990, then emissions of SO2 and NOX by 2008 would have been around 35 % above 1990 levels. (6)
Estimated Impact of Different Factors on the Reduction in Emissions of NOX and SO2 from Public Electricity and Heat Production, EEA-32, 19902008

Among various efforts to evaluate the externalities of energy and appraise them in decision making process, EU put into practice two programs; Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) and 6th Environmental Action (6th EAP) at the beginning of the 21th century. CAFE was launched in March 2001 with the aim to develop long-term, strategic and integrated policy advice to protect against significant negative effects of air pollution on human health and the environment. (7) (Please see the CAFE Communication COM(2001) 245) 6th EAP is a programme of community action on the environment with key objectives covering a period of ten years, in practice between 2002 and 2012. The priorities of the 6th EAP cover climate change, nature and biodiversity, environment, health and quality of life, and natural resources and waste. Within these key priorities, the 6th EAP calls for the development of seven thematic strategies including a coherent and integrated strategy on air pollution to establish the objective of achieving levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impacts on and risks to human health and the environment. This includes no exceedence of critical loads (a level of exposure below which there is not expected to be any risk) and levels for natural ecosystems. (8) After the analyses of the current situation and the probable scenarios under these programs, The Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution adopted by the European Commission on 21 September 2005 to present a coherent and integrated policy on air pollution which: (1) sets out priorities for future action; (2) reviews existing ambient air quality legislation and the National Emission Ceilings Directive with a view to reaching long-term environmental objectives; and (3) develops better systems for gathering information, modelling and forecasting air pollution until 2020. (9) With this Thematic Strategy, European Union had the chance to determine, develop and internalize the interim objectives, scenarios and the most favourable strategy specified with costeffectiveness and cost-benefit analyzes to decrease air pollution and its impacts. When compared to business-as-usual scenario (with the current trend of the baseline year 2000), until 2020, roughly 560,000 adult life years and 63,000 additional baby life savings, 42-135 billion euro/year monetized health benefits and 1,200,000 km2 ecosystem areas prevention from acidification, eutrophication, ozone, etc. are expected within the adopted strategy. (10)

Note: MTFR; Maximum Technical Feasible Reduction

The adopted strategy leading to great yields was chosen between scenario A and B, where a sharp increase in marginal costs but decrease in marginal benefits initiate. For additional information on reduction of polluting emissions and their impact analyzes under the business-asusual (baseline) and policy scenarios, please see the report of Commission of the European Communities, SEC(2005) 1133 including the table below. (11)

In the EU-27, overall SO2 emissions decreased by 78 %, NMVOC (50 %) and NOX (44 %), Cd (58 %), Hg (61 %), Pb (90 %), PM10 (27 %), PM2,5 (34 %) in 1990-2008 period. But in Turkey, SO2 emissions increased by 44 %, NMVOC (116 %) and NOX (34 %) in the same period. Please visit http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/PivotApp/pivot.aspx?pivotid=478 for additional data. Today, the intensity of NOX and SO2 emissions of public conventional thermal power plants in Turkey is within the highest three of EU-32. Turkey is also the 7th and 8th country performing poor performance on reducing these emissions respectively between these 32 countries in 19902008 period.(12) In the report published in 2004 covering Energy Baseline Scenarios reshaped under CAF Program, nuclear energy and solid fuels are projected to lose market share continuously such that in 2020 they account for 20.1 % and 11.7 % respectively compared to 31.8 % and 31.5 % in 2000. The emerging gap is largely covered by greater use of natural gas, which beyond 2010 is projected to become the main energy input for electricity generation. In 2020, close to 45 % of total electricity produced is projected to come from natural gas compared to 16.1 % in 2000. (13) If we have a look at the resources of the electric production in Turkey in 2010, natural gas has a share of 45.9 %, coal 24.8 %, hydro 24.5 %, liquid fuels 3.5 %, and the remaining is the other renewables(14). According to Turkish Electricity Market and Supply Security Strategy Document, in the year 2023, the share of hydro in electric production will be 30 %, coal 25 %, natural gas 18 %, wind 18 %, nuclear 5 %, liquid fuels 3 % and the remaining 1 % is solar and others. (15)

References: [1] EU Financed Research Institutes, e.g. IER, BATH, IOM, Centre dnergtique. Externe. Externalities of Energy, A Research Project of European Commission. [evrimii] 2005. http://www.externe.info/definition.html. [2] Bickel P., Friedrich R. Externe, Externalities of Energy, Methodology 2005 Update. Luxemburg : http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/kina_en.pdf, page 4, 2005. [3] European Commission, DG for Research. External Costs, Research results on socioenvironmental damages due to electricity and transport. Brussels : http://www.externe.info/externpr.pdf, Page 9, 2003. [4] European Environment Agency. The European Environment State and Outlook 2010 - Air Pollution. Copenhagen : http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/europe/airpollution/?b_start:int=0&-C=.com, Page 24 and 25, 2010. [5] European Environment Agency. The European Environment State and Outlook 2010 - Air Pollution. Copenhagen : http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/europe/airpollution/at_download/file, Page 24, 26 and 27, 2010. [6] European Environment Agency. Emissions (CO2, SO2, NOX) from public electricity and heat production. [evrimii] 2011. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-andmaps/indicators/emissions-co2-so2-nox-from-1/assessment-1. [7] European Commission, Environment DG. The CAFE Programme & The Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution. [evrimii] http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/cafe/index.htm. [8] Commission of the European Communities, Staff Working Paper SEC(2005) 1133. Summary Impact Assessment of the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution and the Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe. s.l. : http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/cafe/pdf/ia_report_en050921_summary.pdf, Page 6. [9] Commission of the European Communities, SEC(2005) 1133. The Communication on Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution and The Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe'' Impact Assesment. [evrimii]. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/cafe/pdf/ia_report_en050921_final.pdf. [10] Vainio, M., European Commission DG Environment, Deputy Head of Clean Air & Transport Unit. Impact Assessment of the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution. [evrimii] www.externe.info/brussels/br1130.pdf, 2005. [11] Commission of the European Communities, SEC(2005) 1133. The Communication on Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution and the Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe Impact Assessment. s.l. : www.ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/cafe/pdf/ia_report_en050921_final.pdf. [12] European Environment Agency. Emissions (CO2, SO2, NOx) intensity of public conventional thermal power electricity and heat production (ENER 008). [evrimii] 2011. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/emissions-co2-so2-nox-intensity1/assessment-1. [13] Dr. L. Mantzos, M. Zeka-Paschou, Institute of Communication and Computer Systems of National Technical University of Athens. Energy Baseline Scenarios for the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) programme. s.l. : http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/cafe/general/pdf/scenarios_cafe.pdf, Page 18, 2004. [14] Dr. M. GZEN, EPDK. Dzenleme Perspektifinden Elektrik Piyasasnda Gelinen Aama ve Hedefler. 2011. http://www.icci.com.tr/2011sunumlar/O01_Mustafa_Gozen.pdf, Page 5. [15] M. ETN, EPDK Enerji leri Genel Mdr V. Trkiye Enerji Sektrnn Gncel Grnm. 2010. http://www.icci.com.tr/2010sunumlar/Pn2_MustafaCetin.ppt, Page 21.

Can Europe Be a Model for Turkey to Internalize her Energy Externalities? Part 2: Heavy Metals, Greenhouse Gases & EU Legislation on Air Pollution
Aytu ELMALI Erdemir Engineering, Management & Consulting Inc. (ERENCO) Uzunkum Cad. No:7 Kdz. Ereli, Zonguldak, 67330, TURKEY aelmali@erdemir.com.tr ABSTRACT

One of the lessons we have learnt during our industrialization process is that the garbage we left behind would trip up someone else. In other words, it is not possible to smooth over cracks any more. The home owner has already surpassed her limits; tired and exhausted, but we are still getting naughtier. In economics, an externality is a cost or benefit not transmitted through prices and ethically, if there is behaviour oversteps the limits, someone should be responsible for the outcomes or get the praise if there is a social benefit. Externalities of Energy really deserve care for its consistent, destructive and transboundary environmental impacts. Especially some industrialized countries and sensitive organizations have had various scientific and methodological researches to evaluate environmental impacts of energy production in monetary terms & numbers, express critical load levels that exceedence increases exposure to risks and health problems, determine target levels and develop strategies, like EU, to reduce pollution, draw public attention and promote attendance. All come to the point that the Externalities of Energy should be internalized; damages and yields should be monetized and finally charged to its producers and/or beneficiaries. Sure, if we do not internalize them, the market equilibrium will shift in favour of the polluters producing and/or consuming in a neglectful manner. Today, the living organisms are exposed to aerosols, particulates, heavy metals and greenhouse gases than ever before. Chemical reactions and temperature rise in nature also increase interaction, absorption, accumulation and effectuation of these polluters. Now, the nature needs all our action. Anahtar Kelimeler: Internalizing Externalities of Energy, Heavy Metals Pollution, Climate Change, Global Warming, The Climate and Energy Package

HEAVY METALS AND GREENHOUSE GASES

The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. Examples of heavy metals include mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb). (1)

Similar to the particles, heavy metals bioaccumulating in bodies lead to permanent and fatal diseases; e.g. blood poisoning, genetic & hereditary diseases, IQ point loss, cancer and birth defects related to the amount and time exposed. Please visit http://www.externe.info/publications.html ExternE Externalities of Energy, A Research Project of the European Commission, Methodology Update 2005 for the purpose and general methodology of the research, monetary valuation, exposure-response impacts on health, ecosystem, biodiversity, global warming etc. Integrated Assessment of Releases of Heavy Metals in Europe (ESPREME) project was also financed by EC between 2004-2007 to assess the heavy metal releases, abatement and reduction scenarios in the region. In Europe, the external costs of heavy metals; e.g. Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni) on human health are projected to exceed 7.3 billion euro/year in 2010 as per business-as-usual scenario. Marginal cost of mercury is nearly 8 million Euro/t, arsenic 2.5 million Euro/t and lead 0.5 million Euro/t.(2)
Health Endpoints & Risk Factors of Heavy Metals

Source: ESPREME Project Team (3) Lead has the highest share (77 %) of external costs among anthropogenic and natural HMs pollution, arsenic (15 %), cadmium (5 %) and the mercury (2 %). Among the most important endpoints; IQ point loss, anaemia and cardiovascular mortality have the largest monetized costs.(4) When we have a look at the sector split of the selected heavy metals; lead, mercury and cadmium aroused in 2008 in Europe, energy production and consumption inc. commercial, institutional and households has the greatest share in this HMs pollution. 54 % of the lead, 68.1 % of the mercury and 77.1 % of the cadmium are energy based. If we add the transportation sector, these rates ascend to 64.6 %, 74.8 % and 81.9 % respectively.(5) As well as the primary & secondary particles (NOX, SO2, VOC, PM, etc.) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, etc.), the greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6) emitted have a deep impact on ecosystem, especially with climate change effect. Naturally, the changes we experience in nature also do some heavy damages on our health, habitat and environment.

Health Impacts of Environmental Changes and Ecosystem Impairment

Source: European Environment Agency (6) Additionally, the interaction of the air polluters (primary and secondary particles, heavy metals and particle formations; e.g. acidification, ozone, eutrophication) and GhGs increase their harmful impacts interactively. Increase in temperature also boosts reactions and ground-level-ozone is also accepted as a GhG, either. So, integrated air pollution approach/assessment covering all polluters and outcomes (health loss, biodiversity, climate change, etc.) is more valuable for praiseworthy evaluations.(7) Greenhouse gases, the main reason for the increase in environmental disasters, put a pressure on agricultural lands, forests, icebergs, clean water resources, coastal areas, species and natural habitat, too. As all we know, according to IPCC 4th Assessment Report dated 2007, with the best estimates, 1.8 - 4 C arise in global average surface air temperature expected in the 21th century (The updated 100-year linear trend 1906 to 2005 is 0.74 C). 2 C temperature increase above preindustrial level is accepted as threshold limit, upper limit beyond the risks and non-linear responses increase rapidly (8), which will contribute to irreversible and destroying outcomes; sea level rise, heat waves, droughts, tropical cyclones, etc. In the period 1990-2009, GhG emissions in CO2 equivalents (excluding LULUCF- Land use, land use change and forestry) decreased 974.3 million tons (17.4 %) in EU-27. Nearly 354.5 million tons of the reduction was in 2008 and 2009, and 103.2 million tons decrease in two years was in public heat and electricity production sector. The most important GhG by far is CO2; accounting for 81.6 % of total EU-27 emissions in 2009. Besides, the most important sector by far is Energy (i.e. combustion and fugitive emissions) and accounting for 79.3 % of total EU-27 emissions in CO2 eq. (4.615 million tonnes) in this year. The second largest sector is Agriculture 10.3 %, followed by Industrial Processes 7 %. (9) Public electricity and heat production accounts for nearly 30 % of all GhG emissions in Europe today. Also, please visit http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/PivotApp/pivot.aspx?pivotid=475 for detailed pivot table analyzes with EEA greenhouse gas data viewer. The overall EU GhG emission trend is dominated by the two largest emitters Germany and the United Kingdom, accounting for about one third of total EU-27 GHG emissions. These two Member States have achieved total GHG emission reductions of 538 million tonnes CO2equivalents until 2009 when compared to 1990. The main reasons for the favorable trend in Germany were increasing efficiency in power and heating plants and the economic restructuring of

the five new Lnder after German reunification. The reduction of GHG emissions in the United Kingdom was primarily the result of liberalizing energy markets and the subsequent fuel switches from oil and coal to gas in electricity production and N2O emission reduction measures in the production of adipic acid. (10) The total emissions of CO2 arising from public electricity and heat production reduced 4.3 % parallel with an increase in thermal efficiency, fossil fuel-switching, nuclear and renewable energy production between 1990 and 2008 in EEA-32 although 34.9 % increase of CO2 in the sector was expected in the business-as-usual scenario (without any improvement) in this period. Please see http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/estimated-impact-of-different-factors-on-thereduction-in-emissions-of-co2-from-public-electricity-and-heat-production-between-1990-and2006-eea-1 In Turkey, GhGs in CO2 eq. increased 96 % in the period 1990-2008. Meanwhile, the increase of energy sector GhGs was nearly 114 % and the contribution of energy production & consumption to GhG emissions was 76 % in 2008 (11). The anticipated increase of GhGs in total and in the energy sector in CO2 eq. in reference scenario from 1990 to 2020 is 370 % and 552 % respectively as per the 1st National Communication (FNC) submitted to the UNFCCC in 2007. In this report; A remarkable temperature increase (esp. in the coasts of west and south) in summer and decrease (esp. in the coasts of north) in winter observed. Increase of rains in Black Sea coasts (esp. in east regions) and decrease in AegeanMediterranean coasts (esp. in winter) are the other climate change events aroused. 2-13 % reduction at agricultural productivity all over the country experienced. 86.5 % of the total land is under the risk of erosion, deterioration and desertification, and 73 % of the cultivatable land is vulnerable to desertification. Surface water shall decrease 20 %, 35 % and 50 % in 2030, 2050 and 2100 respectively. 2.3 Co average temperature increase and annual average rains decrease from 470 mm to 360 mm until 2070 are projected for the south of Turkey, etc. also mentioned. (12) For mitigation of GhGs; reduction of energy intensity by 2020 with reference to the levels in 2004, increasing the share of renewable energy in total power generation up to 25% by 2020 and limiting CO2 emissions 7 % in the reference scenario were targeted for the energy sector of Turkey.

(13)

LEGISLATION

Please visit http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/legis.htm for the list and text of legislation on air effectuated to reduce the environmental pollution to below threshold limits for EU. Within these directives to point the members the direction, develop strategies and put some limits for air pollution, the union adopted Large Combustion Plants Directive (LCPD 2001/80/EC is valid until the year 2016) to decrease the hazardous impacts of power plants having thermal capacity more than 50 MW. Turkey has internalized this directive with Byk Yakma Tesisleri Ynetmelii published in Official Gazette dated 08.06.2010 with no 27605. In March 2007, Europes leaders endorsed a forward-looking political agenda in The Climate and Energy Package to achieve their core energy and climate change objectives of sustainability (social, economic and environmental) by reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % (a new ambition; rising to 30 % if the conditions are right is also assessed) of 1990 levels, increasing the share of renewables in the energy consumption to 20 % (also, 10 % of transport fuels from

renewables) and improving energy efficiency by 20 % over projected consumption until 2020. Some of the positive externalities of the package are formation of a global roadmap to climate change, secure energy supply, 50bn a year less on oil & gas imports, 1m jobs in European renewables industry, get competitive advantage through innovation in energy sector, more jobs in energy related industries and less air pollution. (14) On 10 November 2010, the European Commission adopted the COM(2010) 639; Energy 2020 - A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy defining the energy priorities for the next ten years. In the field of electricity generation, investments are envisaged to reach to nearly two thirds of the electricity coming from low carbon sources by the early 2020's, the current level being 45 %. Empowering consumers, decoupling economic growth from energy use, exploiting a wide range of centralised and distributed renewable energy as well as key technologies for energy storage and electro-mobility (notably electric vehicles and public transport) are among the first priorities. The inclusion of energy policy in the EU Treaty calls for a new outlook. and We urgently need far-reaching changes in energy production, use and supply. reveal the vision of next decades. (15) The European Council reconfirmed in February 2011 the EU objective of reducing GhG emissions by 80-95% by 2050 compared to 1990 and specified with COM(2011) 112 A Roadmap for Moving to a Competitive Low Carbon Economy in 2050, how the sectors responsible for Europe's emissions inc. power generation, can make the transition to a low-carbon economy over the coming decades. The share of renewable energy in production is envisaged to reach 75-80 % in 2030 and nearly 100 % in 2050. CO2 emissions of power sector will be 54-68 % less in 2030 and 93-99 % less in 2050 than the sector emissions in 1990. With an additional 270 billion or 1.5 % of Europes GDP annually investment on average over the next four decades; 175 - 320 billion annually saving on fuel costs in this 40 years period, 1.5 million additional jobs until 2020, 88 billion euros/year less money spent on health care and on equipment to control air pollution by 2050, etc. are expected (16). This agenda until 2050 means there will be substantial changes in Europe's energy policy for producers, consumers and legislators. Lately arranged EU Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU(17)) is a recast of 7 existing pieces of legislation (inc. 2008/01/EC Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control Directive) to replace in time aiming to achieve significant benefits for the environment and human health; e.g. reducing industrial emissions across the EU. With this directive, LCPD 2001/80/EC was also recasted and tighter emission limits for LCP shall be in practice for EU after 01.01.2016. Best Available Techniques for Production (BAT) of the main polluting sectors (inc. power generation) which are explained in BAT Reference Documents (BREFs) of EU Joint Research Centre also enforced with 2010/75/EU (Please also see http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/ for the BREFs of each sector.). The internalization of 2008/01/EC of Turkey will also lead to drastic improvements in decreasing the environmental impacts which arise from energy production.(18)

CONCLUSION

Over the past two decades, all polluting emissions in Europe have gone down at an considerable amount whereas the economy has grown by 40 % and decoupling economic growth from energy use is accepted within the first and foremost strategies in COM(2010) 639. The question is; how can we validate all of these efforts and acquisitions of EU and others in our industrialization process for a slight transition in Turkey? In order to avoid the negative externalities of fossil fuels, we have to measure the emissions wherever required (not only regional) (19) as in E-PRTR (20) frankly and assess their deep impacts on our health and environment with

scientific & methodological researches supported with figures to attract public attention and share the striking outcomes. Then, the pressure on legislators will bring out more sensitively settled air quality upper limit values than the current figures. (21) The air pollution arise with energy production is not only an output of the fuel you run in, but also correlated with your technology, production standarts and emission control systems. A coal power plant can produce energy with nearly same environmental impacts of a natural gas power plant with the required investment. Therefore, for all fossil-fuels using plants, Best Available Techniques for Production (BAT) must be defined, obliged with legislation and energy producers have to be constrained to comply with these standarts & specifications also in our country. The actual emissions of coal runned ISOGO Power Plant No2 Unit (600 MW) in Tokyo Bay, Japan are SOX=2 ppm, NOX=7 ppm, Dust=2 mg/nm3 (22) but still high CO2 release although 2010 year declared emission values of one of the latest technology coal plant in Turkey are SOX<400 mg/nm3(139,9 ppm), Dust<50 mg/nm3 (23). There is not an official (even volunteered) emission declaration of a coal power plant in Turkey since it is not obligatory and the legal emission limits of a coal plant 500MW put into operation in Turkey before June 2010 are SOX=2000-400 ppm, NOX=600 ppm, Dust=100 mg/nm3. (24)

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