Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared for: Mr. Sheikh Morshed Jahan Associate Professor Course Instructor: Bangladesh Studies Course Code: G201
Prepared by:
PURPLE RECYCLERS
Safa Tasneem (RQ-17) Sakub Amin (ZR-10) Farwah Tasnim (RQ-40)
Date of Submission: May 19, 2012 Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Since the beginning of the 20th century the population of Switzerland has more than doubled. In 1900 there were 3.3 million inhabitants in Switzerland which rose to 7.8 million people in 2009. The gross domestic product increased in 2009 by 27%, while consumption expenditure rose by 28% to 310 billion francs. Household consumption expenditure grew between 1990 and 2009 at about the same rate as the economy. Since 1990, the waste mountain has grown by 33%. This increase is a consequence of population and economic growth. In the year 2009 around 19.4 million tons of wastes were accumulated in total. Construction activities generated the most waste in 2009 with around 12 million tons, of which about 10 million tons were recovered. Municipal solid waste in the year 2009 was 700kg of waste per Swiss person. Hazardous waste, industrial and commercial waste and sewage sludge are also constantly increasing. Even if the volume of waste in Switzerland is constantly increasing, waste management and recovery procedures have been continually improving. For municipal solid waste, the proportion of separate collections and recovery was 51% of the total waste in 2009. In the year 2000 it was only 45%. The recycling rates of glass, aluminum cans, PET beverage bottles and paper are particularly high. The amount of waste that cannot be recycled could be reduced from the 1988 peak of 432 kg per person to 340 kg per person in the year 2009. Air pollutants produced by municipal waste incineration are to a large extent retained by a multi-step purification and denitrification process, so that only slight quantities of pollutants are discharged into the atmosphere. By comparison with traffic, heating systems and industrial furnaces, the MSWIs make only a slight contribution to environmental pollution today. Littering, the inconsiderate dropping or leaving of litter, is an increasing phenomenon that creates additional work for waste management operations. Litter-dropping creates annual costs of around 200 million francs. In 2009 around 3.3 million tons of municipal waste generated was incinerated and1.8 million tons of hazardous waste were specially treated or else exported for environmentally sound disposal under strictly monitored conditions. This hazardous waste stems mainly from
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary..................................................................................................ii Table of Contents.....................................................................................................iv 1. Introduction........................................................................................................iv 1.1 BACKGROUND................................................................................................. v 1.2 ORIGIN OF THE REPORT.................................................................................vii 1.3 OBJECTIVES....................................................................................................vii 1.4 SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS............................................................................viii 2.1. MUNICIPAL WASTE.......................................................................................viii 2.2. HAZARDOUS WASTE .....................................................................................ix 3.1 LANDFILLING...................................................................................................ix 3.2 INCINERATION.................................................................................................xi 3.3. RECYCLING................................................................................................... xii 4.1 HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT..............................................................xiv 4.2 INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT..............................................................xvii 4.3 MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT....................................................................xix 5.1 PLASTIC RECYCLING....................................................................................xxiii 5.2 E-WASTE RECYCLING...................................................................................xxiv 6.1 FOEN........................................................................................................... xxvi 6.2 SWISS RECYCLING.......................................................................................xxvi 6.3 BEVERAGE CONTAINERS ORDINANCE (2000)..............................................xxvi 6.4 SWICO........................................................................................................xxvii 6.5 ORDEA....................................................................................................... xxvii Figure 1: Core indicator Wastes from domestic sources1 ...................................xxviii Figure 2: Core indicator Recycling rate2 ............................................................xxviii Figure 3: Indicator Municipal solid waste collected separately3............................xxix Figure 4: Evolution of Recycling Rates by types of items4....................................xxix Figure 5: Indicator Municipal solid waste incinerated per person5.........................xxx
1. INTRODUCTION
Waste management has become a burning issue both locally and globally today. Since waste generation is rising every year, it is having increasingly adverse effects on public health and the environment at large. Even the best waste management system in the world has shown that it cannot withstand the test of a global financial downturn; and with the global population, GDP
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per capita and therefore the amount of waste increasing exponentially, we must become aware of the consequences and take measures to mitigate it. Before addressing the issue, it is necessary to look at the best example of waste management worldwide. Examining the best systems successes and failures will provide a useful insight for a global strategy on waste management. From that perspective, the European Union is the most advanced continental waste management system and will serve as a basis of developing waste management schemes. The tradition of developing and using environmental technologies especially for waste management has existed in Switzerland for a long time. As early as the 1960s the country became a pioneer in this domain by rigorously installing treatment and incineration plants with stringent emission standards. Today it can be acknowledged that Switzerland has succeeded in moving from basic waste removal to an environmentally friendly process of waste disposal and recycling. Now, incineration plants are efficient power plants which produce clean heat and electricity. Therefore, among the countries in the EU, we have selected Switzerland since its waste management practices are not only considered to be one of the best in the world but also can be implemented in Bangladesh.
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Domestic Problems: Bangladesh has minimal waste collection coverage which forces majority of the waste to be dumped in open lands. These wastes are not disposed of properly, where general wastes are often mixed with hazardous waste such as medical waste. As such, these improperly disposed wastes pose serious health implications to the countrys people. Due to the lack of funding, there are also insufficient subsidies put in place for the issue of waste management in Bangladesh. Hence, there are essentially no proper disposal facilities to cater to the rapid creation of waste.1 The Upcoming Challenges: Amounts of waste are largely determined by two factors: first, the population in any given area, and second, its consumption patterns which are controlled by the evolution of Gross Domestic Product per Capita (GDP/c). Both will drive an increase in waste volumes. Remarkable changes in waste composition as well are imminent: the first will be due to changing food culture and habits in developing countries. As GDP/c goes up, it is expected that by 2050 the demand for agricultural goods will rise by 70% and the Page v of 36
demand for meat will double which will change the waste composition in a large part of the world. The organic fraction will be more dominant in Municipal Solid Waste (MSU); more agricultural and meat waste will create new problems to be faced. Also, such a change in waste composition will make the greenhouse gas challenge for waste management more difficult than it is already. If present waste management trends are maintained, landfilled food waste is predicted to increase world CH4 emissions by 41% and the landfill share of global anthropogenic emissions from 8% to 10%. The second serious change will be due to the production, consumption and inclusion in waste streams of more and more complex products. Personalized medicine, new computers and gadgets, networked homes and full home management systems, fully customized consumer products, personal security and personal energy products are coming or are already here. For example, the rapidly growing stream of electronic waste (WEEE) which is already a big problem, and directly related with the crime of waste trafficking. As the world becomes more and more networked and interconnected, and as electrical and electronic products, including PCs, gadgets, digital cameras, pervasive computing etc., are rapidly devalued and become waste due to fast update and built-in obsolescence, the WEEE stream will become a major challenge of future waste management. Therefore, it is imperative for Bangladesh to develop a sustainable waste management and recycling system in which it would adopt the global best practices in waste management to ensure better public health and environment.2 Switzerland as a role model for Bangladesh in Waste Management: Based on relevant statistics on a wide range of issues such as the Human Development Index, the Global Peace Index and the Environment index, Switzerland has been ranked 8th in the list of best countries in the world. It also came 2nd in the Sustainability Attainment Index. The producers of waste are responsible for its safe management and disposal; in terms of Swiss law, this means permanent, safe disposal of the waste in engineered repositories. Also, Switzerland is proud of its recycling efforts, and with good reason. There are bottle banks at every supermarket, with separate slots for clear, green and brown glass. Every town has a free paper collection once a month, and that does not mean just old newspapers; most people recycle everything made of cardboard or paper, from cereal packets to old telephone bills. Then there is green waste: if one has a garden, all the trimmings can be put out on the street every two weeks and be collected. Aluminium and tin can
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be taken to local depots, batteries handed over at the supermarket, and old oil or other chemicals deposited at special sites. Plastic PET bottles are the most common drinks containers in Switzerland, and 80% of them are recycled - far higher than the European average of 20 to 40%. But the Swiss do not recycle just because they care about the environment. There is a strong financial incentive. Recycling is free, but in most parts of Switzerland throwing away rubbish costs money - each rubbish bag has to have a sticker on it, and each sticker costs at least one euro (60 pence). All these practices can be easily implemented in Bangladesh, for which Switzerland stands as a role model for Bangladesh in the field of waste management and recycling.3
1.3 OBJECTIVES
Explaining the necessity of recycling for managing wastes in Bangladesh Explaining current and probable global challenges for waste management and recycling To find out the status of waste management and recycling in Switzerland To explicate the waste management processes and practices in Switzerland To identify different sectors and describe the process of recycling in Switzerland To compare the waste management systems of Switzerland and Bangladesh To identify the best waste management and recycling practices in Switzerland that can be applied in Bangladesh. Recommending solutions for different stakeholders.
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2. TYPES
OF
WASTES
IN
SWITZERLAND
Waste consists of two general types: municipal, and hazardous. Municipal waste is refuse from households and small businesses; hazardous waste includes chemical, infectious or otherwise toxic waste.
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3. METHODS
OF
WASTE DISPOSAL
In general, there are three main ways to dispose of waste: by incineration (burning), by landfilling (placing in a lined pit) or by recycling (collection and reuse). The type of waste determines how it is disposed of.
3.1 LANDFILLING
Non-recyclable wastes have to be treated and then deposited in landfills. The direct disposal of combustible waste in landfills was banned by law in January 2000. Municipal waste must now be incinerated, and landfills in Switzerland are to be used solely for the disposal of non-burnable waste. Switzerland has had sufficient incinerator capacity to implement this since 2004. The risk of contaminating the ground water supply was a significant factor in the decision to switch over to incineration. Landfills require very careful monitoring and in the case of problems cannot simply be switched off as an incinerator can. There are three different types of landfill in Switzerland: a) Landfills for inert materials: At landfills for inert materials, only rocklike wastes may be disposed of, from which virtually no pollutants will be leached out by rainwater. These include materials such as construction waste (concrete, bricks, glass, and road rubble) and uncontaminated soil that cannot be used elsewhere. At suitable locations, landfills for inert materials do not require any special sealing. They are thus less costly and require less monitoring than other types of landfill. Guidelines issued by FOEN specify the types of waste that may be disposed of at landfills for inert materials.
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b) Landfills for stabilized residues: They are designed for the disposal of materials of known composition, with high concentrations of heavy metals and only a small organic component, and which cannot release either gases or substances readily soluble in water. Typical materials include solidified fly ash and flue gas cleaning residues from municipal waste incinerators, and vitrified treatment residues. These sites are subject to more stringent requirements than landfills for inert materials. Impermeable linings are required for the base and sides of the landfill, and leachate is to be collected and, if necessary, treated.
disposed of at bioactive landfills, in which chemical and biological processes are expected to occur. At these sites, drainage controls are also required. In addition, any gases emitted are to be captured and treated. Given the unpredictable composition of their contents, bioreactor landfills are at greatest risk of requiring expensive remediation at a later date. Certain types of waste (e.g. incinerator slag) are required to be disposed of in separate compartments, isolated from other types of waste. If these wastes were intermixed, heavy metals would be leached out in much greater quantities as a result of the relatively low pH of incinerator slag. Compartments for residual wastes have also been established at numerous bioreactor landfill sites The Technical Ordinance on Waste (TVA) specifies stringent requirements for waste that is to be landfilled, particularly at sites designed for inert materials. Materials that may be disposed of in residual-waste landfills should generally yield a leachate that can be discharged to receiving waters without first being treated. Bioreactor landfills require long-term efforts to monitor and treat gases and contaminated leachate. The processes occurring within the landfill continue for decades and cannot, in the event of an incident, be "switched off" within a matter of hours like the furnace of a municipal waste incinerator. Over a period of decades, despite the use of gas capture systems, substantial amounts of methane and other undesirable gases are released into the atmosphere from bioreactor landfills. There is also a non-negligible risk of defects in sealing systems leading to contamination of groundwater. These crucial factors underlie the prohibition on the direct landfilling of municipal waste, sewage sludge and other types of combustible waste which came into effect on 2000.
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At the end of 2002, the total capacity available at bioreactor landfill sites was about 19.1 million cubic meters, including 10.8 million for incinerator slag. At landfills for stabilized residues, Switzerland has a reserve capacity of about 2.5 million cubic meters. With annual disposal volumes of just under 500,000 cubic meters of slag and 50,000 cubic meters of residual wastes, this capacity is sufficient for more than 25 years. With regard to reserve capacity at the inert-material landfills operating in this country, the data available are incomplete at present. Even if sufficient capacity is available overall, there is a lack of space for landfilling in geologically unfavorable regions. As a result of the rapid growth in waste streams, cantonal authorities will be forced to continue reviewing their landfill planning in a coordinated fashion. In addition, appropriate funding of landfill maintenance and aftercare will become increasingly important in future.
3.2 INCINERATION
In Switzerland almost all combustible, non-recycled waste is actually incinerated in MSWs. The large majority of these materials end up in one of the country's 28 municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators.
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3.3. RECYCLING
The recycling rate for municipal solid waste in Switzerland exceeds 40%. In 2009 2801285 tons of waste from households and small businesses was recycled and 2680359 tons of municipal waste was incinerated. In Switzerland the following common household waste materials are recycled: aluminium and tin cans, old batteries, light bulbs, glass, paper, PET bottles, textiles, electrical and electronic equipment, and other. The disposal of recyclable waste is mostly free of charge, though not always operated as door-to-door collection. Some waste must be brought to collection spots (e.g. glass, metal, textiles), some is collected in supermarkets or retail shops (e.g. batteries, pet bottles, and old electrical and electronic equipment).The recycling rates of the individual recyclable materials reached in 2006 a mean of 76% of all currently recyclable items being recycled. This has narrowly surpassed the Swiss government's 75% target, meaning that for the time being there will be no introduction of a recycling tax on glass bottles and jars, clothes and textiles, plastic bottles, home-use batteries, light bulbs or paper ware and card. The Swiss attach a lot of importance to recycling. Ordinary citizens are encouraged to recycle as much as possible. In many cantons householders pay a tax according to the volume of rubbish they put out for the dustmen to collect. This acts as an incentive to dispose of anything recyclable at recycling points for which they do not have to pay. In 2003, 47% of all urban waste was recycled - a new Swiss record. They recycled 70% of paper, 95% of glass, 71% of plastic bottles, 85-90% of aluminum cans and 75% of tin cans. Not only individuals are involved in collecting this rubbish. Companies like the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) play their part too. Every year the SBB collects the following from its trains 2.5 million plastic bottles, weighing 65,000 kg (143,300 lb) - enough for 276,000 T-shirts or filling for 39,500 sleeping bags million aluminum cans, weighing 29,000 kg (63,930 lb) - recycling them saves 116 tons of bauxite and takes only a 20th of the energy that it takes to produce them from scratch Nearly 1 million glass bottles, weighing 190 tons, which are re-melted 3,608 tons of newspapers and magazines, which works out at 50 kg (110 lb) per carriage per year.5
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Since 1990 the waste mountain has grown by 33%. This increase is a consequence of population and economic growth. In the year 2009 around 19.4 million tons of wastes were accumulated in total.
Construction activities generated the most waste in 2009 with around 12 million tons, of which about 10 million tons were recovered. Municipal solid waste: in the year 2009 every Swiss person produced around 700kg of waste. Hazardous waste, industrial and commercial waste and sewage sludge are also constantly increasing.
The quantity of municipal solid waste generated in 2009 was 700 kg per person, 100 kg more than in the year 1990. However, more than half of municipal solid wastes has collected separately and recovered. The quantity of incinerated waste generated in Switzerland has largely stabilized in recent years and in 2009 was around 3.3 million tons. The recycling rate has doubled over the past 20 years. Today, more than half of all municipal solid wastes are already collected and managed separately.6
The production of waste must be reduced as far as possible The waste must be recycled as far as possible All combustible waste that is not recycled must be incinerated Polluter-pays (no financing through tax revenues) The recycling system must be efficient 7
The types of waste management in Switzerland which have been focused on in this report include household waste management, industrial waste management and medical waste management.
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In some extraordinary cases, a handful of municipalities have introduced refuse weighing machines and electronic chip-cards which need to be 'topped up' with money, thus enforcing payment for refuse elimination by weight and not volume. This caused problems for elderly residents who would have to somehow get to the nearest refuse disposal point, possibly having to walk uphill or a significant distance. All such methods are proving unpopular Switzerland-wide, especially, as said, amongst the ageing Swiss nationals who often find it difficult to come to grips with the ever-imposing technological era in this extremely rich and modern country. Dumping refuse and household waste inappropriately and/or illegally also incurs a heavy fine.9 Household materials that are recycled include:
communes also collect bigger pieces of scrap metal. Drop-off schemes are becoming the rule for reasons of cost.
composting. Some 78600 tons (12%) were anaerobically digested in the 13 existing plants.
Used tyres: Garages and local vehicle dismantlers channel used tyres
into the various recycling and processing chains via used tyre dealers.
Cement plants In 2008, there were 6 cement plants operating in Switzerland, producing close to 4.2 million tons of cement. The production of 1 ton of clinker requires about 135 kg of coal or 86 kg of heavy oil. Guidelines on disposal of wastes in cement plants were developed in close collaboration with the industry and the cantonal authorities. These guidelines prohibit the incineration in cement plants of municipal waste and problematic special wastes (e.g. chlorinated solvents or paint residues with high heavy metal content). However, bulk wastes with a low pollution potential and high calorific value - such as used oil, sewage sludge, animal flour/animal fat, lowchlorinated solvents, plastics, used tyres etc. - may be used as alternative fuels. In 2008, the cement plants consumed a total of approximately 270000 tons of combustible waste and 250000 tons of alternative raw materials. Waste disposal facilities Requirements for disposal facilities are specified in the Technical Ordinance on Waste (TVA3). It specifies stringent requirements for waste that is to be landfilled. Today, three different types of landfill site exist in Switzerland, corresponding to different types of waste: landfills for inert materials, landfills for stabilized residues and bioreactor landfills. Exports of hazardous waste About 14 % of all hazardous waste is exported for recycling, treatment or landfilling, with around 63 % of this total being disposed of in Germany, and the rest almost exclusively in other EU countries Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Austria. The federal authorities permit exports of hazardous waste mainly for recycling. Special arrangements are applicable for the disposal of filter cake from municipal waste incinerators in German underground landfills, and non-metallic shredder residue in incinerators abroad.
systems for handling healthcare waste, attended by continuous training and education. Since 10-15 years many hospitals have their own and specific waste management plans and conceptions. And as a specialty of Switzerland we had neither standardized handling guidelines nor disposal technologies for healthcare waste that means 26 cantons = 26 solutions. 4.3.2 Today and for the future the new guideline Since the beginning of 2005 Switzerland has its own national regulation on the management of health care waste (handling and disposal) with very detailed and practical information. standardized definitions of all medical waste groups a standardized classification system basic requirements for a save handling in-house and off-site requirements for packaging, labeling and transport basic requirements for waste disposal (technology) The guideline will help the cantonal authorities to carry out national law and to give them more practical information. But also all the actors and institutions in the public health sector need a kind of a practical handbook to fulfill all the requirements for a save and an environmental friendly waste management.11
5. RECYCLING
IN
SWITZERLAND
Nearly all waste can be recycled or thermally processed. As part of these processes, waste is not simply dumped or detoxified, but actually made useful again. By successfully transforming products back into raw materials, we conserve our natural resources. In the recycling process, products (e.g. packaging, electrical and electronic devices and artificial structures) that are at the end of their service life are broken down, sorted and processed so that a large portion of the resulting raw materials can be reused to produce new products. Before recyclable waste (e.g. glass, aluminium cans, batteries, waste paper, etc.) is brought to specialized recycling facilities, it must first be collected separately. Thanks to various waste-related financing systems, laws and campaigns in Switzerland, 50% of its solid waste is recycled. Even waste from industry and commerce is recycled through appropriate processes, and the raw materials recovered from these processes are subsequently reintroduced in the production cycle.
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BATTERY RECYCLING Because of their heavy metal content, used batteries and defective accumulators should not be disposed of as rubbish. They will be taken back by retailers for recycling by Batrec AG in Wimmis (Canton Bern). In Switzerland, a prepaid disposal charge (VEG) is levied on batteries and accumulators. The running of the VEG system was outsourced by Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) to INOBAT, a battery disposal interest group (German, French, Italian), which uses the revenues to finance the collection, transport and recycling of spent batteries. This organization brings together around 100 importers and trading companies. GLASS RECYCLING About one-third of the glass collected in Switzerland is used as a gravel substitute in the construction sector. All the rest is reprocessed and used by the glass industry as a raw material in the production of new glass containers. PAPER RECYCLING Paper accounts for more than half of all the domestic waste collected for recycling. On a per capita basis, the Swiss collect 160 kg of waste paper each year. PET RECYCLING The Beverage Container Ordinance (BCO) requires 75% of glass, PET and aluminum containers to be recycled. Therefore, most PET beverage bottles consumed and collected in Switzerland are also sorted and recycled domestically CAN RECYCLING The recycling of tin (tinplate) cans has been shown to be worthwhile. The reprocessing of scrap cans makes it possible for high-grade steel to be recovered. In order to promote these activities, an association known as FERRO Recycling was established by Switzerlands leading cans manufacturers, traders and disposal companies. TEXTILE RECYCLING The reuse of textiles reduces pressure on the natural resources that are required to produce new materials and clothing. The annual amount collected in Switzerland is constantly increasing and now stands at around 35,000 tons. The recycling rate for textiles is about 50%.
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COLLECTION AND RECYCLING At present approximately 90,000 of the annually occurring 780,000 tons of plastic waste are recycled. Around 250,000 tons remain in use as products (intermediate storage).The existing collection systems (PET bottles, aluminium, tinplate etc.) in Switzerland are arranged so that it is possible to recycle without sorting or so that only extraneous material is separated out. On the one hand this makes low-cost recycling possible, but it means the consumer must be able to separate waste into categories. There is a distinction between plastic waste from households and plastic waste from industry and commerce. The latter tends to occur in greater quantities, is usually divided into categories and is often clean, which means that is often better suited for recycling (e.g. plastic wrappings).Currently only PET bottles are collected separately from all households. This waste can be used to manufacture beverage containers or even textiles. Some large-scale distributors offer to collect polyethylene milk bottles on a
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voluntary basis. The material collected is mainly used to manufacture cable conduits and protectors. Recycling plastics is a very time-consuming and expensive procedure, particularly when they have to be sorted and thoroughly cleaned. This is the case when all plastics are collected together and only afterwards sorted, as happens in some neighboring countries. In Switzerland there are some regional attempts to collect mixed plastics from households. The costs of collection, transport and sorting are however very high, in addition there are hardly any outlets for this type of plastic waste at the present time. For this reason the FOEN recommends the communes not to start collecting mixed plastics just yet.12
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TAKING BACK AND DISPOSAL Under the Ordinance on the Return, the Taking Back and the Disposal of Electrical and Electronic Appliances (ORDEA), retailers, manufacturers and importers are required to take back, at no charge, appliances of the kind that they normally stock. Consumers, for their part, are obliged to return end-of-life appliances and are not allowed to dispose of them via household waste or bulky item collections. The Ordinance covers electrical and electronic appliances in the following categories:
Consumer electronics, office, IT and telecommunications equipment, refrigeration and air conditioning appliances, household appliances, tools (except large-scale stationary industrial tools), sport and leisure appliances as well as toys, luminaires (lighting fixtures), lamps (without incandescent lamps).
Collection and disposal, financed on a private-sector basis, is managed by the Swiss Foundation for the Waste Management (SENS) and the Swiss Association for Information, Communications and Organization Technology (SWICO). The purchase price of all appliances covered by the ORDEA includes a prepaid disposal charge based on voluntary sectoral agreements. Equipment can thus be returned free of charge.13 LATEST INNOVATION In the last century earthlings have launched innumerable satellites into the atmosphere most of which are still floating around messing with operational equipment circling the Earth. Fortunately, Switzerland just announced plans to launch a satellite in the next three to five years that will clean up all that space junk. Dubbed CleanSpace One, the $11 million satellite will remove unwanted objects from the atmosphere by grabbing a hold of them and jettisoning itself and the object into the Earths atmosphere, where they will both burn up upon re-entry.14
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6.4 SWICO
The unit of the Swiss Association for the Information, Communication and Organizational Technologies (ICT) handles mainly waste ICT and consumer electronics (CE) such as personal computers.
6.5 ORDEA
Under the Ordinance on the Return, the Taking Back and the Disposal of Electrical and Electronic Appliances; retailers, manufacturers and importers are required to take back, at no charge, appliances of the kind that they normally stock. Other regulatory bodies and ordinances include:
Swiss Metal Recycling Association (VSMR) Swiss Light Recycling Foundation (SLRS) Swiss Association for Environmentally Friendly Drinks Packaging (SVUG) Swiss Association for Household and Industrial Appliances (FEA) VSA (Swiss Water Pollution Control Association) Ferro Recycling Ordinance on Movements of Waste (VeVA) Technical Ordinance on Waste (TVA)
7. CONCLUSION
Switzerland now has efficient infrastructure, high standards and clear legislative stipulations in the field of waste management. Nowadays, the treatment of consumer goods once they become waste has less environmental impact than their production and use. However, to continue reducing environmental pollution it must act at the beginning of the production chain and on patterns of consumption. It should pay attention, during the phase of product design, to waste treatment as well as manufacture and use. The protection of non-renewable resources such as metals and gravel is becoming increasingly important.
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8. APPENDIX
Figure 1: Core indicator Wastes from domestic sources1
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Figure
6:
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Figure 7: Average Composition of the unsorted MSW from 33 Swiss Communities (2002)
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9. REFERENCE
1. http://www.wikipedia.com 2. Antonis Mavropoulos. Waste management 2030+. Retrieved from http://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-
display/8267238380/articles/waste-management-world/volume11/issue-2/features/waste-management_2030.html
3. Vexen Crabtree (2005). Which countries set the best examples? Retrieved from http://www.vexen.co.uk/countries/best.html
Recycling around the world. (2005). BBC NEWS. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4620041.stm
4. Waste Management. National Reporting to CSD 18/19. The Swiss
Confederation. Switzerland.
5. FOEN. Incineration. Retrieved from
http://www.swissworld.org/en/environment/waste_management/incine ration/ 6. FOEN (2011). Status Report on Waste Management. Retrieved from http://www.bafu.admin.ch/umwelt/status/03964/index.html?lang=en
7. Wien. (2005) Waste management in Switzerland: Auditing prepaid
Confederation. Switzerland
9. http://www.wikipedia.com
10. FOEN. (2009) Excavated Material. Retrieved from http://www.bafu.admin.ch/abfall/01472/06745/index.html?lang=en 11. Schelker, R., Mari, R.L. A CD-Handbook for Health Care Waste Management in Switzerland. 12. FOEN. (2012) Plastics. Retrieved from http://www.bafu.admin.ch/abfall/01472/01483/index.html?lang=en 13. FOEN. (2009) Electrical and electronic appliances. Retrieved from http://www.bafu.admin.ch/abfall/01472/01478/index.html?lang=en 14. Liggett, B. (2012) Switzerland to launch self destructing janitor satellite to clean up space junk. Inhabit. Retrieved from http://inhabitat.com/switzerland-to-launch-self-destructing-janitorsatellite-to-clean-up-space-junk/ 15. The FOEN. Retrieved from http://www.bafu.admin.ch/org/index.html? lang=en 16. http://www.wikipedia.com 17. Packaging waste legislation in Switzerland. ProEurope. Retrieved from http://pro-e.org/Switzerland.html
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