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Digitally signed by APhO. ORG DN: CN = APhO.ORG, C = ID, O = Asian Physics Olympiad, OU = ICT Reason: I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document Location: Lippo Karawaci Date: 2005.05.04 10:18:45 +07'00'
1/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
30
60
90
There are 3 jumps on the graph. This is observed at = -10, 140 and 220. The jump in the reflection angles are caused by the change of sides, therefore the object has 3 sides and if all the sides are straight sides, we can approximate the lines on the graph using linear regression, i.e:
= m + c Where: = position angle of the object (in ) Segment 1 (-10 to 130): Segment 2 (140 to 210): Segment 3 (220 to 340): = 1.98 + c1 = 1.73 + c2 = 1.78 + c3 and = reflected ray angle (in ) (A1) (A2) (A3)
To find the gradient, m, as function of side distance from the rotation axis, r, we can simulate it and get a graph and for small r:
2/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
From (A1) to (A3) and using (A4) we can determine r from the 3 sides: r1 = 100 50 (1.98) = 1.5 mm r2 = 100 50 (1.73) = 13.5 mm r3 = 100 50 (1.78) = 11.0 mm For each side, we can use the object position when the reflection angle is 0o to draw with a higher precision. The angle for each segment is: 1 = 66 2 = 189 3 = 282 From data obtain the shape of the object can be determined as:
3/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
Barcode : B01110
Object Position () 10 20 30 40 50 65 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 145 155 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 245 250 260 270 280 290 300 305 310 315 320 345 350 355 360 365 Reflected Ray () 278 296 313 330 347 12 20 36 56 73 91 300 320 342 351 13 23 43 67 277 297 313 330 347 13 22 39 55 74 91 335 335 336 337 338 21 22 22 23 23 Cal Reflected Ray () -82 -64 -47 -30 -13 12 20 36 56 73 91 -60 -40 -18 -9 13 23 43 67 -83 -63 -47 -30 -13 13 22 39 55 74 91 -25 -25 -24 -23 -22 21 22 22 23 23
4/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
30
60
90
There are 5 jumps in the graphics. This can be observed at = 10, 120, 190, 300 and 345. The jumps in reflection angle are caused by the change of sides, therefore there are 5 sides in the object and if all the sides are straight, we can approximate the lines using linear regression, i.e:
=m+c Where = angular position of the object (in ) Segment 1 (10 to 110): Segment 2 (120 to 180): Segment 3 (190 to 290): Segment 4 (190 to 290): Segment 5 (190 to 290): = 1.56 + c1 = 2.12 + c2 = 1.64 + c3 = 0.15 + c3 = 0.10 + c3 and = reflected ray angle (in ) (B1) (B2) (B3) (B4) (B5)
From (B1) to (B3) and (A4) we can determine r from the 5 sides: r1 = 100 50 (1.56) = 22.0 mm r2 = 100 50 (2.12) = -6.0 mm r3 = 100 50 (1.64) = 18.0 mm r4 = 100 50 (0.15) = 92.5 mm r5 = 100 50 (0.10) = 95.0 mm
5/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
There are weird data for r2, r4 and r5. It is impossible to have r with either negative or very large value but not so small angle of reflection. So we can guess that it is either a curve sides or double reflection. For double reflection we need to have two adjacent sides with concave angle, so only r4 and r5 are possible. So r2 can only be a curve side. From segment 2 of the graph we can see that the graph looks like a reverse S shape, so it is only possible when the sides is concave. Considering error in the experiment, we can guess that the shape has reflection symmetry. For each side, we can use the object position when the reflection angle is 0 to draw with a higher precision. The angle for segment 1 to 3 is: 1 = 58 2 = 149 3 = 237 From the data obtained, the shape of the object can be determined as:
6/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
[Marking Scheme]
Experimental Question 1
7/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
8/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
A2.
Figure 2. Field and interactions in the magnetic braking effect . Answer with some vector analysis: Consider a point A on the conductor. As the magnet moves, its magnetic field sweeps the conductor inducing electric field and causing current flow due to Faradays law, whose direction can be determined using Lenzs law. Lets choose an arbitrary loop as shown. At point A, the magnetic field and the current will cause Lorentz force FMC pointing at x+ direction. This force is acting on the electrons in the conductor On the other hand, due to Newtons Third law there is reaction force FC-M with the same magnitude but with opposite direction acting on the magnet, which is the magnetic braking force.
9/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
B1.
Determination of the power factor n: Dependence of the magnetic braking force with the velocity In this experiment the student has to be aware that the magnet should reach the terminal velocity first before start the timing. From observation we can see that the magnet reaches terminal velocity almost immediately. To make sure we let the magnet travels first for about 5 cm before we start measuring the time. Here we use s = 250 mm from start to finish to obtain speed: v = s / t . The angle of inclination is varied to take several data. Given l = 425 mm, we measure h where sin = h / l .
Figure 3. a. Measurement of the velocity b. Measurement of the plane inclination Because the magnet-conductor distance is kept constant (d 5mm), the magnetic braking force only depends on the velocity of the magnet, so we can simplify: FMB = k0 d p v n = k1v n where k1 = k0 d p is constant in this experiment.
10/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
=0
H (mm)
230.5 40 50 60 70 80 91 101 111 120 130 150 170
t (s)
22.980.00 5 12.78 10.17 8.62 6.96 6.09 5.48 5.05 4.57 4.17 3.72 3.25 2.81
Sin
v mm/s
10.88 19.56 24.58 29.00 35.92 41.05 45.62 49.50 54.70 59.95 67.20 76.92 88.97
ln ( v )
ln ( sin )
0.054 0.094 0.118 0.141 0.165 0.188 0.214 0.238 0.261 0.282 0.306 0.353 0.400
2.39 2.97 3.20 3.37 3.58 3.71 3.82 3.90 4.00 4.09 4.21 4.34 4.49
-2.92 -2.36 -2.14 -1.96 -1.80 -1.67 -1.54 -1.44 -1.34 -1.26 -1.18 -1.04 -0.92
11/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
Note:
Column in bold are the data directly taken from the experiment. Typical error for h measurement is shown in the first row: h = ( 23 5 ) mm . Similar error applies for the rest of h data.
Data t are the average data taken from 3 to 5 measurement. Even though standard deviation error is quite small (0.1s), the error should be dominated by response delay of the observer in pressing the stopwatch. Widely accepted value for human eye response is 0.25 sec, in this experiment we choose more conservative value (0.5 s)
Figure 5. Graph of ln(sin ) vs ln(v) . Typical error bar is shown in the central data.
Using linear regression method or graphical method as shown in Fig. 5 one can determine n from the slope. n = 0.96 Whose result is very close to the theoretical value of n = 1. From the data shown in Fig. 5 (as well as the coefficient of correlation r = 0.9995), it can be shown that this experiment is very good in demonstrating the linear velocity dependence of the magnetic braking force. This result has been repeated and verified by three independent persons and apparatus setups.
Error estimate of n:
Instead of laboring on detailed error propagation analysis that could be very time consuming, in olympiad context one can make the error estimate as follows:
12/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
The typical error of the data points in Fig 5 can be obtained from the central data: ln v = 3.58 0.075 ln (sin ) = 1.8 0.075 whose errors propagated from the uncertainties in h and t. The power factor n can be obtained from the slope of Fig. 5: n = y / x where y = ln ( sin ) and x = ln v . From the data in Fig. 5. we have: x = 2.1 and y = 2.0 , and the typical errors: x = 0.075 and y = 0.075 . So the error estimate for n:
n x y 0.075 0.075 = + = + = 0.05 n x y 2.1 2.0 n = 0.05 n = 0.048 So we can conclude the result of our experiment is:
n = 0.96 0.05
13/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
B2.
Determination of the power factor p: Dependence of the magnetic braking force with the magnet-conductor distance
In this experiment we use one value of inclination angle, h=50 mm (l=425mm) so that = arcsin s ( h / l ) = 6.8 . Distance travelled remains: s = 250 mm, and the timing is done after the magnet travel first for about 5 cm as before. The equation of motion, similar to previous section:
=0
Here again p can be obtained using linear regression or graphical method where we use the previously obtained value: n = 0.96 0.05 . The experimental data:
d
t
n ln v
-2.80 -3.13 -3.47 -3.76 -4.11 -4.29 -4.57 -4.81
ln d
1.50 1.70 1.87 2.01 2.14 2.25 2.35 2.44
mm
4.50.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5
S
13.530.00 5 9.60 6.70 4.99 3.47 2.87 2.14 1.66
mm/s
18.48 26.04 37.31 50.10 72.05 87.11 116.82 150.60
14/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
Figure 6. Graph of n ln(v) vs ln(d ) . Typical error bar is shown in the central data.
So the magnetic braking force is very sensitive with the magnetconductor distance d in which the relationship is almost inversely quadratic. In brief, the further the magnet from the conductor the weaker the magnetic braking force becomes. This result has been repeated and verified by three independent persons and apparatus setups.
Error estimate of p:
Similar to previous section, we use the central data shown in Fig. 6.: ln d = 2.01 0.105 n ln (v) = 3.76 0.095 The power factor p can be obtained from the slope of line in di Fig. 6: p = y / x where y = n ln v and x = ln d . For the data shown in Fig. 6 we obtain: x = 0.94 dan y = 2.01 , with typical error: x = 0.105 and y = 0.095 So the error estimate for p:
p x y 0.105 0.095 = + = + = 0.12 p x y 0.94 2.01
2 2 2 2
15/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
p = 0.12 p = 0.26 So we can conclude the result of our experiment is: p = 2.2 0.3
16/17
EXPERIMENTAL COMPETITION
[Marking Scheme]
Experimental Question 2
Recognizing v terminal Equation of motion Obtain data >= 5 sets + corresponding calculations , 0.1 each data set. 0.25 Units 0.5 Graph 0.25 Linear regression or graphic analysis 0.5 Final result: 0.5 n 1.5 0.5 Final result: 0.9 n 1.1 0.5 Error analysis Equation of motion Obtain data >= 5 sets + corresponding calculations , 0.1 each data set. 0.25 Units 0.5 Graph 0.25 Linear regression or graphic analysis 0.5 Correct sign (-) for final result p 0.5 Final result: 1.0 |p| 3.0 0.5 Final result: 1.5 |p| 2.5 0.5 Error analysis
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