Task6-Landfill Vectorial Analisys

LOCATING A LANDFILL UNDER A VECTORIAL MODEL
Firstly, download the file THEMES.ZIP from the virtual platform into the folder LANDFILL in your computer and extract the information. START ARCCATALOG Open ARCATALOG and create a connection to the LANDFILL folder in order to have a look at the cartographic and non spatial contents of this folder in the Preview Page. START ARCMAP Locate the pointer on the Layers text and click with the left button. Then click the option Properties. Then you will look for the Coordinate System window and will choose the type of coordinate system you need for your work. In this case, we will select a predefined system. OK. Once the coordinate system has been defined, you will add two of the most important maps related to physical variables such as lithology and vegetation. Add Veget.shp and Lito.shp to the Data frame.
You could receive a message saying that one or more layers are missing spatial reference information. Data from those layers can not be projected. In this case we will not take into account this message, so you will just click OK.
Open the module Arctoolbox by clicking on the toolbox icon in the following diagram.
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Dr. Pablo Fernndez de Arryabe Hernez
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------(a) THE NEED FOR INTEGRATING SPACES -----------------------------------------------------------------------------1 - We will call the map resulting from the overlaying of the two shapefiles Union1 . In order to overlay, you have to use the Union function in the Arctoolbox - Analysis Tools Overlay. Then you have to indicate which datasets you want to overlay. (Lito.shp and Veget.shp). I recommend that you keep the resulting map in the same folder as the other files (LANDFILL).
The result Union1 will be a new layer like the one below
Have a Look at the attributes of the new layer (Union1) and compare it with the original attributes of Lito.shp and Veget.shp.
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You have to consider that the union of features joins both spatial but also non-spatial information. In fact all the process is based on several relational tables there are in the GIS. New spatial units are present and all of these keep the correspondent attributes from the original layers according to their location in the space. 2 - We will repeat the union process for the maps of soils.shp and precipi.shp. First these two layers have to be added to the data frame in Arcgis.
Call the resulting map Union2.shp and will be like map below.
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Result of applying Union function to Soils.shp + Precipi.shp
3 Finally, it will be necessary to join both results (union1 + union2) into one map and call it union3. In this way we are integrating four different physical variables into a unique map with new spatial units that did not exist before the process. Apply the UNION function on Union1.shp + Union2.shp = Union3
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In this tutorial, the union function has been developed step by step. In Arcgis9 the union function can be applied to four or more maps at the same time. Once the variables have been spatial and non-spatially overlaid, keep only the Union 3 dataset in the Table of Contents (TOC). Click right in any other layer you want to eliminate from the TOC and select Remove.
Afterward, save the map you have created in Arcgis as a Map Document as Landfillsite. Do not forget to regularly save your work . 4 Open the attributes table linked to the map of Union3. You will see several fields with the Area Hectares and Perimeters from the original spatial units and the specific attributes related to the lithology, rainfall, vegetation and soils.
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For this project you will erase all these fields as they will not be needed later on. But please note that in other projects this fields can be very useful information. Locate your pointer over the top of one of these fields (columns), right click and choose Delete Field. A dialog box will appear with a message of Warning, deleting fields can not be undone. Are you sure you want to delete the currently selected field, HECTARES?. Click Yes.
Repeat this action only with the fields related to the Areas or Perimeters of the map features. 5 Apply a projection based on the National Irish Grid for Union3
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Open the Toolbox window if it is not already present and double click on Data Management Tools Projections and Transformations Define Projection. Select Union3 as the Input Dataset or Feature Class and click on the Coordinate System option to define a spatial reference for this feature class. Press the Select option and choose the Irish National Grid.prj file in the Projected Coordinate Systems National Grids
6 The next step will determine the real area of each polygon under the selected projection for the new features created by the union function. In the toolbox, choose the following options: Spatial Statistics Tools Utilities Calculate Areas and call the Output Feature Class UNI3AREA .
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The system will take some time to estimate the area of each graphical entity or polygon. A new layer will be created called UNI3AREA. Open the attribute table associated with the new Feature Class UNI3AREA and verify that a new field called F_AREA has been added to the table.
7 In this case no two polygons have the same area. The field F_AREA will be used to create a map in which each polygon is a different colour.
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In order to achieve this, double click on UNI3AREA and choose Symbology -- Categories -- Unique Value. In the Value Field select the F_AREA field and then press the Add All Values Button. Finally click OK.
You will see a map similar to the one below. Colours may not be exactly the same but each spatial unit (polygon) should have a different colour assigned by the classification method we have just used.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------(b) DETERMINING THE EXCLUSION AREAS -----------------------------------------------------------------------------I would like to draw your attention to the idea that there are places where we are unable to locate the landfill. For example, an environmental law does not permit the development of any facility action on riverbanks. The distance from the river channel will depend on the order of each section of the river which has been given to the catchments. Before applying the different distances to the trams of the rivers, we will select the river sections of order 1. Add the HIDRO.SHP to the TOC in ArcGis and select those river trams that have an ORDEN = 1. Use the option Selection Select By Attributes from the main menu. Create the correct expression and accept the dialog window.
Results from the selection process (ORDEN = 1) will be presented in a different colour on the map and in the attribute table.
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Legally these sections have a protected area of 200 meters from the river channel. The following step will define the area surrounding the sections where it is illegal to develop any activity. Continue to select the trams with order = 1 and open the Toolbox and choose Analysis Tools Proximity Buffer
Save the result of this spatial analysis as BUFF200 in the same folder with the other feature class.
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The buffer will appear as a new Layer in your project. Zoom to properly view the result you have obtained. Open the attributes table associated with the new Layer of Buf200 and verify that all the attributes from the input layer have been kept in the output layer.
The following step will repeat the process for the river sections that: - of order 2 (ORDEN 2) to create a distance of 175 meters. Save the result as BUF175 - of order 3 (ORDEN 3) to create a distance of 150 meters. Save the result as BUF150 - of order 4 (ORDEN 4) to create a distance of 125 meters. Save the result as BUF125 Other physical variables such as Fauna, are also protected by laws which create an exclusion area surrounding their location. Some of the species in the study area are endangered and means great care should be taken to protect their habitat from any human activities. The endangered species within the study are have been located and their habitats have been registered with a GPS. To the Landfill project add the boundary.shp and the fauna.shp layers.
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As with the river sections, you have to analyse the Points feature class for the habitats of the endangered species. Take into account that this information is confidential and as such should not be shown to the public at any time. According to the Extinction Species Protection Law the security distance we have to give to the species locations is 5,000 meters. Call the results of implementing this law in our maps Bufauna.shp.
The resulting map will be similar to the map below. One circle will surround each nest to indicate the area that cannot be used to locate the landfill.
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Some socioeconomic variables are also considered in the same way as the physical ones. For example, archeological remains, historical buildings or works of art and so on are protected by a certain distance from the location of a landfill. Fieldwork has been carried out to register where these kind of heritage features are present in our territory. These places are kept in a Catalog. In this catalog you can find the coordinates (X,Y) of each building, information related to the century in which they were built, the name and the number of people who visited each site during the past year. The information is in the worksheet HERITAGE.XLS. In order to incorporate this information into the Project we have to create what it is called an Event Theme. Firstly, you will need to save the contents of the catalog onto a table of a database file, (e.g. .DBF file). Open HERITAGE.XLS with excel and save the contents as a DBASEIV file with the same name. Secondly, we have to add this table into ArcMap.
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Once the table is in ArcMap, you will see how is active the Source option at the bottom of the TOC. In order to see the contents of the table you have just added to the project, right click on the table and open it.
ArcGis offers the ability to transform this information onto a map using the information contained in the X and Y columns. Select Tools Add XY Data and be sure that the X field option contains X and the Y field option contains Y.
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We will not specify any coordinate system at this point. The resulting map will show several places that must be protected because of their heritage or tourism value.
According to Heritage law, at least 10,000 meters around each one of these places must be excluded. We will use the Buffer tool to define these exclusion areas.
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The resulting Feature Class should be called BUFHERITAGE and will be similar to the following map.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------(c) AGGREGATING EXCLUSION AREAS -----------------------------------------------------------------------------In the last exercise we identified the areas where the landfill must not be located. However these spaces are in different maps and it would be very useful to integrate all of them into just one map. Now we must think about the spatial analysis tools available in our GIS to achieve this aim. There could be a number of different solutions for the same problem and we should select the one that is most suitable for our project. In this practical, we want to add all the created spatial areas and their attributes together so the overlay function UNION is most suited for their integration. We will start with the river trams buffers. The resulting layer should be called BUFTRAMS.
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The final result should look like this.
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Secondly, we will integrate the areas related to heritage (BUFHERITAGE) and to fauna (BUFAUNA) in a new feature class that will be called BUFHERIFAU.
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Finally we will have to add the last two outputs (BUFTRAMS + BUFHERIFAU) into a single Feature Class called EXCLUAREA.
We will now visualize the Attribute Table related to the final map (excluarea). By viewing the Attribute table, we can see how the registers from the different maps has been integrated into a single table. Bear in mind that the integration has been based on the spatial location of each of the graphic entities.
In this case, our interest is only related to the shape of the exclusion areas and not to the information in the table contents, so we will
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simplify the attribute table. One simple register will be enough to represent the whole area excluded from the location of the landfill. To achieve this aim, a new field has to be created in the table and we will assign the same value (e.g. 1) for all registers in this new field. Click on the tables Option button (bottom right of the window) and choose Add Field. The name of the field will be Newfield and the type of data will be Short Integer with a precision value of 2.
Right click on the name of the field. Select the option Calculate Values.
You will receive a message like the one below.
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Answer YES and keep going! The next step will assign the value of 1 to the registers. Write the value in the clear area and press OK.
All the registers will have been given the value of 1 in the Newfield column. Now we are in a good position to use a generalization tool called Dissolve which can be found in the Toolbox at Data Management Generalization Dissolve.
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Name the output feature class NONLANDFILL and tick the Newfield box before accepting the dialog box.
Have a look at the output feature class and open its attribute table. Only one record should represent the whole exclusion area.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------(d) INTRA-COUNTY EXCLUSION AREAS -----------------------------------------------------------------------------The last step has been important in identifying places where we cannot locate the landfill. However if you add the Feature Class BOUNDARY to the TOC and also add the NOLANDILL feature class you will realize that many of these spaces are outside of the county boundary. We cannot include these ares in our decision to locate the landfill.
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The next step will identify the excluded areas that are within the county limits. From a mathematical point of view, we are looking for the areas that belong to both maps. In other words, we are looking for the common spaces in both layers. The common space is always the spatial intersection of the maps. The tool we will use for this is in the Toolbox at Analysis Tool Overlay INTERSECT.
Applying this new function will create a new Feature Class which will be called INTER. INTER will only show the intra-county spaces where the landfill cannot be sited.
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Unfortunately this result is still not the one we are seeking. If we think about what we really want, we will realize that we are interested in the space that is not available in this map. We really care about the space where landfill may be located. In this sense, we have to spatially invert the last map . How can this be done? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------(e) DETERMINING POTENTIAL INTRA-COUNTY AREAS -----------------------------------------------------------------------------We need to think about what we have done up until now. It can be helpful to examine the attribute tables linked to the feature classes INTER and BOUNDARY. We have to find out someway to identify the area in the BOUNDARY map that is not presented in the INTER map. A GIS does not work with maps but with data, so the answer to our problem is in the data and in the tools offered by our software. Can you find differences between these tables?
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Adding the information from both tables will identify the areas in which some attributes (e.g. Newfield) are different. To add the information, we will once again use the UNION function from the Toolbox. Call the output feature POTENTIALAREA.
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Use the identify tool to check what is the value of newfield in the different areas that have been generated.
You will observe that in some cases the value is 1 and in other cases it is 0. What does each value represent ? 1 represents the places where the landfill cannot be located 0 represents the potential locations for the landfill To begin with, we will active the Editor Toolbar if it is not already present.
Now select the enteries where Newfield value is 1 in the POTENTIALAREA table. Open the POTENTIALAREA attribute table and
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select the record where newfield = 1 by clicking on the left of the row.
Now move to the Editor Toolbar and chose the Start Editing option.
You will be asked which folder or database you want to edit. If there is a feature class in which a projection has been defined you will be able to start editing. If not, there will be a message saying that the layer you are going to edit is in a different coordinate system than the maps coordinate system. You will be given the advice that in some cases editing data in such a situation may give you unexpected alignment or accuracy problems. In this case we will accept the message.
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Press Start Editing. In this case, we are not going to add new information but to delete information already on the map. Be sure that the appropriate records are still selected on the attributes table and go to the option Edit Delete.
Once the record disappears from the table select Editor Editing and Save changes.
Stop
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At this point we will have defined the POTENTIALAREA feature class for the areas of interest.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------(f) IDENTIFYING THE MOST SUITABLE PLACES IN THE POTENTIAL AREA -----------------------------------------------------------------------------To make a proper decision in locating the landfill we should take into account how this activity will affect the environment. In this practical, we are working with several different physical variables and there are a further four variables we have not considered yet (soils, lithology, vegetation, precipitation). We integrated the spatial and non-spatial information for these variables at the beginning of the practical (UNI3AREA.SHP) for the whole county.
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It is time to extract the information from this map which will identify the potential area to locate the landfill. This task can be done in several ways. The easiest way cuts the potential area for locating the landfill from the UNI3AREA feature class. We will use the function CLIP that is accessible via the Toolbox at Analysis Tools Extract CLIP
Fill in the dialog box to indicate which the map will be the clipped layer and secondly which the map (or it could be only one feature) will be used for clipping. Call the output Feature Class LOCATION.
The resulting map should look like the map below.
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If you open the attribute table after the clipping process, you will see that it has kept all the information related to the physical variables for each of the new spatial units presented in the map. This is very helpful as environmental criteria must be considered when determining the location of the landfill . We could have also used the INTERSECT function to get a similar but not exactly the same result. Try to find out what are the differences?.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------(g) APPLYING ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA THROUGH SQL -----------------------------------------------------------------------------First method At this moment we do not need to understand the application of a GIS to consider how the landfill could impact the environment; instead, we must consider the environmental and physical geography of the area. After a long meeting to define the key criteria to query to the system in relation with the precipitation, soils, lithology and vegetation, it has been established that: 1 2 3 4 Material has to be Areniscas (Code SA) The quality of vegetation has to be low (Code L) Soil must be improductivo or litosol Annual rainfall must be less than 980 mm
These criteria must be written in a SQL sentence for the computer to understand the criteria. We will write this sentence in the Selection By Attributes window. You will add each expression to the sentence using the fields and the values contained in the fields. You can access these values by clicking the Get Unique Values button.
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"MATERIAL" = 'SA' AND "QUALIVEG" = 'L' AND ("TYPESOIL" = 'IMPRODUCTIVO' OR "TYPESOIL" = 'LITOSOL') AND "PRECIPI" <= 980
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It seems there is only one place in the county where the landfill can be located according to the environmental criteria we have used. Nevertheless the director of the Project has been reviewing the project and he has realized there has been a tremendous error in the basic level of the rock properties (not however a problem with the GIS!). Sandstone is not the correct material over which you should locate a landfill as its permeability is very high for this kind of rock, and there could be filtrations and result in the pollution of underground water . An impermeable material should be sought in the place of the Sandstone. We also know that in several places the bedrock is Clay and one of the main properties of this type of rock is its impermeability. Deselect the feature which is selected. Use Selection Clear Selected Features.
We will create a New Query, modifying the material criteria to find Clay. This time the query will be developed step by step.
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Second Method Firstly open the Select By Attributes to create the first query related to the lithological material. As we have said we are interested in finding places with a Clay bedrock .
"MATERIAL" = 'CL'
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Secondly, we will set the vegetation criteria. The quality of vegetation must be medium. In this case, we will not look for the polygons that agree with this criteria in the whole map but only in those places that were selected in the point above (with a Clay bedrock). To do this we will select Method Select From Current Selection before pressing the Apply button.
"QUALIVEG" = 'M' OR "QUALIVEG" = 'L'
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Some of the polygons previously selected are not selected now because even thought they have clay, the quality of their vegetation is high. The third variable is edafology. The criteria here for the landfill location is defined as a non productive (improductivo) area or a place where the soil is a litosol. The selection method will also be (Select From Current Selection)
"TYPESOIL" = 'IMPRODUCTIVO' OR "TYPESOIL" = 'LITOSOL' The output of these new criteria is shown in the following map. The more criteria we use, the fewer places are selected.
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Finally, the last criteria related to precipitation and stated that rain fall must be below 1000 mm in one year.
"PRECIPI" < 1000 The final map is presented below. There are only a small number of places that comply with all the criteria .
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Open the attribute table and click the Selected button to identify the number of registers (polygons), from an environmental point of view, that are suitable for the landfill site.
The next step will save the resulting map to a new Feature Class. Right Click on the LOCATION layer in the TOC and choose Data Export Data. Use the name (Export_Output) that is given by the system to the new feature class and select the following options:
A new layer has been created with only the features that fit all the criteria mentioned.
Add the result to the TOC and only maintain this feature class on it. Remove from the TOC any other layer that may be there.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------(h) OTHER VARIABLES: (ROADS AND URBAN PLANNING) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------There are also other non-physical variables that must be considered when making a decision for the landfill. Socioeconomic variables may be many times more important than environmental ones. For instance, roads and urbanism are two factors we have to consider in our project. Add the URBANISM features class to the TOC.
In the Symbology area, create an "Unique Value" Type of Legend using the "Spacetype" field. Click the Add All Values button to see the categories available in this field. SNU means it is not possible to build SU means it has been build SUR means it will be developed in the future
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Without closing the window, choose the Label option and active Label Feature in this Layer. Be sure that the label field is SPACETYPE and click OK.
You will obtain a map like this.
On it visualize the feature class Export_Output. Double click on this feature class and select Symbology. Click on the coloured symbol
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square and choose Hollow and select an Outline Width of 3. Click OK and OK again.
You will have a map like this.
Think about the map for a while, what conclusions can you make?
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Finally, we will add the feature class ROADS. Take into account that transport of rubbish from the place where is produced to the landfill can be very expensive if there is not a proper access road . Moreover is not usual to have rubbish trucks traveling by motorways or highways but it is more usual to use the secondary roads. Now we will attach the proper Symbology to each road according to the type of road. First take a look at the attributes table.
In the field TYPEROAD there are three different types of roads: NA (National road) represents a first class road CO (County road) represents a second class road LO (Local road) represents a third class road Considering this fact, assign the proper Symbology to each type of road so you can distinguish the roads in the map. Double click on the roads layer and select Categories Unique Value. in the Symbology frame. Then choose TYPEROAD in the Value Field box and press Add all Value and click OK. Now you can see the colour has been assigned to each type of road. Go to the TOC and double click on the line close to LO and modify its width property to 2 and assign 4 for the width of CO roads and assign 6 to the NA.
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Think about the resulting map for a while. There are two potential places to site the landfill. You can visualize the interpretation of the results to make a decision about the proper place to locate the landfill. We do not need any further GIS analytical functions for this. Discuss with your partner which one of the two potential places would you choose. Give the reasons behind your decision considering roads and urban planning.
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Task6-Landfill Vectorial Analisys

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LOCATING A LANDFILL UNDER A VECTORIAL MODEL

Result of applying Union function to Soils.shp + Precipi.shp

The final result should look like this.

You will receive a message like the one below.

The resulting map should look like the map below.

"QUALIVEG" = 'M' OR "QUALIVEG" = 'L'

You will obtain a map like this.

You will have a map like this.

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