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This accumulation often causes damage to pumping equipment as well as fouling of the lines and the heating coils where this equipment is used. In some instances, sludge can reduce tank storage capacities by up to 50%. The clean up process for tanks encumbered with sludge is a cumbersome and expensive task mainly based on manual labor to take out the sludge under confined space conditions.
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Cradle-to-Grave Liability
The extracted sludge becomes a liability of the owner of the tank asset because it poses a threat to the environment. Disposal by conventional means is expensive and typically, and in most cases where remediation is imperfect, does not result in cessation of the owners exposure to liability.
The Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE International) Paper on the S-t-O Technology
The X-O-T Technology (now called S-t-O) as pioneered and developed by Helios Chief Technology Officer, David Nahmad, was implemented on actual field testing at the PETRONAS Carigali Miri Crude Oil Terminal (MCOT).
S-t-Os technical effectiveness and economic feasibility for emulsion resolution and crude oil recovery was proven through this technology demonstration. These tests also helped determine the scale up parameters (residence times, operating temperatures, agitation energy, etc.). David Nahmads paper on the novel, patentable S-t-O technology was selected, published and presented at the 2008 Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Exhibition in Perth, Australia. Amongst the findings: The best results showed complete emulsion resolution with clean solids and water layers. Bottom line conclusion: These results (field & lab testing/analysis) show that scaling up the process (X-O-T) is just a matter of proper equipment sizing
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Concerns over the health effects of the spill grew this week as more workers and residents of the coastal areas reported symptoms such as headaches and breathing problems.