NORMAS PARA SEPARAR PALABRAS EN EL IDIOMA INGLES Norma N 2 En el idioma Ingls, jams deben separarse las letras de una

silaba. Ejemplo: CORRECTO INCORRECTO ad-mire (admirar) ad-mi-re al-ti-tude (altitud) al-ti-tu-de au-to-mo-bile (coche, auto) au-to-mo-bi-le con-cen-trate (enfocar) con-cen-tra-te im-me-di-ate (inmediato) im-me-dia-te na-tion-al-ize (estatificar) na-tio-na-li-ze Nota: La norma anterior sirve tambin en espaol. NORMA N 3 Se recomienda no separar del resto de la palabra, las silabas formadas por una sola letra, cuando esta se encuentra al comienzo o al final de la misma. Al comienzo CORRECTO INCORRECTO Apart (lugar apartado, la una de la otra) a-part Above (sobre, encima) a-bove Around (alrededor) a-round Again (de nuevo, otra vez) a-gain Emerge (emerger, salir) e-merge Open (abrir) o-pen Al final CORRECTO INCORRECTO Any (algn) a-ny City (ciudad) ci-ty Healthy (saludable) health-y Hearty (francote, sincero) heart-y Thirsty (sediento thirst-y Very (muy) ver-y NORMA N 4 No se debe separar de una palabra, la ultima silaba cuando es formada por dos letras. Ejemplos: CORRECTO INCORRECTO Cheaper (ms econmico) cheap-er Farmer (granjero, ganadero ) farm-er Lover (amante, aficionado) lov-er Money (dinero) mon-ey Rapid (veloz) rap-id Worker (trabajador) work-er Nota 1: De la forma anterior exceptuase el sufijo LY, porque este, al ser separado de la palabra no afecta a la claridad ni a la pronunciacin de la primera parte de la misma. Obsrvense los ejemplos que siguen: Brief-ly (en resumen) hard-ly Close-ly (fielmente, atentamente) love-ly High-ly (muy bien, altamente) nice-ly NORMA N8 Es correcto separar la terminacin ING (sufijo) del resto de la palabra. Ejemplos: Mak-ing tak-ing Speak-ing writ-ing Tak-ing unit-ing Work-ing paint-ing

NORMA N 9 No es correcto separar la terminacion ED del pasado o participio de los verbos, aun cuando esa terminacin constituya una silaba. Ejemplos: CORRECTO INCORRECTO Called call- ed Loved lov-ed wanted want-ed NORMA N 10 La silaba formada por una sola vocal y que se encuentra precedida d Y seguida de otras silabas dentro de una palabra, debe escribirse -si esta se divide- unida a la primera parte de la misma. Ejemplo: CORRECTO INCORRECTO Ave-nue av-enue Dia-logue di-alogue Ele-vate el-evate Imi-tate im-itate Moni-tor mon-itor Popu-lar pop-ular NORMA N 11 Cuando se tenga que dividir palabras en las que haya dos silabas de una sola letra continua e intermedia, la divisin correcta se har separando estas silabas. Ejemplo: CORRECTO INCORRECTO Gradu-ation gradua-tion In-sinu-ation in-sin-ua-tion Punc-tu-ation punc-tu-ation NORMA N12 Es correcta la divisin de una palabra a la que se separa el prefijo que ha sido agregado a sta, para alterarle su significado. Ejemplo. Anti-social post-man Non-age semi-circle Mono-rail over-charge NORMA N 13 Es correcta la divisin de una palabra a la que se le separa el sufijo que ha sido aadido para alterar su significado. Ejemplo: After-ward King-dom Friend-ship meet-ings Good-ness pay-ment Hope-less use-ful NORMA N 14 Cuando una palabra compuesta tenga que ser dividida, es correcto separar sus elementos. Ejemplos: After-noon news-paper Head-ache type-writer Foot-ball sea-way NORMA N 15 Las palabras compuestas por otras y que tengan un guion intermedio, deben ser divididas solamente entre sus elementos. Ejemplos: CORRECTO INCORRECTO Mother-/in-/law moth-/er-/in-/law Never-/ending nev-/er-/end-/ing

Fifty-/two Fif-/ty-/two Self-/condifence self-/con-/fi-/dence Vice-/president vice-/presi-/dent Ten-/dollar bill ten-/dol-/lar bill Exercise N1 (170 words) THE UNITED NATIONS. ORIGIN. The name United Nations was devised by President Franklin D. D. Roosevelt and was first used in the Declaration by United Nations of January 1, 1942, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Axis Powers. The Uited Nations Charter was draw up by the representatives of 50 countries at the United Nations Conference on International Organization, which met at San Francisco from April 25 to June 26, 1945. They deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the represented on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks in August-. October 1944. The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States. The United Nations officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, when the charter had been ratified by China, France, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States, and by a majority of other signatories; October 24 is now universally celebrated as United Nations Day. Exercise N 2 (158 words) PRINCIPLE. The United Nations acts in accordance with the following principles: it is based on the sovereign equality of all its Members. All Members are to fulfill in god faith their Charter obligations. They are to settle their international disputes by peaceful means and without endangering peace, security and justice. They are to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against other States. They are to give the United Nations every assistance to any action it takes in accordance with the Charter, and shall not assist States against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action. The United Nations shall ensure that States which are not Members act in accordance with these principles in so far as is necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security. Nothing in the Charter is to authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State. Exercises N 3 (143 words) MEMBERSHIP. Membership of the United Nations is open to all peace-loving nations which accept the obligations of the United Nations Charter and, in the judgment of the Organizations, are able and willing to carry out these obligations. The original Members of the United Nations are those countries which signed the Declarations by United Nations on January 1, 1942, or took part in the San Francisco Conference, and which signed and ratified the Charter. Other countries can be admitted by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Members may be suspended or expelled by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. They may be suspended if the Security Council is taking enforcement action against them or expelled if they persistently violate the principles of the Charter. The Security Council can restore the rights of a suspended Member State. Exercises N 4 (167 words) GENERAL ASSEMBLY. The General Assembly is composed of all Member States. It is the main deliberative organ of the United Nations, and has the right to discuss and make recommendations n all matters within the scope of the Charter. It has no power to compel action by any Government, but its recommendations carry moral weight as an expression of world opinion. As new problems arise, the Assembly initiates activities to deal with them, -ranging from humanitarian efforts to development programmes, the campaigns against colonialism and apartheid, and negotiation of treaties and other agreements on matters of global concern such as the seas and outer space. Decisions on important questions, such as recommendations on peace and security, election of Members to organs, admission, suspension and expulsion of Members, Trusteeship questions and budgetary matters, are taken by a twothirds majority. Decisions on other questions are made by a simple majority. Each Member of the General Assembly has one vote. Exercise N 5 (172 words)

SESSIONS. The General Assemblys regular session begns each year on the third Tuesday in September and continues until mid-December. Special sessions can be convened at the request of the Security Council, of a majority of Members of the United Nations or of one Member if the majority of Members concurs. An emergency special session may be called within 24 hours of a request by the Security Council on the vote of any nine members of the Council or by a majority of the United Nations Members or by one Member if the majority of Members concurs. The General Assembly, as a rule, refers all questions on its agenda to one of the Main Committees, to a joint committee, or to an ad hoc committee established to consider the question. These committees then submit proposals for approval to a plenary meeting of the Assembly. Voting in committees and sub-committees is by a simple majority. Questions not referred to a Main Committee are dealt with by the Assembly itself in plenary meetings. Exercise N 6 (149 words) SECURITY COUNCIL. The organ which has the primary responsibility for maintaining peace and security is the Security Council. The Council has 15 members. Five of these China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States- are permanent members. The other ten are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. Under the Charter, all Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Council. While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to Governments, the Council alone has the power to take decisions which Member States are obligated under the Charter to carry out. When a dispute leads to fighting, the Councils first concern is to bring this to an end as soon as possible. Over the decades since its establishment, the Council has issued many cease-fire directives which have been instrumental in preventing wider hostilities in various parts of the world. Exercise N7 (157 words) ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL. The Economic and Social Council, under the authority of the General Assembly, is the organ which co-ordinates the economic and social work of the United Nations and the specialized agencies and institutions known as the United Nation family of organizations. The Council makes recommendations and initiates activities relating to development, world trade, industrialization, natural resources, human rights, the status of women, populations, social welfare, science and technology, prevention of crime, and many other economic and social questions. The Council has 54 members. Eighteen members are elected each year b y the General Assembly for a three-year term of office. Voting in the Economic and Social Council is by simple majority; each member has one vote. The Economic and Social Council generally holds two month-long sessions each year, meeting in New Year and Geneva. Throughout the year, however, there are meetings of the Councils standing committees, commissions and other subsidiary bodies, at Headquarters or in other localizations. Exercise N 8 (158 words) SUBSIDIARY BODIES. There are standing Committees on; Non-Governmental Organizations; Negotiations with Inter- Governmental Agencies; Hosing, Building and Planning; Programme and Coordination; Natural Resources; Review and Appraisal; Science an d Technology for Development; Crime Prevention and Control; and Development Planning. The Commission on Transnational Corporations is also a standing body. The functional commissions include the Statistical Commission, Populations Commission, Commission for Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on the Status of Women and the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. The Commission of Human Rights has a SubCommission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. The Commission on Narcotic Drugs has a sub-Commission on Illicit Drug Traffic and Related Matters in the Near and Middle East. The regional economic commissions study the problems of their regions and recommend courses of action to member Governments and specialized agencies. In recent years the work of the commissions has been expanded, and they have been increasingly involved in carrying out development projects. Exercise N 9 (160 words) TARUSTEESHIP COUNCIL. The Trusteeship Council was assigned under the Charter to supervise the administration of Trust Territories which are placed undet the international Trusteeship System. Major goals of the system were to promote the advancement of the inhabitants of the Territories and their

progressive e development towards self-government or independence. The aims of the Trusteeship System have been fulfilled o such an extent that only one of the original 11 Trusteeship remains, -the Pacific Island (Micronesia), administered by the United States. The others, mostly in Africa, attained self-government or independence, either as separate States or by joining neighboring independent countries. Rather than assigning a fixed number of Council members, the Charter provided for a balance between members administering Trust Territories and members which did not. As the number of administering countries decreased, so did the size of the Council. There are now only five members: The United States (administer State) and the other permanent members of the Security Council (China, France, United Kingdom, USSR). Exercise N 10 (165 words) INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. The International Court of Justice, whose seat is as the Hague, is the principal judicial body of the United Nations. Its Statute is an integral part of the United Nations Charter. The Court is open to the parties to its Statute, which automatically includes all Members of the United Nations. A State which is not a Member of the United Nations may become a party to the Statute on conditions determined in each case by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The Jurisdiction of the Court covers all questions which States refer to it, and all matters provided for in the United Nations Charter or in treaties or conventions in force. States may bind themselves in advance to accept the jurisdiction of the Court in special cases either by signing a treaty or convention which provides for reference to the Court or by making a special declaration to this effect. Such declaration accepting compulsory jurisdiction may exclude certain classes of cases. Exercise N 11 (167 words) SECRETARIA The Secretariat services the other organs of the United Nations and administers the programmes and polices laid down by them. At its head is the Secretary-General who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. As one of his many functions, he may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which, in his opinion, threatens international peace and security. The Secretariat, an international staff working at Headquarters and in the field, carries out the day-to-day work of the United Nations. Staff members come from more than 130 countries. As international civil servants, they work for the Organization as a whole; each takes an oath not to seek or receive instructions from any Government or outside authority. Under Article 100 of the Charters, each Member State undertakes to respect the exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the Secretary-General and the staff and not to seek to influence them in the discharge of their duties. Exercise N 12 (146 words) SECRETARIAT (CONTINUATION). The work of the Secretary General and the staff is as varied as the list of problems dealt with by the United Nations: good offices, and something formal mediation, in resolving international disputes; administering peace-keeping operation; surveys of world economic trends and problems; studies in fields such as human rights and natural resources; compilation of statistics; gathering information on the extent to which decisions of the Security Council or other bodies are being carried out; interpreting speeches, translating documents, anmd servicing the worlds communications media with information about the United Nations. Aaway from Headquarters, technical experts and economic advisers work directly in the filed to assist development; and from time to time, peace-keeping forces or observer groups area stationed at the scene of potential trouble spots. Exercise N 13 (162 words) MAINTAINING THE PEACE A peaceful world is the paramount aim f the United Nations today, just as it was when the Organization was founded in the final weeks of the Second World War. United against Nazi Germany and its allies whose aggression had brought the world unparalleled death and destruction, the founding nations were determined that such slaughter and suffering must never recur. In the Charter of the United Nations, the peoples express their determination to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war which has brought untold sorrow to mankind. For this purpose, they pledge themselves to practice tolerance and to live in peace as good neighbors, to unite their strength in order to maintain peace as good neighbors, to unit their strength in order to maintain peace and security, and to ensure that armed force shall not be used except in the common interest. United Nations organs have continued to focus attention on the

furtherance of these objectives and have taken many actions aimed at the settlement of international disputes and the restoration of peaceful conditions. Exercise N 14 (140 words) DEALING WITH CONFLICTS. In the four decades of its existence, the United Nations often has been called upon to prevent a dangerous situation from escalating into war, to persuade opposing parties to use the conference table rather than resort to arms and to help restores peace or at least halt the fighting when conflicts occur. Despite frustrations and setbacks, the Organization has steadily developed its capacity as peace-keeping and peace-making organization. The methods and machinery for preventing or terminating conflicts have taken many forms. In some disputes, for example, the United Nations has acted through peace-keeping forces, observer or fact-finding missions (dispatched by the Security Council or General Assembly), plebiscite supervision, good offices missions, conciliations panels, mediators and special representatives. In other matters, it has provided the forum for debate and negotiation and a channel for quiet diplomacy. Exercise N 15 (167 words) LAW OF THE SEA. The vast riches of the seas and the seabeds of the world are now the subject of active concern to the United Nations and its Member States. In 1974 the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, meeting in Caracas, began the consideration of a wide range of issues with a view to adopting a convention dealing with all matters relating to the law of the Sea. When the sixth session began in May 19677 in New York, general agreement had been reached on certain elements: that there should be a 200 mile economic zone in which coastal States would have rights over fish and other living resources while reserving freedom of navigation to all States; a territorial sea of up to 12 miles; the right of all nations to pass through straits used for international navigation; and the principle that an international authority should be established to ensure that resources of the international sea-bed are exploited as a common heritage of mankind. Exercise N 16 (156 words) LAW OF THE SEA (CONTINUATION). The fist United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, held in Geneva in 1958, resulted in the adoption of five Conventions which form a major element of current sea law. These Conventions concern the territorial sea, high seas, fishing and conservations of living resources of the high seas, the continental shelf, and compulsory settlement of disputes. The 1958 Conventions, however, left the question of the breadth of the territorial sea, and many other issues unresolved. Following discussions in the Sea-Bed Committee, an important new agreement was added to the list of international treaties to prevent the spread of Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof. It entered into force in 1972. Exercise N 17 (152 words) UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH. Established in March 1965, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) is an autonomous body within the framework of the United Nations, headed by an Executive Director and with its own Board of Trustees. The Institute is supported by voluntary contributions from Members States, foundations and individuals. The broad objectives of the Institutes training programmes are to help train national officials and foreign services officers of all grades, but particularly junior and middle-level, for work in international co-operation and acquaint them with the workings of the United Nations. The programmes are giving increasing attention to problems affecting the establishment of a new international economic order. The Institute provides occasions for senior officials of International organizations to exchange experience and ideas in seminars, courses and fellowships, depending on which is needed and where. Great emphasis is made, both in training and research, on the interaction among scholars, diplomats and national officials. Exercise N 18 ( 143 words ) UNITED NATIONS UNIVERTSITY. In September 1969, former Secretary-General U Thant suggested the establishment of a United Nations university, truly international in character and devoted to the Charter objectives of peace and progress, with the primary purpose of promoting international understanding at both the political and cultural levels. The United Nations University as presently constituted was subsequently chartered, in 19673, by the General Assembly under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations and

UNESCO, and two years later in September1975- it opened the doors of its world headquarters in Tokyo, Japan. Like traditional universities, however, it has no degree students of its own, no central faculty, no main campus. It is a completely new institution designed to be an international community of scholars, engaged in research, post-graduate training and the dissemination of knowledge. Exercise N 19 (147 words) WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS. While the United Nations has long been involved in working towards solutions to the age-old problem of food shortages, in 1974 a major effort was launched to tackle food crisis situations that had developed in many parts of the world. The United Nations World Food Conference, held in Rome in November 1974, called on the General Assembly to establish a 36 nation World Food Council to function at the ministerial level as the organ of the United Nations charged with the responsibility for implementing the 20 substantive resolutions of the Food Conference. The Council was established to review periodically major problems and policy issues affecting the world food situation and to bring its political influence to bear on Governments and relevant United Nations bodies and agencies alike. The headquarters of the World Food Council, WFP and the provisional headquarters of the International Fund are in Rome. Exercise N 20 (147 words) POPULATION. In 1946, the United Nations set up the worlds first international body concerned with population the Population Commission of the Economic and Social Council. For many years, the Commission was concerned mainly with compiling authoritative statistics and studying eh effect of socioeconomic factors on population. A turning-point in the United Nations and its agencies should assist, when requested, in developing and strengthening national and regional facilities for training, research, information and advisory services in the population field. Recognizing each countrys sovereignty in formulating its own population policy, the Assembly stated the principle that the size of the family. In 1969, it declared that parents have the exclusive right to determine freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children. Exercise N 21 (166 WORDS) INTERNATIONAL CONTROL OF NARCOTICS, DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES. Control of narcotic drugs has been a world concern ever since the first international conference on the subject, held in Shanghai in 1909. The international control system has been built up step by step, beginning since 1946 under the United Nations. Functions and powers relating to the international control of narcotic drugs are exercised by the United Nations in accordance with a series of treaties. The International regime requires that Governments exercise traffic, maintain the necessary administrative machinery, and report to international organs on their actions. The United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control, established in March 1971, assists Governments by helping to finance projects carried out, in various countries, by the Division of Narcotic Drugs and the specialized agencies, aimed at reducing the illicit supply of and demand for drugs. The Fund relies entirely on voluntary contributions, mainly from Governments but also from private sources. Exercise N 22 (158 words) UNITED NATIONS CHILDRENS FUND. The United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) was established by the General Assembly on December 11, 1946. Its mandate is to help developing countries improve the conditions of their children and youth- irrespective of race, religion or politics. UNICEF assists countries only at the request of their Governments, preferably with projects which from part of national development programmes. Currently UNICEF helps programmes for children in over 100 countries in Africa, Asia, the Americas and the Eastern Mediterranean region where 350 million children remain beyond d the reach of even a minimum of essential basic services. Programmes expenditures of UNICEF reached nearly $113 million in 1976, including more than $24 million spent on emergency relief and rehabilitation and special assistance programmes. A 30 nations Executive Board elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council governs the work of UNICEF. The Board meets annually to assess current programmes and approve new ones. UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965.

Exercise N 23 (1668 words) NATURAL DISASTERS. The United Nations family of organizations has often been called upon to help when disaster strikes. In the aftermath of earthquakes, floods, hurricanes or volcanic eruptions, countries often seek United Nations assistance for emergency and long-term relief and rehabilitation. Two of historys worst natural catastrophes occurred in 1970 (an earthquake in Peru and a tidal wave in East Pakistan), killing hundreds of thousands of people. In the wake of these calamities, the General Assembly called for efforts to strengthen the United Nations capacity to render assistance in such disasters. Since its creations, the Office has acted to co-ordinate emergency relief in nearly 90 disasters, among which were several major catastrophes such as floods in the Philippines, Pakistan and Bangladesh and earthquakes in Nicaragua, Guatemala, Indonesia and Turkey, and has undertaken projects in some 20 developing countries for pre-disaster prevention and planning. The Disaster Relief Coordinator works in collaboration with all other appropriate United Nations bodies, with the League of Red Cross Societies and other voluntary agencies. Exercise N 24 (150 words) UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. On December 10, 1948, the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, under which, for the first time in history, responsibility for the protection and pursuit of human rights was assumed by the international community and was accepted as a permanent obligation. The universal Declaration consists of 30 articles covering both civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights. Articles 1 and 2 are general articles, stating that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and are entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status . The civil and political rights, recognized in articles 3 to 21 of the Declaration, include: The rights to life, liberty and security of person; freedom from slavery and servitude; freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Exercise N 25 (158 words) UNIVERSAL DECLARATATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (continuation). The right recognition as a person before the law; equal protection of the law, the right to an effective judicial remedy; freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or exile; the right to a fair trial and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal; the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty; freedom from arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home or correspondence; freedom of movement; the right of asylum the right to a nationality; the right to marry and to found a family; the right to own property; freedom of thought, conscience and religion; freedom of opinion and expression; the right of association and of assembly; the right to take part in government and right of equal access to public service. Articles 22 to 27 cover economic, social and cultural rights: the right to social security; the right to work; the right to rest and leisure; the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being; the right to education; and the right participate in the cultural life of the community. Exercise N 26 (144 words) UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (Continuation). The concluding articles, articles 28 to 30, recognize that everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which these rights and freedoms may be fully realized, and they stress the duties and responsibilities which the individual owes to the community. The Assembly proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples to promote and secure the effective recognition and observance of the rights and freedoms set forth therein. Following a resolution to this effect adopted by the General Assembly Rights Day all over the world. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration, December 10, 1973, was celebrated by launching the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination. Exercise N 27 (157 words) PROMOTION OF EQUALITY OF MEN AND WOMEN. The United Nations is solemnly committed to the achievement of equal rights for all men and women, both in law and in fact. The goal of equality is proclaimed in the Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Declaration on Elimination of

Discrimination against Women, and in a number of legally binding international instruments. In their expanding work on behalf of women, United Nations bodies have stressed not only the rights of women as individuals but also the need to use their talents and abilities for the progress of society. United Nations efforts led to the celebration of International Womens Year in 1975, which the subsequent declaration of a United Nations Decade for Women (1976-1985). The World Plan of Action sets out guidelines for improving the status of women and seeks to stimulate national and international efforts to solve the problems of underdevelopment and of the socioeconomic structures which place women in a inferior position. Exercise N 28 (136 words) THEY RELATED AGENCIES. The intergovernmental agencies are separate, autonomous organizations related to the United Nations by special agreements. They work with the United Nations and each other through the coordinating machinery of the United Nations Economic and social Council. Fourteen agencies ILO, FAO, UNESCO, WORLD BANK, IDA, IFC, FUND, ICAO, UPU, ITU, WMO, IMCO and WIPOare known as specialized agencies, a term used in the United Nations Charter. They report annually to the Economic and Social Council. The IAEA, which was established in 1957 under the aegis of the United Nations, reports annually to the General Assembly and as appropriate to the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a multilateral treaty laying down trade rules accepted by nations responsible for most of the worlds trade. Exercise N 29 (151 words) F.A.O./FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. FAO originated in the hope expressed in the Atlantic Charter that all men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from want. FAO was established on October 16, 1945, when its Constitution was signed in Quebec. PURPOSES. TO RAISE levels of nutrition and standards of living; TO SECURE improvements in the efficiency of the production and distribution of all food and agricultural products from farms, forests and fisheries; TO BETTER the condition s of rural populations, and, by these means, to contribute to an expanding world economy, and to ensure humanitys freedom from hunger. In carrying out these purposes, FAO promotes the development of the basic soil and water resources of countries and encourages the establishment of a stable international market for their commodities. Among many other activities, it promotes the global exchange of new types of plants; spreads advanced techniques across the world and combats epidemics of animal diseases. Exercise N 30 (148 words) UNESCO/UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. UNESCO was established on November 4, 1946, when 20 signatories to its Constitution had deposited their instruments of acceptance with the Government of the United Kingdom. PURPOSES. To contribute to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations, through education, science, culture and communication in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law, and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations. To realize its aims, UNESCO pursues two parallel and complementary avenues of action: international intellectual cooperation in the fields of its competence, and operational activities for development, embracing social and cultural as well as economic dimensions. MACHINERY. The General Conference, composed of representatives of member countries, meets biennially to decide the policy, programme and budget of UNESCO.

MODELS OF LETTERS

THE SPRAGUE & HENWOOD GROUP

55 Worth Street New York 13,N. Y., U. S. A.

January 22, 20____ Miss Grace W. Davis 349 King Size Bldg. Brockton, Mass.

Dear Miss Davis: In reply to your letter of January 15 with reference to the General Hospital of Brockton, we regret to inform you that we cannot offer the 72 bleached Lirio sheeting now. We have sold out the production through December and our plans beyond that are indefinite. Yours very truly, G. .B. Landa Sales Manager GBL/ma
Costruzioni Meccani che 14-16 Strada Bosella 29100 PIACENZA (Italia) Telef: 40.541/42 SCHIAVI TELEX 53116

June 6, 20_____ Brown Watsib & Company 635 North Preston Avenue Elgin, Illinois Gentlemen: We thank you very much for your Seasons Greetings, which we reciprocate most cordially. We confidently hope that in the forthcoming year you will be able to entrust us with the supervision of your consignments, which you ship to Genova, Napoles and La Spezia respectively. Your faithfully, Carlo Giulia President CG/ma

Executive Offices: Los Angeles Furniture Mart 1933 S. Broadway, Suite 1158 Los Angeles, Calif. 90007 (213) 749-3491 April 26, 20 ____ Mr. George H. Cummings P. O. Box 3419 Nassau, Bahamas Dear Mr. Cummings: We acknowledge receipt of your letter of application dated April 15, 20___. Your qualifications will be reviewed and if an opportunity exists, we will be in further contact with you. Thank you for your interest in Sharp. Yours very truly, SHARP W. D. Heschuk Employment Supervisor WHD/mab
4) North American Educational 1965 Nassau Street

Princetown, New Jersey Attention: Mr. Robert West Gentlemen: We thank you for your letter of January 2, in which you have queried the amount of $4.12 in our Statement. We enclose a copy of this invoice which quotes your order number 12798, dated November 23, 20___. We trust that this information will enable you to make your payment in due course. Enclosure 5) Gentlemen: Your recently informed us that you wanted to return 20 dressed with a value of $164.16 and that you would pay the difference of $273.98. If you check for this amount has already been mailed, please accept our thanks. But if not, could kindly arrange to forward to hearing from you. 6) We have entered your subscription for three copies of TOUR AND TRAVEL. Thank you As you instructed one will be sent to your New York office, 2479 Fifth Avenue, another to your Elgin Office; and the third to your Buffalo branch, 35 Market Street. To get you off to a good start, we are mailing out today three copies of the August issue. The September issue will be off the press soon. 7) We are glad to know from your letter that you are interested in our architectural monthly. As requested, today we have sent you the following issues of the Japan Architect as free sample copies for your customers. 1 copy January-February 1980 issue (joined edition) 1 copy March 1980 issue 1 copy April 1980 issue. We trust this will reach you in good condition. We thank you for your interest and corporation. 8.I refer to your recent visit to this Branch to open an account with us, and I am pleased to inform you that the necessary formalities have now been completed . For ease of reference your account number is 11388684 and a check book and paying in book will be available shortly. May I take this opportunity of welcoming you as a customer of bank of London & South America limited, and if I or any on my staff can be of assistance, please do not hesitate to let us know . 9. We received your letter of August 29th, and I referred it to our service department to see if they could still furnish timer RT4022-2 with the 250 v, 50 c/s. motor and instructions how to rewire . Our company only supplies the timer to the various appliance manufacturers, and in checking the list, Odin Stove Manufacturing Company of Erie, Pa. is not presently manufacturing stoves. I will be able to inform you as soon as I can if we have the timer and what the costs are. 10. We have received your kind letter dated June 15, and we are sorry to inform you that we are not in the position to correspond with you in Spanish. Before entering into more details we wonder if it would be possible to write you either in German or in French, and correspond in one of these two languages. We shall not fail to act accordingly as soon as your reply is in our hands. Meanwhile we beg to remain. 11) National Irrigation Agency P. O. Box 4087 Guayaquil, Ecuador Gentlemen: The Design Standard N 7 ordered by your Memorandum N 79 of September 7, 19__, was mailed on September 17, 19__, by our Sales Slip N 1791. The publication was mailed to the attention of Miss Sue Brown, Secretary. Enclosed is another copy of this design standard as we must assume that the first copy was lost in the mail. Also enclosed is the latest Publication Available for Sale. 12) I thank you for your letter of December 3, 19__, in which you acknowledge my letter of November 29, 19__. I have a work about Collapsing Soils, but I believe that for the date August 18-20, 19__ perhaps I cannot be in St. Paul because probably I shall divide my trip between Mexico and Boston. Therefore, I wish that you

would send me more information about the preparations of the Second Conference of Expansive and Collapsing Soils to take a definite decision. I would appreciate receiving an acknowledgment to this letter as soon as possible. 13) thank you for your letter of November 29, 19__ inquiring about the plans for the Second Conference on Expansive and Collapsing Soils. We have been delayed in completing our announcements of the proposed Conference but out final plans are in the process of completion. It is programmed for 18-20 August, 19__ and is to be held here as before. We welcome your participation in the Conference and invite you to proceed with the preparation of your paper. Send a copy to me when available. With my kindest regards, I am. 14) We have given considerable thought to your suggestion that our advertisement in your magazine departs from the copy we have been using in other publications. As you know, we have had enormous success with this particular copy. We believe the buying public will continue identifying our product with the traditional advertisement and that it would be unwise to make changes at this time. Therefore, please prepare contracts for a 12 issue insertion of the original copy we sent you. Sincerely yours. 15)Thank you for your letter of November 17, in which you requested us to send you a copy of McCabe TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE. We regret very much that this book is out of print and is no longer available. Under separate cover, we are sending you a copy of our 19__ General Catalogue, which lists all available Auto Graphics titles. Thank you for your interest. 16) We would like to appoint a representative in Ecuador and we are writing you in order to find out whether you would be interested in representing us. We handle the export transactions of a number of first class U. S. Manufacturers of hardware articles, such as tools, padlocks, builders hardware, etc. We, consequently, carry an extensive line of these items. All of them are featured in our general catalogue. However, before we go into further details we would like to know which hardware lines you handle. Please furnish us also with some reference. We hope to hear from your soon. 17) On February 5, 19__, under Invoice N 2865, we billed you in the amounts of $700.00 and $4.5. in charges has never been paid to us. On February 25, 19__, we billed you under Invoice N 3014 in the amount of $741.10. May we have your payment at this time in the am amount of $610.00 Very truly your. Robert. 18) We are figuring on starting to import shrimp, lobsters, crayfish and fish through the port of New Orleans. We are especially interested in shrimp as a start. We would like all the information you can send us regarding the profitable handling of frozen sea food. We will reship to the interior of the United States. We would like to receive your current quotation on shrimp, CIF, New Orleans, if possible, least amount of an export order, method of packing, what type of cartons and weight of each container, the number of shrimp to the package and weight, etc. Let us have this information by return airmail. 19) Through commercial sources, we understand that you act as an important manufacturer representative in Ecuador, and we are pleased to introduce ourselves to you manufacturers of quality maintenance materials for both home and industry. You will find from the enclosed circular in SPANISH that ours is a wide and diversified line, and well adapted to modern maintenance and construction requirements. We will be glad to supply you with home more complete details, regarding prices, terms, and delivery, as soon as we hear from you. We trust that we will have a reply by return airmail. Cordially yours. 20) Mr. Alex Kursell has requested us to forward you a copy of our Mining Product Catalog as well as a copy of our Industrial Products Catalog. The catalogs have been sent you under separate cover and should arrive shortly.

The products and equipment found in these catalogs are backed by more than 75 years experience and engineering know-how. If we can be of any further service, do not hesitate to write us. 21) A pamphlet listing publications that are available for purchase is enclosed as requested in your letter of December 20, 1900. Engineer Manual EM 1110-2-1902 (listed on page 55) sells for $2.75. Request for publication should be addressed to the Director, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, P.O. Box 631, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180. Payment must be in advance by certified check, made payable to the Treasurer of the United States. For information on irrigation, it is suggested you write to the Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. 20315. Robert W. Ballenger Chief, Foreign Relations Office (ex. 53). 22) We confirm receipt on October 19 of your cable advising us that you had sold 3.600 yards of 81 Bleached Hope Sheeting for immediate delivery. We cabled our reply the same day notifying you that we had only 1.500 yards for immediate delivery and the balance for late November. We look forward to receiving the next mail from you to see whether this business has been accomplished. Mr. G. B. Landa is meeting some friends at the park Sheraton Hotel at this moment and will try to see Mr. Gherson Coifman while he is there. We shall report to you regarding any business which may result. (Ex. 53) 23) Our rolls leaf for printing with a hot stamping press is available in gold, silver imitations, red, blue, green, black, white and other colors. Printing temperatures are between 250 degrees F. and 275 degrees F. Rolls are 12 inches wide by 200 feet long. Rolls can be cut to the width you desire F. Gold and silver imitations are priced at $0.45 per one inch in width by 200 feet long. Red, blue, green, black and white pigment colors are priced at $0.50 per one inch in width by 200 feet in length. All prices are FOB Roslyn. New York. 24) hills, although selected for the Canal location as the lowest point on the Continental Divide, rose to the formidable elevation of 312 feet above sea level. From this height excavation was carried down to the present channel bottom of 40 feet above sea. In 1954 a crack appeared in the massive igneous rock forming Contractors Hill and widened to threatening proportions. To safeguard the Canal against serious rock fall, 2.5 million cubic yards or rock were blasted and removed. This reduced the hill from its original elevation of 415.5 feet above sea level to its present elevation of 350 feet and eliminated the unstable rock pass adjacent to the Canal. Gaillard Cut is named after Col. David Gaillard, who was in charge of this part of the Canal excavation until his death in 1913. In 1928 the impressive bronze plaque, now seen high on the rock face of Contractors Hill, was erected in Colonel Gaillards honor. This plaque measures 8 by 10 feet and weight 1,200 pounds. The engineers who made the original studies for a canal through the Isthmus of Panama at first favored a sealevel canal, but the tremendous amount of excavation required to dig Gaillard Cut through the Continental Divided, and the problems posed by such unprecedented depths of excavation, were largely responsible for their eventual decision to build a lock canal instead. However, the possibility to building a sea-level waterway, either in Panama or elsewhere, has been explored in recent years. A commission authorized by the Congress of the United States studied the possibility of building a new i8nter-oceanic canal at one of several possible locations. The possibilities considered included conversion of the present Canal to a sea-level waterway. Also considered were routes through the Darien regions of Panama and across the northern coast of Colombia. The commission reported to the President and made recommendations on the water in December 1970, but no decision has been made. Meanwhile, though traffic is increasing and the number of large ships is ever greater, the present Panama Canal is meeting the demands of world commerce with greater efficiency than ever. The town of Gamboa, located at the junction of the progress River and the Canal, is the headquarters of the Division. All types of floating equipment are operate for channel maintenance and improvement work.

The large floating crane Hercules, also moored at Gamboa, is capable of lifting 250 long tons. It was built in Germany under contract prior to World War I and was towed across the Atlantic Ocean during World War I. The locks chambers are 110 feet wide and 1,000 feet long. There are more than 1,000 ships in the world too large to ender the locks. Water enters the locks through a system of main culverts which are the same size as the Hudson River tubes of the Penn Central railroad. From these main culverts, 10 sets of lateral culverts extend under the lock chambers from the side walls and 10 sets from the center wall. Each lateral culvert has a set of 5 holes, each measuring 4 feet in diameter. As the water is released into the main culverts, it is diverted into the 20 lateral culverts and distributed through 100 holes in the floor of the chamber. For each ship transiting the Canal, about 52 million gallons of fresh water are used fed by a gravity flow system through the locks and spilled into the ocean. Gatun Dam was the largest earth dam in the world until the construction of Fort Peck Dam until Lake Mead was formed by the construction of Hoover Dam, Gatun Lake largest artificial body of water in the world.

THE KESINGTON SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES

4, RUSSELL GARDENS Telephone 603 2160 HOLLAND ROAD LONDON W. 14 Overseas Telegrams Kenschool, London W. 14 Principal: Mrs. M. Harden- Ward Officially Recognized by the Ministry of Education

Certificate of Attendance
I
THE SECRETARY

Of the Kensington School of Languages do hereby certify that

MISS MARIA ELENA AGUIRRE .. ..

Had attended the GENERAL ENGLISH

Course full time/part time studies 15 hours per week. 4 July 19____ 29 July 19 ____ From to 29 July 19 ____ Date . Signed
This is certificate of Attendance only and is no assessment of Proficiency

ORGANIZATION OF SAFIT The SAFIT Agreement of Establishment of February 9, 1948, was changed to comply with the provisions of the Federal Law for Investment Trusts dated July 1, 1966. The regulations listed below in an abbreviated form are taken from the new By Laws of the Fund that became effective on June 14, 1968. CERTIFICATES The shares are made out to bearer and issued continually in certificates of 1, 5, 10 and 50 shares. PURCHASES OF NEW SHARES

In accordance with the principle governing open end funds, SAFIT can continually issue new shares. The issue price is based on the net asset value per share and calculated daily. It is computed in the following way: the expenses incurred by the Fund in purchasing securities, as well as an additional charge of 4 percent for the placement, printing and other costs incurred by the Funds management, are based to the net asset value. The resulting amount, after the addition of the Federal stamp duty, constitutes the issue price which is rounded off to the nearest franc or one half franc. OVER THE COUNTER MARKET The shares are generally traded on the over the counter market maintained by the Union Bank of Switzerland. The bid and asked prices of the shares remain between the issue and redemption prices. REDEMPTION OF SHARES BY THE FUND. In general, shares can be sold on the over the counter market, but, in addition to this, the Fund is obligated to redeem shares to the debit of the Fund. The redemption price corresponds to the net asset value per share, less the costs resulting from the sale of securities in the portfolio of the Fund and a commission of %. It is rounded off to the nearest franc or one half franc. ANNUAL DIVIDED DISTRIBUTION Dividends are paid annually in April. As a contractual fee for the management of the Fund, Intrag charges 5% of the Funds income; it does not, however, receive any fees from realized capital gains. RULES OF INVESTMENT The Trusts funds are to be invested in shares, other certificates evidencing ownership in capital stock, convertible bonds, option loans and warrants issued by companies whose main activities center on the Republic of South Africa or on another country located in the southern part of the African continent and that are contained in the Trusts Investment List. Up to 70% of the Trusts assets may be invested in gold mining securities. Up to 10% of the Trusts assets may be invested in South African, British and Swiss government bonds. The investments in the gold mining sector as well as in the other economic sectors must be made in observance of a carefully weighed distribution of risks according to enterprises. No more than 7 % of the Trusts assets may be invested in securities of any one company. The cash funds shall be held in South African, British or Swiss currencies. TAXES The revenues from South African securities in the portfolio are collected by the Fund after deduction of the 15% South African tax levied at source. The Swiss Federal withholding tax of 30% will be deducted from the dividends paid by the Fund. Persons domiciled at Switzerland can apply for a refund of this tax. Shareholders domiciled outside Switzerland are also entitled to this refund. If they have their shares deposited with a bank and if the dividends are credited to their account with this bank, the Swiss withholding tax is not deducted from the coupon amount upon presentation of a so called bank declaration. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUND

Year as of March 31
1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

Number of shares Outstanding

376,130 392,040 595,650 767,025 820,710 920,820 1,111,070 1,232,625 1,302,900

Total net assets

6,017,322 7,584,736 13,340,842 14,798,236 15,183,104 17,316,622 13,551,890 25,170,000 23,669,220

Net asset value per share.

16.00 19.35 22.40 18.30 18.50 18.81 21.20 20.42 18.18

Dividend per share

4.20 4.40 5.60 5.80 5.80 5.80 6.00 6.25 6.50

1970 1,370,335 25,620,170 18.70 6.50 1971 1,458,900 32,996,974 22.62 6.75 1972 1,448,000 29,876,500 20.63 7.00 _________________________________________________________________________________ SFR SFR _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1973 1,333,000 152,158,004 114.15 7.00 1974 1,194,000 135,730,003 113.68 7.00 1975 1,112,000 173,377,850 155.92 7.25 1976 1,023,500 160,837,058 157.15 7.75 1977 9,999,500 191,543,040 191.64 8.25 1978 980,000 189,512,735 193.38 8.25 1979 987,000 165,383,521 167.57 8.25 1980 1,033,685 256,086,291 247.75 7.80 1981 1,045,093 279,767,484 267.70 8.00