1. Round-trip Time (RTT) l khong thi gian mt tn hiu (segment) c gi t ngun n ACK) ti ngun l ch nhn c tn hiu . 2.

2. RTT, nh bn cht ca n l dng o khong thi gian 1 gi c gi trn mng. 3. T RTT c th tnh Retransmission Timeout (RTO). Chnh RTO mi quyt nh mt gi c b m ( gi li) ch khng phi RTT. 4. Mc tiu chnh l tm c gi tr RTO. Trong TCP, mi cp segment/ACK c mt RTT ri RTT (lun thay i). Nu t RTO qu nh th rt nhiu gi phi gi li khng cn thit, ng segment mt.

Ta c lng mt con s EstimatedRTT theo cng thc: EstimatedRTT(i+1) = *Estim tedRTT(i) + (1-)*S mpleRTT(i) Trong : SampleRTT(i) l gi tr RTT ca cp segment/ACK trc . trong [0;1]. cng gn 1 th cc gi tr EstimatedRTT(i) cng gn nhau, cng "mt timatedRTT cn vit l SRTT (SmoothedRTT)). Thng = 0.9. Vi thut ton gc, RTO c tnh: RTO(i) = *Estim tedRTT(i) ( ck-off) gii hn vic gi 1 gi nhiu ln, c chn RTO l chn trn ca STT. Trong hc: c lng chnh lch c trng gia SampleRTT va EstimatedRTT: Deviation(i+1) = *Devi tion(i) + (1 - )*|S mpleRTT(i) - EstimatedRTT(i)| RTO(i+1) = EstimatedRTT(i+1) + 4*Deviation(i+1)

Theo Jacobson, cng thc trn vn cha ti u v cn gy ra vic gi li nhiu ln. J

Tuy nhin, nu 1 segment no phi gi n > 1 ln th khng tnh SampleRTT (SampleRT v nhn i RTO(i) vi mi lt gi li: RTO(i) = (2^n)*EstimatedRTT(i) (cng thc back-off) Difference = SampleRTT - EstimatedRTT EstimatedRTT = EstimatedRTT + ( d * Difference) Deviation = Deviation + d ( |Difference| - Deviation)), where d is a fra ction between 0 and 1** Consider variance when setting timeout value Timeout = u * EstimatedRTT + q * Deviation, where u = 1 and q = 4 = 0). Timeout = Estimated RTT + 4 * Deviation Deviation = (1 - ) * Deviation + * |SampleRTT -Estimated RTT| Deviation is an estimate how much typically deviates from Estimated RTT If there is little fluctuation in SampleRTT then Deviation is small and Timeout is only a little more than Estimated RTT If there is lot of fluctuation, the TimeOut will be much larger than SampleRTT Notes: accurate timeout mechanism important to congestion control (next set of notes) Timeout = Estimated RTT + 4 * Deviation Deviation = (1 - ) * Deviation +

Nu segment(i) no phi gi nhiu ln, khng tnh SampleRTT vi cp segment/ACK

* |SampleRTT -Estimated RTT|

 Deviation is an estimate how much SampleRTT typically deviates from Estimated RTT If there is little fluctuation in SampleRTT then Deviation is small and Timeout is only a little more than Estimated RTT If there is lot of fluctuation, the TimeOut will be much larger than SampleRTT Notes: accurate timeout mechanism important to congestion control (next set of notes)

Jacobson/Karels Algorithm

New calculation for average RTT Difference = SampleRTT - EstimatedRTT EstimatedRTT = EstimatedRTT + ( d * Difference) Deviation = Deviation + d ( |Difference| - Deviation)), where d is a fraction be tween 0 and 1 Consider variance when setting timeout value Timeout = u * EstimatedRTT + q * Deviation, where u = 1 and q = 4