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ADVANCED DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

A203SE

Analogue Electronics

COURSEWORK

STUDENT NAME: Faazil Fairooz STUDENT ID NO: T3 - 11 EEE L2 - 92 LECTURER : : Dr Rohan Munasingha .

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PROJECT/ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SLIP

Name of Student: faazil fairooz Student No: _____________________________

Home Address: D55 16 NHS maligawatha Colombo 10 Date of Submission: 31 May 30, 2012 Program/ Module: A203SE (Analog Electronics) Received By: _________________________ Date: ___________________________________
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Name of Tutor: Dr Rohan Munasingha

Individual Projects (50%)

Marks 2nd marker/ moderator

Learning Outcome
1. State the limitations of voltage operational amplifiers and predict how these limitations affect performance. P1: Schematic diagrams Multisim simulations Analysis/ Discussion 2 Extend the application of voltage amplifiers into areas such as instrumentation, filters, oscillators and nonlinear circuits. P2: Schematic diagrams Design Calculation Multisim simulation Analysis/ Discussion 3. Analyse transistor amplifiers using small signal models. P3 : Schematic diagrams Design Calculation and bandwidth plot Multisim simulation Analysis/ Discussion Quality and structure of the report Total Marks
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Weightage
25%

1st marker

Final mark

5% 10% 10% 35%

5% 15% 10% 5% 30%

5% 12% 8% 5% 10% 100%

1 markers comment __________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 markers/ moderator comment __________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
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faazilf aarooz
Content
1. Problem One ( Operational Amplifiers ) a) Definition Of Offset Parameters

Digitally signed by faazilfaarooz DN: cn=faazilfaarooz gn=faazilfaarooz c=United States l=US o=Austn ou=Auston e=faazil@live.co.uk Reason: I am the author of this document Location: Sri lanka Date: 2012-06-02 17:39+05:30

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b) Voltage Offset Of OP-AMP 741 & Schematics c) Voltage Offset Of OP-AMP 3280A & Schematics d) Voltage Offset Of OP-AMP AD509KH & Schematics e) Discussion and Methods of Countering Effects of Offset Voltages. f) Turnitin report for e) g) Simulation Of Outputs Of Each Circuits h) Conclusion i) Reference

2. Problem Two ( Filters ) a) What Is An Active Crossover Filter (turnitin report provided) b) Active Crossover Filter Circuit Schematic Diagram c) Design Implementation And simulation files d) Circuit Analysis And Discussion e) Turnitin Report For e) f) Reference

3. Problem Three ( BJT ) a) History and technology of a two-stage BJT b) schematic diagram of the circuit c) Design Implementation And Calculations d) Bandwidth graph of the amplifier (plotting) e) software simulation f) Reference

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Problem One (Operational Amplifiers)

a) Definition of Offset Parameters

Offset parameters can occur in op amp as a natural built in fault. This could arise from two forms in an Operational amplifier by the means of Input Current and Input voltage; these two factors then add into the Operational amplifier output and give a different voltage. For a further idea of this op amp matter this could be broken into two parts as mentioned below Offset due to current Due to leakage in the operational amplifier a small amount of current flows into the inputs so when a large input impedance or source with huge output impedance is used in an operational amplifier circuit. The currents that flowed due to leakage now begin to create a large turbulence of voltage drops within the operational amplifier, because of imbalances between the inverting and non inverting terminals it begins to produce a small offset voltage.

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Datasheet 741

LM741 Operational Amplifier General Description

The LM741 series are general purpose Operational amplifier which features improved performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications.

Features
The amplifiers offer many features which make their application nearly foolproof: overload protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations. The LM741C is identical to the LM741/LM741A except that the LM741C has their performance guaranteed over a 0C to +70C temperature range, instead of 55C to +125C

Connection Diagrams
Metal Can Package Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package

Typical Application
Offset Nulling Circuit

Supply Voltage Power Dissipation (Note 3)

22V
500

Differential Input Voltage

30V

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Voltage Offset of OP-AMP 741 Schematics

R1=2 K R2=3 K Vio=1.2MV Vs=20V

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Datasheet CA3280, CA3280A

Data Sheet

September 1998

File Number

1174.4

Dual, 9MHz, Operational Tran conductance Amplifier The CA3280 and CA3280A types consist of two variable operational amplifiers that are designed to substantially reduce the initial input offset voltage and the offset voltage variation with respect to changes in programming current. This design results in reduced AGC thump, an objectionable characteristic of many AGC systems. Interdigitation, or crosscoupling, of critical portions of the circuit reduces the amplifier dependence upon thermal and processing variables.

Features Low Initial Input Offset Voltage: 500V (Max) (CA3280A) Low Offset Voltage Change vs. IABC: <500V For All Types Low Offset Voltage Drift: 5V/oC (Max) (CA3280A) Excellent Matching of the Two Amplifiers for All Characteristics Internal Current-Driven Linearizing Diodes Reduce theExternal Input Current to an Offset Component

The CA3280 has all the generic characteristics of an operational voltage amplifier except that the forward transfer characteristics is best described by Flexible Supply Voltage Range 12V to 15V transconductance rather than voltage gain, and the output is current, not voltage. The magnitude of the output current is Applications Voltage Controlled Amplifiers equal to the product of transconductance and the input Voltage Controlled Oscillators voltage. Multipliers Pinout
Demodulators Sample and Hold Instrumentation Amplifiers Comparators

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Voltage Offset of OP-AMP 3280A Schematics

R1=2 K R2=3 K Vio=1.2MV Vs=28V

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Voltage Offset Of OP-AMP AD509KH Schematics

R1=2 K R2=3 K Vio=1.2MV Vs=15V

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Discussion and Methods of Countering Effects of Offset Voltages In the above three circuits it could be seen that the offset voltages are common in those circuits which is a value of 89.932mV this is because all the manufactures of op- amp stick to the basic Design principles. A circuit of op amp is given bellow

But all manufacture have maintained the null offset or pin balance where the offset voltage problem could be resolved or encounter, deferences could also be observed in different types operational amplifier classes that could be mentioned as the supply voltages that operate this semi conductors. Although each operational amplifier used here are looks similar but certain op amps are far more advance in signal handling and very powerful in high gain control operations, These offset values have occurred due to the input current or input voltage offset value. A countermeasure has also been provided by manufactures to avoid offset parameters it is the null offset terminal. This is done by introducing a potentiometer into the terminals.

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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER TYPE 741 C3280 AD509KH 1&5 6&3 1&5

OFFSET TERMINAL NUMBER

Therefore the potentiometer will control the impedance that is between the null terminals, once the impedance decreases the offset voltage will drop to acceptable ranges. The value of the potentiometer will decide the magnitude of the offset voltage at the output terminals

Offset Voltage before introducing potentiometer

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Offset Voltage after introducing potentiometer

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f) Turnitin report

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g) Simulation Of Outputs Of Each Circuits 741 operational amplifiers

Conclusion In this part of the course work we studied about op amp characteristics and there implantation in circuits, here a critical part that we studied was that it was offset voltages and how to null it the using a potentio meter

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Problem Two (Filters)

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Problem Two (Filters)

A) What is An Active Crossover Filter To create a common crossover network a high pass and low pass filters are commonly used, but the most common configuration is a Combine filter

Mostly a crossover network is used in audio stage amplification and separator of base and treble. Using an electronic crossover eliminates the problem that besets an audio designer; an electronic crossover circuit separates and amplifies selected frequency ranges for each frequency band. The mid and high range frequency that comes from the supply frequency are then subtracted from the output of the filter to provide the bass. These types of crossover circuits are phase coherent

A schematic diagram of active crossover filter is given above

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Design Implementation and Calculations Calculations The basic principal that a designer would consider first would be that ate frequency ranges that the he is going to work on mainly it would be Bass treble and midrange values

Bass frequency Treble frequency Midrange frequency

300Hz and below 3000Hz and above (Bass frequency) (Treble frequency)

Bass frequency would be considered as low frequency in the ongoing calculations

Low frequency bellow 300 Hz is base tone

Fc=300Hz R1 =10K 300Hz=1/ (2* *10*103 * C1 ) C1 = 1/ (2* *10*103 *300) C1 =53nF Therefore the low pass filter would be built out of the parameters raised by the equation Fc=300Hz R1 =10K C1 =53nF

Treble frequency would be considered as High frequency in the ongoing calculations High frequency above 3000 Hz is treble tone

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Treble frequency

Fc=3000Hz R1 =10K 3000Hz=1/ (2* *10*103 * C1 ) C1 = 1/ (2* *100*103 *3000) C1 =530pF Therefore the high pass filter would be built out of the parameters raised by the equation Fc=3000Hz R1 =100K C1 =530pF Midrange frequency is the frequency range that was missed bellows 300Hz and 3000Hz frequency range.

BW= Lower cutoff frequency upper cutoff frequency BW= Bandwidth BW=3000Hz - 300Hz BW= 2.7 KHz

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Values of Q factor is given Q factor Equation

For Low Pass Filter BW= Fo / Qo

Qo= Fo/ BW Qo =300 Hz/ 2.7KHz Qo=0.111 For high Pass Filter BW= Fo / Qo

Qo= Fo/ BW Qo =3000 Hz/ 2.7KHz Qo=1.111

For Low Pass Filter = 0.111 For high Pass Filter = 1.111

Implementation

The design can be implemented by using the values of R17, R6 and C7, C3.where R17 and C7 would be the low pass filter, to this terminal the bass speakers would connect. The high frequency range would connect to the high pass filter in the circuit the cutoff frequency is assigned by the values of R6 and C3 in the filter. The treble speaker would connect to the high pass filter terminals. An upgrade is also introduced to this circuit because the purpose of this circuit is that it would be used in a audio system. It is the mid range frequency where the mid range speaker would connect through a pass band filter where a particular range frequency is to be selected to go through the filter. Where R11, C5 and R29 C9 would decide the pass band

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Final circuit design in multisim The simulation was a success where a the crossover could be clearly seen in the oscilloscope at a frequency of 2700Hz

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Critical analysis The circuit has been tested and stimulated, No problem has been raised during the process. The use of multisim in circuit has a great affect on the circuit. If multisim wasnt present the designer would have to create the circuit in a real bread board to get his desired value, use of software has saved time money and overall possible mistakes. The above circuit could be more simplified. By the means of the removal of the mid range part

Conclusion After going through the circuit design it is possible for a person to understand its complexity. Not only in the calculation part but also in the circuitry part as well. All parts like the high pass, low pass and band pass filters are tested for stability and it is working at its full optimum levels. The crossover designed here is a limited to an audio system. The increase of complexity in the circuit is because of the integration of active filters this design could be more simplified using passive components. Therefore the design has gone from simple to complex; but if passive components are used the circuit would have more distortion involved. If the simplicity is increased the processing time is also reduced therefore increasing high amounts of crossover distortion and reducing overall quality of the system

References Electronic Devices and circuit theory (2006), 10th edition. United Kingdom . Wikipedia ( assessed on the 24th )

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Problem Three (BJT)

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Problem Three (BJT)

Abstract
This part of the coursework is highly dedicated for the understanding and implementing of a BJT amplifier Design. Where the overall gain of the system should remain at 20 to 30.Therefore the BJT transistor that going to be used in the design process would be by SGS Thompsons a data sheet is provided bellow for better understanding, this type of transistor is a PNP. There will be two stages in the system as it is a two stage amp.

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Introduction The first ever BJT was invented by William Shockley at Bell laborites new jersey in 1949. It is a 3 terminal electronic device constructed by doping semiconductor material and it is created out of sensitive silicon or germanium. As the material only decides the Vbe where for silicon it is 0.7 and for geranium 0.3 Depending on the structure it could be understood weather semiconductor layer is electrons or holes design. These type of semiconductors are used in designs as amplifiers switching devices and Impedence matching devices

There are certain advantages in an BJT they are Low cost design Operating voltage is low so it could be used in sensitive places High efficiency

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Schematic diagram of the circuit

Image courtesies of Google

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Design Implementation and Calculations

Values to carry on equation and construction of circuit

Low cutoff frequency High cutoff frequency Input impedance Output impedance VCC

100Hz 20KHz 1K 100 12V

Fundamental block diagram

Vin

Vin AV1

Vout AV2

Zin=1K

Zout=100

Total gain

AV total = Av1*Av2
20 = 10 * 2 Therefore Av1= 10 Av2= 2

Vbe=0.7

(data from datasheet)

Ic=Ie Re= (26mv / Ie) 29

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Calculation stage 0ne, low frequency part (common emitter voltage divider)
To maintain stability of circuit assumption is made

Calculate VE

Ve=0.1*Vcc Ve=0.1*12 Ve=1.2V

Calculate Re

Re=Ve/Ie =1.2 V/2 mA = 600

Datasheet values are given below

Vce=5V Ve=1.2V

Therefore calculate Vc Vc =Ve + Vce = 1.2 + 5 = 6.2V

Calculate Rc

Rc= (Vcc - Vc)/ Ic = (12V-6.2V)/2mA =2900 =2.9K 30

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Calculate re

re=26mV / Ie =26mV / 2mA =13

Calculate RL

Av1= ( Rc // RL ) /re 10 = ( Rc // RL ) /re 10*13 = ( Rc// RL ) 130 = 2.9K*RL // 2.9K - RL . RL= 136.1

Calculate RB

Zin= Rb// hie

hie Value to be take from datasheet

Zin= Rb// hie

Rb= (hie*Zin) // (hie-Zin) = (5.5K *1K ) // (5.5K - 1K ) =1.22K 1

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calculations can be carried out to find the value of Vb because Vbe of silicon transistor is 0.7

Vb=Vbe + Ve =0.7 V + 1.2 V =1.9V

Apply voltage dividing rule to find R1

Vb= Vcc*R2 / R1+R2 =12*R2) / ( R1+R2) 2 R1=5.31*R2

Value of R1 and R2 taking value from

and

Rb=R1//R2 1.22K= (5.31*R2)*R2//(5.31*R2)+R2 R2=1.58K

Rb=R1//R2 R1=Rb*R2 / Rb-R2 =1.22 K*1.58K//1.22 K - 1.58K R1=5.35 K

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Find the value of C Capacitor has to be able to bypass the low cutoff frequency which is assigned as 100Hz

C =1 / (2*F*re)

=1/ (2*100*13)

=122F

The circuits bypass capacitor has been calculated which is a vital part of the circuit now the calculation has to be carried on to find Cin, but there is another way which insists that the value of the capacitor Cin only has to be much lesser than C so we

So Cin=20 F (this is an assumption value only)

A filter capacitor has to be used in parallel with RL to meet the upper cutoff frequency in the design which is 20KHz

Calculate Thevenin resistance to get Cf

R1= Rc//RL =2.9K // 136.1 =129.99

Cf=1 / (2*F*re) =1/ (2*20*103*129.99)

=61.2nF 33

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Calculation stage two high frequency part (emitter follower configuration)

AV2

Emitter follower configuration

Zout

Zin=136K

Calculate re Zout = re Zout=100

re=26mV/Ie
100 =26mV / Ie Ie =26mV /100 =0.26 mA

Data imported from datasheet

Vce Ve hfe 5V 5V 370

Re= Ve / Ie = 5V/0.26 mA =19.2 K

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Calculate Rb

Zin= Rb//hfe*Re 136.1= Rb//370*19.2K Rb=(370*19.2 K )* 136.1 //(370*19.2 K ) -136.1 =136.1

Calculate Vb

Vb=Vbe + Ve =0.7 V + 5 V =5.7V

Apply voltage dividing rule to find R1

Vb= Vcc*R2 / R1+R2 5.7=12*R2) / ( R1+R2)

R1=1.105*R2

Value of R1 and R2 taking value from

and

Rb=R1//R2 136= (1.105*R2)*R2// (1.105*R2)+R2 R2= 259.07

Rb=R1//R2 R1=Rb*R2 / Rb-R2 =136 *1.11K//136 - 1.11K R1= 286.288

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Total circuit component chart

List of components Re Rc re RL Rb R2 R1 C Cin CF Re Rb

Value received by calculation 600 2.9K 13 136.1 1.22K 1.58K 5.35K 122F 20F 61.2nF 19.2K 136.1

E24 standard resistor and capacitor values

620
3K 13 130 1.2K 1.5K 5.6K 120 F 20 F 62 nF 20K 130 270 300

R2 R1

259.07 286.288

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Multisim Simulation images

At lower cuttoff frequency 100Hz

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At upper cuttoff frequency 20KHz

At mid band

Critical analysis The circuit has been tested and stimulated, No problem has been raised during the process. The use of multisim in circuit has a great affect on the circuit. Here in this simulation a bode plotter is used where it clearly shows the bandwidth of the circuit. In this circuit temperature factor isnt considered this might be a problem in places where a voltage bias cct is used because a divider is a practical value region if load across Rc isnt handle properly this may lead to temperature rise within the bjt therefore reducing gain parameters eventually overheat might destroy the BJT itself

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Reference

http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-paralresist.htm (assessed of 2nd may 2012)

http://www.ohmslawcalculator.com/e24_resistor_sizes.php (assessed of 2nd may 2012)

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Analogue_Electronics/BJTs (assessed of 2nd may 2012)

Basic Electronics Vol. 1-6 (Paperback) Set [Paperback] Van Valkenburgh (Author) Nooger (Author) Neville (Author)

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