Community and Family Studies

Biological Parenting IVF/GIFT and ZIFT IVF (in-vitro fertilisation) is where the womans ovum is fertilised outside her body. It is usually done because the woman cannot conceive or is infertile, fallopian tubes diseased etc. There are four steps in IVF: 1. Stimulation of the ovary to produce several eggs 2. Remove eggs from ovary 3. Fertilise in lab 4. Embryo transfer- placed in uterus GIFT (Gamete-Intra Fallopian Transfer) this is when a gamete (sperm + egg) is placed in the fallopian tube. Rest of pregnancy follows as normal ZIFT (zygote-intra fallopian transfer) is when the egg is fertilised outside the body and then the zygote is put into the fallopian tube Social Parenting
Adoption A legal procedure that occurs when birth parents are unable to care for their own child. There are three types of adoption: 1. Local (within Australia) 2. Inter-Country (Overseas) 3. Special Needs (Disabilities) Foster Provides individuals from 0-16 years of age with a safe and secure environment can be married or single and can come from a variety of cultural background Step Parenting Occurs when one or both parents have children from a previous union. A blended family may have children from the new union as well as step children Surrogacy This is when another person carries a baby to term for someone else. Reasons for this include a gay couple, female unable to fall pregnant due to an illness/treatment, or she is infertile or unable to carry the baby to full term. Usually there is an agreement and the surrogates medical bill is looked after as well as a payment. Currently there is no legislation regarding surrogacy.

Carer Relationships What constitutes a carer? A carer assists individuals who are unable to satisfy their own needs. Who can be a carer? Carers may be parents, family friends and assist with day to day living. Responsibilities of the carer can occur as early as birth or because of an accident, illness, injury, special needs or digression later on in life, 70% of carers are female. Voluntary Carer: 1 in every 5 families provides care for family or friends with a disability, illness or frail aged. Sometimes they take on the role due to family responsibilities and therefore provide better care because of emotional obligations. They are among the poorest members of the community Paid Carer: There are lots of types and usually have qualification; foster carers; direct carers employed by agencies, nursing homes, hospitals, teachers and baby sitters Reasons for being a carer Sometimes there is an emotional obligation family etc. Factors Influencing Resource Management DEPENDANTS AFFECTED BY THE CARING RELATIONSHIP Age Jealousy or resentment may occur When a person is being cared for in the family, they provide an opportunity for role models, love and relationships Older the parent, the less tolerant they are compared to a young parent who has lots of energy Skills and Capabilities Being able to contribute to household chores Needs and wants need to be communicated amongst each other very clearly Special Needs Some children have temporary or permanent physical or mental disabilities It can range from minor speech delays to more serious permanent disabilities RESOURCES Time The amount of tasks accomplished depend on values, goals and resources available Time may be limited for a carer and they may feel as though they havent achieved much throughout the day, however the needs of the dependant have been achieved and hat is always satisfying

Energy There are greater demands placed upon carers energy when they are caring for a dependant Children tend to have more energy than adults so they can feel drained whilst satisfying their own needs (e.g. online shopping can help) Finances The government offers payments for carers including Family Tax Benefits, Childcare Rebate, and Carers Payment etc. Finances can dictate someones ability to satisfy their own needs and wants Housing Housing is a basic need for families Mortgage loans can be reduced, especially for those families that have gone from two incomes to one whilst she is on leave Also when a family is in the expanding stage of the life cycle, they may need to relocate in terms of housing should consider the access to services ACCESS TO SERVICES Many different community and government services available to parents and carers but many are unaware of the facilities available (centrelink, immunisation benefit, community playgroups etc.) Some remote areas dont have the services and many have to relocate if services may be needed for an extended period of time When accessing services, a dependant cannot be left alone Physical, Social, Emotional & Financial Adjustments for Parents and Carers Physical Knowledge must be expanded Both partners to be fit and healthy as possible (maximise healthy baby) Give up bad habits e.g. alcohol and smoking Regular medical visits and ensure that no medications can harm baby (prescription and non) Limit stress (effect sperm production) Balanced diet and exercise (folic acid and no contact sports) Medical visits to doctor, obstetrician/midwife and antenatal classes Regular exercise before and during pregnancy such as walking/swimming Physical injuries such as back injuries from lifting Can be chronically tired due to the caring of dependant Social outings should be limited and if going out child friendly places should be sought Parenting responsibilities should be shared so that the other can enjoy social/leisure/sport Can cause frustration/distress/affect family relationships Insufficient time for social relaionships Extra stress w/ partner or finance Hormonal change=moody Fatigue can cause irritability and depression Reduced self esteem- anxiety Partner may feel neglected

Social

Emotional

Financial

Sibling can feel neglected/jealous of new baby Can worry about childs development Couple must maintain their emotional relationship e.g. when asleep Baby can bring extended family closer, more opportunities for advice and support Can be emotionally satisfying/provide opportunity for growth/development Medical expenses e.g. obstetrician, hospital, paediatrician, immunisation and checkups etc. Equipment (pram, high chair, cot, car seat etc.) Clothing (layette for baby and mother) Food expenditure if being bottle fed May need larger housing/adequate housing May need to take extended maternity leave Baby bonus (only available to those earning under $150 000 a yr) Higher living costs (disability aid etc, heating/laundry costs)

Styles of Parenting Authoritarian- Surgeons, Police, Politicians Parents make the all decisions/rules and instruct/direct behaviour of children Children rarely praised for positive behaviour/rewarded and can be punished if bad Decision making and accept responsibility are not developed in the child/ren Reluctant to discuss problems For example if a child breaks a vase may pretend to know nothing about it, in fear of punishment Rebel, come home late continuously despite consequences Democratic- Teachers, democratic government, business managers Everyone has equal rights and participate in decision making Parents encourage children to make decisions and take responsibility for their action E.g. a child chooses to accept a part time job as a paper deliver, they must be organised enough to get up early and do it Set goals and are rewarded when they are achieved Punishment/rewards are negotiated between parents and kids They trust their children, have full confidence in actions/decisions Permissive or Indulgent- divorced mum or dad Supportive and tolerant parenting with little control over kids Do not take on responsibilities like housework, caring for pets etc. Have little opportunity to develop independence No systematic to decision making Parents usually give in to demands and wishes Children often dont talk to their parents because it is pointless (problems) Negligent Fail to take responsibility for childrens actions and behaviours Fail to provide adequately for their needs Fail to show any love/concern/control of children

Multiple Role Expectations Family Commitments Swapping roles for parents Physical needs to be taken of- food, shelter, clothing Work Commitments Mothers may work for many reasons e.g. socialisation, professional, financial reasons E.G both parents working vs. 1 parent @ home (convenience vs. cooking dinner) Less money spent on childcare, work clothes and transport if parent @ home Employers required to accommodate needs of colleague family-provides protection Organise childcare to coincide w/ work commitments- family, day care, crches etc. Sports/Leisure Having dependant means less time for activities As child gets older, sporting commitments bigger, more transport Other Commitments Parents and carers should maintain physical and psychology health Can include church, friendship groups Tasks need to be prioritised Rights and Responsibilities in Parenting and Caring Relationships Rights A right is something you are entitled to. Parents Legal Make decisions regarding daily care and control Way they discipline Legal proceedings on behalf of child Consent to childs adoption Control medical treatment >14 Not legal Ask professionals/parents for help and advice Change their mind Child Legal Protect from physical/sexual assault Medical and dental treatment without permission from <14 Given consideration in matters of access + custody Not Legal Be cared for and be among first to receive relief in natural disasters Disciplined moderately Access to free education, nutrition, medical treatment Enjoy these rights regardless of race, colour, religion, nationality, sex or social standing

Responsibility A responsibility is an obligation Parents and Carers Set limits so children know the boundaries (can be adapted w/ age) Discipline e.g. teachers wearing hats Punishment should be reasonable Parent can be charged Corporal punishment not allowed in child care system Children Show affection, love and courtesy Be honest, share tasks and share in family decision making Should make decisions and take responsibilities for their actions

Health Services Offers advice and resources to manage medical and health issues Maternity hospitals are booked before birth so that parents are @ ease Tresillian Family Care aims to promote health and wellbeing of families, offers 24hr helpline, home visits, day stay clinics, childcare centre Welfare Agencies Provide resources to meet the needs of parents/carers Salvation Army- helps people w/ discrimination and offers practical and spiritual health, emergency care, food, shelter, guidance St Vincent de Paul Society operates childcare centres and family crisis centres, family care and support (mental illness/pregnancy counselling) Parenting Groups and Community Groups Offer advice information and support Parentline- free telephone service, staff offer advice on behaviour and developments of children and information for parents The Multiple Births association offer support advice through websites, forums Aimed to meet parents needs though playgroups and enhance social, physical (rest), emotional Churches and charities offer spiritual and financial assistance to families World vision provide financial and physical and intellectual resources Government Agencies and Childcare Services Various levels of government offer payments, services and advice to the public Department of Community Service- provide info on family assistance, youth and student support, child support, support for people with a disability, support for carers, The Aged Centrelink- range of info and government payments including parent payment, family assistance, child support, family tax benefits, carer allowance Department of Industrial Relations- has a work and family unit- provides advice and support to workplaces regarding balancing work and family Provide care while parents works or has other responsibilities Day care centres can be gov. Funded or privately operated

Allows parent to work, study or have time away from children Can be cared for in homes of registered carers (family day care) Vacation care, before and after school care, occasional care (babysitters) or nannies Preschool= formal based education program before school Types of Sampling Sampling involves selecting the individuals who will be included in the study as a representative of the total population of people who form the focus of the study. Probability Sampling Each member of the population has an equal chance of getting selected Random: has same chance of being selected; suitable where population is small Systematic: every _nth individual is selected from a population Stratified; population is divided into groups/categories then people are chosen either randomly or systematically Cluster: several different samples are drawn from the population Non-Probability Sampling Members of the representative population have a greater but unknown chance than others of being selected Convenience: individuals are selected because they are willing to be involved and available Primary vs. Secondary Data Methodology Survey (structured interview) Advantages All participants get same info w/ questions asked Additional info can be obtained by phone Flexibleresearcher able to respond to info as it is given or required Face to face contact w/ subject consistency of layout Detailed data on individual/small group Researcher relies on own observations, not what they are told Disadvantages Time consuming Less flexible Use Quantitative/qualitative data Find out opinions, attitudes, beliefs Market research Qualitative/quantitative data Find and explore differences within a topic area Qualitative/Quantitative data market research qualitative/quantitative data collection Generally qualitative data Form understanding Generally qualitative but can be quantitative data Assessing childs level of development

Survey (unstructured interview)

Easy to get off track Difficult to compare data Takes time

Oral Questionnaire

Written Questionnaire Case Study

requires literate subject Results can be generalised Ind. may adjust behaviour in response to observer

Observation

Literature Review

Developing a good understanding of what is currently known about a topic

Researcher biased? May be biased e.g. company selling product will give out info supporting their product and point of view

Qualitative and quantitative data Understand what is already known Develop an understanding of what research has been done and by whom

Sources of Data Sources Examples People/Individuals Librarian Health Worker Orgs/Groups Specialists in their field Groups specialising in a particular issue Internet CD-Rom Limitations Depends on willingness to help and time available May be biased Biased in view May be political Time and cost of access Validating info source Requires skill to access Advantages Collect data first hand Networking possibilities Wide range of knowledge and skills Up-to-date info Wide range of sources Easy access Overcomes distance problems wide range of resources access to technology (computers) Wide range of resources available Wide range of subjects Wide range of styles

Electronic

Libraries

Bibliographies Indexes General texts Encyclopedias Annual reports Pamphlets Journals Newspaper/mags TV programs Radio programs Audio tapes

Print Sources

Media

Secondary sources May not be up to date Limits on borrowing Resources may be more general than specialised May be out of date Space needed to store and use May be biased Presentation may be biased or censored Information may be given out of context

Topical Able to visualise things that may not otherwise be possible

Bias Describes how aspects of a study can be influenced Occurs when factor(s) unduly influence the outcome of results, distorting them Can occur at any stage of the research process To avoid, results must be interpreted as they appear, not as the researcher wants it E.g. all males, biased research method, biased measuring instruments, biased data recording and/or interpretation Remain objective

Reliability vs. Validity Reliability refers to a method by which other researcher will find similar results. Reliable= systematic/organised to achieve consistency, accurate representation of population studied Validity refers to the degree to which a research method measures what it is supposed to measure, whether or not the right measure was used Increased when a combination of methods is used Depends on factual data and truths, reliability of data and accuracy of interpretation Ethics The duty of the researcher to behave in an acceptable manner Moral principles and standards that help people understand what is and isnt right Sny details given will not be disclosed unless a written consent is given Confidentiality and anonymity The rights of participant will be respected Respect should be shown for feelings, age, culture, status, health and experiences Proper terminology Honest and truthful in report, objective without bias Data collection- thorough, reliable and valid and be verified Results presented without bias or distortion If bias occurs, should be mentioned in report Items in a Report Title Page (report title, authors name, date) Contents page (outline of sections pg#) Abstract (brief summary; intro, methods, outcomes, recommendations Acknowledgements Body: Intro: why chosen, hypothesis Lit review: summarising existing info Methodology explanation: why used and how conducted Results: description of what was found Analysis and discussion: why results came out like they did and how relate to hypothesis Summary and conclusions: summary of key points in logical order and recommendations Bibliography: all sources looked at, even if not used Appendices: info that is relevant but not critical and too long Write objectively, graphs and tables to break up text, no abbreviations until full term has been used